The Cryptozoology Thesaurus

And God Loren Coleman said, “Let the waters bring forth swarms of living creatures, ​ ​ and let birds fly above the earth across the dome of the sky.” So God Loren Coleman ​ ​ created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves. Genesis 1:20

Calley Morrison Jesse Stanley Lizzie Strumolo Andrea Zachary

1 Table of Contents

Dedication . 3 ……………………………………………………………………………… Introduction ... 4 …………………………………………………………………………… Purpose .. 4 ………………………………………………………………………………… Intended Audience 5 ……………………………………………………………………… Scope of the Cryptozoology Thesaurus . 5 ………………………………………………… Features of the Cryptozoology Thesaurus . 6 ……………………………………………… Structure ... . 6 …………………………………………………………………… … Term Entry 8 ……………………………………………………………………… Notation .. 10 …………………………………………………………………… … Facets .. 10 …………………………………………………………………… …… Sources Consulted ... 11 ………………………………………………………………… … Alphabetical Schedule . 12 ………………………………………………………………… Hierarchical Schedule .. 68 …………………………………………………………………

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Dedication

To Loren Coleman, with love and admiration.

3 Introduction

The Cryptozoology Thesaurus contains terms applicable to the domain of cryptozoology, a ​ ​ pseudoscience that concerns the study of and the search for “hidden” or unidentified animals to evaluate the possibility of their existence. Bernard Heuvelmans, generally considered to be the father of modern cryptozoology, defined the field as “the scientific study of animal forms, the existence of which is based only on testimonial or circumstantial evidence, or on material proof judged insufficient by some” (Heuvelmans, 1996, p. xxv). The unknown animals that are the subject of cryptozoological study are usually referred to as cryptids. Many cryptids in this domain are well known, such as bigfoot, yeti, and the Loch Ness Monster, but cryptids also include mythological creatures and creatures currently or previously thought to be extinct (e.g., the coelacanth, a fish thought to be extinct since the end of the Cretaceous period, but an extant specimen was discovered in 1938).

The Cryptozoology Thesaurus can be thought of as a guidebook to the core concepts of ​ ​ cryptozoology. This resource collects those core concepts belonging to the field of cryptozoology through lists of terms that have been thoughtfully organized in order to map both the breadth and depth of the knowledge associated with the field.

Purpose

This thesaurus is designed to provide a controlled, structured vocabulary to improve access to information about cryptozoology for indexing, retrieval, and research purposes.

Indexing1: This thesaurus may be used in indexing, documenting, or cataloging ​ information resources about cryptozoology for subject catalogers and indexers. This thesaurus provides the preferred names and terms for people, places, and things related to cryptozoology. Its hierarchical structure and classification scheme may also be used in determining the relationship of information.

Retrieval: This thesaurus may be used as an instrument to assist in information retrieval in ​ databases and on the web.

Research: This thesaurus also contains information and domain-specific knowledge that ​ may be valuable to researchers interested in cryptozoology. In constructing the relationships among the terms, the authors of this thesaurus have attempted to reflect the most common usage of these terms in the field of cryptozoology, which may be distinct

1 According to the ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005, indexing is “a method by which terms or subject headings from a controlled vocabulary are selected by a human or computer to represent the concepts in or attributes of a content object. The terms may or may not occur in the content object” (p. 6) 4 from other fields or colloquial usage. As the field of cryptozoology is somewhat informal, at times the authors have had to infer the meaning of terms and their places in the hierarchy.

Intended Audience

The field of cryptozoology attracts a wide range of people who are drawn to the field for very different purposes. While cryptozoology is widely considered to be a pseudoscience by the mainstream scientific establishment, it often uses scientific methodologies, such as the formulation and testing of hypotheses, the collection of empirical evidence, and peer-review. However, cryptozoology also attracts those interested in the more fantastical aspects of the domain, including aficionados interested in popular culture and amateur cryptid hunters.

This thesaurus focuses on the more scientific aspect of cryptozoology and is designed for users who share the scientific perspective with a higher likelihood of being involved in academic pursuits. These academic pursuits may include conducting and organizing cryptozoological research, so the thesaurus was designed for these types of activities. One intended audience is comprised of researchers interested in one or more scientific aspects of the field. This includes cryptozoologists, folklore enthusiasts, and anyone who has a general interest in researching the history, scientific ties, social implications, and cultural context of cryptozoology. Another intended audience for the Cryptozoology Thesaurus is information professionals interested in indexing or ​ ​ retrieving documents related to cryptozoology in order to improve access to resources. This may include catalogers, subject indexers, and researchers. In addition, these persons may be interested in creating links among online cryptozoological resources and may use this thesaurus to help create semantic links to controlled vocabularies such as the Dublin Core or Library of Congress Subject Headings.

