CHAPTER 13 • SECTION 2 settlers did not respond to their offer of land, the Spanish agreed to let American Moses Austin start a colony there, provided the settlers followed Spanish law. Shortly after Stephen F. Austin arrived in Texas in 1821, Mexico successfully gained its independence from Spain. Tejas was now a part of the More About . . . new nation of Mexico. With the change in government, the Spanish land grant given to Austin’s father was worthless. Tejanos Stephen F. Austin traveled to Mexico City to persuade the new Mexican government to let him start his American colony. The Mexican government Not all Tejanos were unhappy about would consent only if the new settlers agreed to become Mexican citizens Americans settling Texas. José Antonio and members of the Roman Catholic Church. Navarro (1795–1871), a Tejano politician Between 1821 and 1825, Austin attracted about 300 families to his new from San Antonio, cast his lot with the settlement. These original Texas settler families are known as the “Old Three Americans early on. He befriended Stephen Hundred.” He demanded proof that each family head worked hard and did Austin and helped in the cause of Texas not use alcohol. The colony attracted more and more settlers. Some were independence from Mexico and annexation looking for a new life, some were escaping from the law, and others were to the United States. ONLINE looking for a chance to grow rich. By 1830, the population had swelled to PRIMARY SOURCE about 25,000, with Americans outnumbering the Tejanos six to one. In 1836, Navarro was one of only three Hear the perspectives Rising Tensions in Texas As more Americans settled in Texas, tensions Tejano signers of the Texas Declaration at the Research & increased. Americans resented Mexican laws. They were unhappy that offi- of Independence. He helped draft the Writing Center Constitution of the Republic of Texas and @ ClassZone.com later the state constitution—as the sole Tejano representative. COMPARING Perspectives Navarro also became a leading advocate for Tejanos as he saw Tejanos lose their land By the 1820s, non-Mexican settlers were a growing presence in Texas. and other rights to Anglo-Americans. Tejanos were quickly outnumbered. Most of the American settlers refused to learn Spanish and resented the Mexican laws they were expected to honor. Different perspectives of the changes in Texas are quoted below. RESEARCH & Go online to explore WRITINGmore of the CENTER heated debate at ClassZone.com Against Settlement For Settlement COMPARING Perspectives The Americans . . . have taken posses- My object, the sole and only desire of sion of practically all of the eastern my ambitions since I first saw Texas, was “ part of Texas, in most cases without the “ Hear recordings of these sources at to . . . settle it with an intelligent, honor- permission of the authorities. . . . They able, and [interprising] people. . . . the Research and Writing Center immigrate constantly finding no one to Texas should be effectually, and fully,

@ ClassZone.com. Point out that the prevent them, and take possession of the Americanized—that is—settled by a

American settlers, in the words of Mexican sitio [site] that best suits them without population that will harmonize with their “ soldier José Maria Sanchez, had “taken either asking“ leave or going through any neighbors on the East, in language, politi- formality other than that of building their cal principles, common origin, sympathy, possession of practically all of the eastern homes. and even interest. part of Texas, in most cases without — attributed to Mexican soldier — Stephen F. Austin, ca.1837 the permission of the authorities.” Ask José Maria Sanchez, April 1828 students to compare the reasons Americans immigrated to Texas in the 1820s with CRITICAL THINKING Make Inferences Why do you think American settlers believed they could Americanize Texas? those of Mexicans immigrating to the United States today. (Possible Answers: for economic opportunities, to be closer to family who had previously moved) 428 Chapter 13 • Why did Stephen Austin believe in Americanizing Texas? (Possible Answer: DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION to connect it culturally and politically with neighboring lands to the east) English Learners Pre-AP CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER Make Inferences Possible Answer: Vocabulary: Suffixes Text Analysis Because they knew they outnumbered the Explain that the suffix -less means “not Ask a volunteer to read aloud Stephen Tejanos and would be supported by their having.” Point out the word worthless Austin’s text, cited on this page. American neighbors to the east. in the first paragraph, last line (“the Allow students five minutes to write Spanish land grant given to Austin’s a brief analysis of the tone, purpose, father was worthless”), and ask students assumptions, and intentions revealed what it means. Then ask students to add in this text. Encourage students to base the suffix -less to other words, such as their analyses on specific words or use, power, meaning, fear, breath, and phrases in the text. Then have volunteers home. Ask volunteers to read one of the share their analyses as part of a group words and define it. discussion.

