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DOCTORAL DISSERTATION History and Contemporary Situation of Oirat DOCTORAL DISSERTATION History and Contemporary Situation of Oirat Buddhist Monasteries in Western Mongolia Lkhagvasuren Dorj 2020 Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Humanities DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Lkhagvasuren Dorj History and Contemporary Situation of Oirat Buddhist Monasteries in Western Mongolia Doctoral School of Linguistics Head: Dr. Tolcsvai Nagy Gábor, DSc Supervisor: Dr. Birtalan Ágnes, CSc Member of the Assessment committee Chairperson of the Board: Dr. Vásáry István, DSc, MHAS, professor emeritus Official opponents: Dr. Rákos Attila, PhD Dr. Sodnomdorj Yanjinsuren Secretary of the Board: Dr. Apatóczky Ákos Bertalan, PhD Member of the Board: Dr. Sárközi Alice, CSc Dr. Kakas Beáta, PhD Dr. Kósa Gábor, PhD Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Spread of Buddhism among the Mongols and the Oirats..................................................... 12 1.1. Spread of Buddhism among the Mongols ..................................................................... 12 1.2. Spread of Buddhism among the Oirats .......................................................................... 29 2. The Oirats and the Dzungar Empire ..................................................................................... 35 2.1. Brief History of the Oirats and the Dzungar Empire ..................................................... 42 2.2. Khutugtus and Eminent Monks in the Oirat Areas........................................................ 47 2.3. Khans of the Dzungar Empire supporting Buddhism .................................................... 71 3. Monasteries (khüree and datsan) in Uws and Khowd Provinces......................................... 73 3.1. Bayad Ethnic Group ...................................................................................................... 76 Monasteries of the Bayads ................................................................................................ 86 Dejeelingiin Khüree Monastery ........................................................................................ 89 Tsalgariin Khüree Monastery ........................................................................................... 96 3.2. Dörwöd Ethnic Group ................................................................................................. 100 Monasteries of the Dörwöds ........................................................................................... 101 Gomiin Khüree Monastery ............................................................................................. 105 Tögs Buyantiin Khüree Monastery ................................................................................. 110 Namiriin Khüree Monastery ........................................................................................... 113 Shar Tsökhen Khüree Monastery .................................................................................... 117 3.3. Ööld Ethnic Group....................................................................................................... 121 Monasteries of the Öölds ................................................................................................ 123 Shar Süm Monastery ....................................................................................................... 125 Ööldiin Khüree Monastery ............................................................................................. 128 3.4. Dzakhchin Ethnic Group ............................................................................................. 131 Monasteries of the Dzakhchins ....................................................................................... 132 Üyenchiin Khüree Monastery ......................................................................................... 137 Uliastain Khiid Monastery .............................................................................................. 140 Bodanchiin Khüree Monastery ....................................................................................... 143 Tögrögiin Khüree Monastery .......................................................................................... 145 Dzeregiin Khüree Monastery .......................................................................................... 148 Tsagaan Burgasnii Khiid Monastery .............................................................................. 152 I 3.5. Myangat Ethnic Group ................................................................................................ 153 Monasteries of the Myangats .......................................................................................... 154 Öwgön Datsan Monastery ............................................................................................... 157 Naidan Datsan Monastery ............................................................................................... 158 Goliin Datsan Monastery ................................................................................................ 161 Laijin Datsan Monastery ................................................................................................. 161 3.6. Torguut Ethnic Group .................................................................................................. 163 Monasteries of the Torguuts ........................................................................................... 165 Torguut Wangiin Khüree Monastery .............................................................................. 168 Torguut Beiliin Khüree Monastery ................................................................................. 170 Torguut Taijiin Khüree Monastery ................................................................................. 171 Torguutiin Khiid Monastery ........................................................................................... 172 3.7.1. Education and Training ......................................................................................... 173 3.7.2. Ranking Monks ..................................................................................................... 178 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 180 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 184 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 198 II Introduction An ethnic group consists of people who give a name to themselves or their neighbors to call them a specific title depending on their lifestyle, faith, and domestic activity. An ethnic group has the same dialect, live in the same areas, have common religions, and have very close connections to one another. Mongolia is a land of many different and diverse ethnic groups. When we study the lifestyles of all 28 ethnic groups1 in Mongolia we observe great diversity. There is no common definition about what “yastan” or ethnic group means. Ya. Tsevel, a famous scholar in Mongolian studies, defines it as “a phenomenon that arises once people abandon their tribal system”.2 In the 1930s, there was a special council called the “Council of Ethnic Group Minorities”3 which could indicate the relevant policies in Mongolia at that time. The name of an ethnic group can reflect to a geographical area, mountains or bodies of water where they carry out their lifestyle. For instance, the Dzakhchins (mo. ǰaγačin, Khal. Jaxčin) guardian people or soldiers, lived in the border area of the Manchu Empire during the period of the Dzungar Empire (Mo. ǰegün γar, Khal. jüüngar, 1634–1775).4 Therefore, the name of this ethnic group originated in relation to the Manchu Empire. Once the name was given to that group of people, they differentiated their culture, and traditions from other ethnic groups. It is obvious that they developed their difference even further. 1 There are 28 ethnic groups in Mongolia: Barga, Bayad, Buriad, Darkhad, Dariganga, Dörwöd, Dzakhchin, Eljigen, Mongol Uriankhai, Myangat, Ööld, Sartuul, Torguut, Tümen, Üzemchin, Khotgoid, Tsakhar, Turkick ethnicities: Kazak, Monchog, Tuva, Türeg, Uriankhai, Khoton, Tsaatan, Chantuu. Most of these ethnicities live in Western Mongolia. The first person who studied about the ethnic groups in Mongolia is the well-respected scholar J. Tseween. Cf. Цэвээн, Ж. Түүвэр зохиолууд. Эрхэлсэн С. Идшинноров. I, II дэвтэр. Улаанбаатар, 2000. [A Brief Study about the Orgin and Current Status of Darkhad, Dörwöd, Uriankhai People in the Area of Khövsgöl lake, Khoton, Bayad, Ööld, Myangat, Dzakhchin, Torguut, Khoshuud, Tsakhar, Dariganga, Altai Uriankhai, Khasag and Khamnigan people]. See in detail: Бадамхатан. С., Цэрэнханд, Г. Монгол улсын угсаатны зүй 1, 2, 3 боть. Улаанбаатар, Монсудар ххк 2012. [Ethnography of Mongolia]. 2 Цэвэл, Я. Монгол хэлний товч тайлбар толь. Улаанбаатар, Улсын хэвлэлийн үйлдвэр 1966, 911. [Concies Dictionary of Mongolia]. 3 A counsel of minorities. 20th century 30s. Батдорж, С., Нямдорж, С., Лхагвасүрэн, Б. Зүүнтний бодлого БНМАУ-ын баруун хязгаарт (1928−1932). Улаанбаатар, Адмон притинг ххк 2016, 5. [Left Policy is in Western Remote Area of Peoples Republic of Mongolia (1928−1932]. 4 Илтгэл шаштир, 115-р дэвтэр. See in detail: Намсрай. Зүүнгар хаант улсын түүх. Эрхэлсэн На. Сүхбаатар. (BIBLIOTHECA OIRATICA XLIV). Улаанбаатар,
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