Scope of the Cryptozoology Thesaurus

This thesaurus serves as a starting point in the effort to create a controlled vocabulary for cryptozoological resources. It is not meant to be an exhaustive resource, but rather a starting point. The concepts in this thesaurus are expressed in a set of carefully selected descriptors, or preferred terms. Currently, there are 97 preferred terms that refer to those core concepts important in the domain of cryptozoology, and an additional 289 secondary terms (known as lead-in terms) representing both synonyms and secondary, yet relevant, concepts in the field. These preferred terms were chosen with the two intended audiences in mind, and therefore cover a lot of ground within the field and related disciplines. This thesaurus attempts to provide a strong overarching framework of the scope of the concepts found within.

Cryptozoology is generally considered distinct from other pseudosciences like ufology or parapsychology in that it is concerned with non-supernatural animals that have simply not yet been

5 identified by mainstream science. As a result, this thesaurus covers a range of concepts within the field of cryptozoology related to the more scientific aspects of cryptozoology. It includes terms from academic disciplines and areas of scientific study that are closely linked to cryptozoology such as paleontology, biology, chemistry, and anthropology. Additionally, there are terms related to mythology, folklore, and traditional indigenous accounts that incorporate the more historical aspect of cryptozoology. There are also concepts related to conspiracy theories, hoaxes, skepticism, pop culture, monster hunters, and the allure of the great unknown to account for the modern cultural fascination that cryptozoology has garnered over time.

Finally, there are the cryptids themselves. The cryptids covered in this thesaurus fit into two general groups: (1) living animals that are thought to have been extinct or fictitious but whose existence has now been scientifically proven and (2) animals that have no scientific evidence proving their existence. That is, the first group contains terms and concepts that refer to animals that were previously considered cryptids, until evidence was found that proved their existence (e.g., coelacanth and thylacine) and the second group contains terms and concepts that refer to animals whose existence has not yet been accepted by the scientific community. This second group also contains cryptids that have been described in folklore, mythology, and traditional narratives.

This thesaurus adheres to the standards established in ISO 2788, Documentation – Guidelines ​ for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri, and ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005, Guidelines for ​ ​ the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies. These standards guided ​ the selection of terms, formatting the display of terms, and establishing and displaying types of relationships among terms. These standards should be consulted for guiding efforts to add to and maintain this thesaurus.

Features of the Cryptozoology Thesaurus

Structure

The Cryptozoology Thesaurus is structured to enable both searching and browsing. In general, ​ ​ the terms contained in this thesaurus have been broken down into the smallest possible concepts. As a result, they are direct entries. Due to the limited scope of this thesaurus, terms were carefully selected in order to represent the largest number of concepts related to cryptozoology. Preferred terms were chosen to represent concepts because they were more well-known or represented a high-level grouping that encompassed several related lead-in terms.

Only the names of people are rotated (e.g., Heuvelmans, Bernard) in order to stay consistent with the more standard formatting found in bibliographical entries. This is because users are accustomed to looking for a person by last name. If users remember only one of the names, they are more likely to remember the last name of individuals rather than the first.

6 Entries in the thesaurus are comprised of two main types of terms: preferred terms and lead-in terms. Preferred terms are indicated by the use of bold typeface. Preferred terms are chosen by the authors to represent a concept that may have multiple synonyms. For example, “bigfoot” may be known as “sasquatch” or “skookum,” but for the purpose of this thesaurus, “bigfoot” is the preferred term, indicated by the use of bold. “Sasquatch” and “skookum” then become lead-in terms—that is, these terms are synonyms for the preferred term. All lead-in terms appear in italics text and are redirected to a preferred term using the USE notation. Lead-in terms can either be a synonym to a preferred term, or represent a concept that, while considered to be relevant to the domain of cryptozoology, can be encompassed within one of the concepts already represented in a preferred term.

This thesaurus uses the following terms and abbreviations:

Definition (DEF): Provides a general definition of the preferred term. Some terms may not have definitions as their meaning is commonly understood and not unique to the domain of cryptozoology.

Scope Note (SN): Instructs users on how the preferred term should be used when indexing or cataloging. They provide guidance and sometimes context, especially when the term may have a usage unique to the domain.

Use (USE): Directs users to the preferred term for that particular lead-in term.

Use For (UF): Indicates which lead-in terms point to that preferred term.

Broader Term (BT): Indicates a term that is one level above in the hierarchy of terms. All broader terms are preferred terms.

Narrower Term (NT): Indicates a term that is one level below in the hierarchy of terms. All narrower terms are preferred terms.

Related Term (RT): Indicates concepts that are similar to the term in question. This function is useful in determining related search or indexing terms. All related terms are reciprocal.

This thesaurus contains two schedules: an alphabetical schedule and a hierarchical schedule. The alphabetical schedule lists all terms in the thesaurus alphabetically. Both preferred terms and lead-in terms are included in the alphabetical schedule and broader, narrower, and related term relationships are shown as well. The hierarchical schedule lists all preferred terms in a hierarchy to show relationships.