428 • Chapter 13 cial documents were written in Spanish. Slave owners became angry when CHAPTER 13 • SECTION 2 Mexico outlawed slavery in 1829. They wanted to maintain slavery so they could grow cotton. Austin persuaded the government to allow slave owners to keep their slaves. On the other hand, the Tejanos found the Americans difficult to live with, too. Tejanos thought that the Americans believed they were superior and deserved special privileges. The Americans seemed unwilling to adapt to or Teach to understand Mexican laws. Responding to warnings of a possible revolution, the Mexican government Answer: American Texans Revolt Against Mexico settlers were unwilling cracked down on Texas. First, it closed the state to further American immigra- to adapt to or to tion. Next, it required Texans to pay taxes for the first time. Finally, to enforce understand Mexican laws. Reader, Recorder, Reporter these laws, the government sent more Mexican troops to Texas. American slave owners resented the Mexican • What might have happened if Santa Anna had ANALYZE CAUSES AND EFFECTS Explain how American settlers caused ban on slavery in 1829. not jailed Stephen Austin in 1833? (Texas might problems in Texas. have stayed part of Mexico.) • Why didn’t Texas join the United States in Texans Revolt Against Mexico 1836? (The government of Texas asked to join, but the U.S. Congress voted against KEY QUESTION What events led to Texas’s independence from Mexico? annexation.) The actions of the Mexican government caused • Sequence Events Have students list the angry protests from Americans and many Tejanos. major events, with their dates, that led to Some Texans talked about breaking away from formation of the Lone Star Republic. Remind Mexico. But Austin remained loyal to Mexico. students that the map on page 431 also War Begins In 1833, Austin went to Mexico City to contains important dates. (1833—Stephen present a list of requested reforms to Mexican offi- Austin asks Mexico for reforms; September cials. The most urgent request was that Texas become 1835—Mexican army marches into a self-governing state within Mexico. Mexican presi- Gonzales; March 1–2, 1836—Texans declare dent General Antonio López de Santa Anna agreed to independence; March 6, 1836—The Alamo most of the reforms. But Santa Anna then learned falls; April 21, 1836—Texans led by Sam of a letter Austin had written. If his requests Houston defeat Santa Anna at San Jacinto; weren’t met, wrote Austin, he would support (left) Mexican general September, 1836—Lone Star Republic breaking away from Mexican rule. This was rebellion! Santa Anna Antonio López de Santa proclaimed) jailed Austin for almost a year. The furious Texans were ready to rebel. Anna liked to be known as the “Napoleon of the Santa Anna sent more troops to Texas. In October 1835, Mexican soldiers West.” marched to the town of Gonzales. They had orders to seize a cannon used by the Texans for protection against Native Americans. Texas volunteers had More About . . . hung a flag over the big gun that said, “Come and Take It.” The Mexican troops failed to capture the cannon. In December, Texans The Alamo drove Mexican troops out of an old mission in San Antonio called the Alamo Today, the Alamo is again under siege. that was used as a fortress. Angered by these insults, Santa Anna and 6,000 Moisture seeps into the limestone walls and troops headed for Texas. causes them to crumble. Many people view The Fight for the Alamo On March 1–2, 1836, Texans met at a settlement the mission as a memorial to American’s called Washington-on-the-Brazos to decide what to do about Santa Anna’s willingness to fight for freedom, so a Texas troops. They decided to declare Texas a free and independent republic. group has attempted to preserve the Alamo Sam Houston was placed in command of the Texas army. from further damage. Shrubs and grass were removed and replaced with moisture- Manifest Destiny 429 absorbing gravel and sand. Metal plates were installed underground to block seeping INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES water. Texans are also working on how to control another source of moisture—the breath of an estimated three million tourists CONNECT to Art CONNECT to Language Arts who visit the Alamo each year.

Texas Settlement Brochures Revolution Chronicles Unit 5 Resource Book Have students create brochures encouraging Explain to students that a chronicle is a factual • Primary and Secondary Sources, American settlers to come to Texas in the 1820s account of events in the order in which they pp. 104–105 and 1830s. They should include: occurred, without opinion or interpretation. • Readers Theater, pp. 193–197 • maps, descriptions, and illustrations of the Have students create a chronicle of the Texas land. Revolution beginning in 1829 and ending • a brief biography of Stephen Austin. with the Battle of San Jacinto and Texas independence in 1836. • images and words that appeal to emotions.

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