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Term Entry

The alphabetical schedule contains all of the terms. For the preferred term entries, the alphabetical schedule lists the term in bold typeface with its notation in brackets, as seen in Figure 1. Most entries include a brief definition (DEF) of the term, and some entries include a scope note (SN) that provides further guidance on how to use the term within the context of cryptozoology. If a preferred term has lead-in terms that point to it, they are listed in an italicized typeface in the use for section (UF). Any broader terms (BT), narrower terms (NT), and related terms (RT), (which can only be other preferred terms) are listed in a bold typeface starting with their notation in brackets. The alphabetical schedule is most useful when a user has a specific word or concept in mind and wants to understand its relationship to the other concepts represented in the thesaurus.

Figure 1: Example of a Preferred Term in the Alphabetical Schedule

For the lead-in term entries, the alphabetical schedule lists the terms in an italicized typeface. (See Figure 2.) All entries include the preferred term (preceded by its notation) which should be used to represent the lead-in term concept (USE). Most entries include a definition (DEF) to provide clarification about the nature of the concept.

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Figure 2: Example of a Standard Lead-In Term in the Alphabetical Schedule

There are a small number of special lead-in term entries that have the same format as the standard lead-in terms but include guided pre-coordination. For guided pre-coordination, there are two preferred terms that should be used together to capture the lead-in term concept (USE) as seen in Figure 3. These two terms are combined with AND.

Figure 3: Example of a Lead-In Term with Guided Pre-Coordination in the Alphabetical Schedule

The hierarchical schedule provides a high-level view of the relationships among the preferred terms. In the hierarchical schedule, no lead-in terms are listed it consists only of ; preferred terms. The hierarchical schedule may assist users who have vague or undefined needs in the refinement of their searches. See Figure 4 for an example of one facet of the hierarchical schedule. The title of the facet and its unique identifier to be used in the notation scheme are both shown in a bold typeface. Below each facet heading are the preferred terms that fall within that facet. Each term is preceded by its notation and is tabbed according to its relationship as a broader term or narrower term to the other preferred terms within the facet. For example, a student might want to research other types of evidence of the orang pendek, but may be unsure of what format this evidence may take. She may then use this hierarchical schedule to formulate key words that retrieve more accurate information. The hierarchical schedule is most useful for users wanting to browse the terms chosen to represent the core concepts of cryptozoology and understand their relationships.

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Figure 4: Example of One Facet of the Hierarchical Schedule

Notation

This thesaurus uses a notation scheme to indicate the facets each term belongs to as well as its relationships within that facet. The notation uses alphanumeric characters—the alphabetical characters abbreviate the top-level facet, and the arabic numbers indicate where the terms fall in the hierarchy. Note that the top-level terms (e.g., “end product”) are not preferred terms within the thesaurus they are used as labels. In this notation scheme, terms inherit the characteristics of the ; terms above them. That is, EPROD.2.4.2.2 feces is a preferred term that inherits the characteristics of its parent terms, EPROD.2.4.2 specimens, EPROD.2.4 physical evidence, and EPROD.2 evidence. If another term were to be added under feces, it too would inherit all the characteristics of the classes above it in the hierarchy. As a result, the hierarchy can be useful to understand how terms relate to each other (e.g., feces is a specimen, which is physical evidence, which is a category of evidence). The hierarchy may assist indexers in decisions to determine which level to assign terms so that similar materials are collocated in the retrieval process.

Facets

This thesaurus contains facets, which serve as the major subdivisions of the thesaurus. Each facet is a grouping of terms that share characteristics that distinguish them from other facets. This thesaurus is divided into the following seven facets:

Abstract Entities [ABENT]: Abstract concepts and phenomena (e.g., folklore and ​ nonscientific belief systems).

Agents [AGNTS]: Various entities, either animate or inanimate, that causes some action ​ (e.g., organizations and monster hunters).

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Attributes [ATRIBS]: Characteristics of entities (e.g., bias). ​

End Products [EPROD]: Physical objects produced through the study of or an ​ encounter with a cryptid (e.g., evidence, photographs, feces).

Living Entities [CREAT]: Creatures presumed to have been alive at some point (e.g., ​ aquatic creatures, Bessie, and giants).

Processes or Functions [PFUNC]: Acts or functions as related to the study of science ​ or the search for cryptids (e.g., biology, academics, and encounters).

Space, Place, Location, or Environment [SPLEN]: Terms used for grouping ​ according to chronological or geographical criteria (e.g., Himalayas and Pacific Northwest).

Sources Consulted

In creating this thesaurus, multiple authoritative sources such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, foundational texts, course syllabi, and websites were consulted to ensure that the chosen terms were accurately representing the concepts central to the field of cryptozoology. In addition, the authors of this thesaurus corresponded with subject matter experts, including Loren Coleman, a well-known cryptozoologist and author in the field, as well as the developers of course materials at accredited universities. The authors of this thesaurus consulted the following resources which provided assistance in defining terms, organizing them, and determining the relationships among them.

ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005. Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies. (2005). NISO. ​

Coglan, R. (2004). A Dictionary of Cryptozoology. Bangor, Northern Ireland: Xiphos Books. ​ ​

Coleman, L., & Clark, J. (2013). Cryptozoology A To Z: The Encyclopedia Of Loch Monsters Sasquatch ​ Chupacabras And Other Authentic Mysteries of Nature. NY, NY: Simon & Schuster. ​

Coleman, L., Trumbore, H., & Huyghe, P. (1999). Field Guide To Bigfoot, Yeti, & Other Mystery ​ Primates Worldwide. New York: Avon Books. ​

Coleman, L., & Huyghe, P. (2003). The field guide to lake monsters, sea serpents and other mystery denizens of ​ the deep. New York, N.Y: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. ​

11 Heuvelmans, B. (1995). On the Track of Unknown Animals, 3rd ed. London: Kegan Paul ​ ​ International.

Lee, W. (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York: Viking Press. ​ ​

Newton, M. (2005). Encyclopedia of Cryptozoology: A Global Guide to Hidden Animals and Their Pursuers. ​ Jefferson & London: McFarland & Company, Inc.

12 Alphabetical Schedule abominable snowman USE [CREAT.2.3] yeti DEF Ape-like cryptid that is taller than the average human being and said to live in the Himalayas.

ABSM ​ USE [CREAT.2.3] yeti DEF Acronym for the abominable snowman.

academics [PFUNC.1] ​ ​ DEF Pertaining to areas of study that are not primarily vocational or applied, such as the humanities or pure mathematics. Can also refer to courses of study taken at a school or college. UF tenure RT [ATRIBS.1] bias [EPROD.1] DNA [EPROD.2] evidence [EPROD.4] scientific conclusions

agogwe USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies DEF A variety of proto-pygmy in the forests of East Africa. It is 1 to 1.7 m (3.3 to 5.6 ft) tall with long arms and long rust-coloured woolly hair and is said to have yellowish-red skin under its coat. It has also been reported as having black or grey hair.

alien big cats USE [CREAT.4] cryptids DEF Large puma- or leopard-like cat of Europe. The phrase "alien" is used in the context of "out-of-place", not extraterrestrial.

alien big dogs USE [CREAT.4] cryptids DEF Unnaturally large, usually black, canid of Europe. The phrase "alien" is used in the context of "out-of-place", not extraterrestrial.

13 almas USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF A variety of wildmen inhabiting the Caucasus and Pamir Mountains of central Asia, and the Altai Mountains of southern Mongolia.

alux USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies DEF A variety of proto-pygmy in the Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala. They are knee-high, and in appearance resembling miniature traditionally dressed Mayan people.

amateurs [AGNTS.1] SN Nonprofessional cryptozoologists, or those without academic credentials, who are dedicated to the research and exploration of cryptids. UF crackpot amateurs RT [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [PFUNC.3.2] investigations [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications

amphibians [CREAT.1.1] ​ ​ DEF A cold-blooded animal of the class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders, etc...) BT [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures

anatomy ​ USE [PFUNC.4.3.3] physiology

anecdotal evidence [EPROD.2.1] ​ ​ DEF Evidence of cryptids in the form of anecdotes or stories. SN To be used for any non-physical or not-sufficiently documented evidence of cryptids. UF anecdotes bigfoot stories explorers accounts eyewitness reports indigenous reports manuscripts secondhand tales BT [EPROD.2] evidence RT [PFUNC.2] encounters [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [ABENT.1.2] folklore [ABENT.1.3] myths [ATRIBS.2] skepticism 14 anecdotes USE [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence

anthropoids USE [CREAT.11.1.2] apes DEF Any of a suborder (Anthropoidea) of higher primates (such as macaques and marmosets).

anthropologists USE [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology

anthropology [PFUNC.4.1] ​ ​ DEF The study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture. UF anthropologists paleoanthropologists paleoanthropology physical anthropologists physical anthropology BT [PFUNC.4] science NT [PFUNC.4.1.1] archaeology RT [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

apelike creatures [CREAT.11.1.1] ​ ​ DEF Creatures that resemble known apes. SN Used for any primate cryptids that don't appear to be directly related to humans. UF anomalous primates bekk-bok devil monkeys giant monkeys gin-sung hairy bipeds hairy subhumanoids hirsute giants isnashi kra-dhan Mecheny monkey men Mono Grande neo-giants orang dalam orang pendek Pleistocene apes salvaje 15 skunk apes yeren BT [CREAT.11.1] hominids RT [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies

apes [CREAT.11.1.2] ​ ​ SN Both known and unknown large primates that lack tails, e.g., gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gibbons. UF anthropoids De Loys Ape gorillas napes North American apes pongids BT [CREAT.11.1] hominids NT [CREAT.11.1.2.1] Gigantopithecus

aquatic creatures [CREAT.1] ​ ​ DEF Creatures that live in water. SN Creatures that live in water. UF dracontology fish giant salamanders of the trinity alps NT [CREAT.1.1] amphibians [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters [CREAT.1.3] river monsters [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures [CREAT.1.5] swamp monsters RT [SPLEN.2] Loch Ness ​ ​ [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

archaeologists USE [PFUNC.4.1.1] archaeology

archaeology [PFUNC.4.1.1] ​ ​ DEF The scientific study of material remains (as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities. UF archaeologists BT [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology

artwork USE [ABENT.1.2] folklore 16 associations USE [AGNTS.6] organizations

Australopithecus Canadensis USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF Proposed scientific name for Bigfoot by Grover Krantz.

Australopithecus robustus USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF Proposed scientific name for Bigfoot by Grover Krantz.

baby bigfoot USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies DEF Proto-pygmies often mistaken for infantile bigfoot.

bad science USE [PFUNC.4] science

barman USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF A bipedal humanoid primate cryptid that inhabits the mountainous region of western Pakistan.

bats USE [CREAT.5] flying creatures

bears USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

bekk-bok USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A giant monkey-like creature in Asia.

Bessie [CREAT.1.2.1] ​ ​ DEF Unknown lake monster in Lake Erie. Reported to be gray, snakelike, and 30-40 feet long. UF Lake Erie Monster BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters 17

bestiaries USE [AGNTS.7] publications

bias [ATRIBS.1] ​ ​ DEF A tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating them unfairly. RT [PFUNC.1] academics [ABENT.1.1] creationism [PFUNC.3] research [PFUNC.4] science [EPROD.4] scientific conclusions

biblical creationism USE [ABENT.1.1] creationism

big birds USE [CREAT.5] flying creatures DEF Unknown bird seen in the Rio Grande Valley. Reported to be at least 5 feet tall with red eyes and a gorilla like face.

Big Three [CREAT.2] ​ ​ DEF The three most popular and well-known cryptids: bigfoot, yeti, and the Loch Ness Monster. NT [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [CREAT.2.2] Loch Ness Monster [CREAT.2.3] yeti

bigfoot [CREAT.2.1] ​ ​ DEF A large, hairy, apelike creature with large humanlike footprints and upright stance supposedly found in the northwestern Americas. SN While the name bigfoot usually refers to the cryptid primate found in the Pacific Northwest, it can also be used as a general term for any large, hominid-like cryptid in the Americas. UF Australopithecus canadensis Australopithecus robustus cripplefoot Missouri Monster Momo Nearctic chionanthropus oh-mah Paranthropus eldurrelli 18 sasquatch sisemite skookum ucumar yowie BT [CREAT.2] Big Three RT [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints [EPROD.3] hoaxes [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [SPLEN.3] Pacific Northwest

bigfoot experts USE [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists

bigfoot field researchers organization USE [AGNTS.6] organizations

bigfoot stories USE [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence

bio-hoaxes USE [EPROD.3] hoaxes

biochemistry [PFUNC.4.2] ​ ​ DEF Chemistry that deals with the chemical compounds and processes occurring in organisms. BT [PFUNC.4] science

biologists USE [PFUNC.4.3] biology

biology [PFUNC.4.3] ​ ​ DEF The study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution. UF biologists hominology BT [PFUNC.4] science NT [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology [PFUNC.4.3.2] genetics 19 [PFUNC.4.3.3] physiology [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology RT [EPROD.1] DNA [EPROD.2.4.2.2] feces [CREAT.13] species

birds USE [CREAT.5] flying creatures

black dogs USE [CREAT.4] cryptids DEF Canine entity of Europe and North America. Distinguished from the alien big dog by its paranormal qualities.

bunyip USE [CREAT.1.5] swamp monsters DEF Mystery marsupial of Australia. Said to be either seal-like or sometimes long-necked creatures with small heads.

cannibal giants USE [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants DEF Legendary North American Indian creatures that are similar to giant hominids like bigfoot or wildmen.

carcasses [EPROD.2.4.2.1] ​ ​ DEF Dead body of an animal. UF globsters BT [EPROD.2.4.2] specimens RT [CREAT.11.1.3.1] frozen men

case studies USE [PFUNC.3] research

cats USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

centaurs USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures DEF Mythological creature with the head, arms, and torso of a human and the body and legs of a horse. 20 cephalopods USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures

cetaceans USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures DEF Scientific classification of whales.

Champ [CREAT.1.2.2] ​ ​ DEF Lake monster in Lake Champlain. UF Lake Champlain Monster BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

chenoo USE [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants DEF A variety of giant in North America with extraordinary physical powers. In Iroquois legend, the chenoo has a heart as cold as ice and hard as stone.

chuchunaa USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids DEF A hominid cryptid rumored to exist in Siberia, Russia. It has been described as six to seven feet tall and covered with dark hair. Some cryptozoologists, including Bernard Heuvelmans, have speculated that Chuchunya may be a relict population of Neanderthal. Mark Hall, another cryptozoologist, has suggested surviving members of Homo gardarensis. No conclusive evidence for the existence of the creature have yet been presented.

chupacabra [CREAT.3] ​ ​ DEF Lit. "goat-sucker". A coyote-like animal said to exist in parts of Latin America, where it supposedly attacks animals, especially small livestock.

circumstantial evidence [EPROD.2.2] ​ ​ SN Any indirect evidence inferred from circumstances which afford a certain presumption, or appear explainable only on one hypothesis. BT evidence RT [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

coelacanth USE [CREAT.8] living fossils DEF Lobe-finned fish during Devonian period, 400 million years ago was thought to ; have been extinct, then found. 21

Coleman, Loren (1947- ) USE [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists

comparative physiology USE [PFUNC.4.3.3] physiology

crackpot amateurs USE [AGNTS.1] amateurs

creation science USE [ABENT.1.1] creationism

creationism [ABENT.1.1] ​ ​ DEF The belief that mankind and all kinds of living organism, or, more widely, the earth and the physical universe generally, originated in specific acts of divine creation as related in the Bible or other sacred book rather than by natural processes as described by science, in particular evolution. UF scientific illiteracy creation science biblical creationism BT [ABENT.1] nonscientific belief systems RT [ATRIBS.1] bias [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology [PFUNC.4.3.2] genetics [PFUNC.4] science

creatures USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

cripplefoot USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF A specific bigfoot that is identified by its crippled foot which makes a warped footprint.

crocodilians USE [CREAT.12] reptiles

22 cryptid chelonians USE [CREAT.12] reptiles DEF Unverified giant sea turtles.

cryptid studies USE [CREAT.4] cryptids AND [PFUNC.3] research ​ ​ DEF Research conducted in order to prove the existence of cryptids.

cryptids [CREAT.4] ​ ​ DEF The general name for unknown creatures or animals whose existence has not been proven. UF alien big cats alien big dogs bears black dogs cats creatures cryptid studies crypto-species dogs giant beavers hidden animals hoofed mammals invertebrates marsupials Mongolian Death Worm monsters Nandi bear otters phantom animals previously undescribed animals rodents undescribed animals undiscovered species unverified animals RT [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists [PFUNC.2] encounters [EPROD.2] evidence [EPROD.3] hoaxes [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

crypto-species USE [CREAT.4] cryptids DEF Synonym for cryptids - "animals whose existence has not been proven." 23

cryptozoologists [AGNTS.2] ​ ​ DEF Professionals in the search for and study of animals whose existence or survival is disputed or unsubstantiated. UF bigfoot experts Coleman, Loren (1947- ) Heuvelmans, Bernard (1916-2001) Krantz, Gordon "Grover" Sanders (1931-2002) Ley, Willy (1906-1969) Sanderson, Ivan T. (1911-1973) scientific cryptozoologists Shipton, Eric (1907-1977) RT [ABENT.1.4] pseudoscience [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology [CREAT.4] cryptids

cultural legends USE [ABENT.1.2] folklore

De Loys Ape USE [CREAT.11.1.2] apes DEF An alleged large primate reported by Swiss geological explorer François de Loys in South America.

devil monkeys USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF Large, tailed primate of North America that often walks upright and is aggressive towards dogs and humans. Reported in British Columbia and Appalachia.

Dinanthropoides nivalis USE [CREAT.2.3] yeti DEF The scientific name for the yeti, according to cryptozoologist Loren Coleman, meaning "terrible anthropoid of the snow."

DNA [EPROD.1] ​ ​ DEF A generic term for any of the nucleic acids which yield deoxyribose on hydrolysis, which are generally found in and confined to the chromosomes of higher organisms, and which store genetic information. RT [PFUNC.1] academics [PFUNC.4.3] biology [PFUNC.4.3.2] genetics [PFUNC.3] research 24

dogs USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

dracontology USE [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures DEF Study of river monsters, sea monsters, and lake monsters.

dragons USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures DEF A mythical monster, represented as a huge and terrible reptile, usually combining ophidian and crocodilian structure, with strong claws, like a beast or bird of prey, and a scaly skin it is generally represented with wings, and sometimes as breathing ; out fire.

droppings USE [EPROD.2.4.2.2] feces DEF Dung of animals.

dzu-the USE [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications AND [CREAT.2.3] yeti ​ ​ DEF The Himalayan Brown Bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), also known as the Himalayan Red Bear, Isabelline Bear or dzu-teh, is a subspecies of the brown bear. The bear (as the dzu-teh) is thought to be the source of the legend of the yeti.

ecologists USE [PFUNC.4.4] ecology

ecology [PFUNC.4.4] ​ ​ DEF A science that deals with the relationships between groups of living things and their environments. UF ecologists environmental studies BT [PFUNC.4] science

encounters [PFUNC.2] ​ ​ SN The fact of meeting with or sighting a cryptid, especially unexpectedly. UF firsthand encounters sightings RT [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence 25 [CREAT.4] cryptids [EPROD.2] evidence [SPLEN.1] Himalayas [EPROD.3] hoaxes [SPLEN.2] Loch Ness [SPLEN.3] Pacific Northwest

environmental studies USE [PFUNC.4.4] ecology

equipment [AGNTS.3] ​ ​ SN Any objects, machines, or other tools used by cryptozoologists or cryptid hunters. UF mini-subs sonar

evidence [EPROD.2] ​ ​ DEF The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. In cryptozoology this can include carcasses, encounters, fossils, footprints, and more. UF vocalizations NT [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence [EPROD.2.2] circumstantial evidence [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence [EPROD.2.4] physical evidence RT [PFUNC.1] academics [CREAT.4] cryptids [PFUNC.2] encounters [PFUNC.3] research [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

evolutionary biologists USE [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology

evolutionary biology [PFUNC.4.3.1] ​ ​ DEF A subfield of biology concerned with the study of the evolutionary processes. UF evolutionary biologists evolutionists BT biology RT [ABENT.1.1] creationism [CREAT.8] living fossils [CREAT.11] primates [CREAT.13] species

26

evolutionary hybrids USE [CREAT.6] hybrids

evolutionists USE [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology

expeditions [PFUNC.3.1] ​ ​ DEF A journey undertaken by a group of people dedicated to finding cryptids or proof of cryptid existence. UF explorers accounts Slick-Johnson snowman expedition Victorian pursuit BT [PFUNC.3] research RT [AGNTS.1] amateurs [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [SPLEN.1] Himalayas [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [CREAT.2.3] yeti

explorers accounts USE [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence AND [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions ​ ​ DEF Anecdotal evidence from expeditions conducted in order to search for cryptids.

eyewitness reports USE [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence DEF A face-to-face meeting between a human witness and a cryptid.

fairy tales USE [ABENT.1.2] folklore

fecal matter USE [EPROD.2.4.2.2] feces DEF Waste matter that is discharged from the bowels excrement. ;

27

feces [EPROD.2.4.2.2] DEF Waste matter that is discharged from the bowels excrement. ; UF droppings fecal matter BT [EPROD.2.4.2] specimens RT [PFUNC.4.3] biology

feral men USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen

ferla mohr USE [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants DEF A variety of giants. A 25-foot tall hairy man-ape creature in Scotland.

film footage USE [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence

firsthand encounters USE [PFUNC.2] encounters DEF A face-to-face meeting between a human witness and a cryptid.

fish USE [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures

flying creatures [CREAT.5] ​ ​ DEF Any unknown, flying cryptid. UF bats big birds birds flying reptiles jersey devils mothmen

flying humanoids USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures DEF Paranormal winged entity found in many traditions worldwide.

28 flying reptiles USE [CREAT.5] flying creatures DEF May refer either to modern day reptiles that can glide for lengthy distances (such as the common flying lizard) or to extinct species like pterosaurs that may have survived to the modern day as cryptids.

folklore [ABENT.1.2] ​ ​ DEF The traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth. UF artwork cultural legends fairy tales folklore monsters urban legends BT [ABENT.1] nonscientific belief systems RT [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence [AGNTS.4] indigenous peoples [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

folklore monsters USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures DEF Creatures that have their source in local legends and myths and are presumed to be purely fictional.

foot morphology USE [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints

footprint analysis USE [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints

footprints [EPROD.2.4.1] ​ ​ DEF The impression left by a foot or shoe on the ground or a surface. Especially important to the field of cryptozoology as physical evidence. UF foot morphology footprint analysis midtarsal break skookum cast BT [EPROD.2.4.2] specimens RT [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [PFUNC.4.3.3] physiology [CREAT.2.3] yeti 29 formal scientific cryptozoological research USE [PFUNC.4] science AND [PFUNC.3] research ​ ​ DEF Scientific research conducted in order to prove the existence of cryptids.

fossil records USE [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

fossil trails USE [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

fossils [EPROD.2.4.2.3] ​ ​ DEF The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form, as a mold, or cast in rock. UF fossil records fossil trails paleontological specimens transitional fauna transitional forms BT [EPROD.2.4.2] specimens RT [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology [CREAT.11.1.2.1] Gigantopithecus [CREAT.9] missing link [CREAT.11.1.4] Neanderthals [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology

fragmentary physical evidence USE [EPROD.2.4] physical evidence

freshwater monsters USE [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters AND [CREAT.1.3] river monsters ​ ​ DEF A wide variety of unidentified animals have been reported in freshwater lakes and rivers around the world. Most also are known by the name of the lake or river plus the word “monster,” as in the “Payette Lake monster.” fringe science USE [ABENT.1.4] pseudoscience

30 frozen men [CREAT.11.1.3.1] ​ ​ DEF Humanlike bodies frozen in ice. UF Minnesota Iceman BT [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures RT [EPROD.2.4.2.1] carcasses

geneticists USE [PFUNC.4.3.2] genetics

genetics [PFUNC.4.3.2] ​ ​ DEF The scientific study of inherited variation in living organisms, and of the cellular and molecular processes responsible for this. Also the branch of biology concerned with this area. UF geneticists BT [PFUNC.4.3] biology RT [ABENT.1.1] creationism [EPROD.1] DNA

geologists USE [PFUNC.4.5] geology

geology [PFUNC.4.5] ​ ​ DEF The science that deals with the earth’s physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it. UF geologists BT [PFUNC.4] science

giant beavers USE [CREAT.4] cryptids DEF Castoroides (giant beaver) is an extinct genus of large beavers that lived in North America. giant hominids USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids DEF Humanlike, hairy creatures that are described as 6 feet 6 inches tall or greater. Their bipedal gait, appearance, and behavior indicate a closer relationship to humans (hominids) than to the apes.

giant monkeys USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF Giant monkey-like creatures that typically exist in temperate regions in Asia and the Americas. 31 giant octopus USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures DEF Octopus belonging to the genus Enteroctopus, known for their large size.

giant salamanders of the trinity alps USE [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures DEF Alleged giant salamander that lives in the Trinity Alps mountain range in Northern California.

giant sharks USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures

giants [CREAT.11.1.3.2] ​ ​ DEF A human-like creature with superhuman stature. UF cannibal giants chenoo ferla mohr gilyuk green giants true giants BT [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures

Gigantopithecus [CREAT.11.1.2.1] ​ ​ DEF Extinct genus of apes that lived in what is now Nepal, China, India, and Vietnam. UF Gigantopithecus blacki BT [CREAT.11.1.2] apes RT [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

Gigantopithecus blacki USE [CREAT.11.1.2.1] Gigantopithecus DEF Proposed scientific name for bigfoot by Grover Krantz.

gilyuk USE [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants DEF A variety of giants. A man-eating giant with shaggy hair in Alaska.

32 gin-sung USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A variety of giants. a Asian type of giant hairy hominid that inhabits central China. It has a long and shaggy black to dark gray coat, a flat head, beetling brow with a sort of upcurled bang on it, long powerful arms and huge hands, and very human-like feet that leave imprints like those of a giant man but with two subdigital pads under the first toe just like the Sasquatch.

globsters USE [EPROD.2.4.2.1] carcasses DEF A beached carcass of an alleged sea monster or lake serpent.

gorillas USE [CREAT.11.1.2] apes DEF Large primate dwelling primarily in Central Africa.

great sea centipedes USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures DEF Many finned sea creature with possibly retractable flippers and a scaly appearance caused by parasites.

green giants USE [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants

green men USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF A large, humanlike creature that lives in the woods. Originating from European mythology, the green man is often represented as a deity of the woods.

hair striations USE [PFUNC.4.3.3] physiology

hairy bipeds USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A humanlike or apelike creature of North America. A catchall term for humanoids reported in the midwestern and eastern United States and Canada.

33 hairy subhumanoids USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF Hairy creatures that resemble apes.

Heuvelmans, Bernard (1916-2001) USE [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists DEF A Belgian-French scientist, explorer, researcher, and a writer probably best known as "the father of cryptozoology."

hidden animals USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

Himalayas [SPLEN.1] ​ ​ DEF A mountain range in southern Asia that extends for 1,500 miles. Said to be the place of origin of the yeti. UF Nepal Tibet RT [PFUNC.2] encounters [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [AGNTS.4] indigenous peoples [PFUNC.3.2] investigations [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [CREAT.2.3] yeti

hirsute giants USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF Large, hairy creatures.

hoaxes [EPROD.3] ​ ​ DEF An act of hoaxing a humorous or mischievous deception, usually ; taking the form of a fabrication of something fictitious or erroneous, told in such a manner as to impose upon the credulity of the victim. UF bio-hoaxes RT [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [CREAT.4] cryptids [PFUNC.2] encounters [CREAT.2.2] Loch Ness Monster [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications [ATRIBS.2] skepticism [CREAT.2.3] yeti

34 hominids [CREAT.11.1] ​ ​ DEF A primate of the zoological family Hominidae, comprising modern humans (Homo sapiens) together with extinct humans (genus Homo) and the Australopithecines. May also include at least some of the great apes and their extinct relatives as well. UF chuchunaa giant hominids hominoids hominology marked hominids shorter-hominids small hominids sub-hominids taller-hominids BT [CREAT.11] primates NT [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures [CREAT.11.1.2] apes [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures [CREAT.11.1.4] Neanderthals

hominoids USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids DEF A primate of the superfamily Hominoidea, a taxon that includes the family Hominidae. The Hominoidea originally comprised only humans, in contrast to anthropoid apes in later use it comprises both ; humans and anthropoid apes.

hominology USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids AND [PFUNC.4.3] biology ​ ​ DEF Study of non-human hominids.

Homo erectus USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF An extinct species of hominid known for its upright stature.

Homo ferus USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF The proposed scientific name for wild men. The taxonomist Carl von Linne divided the genus Homo into seven types and used ferus to refer to those who were hairy, mute, and walked on all fours.

35 Homo habilius USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF An extinct species of hominid and probable human ancestor.

Homo nocturnus ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF Primates of Southeast Asia. The taxonomist Carl von Linne proposed this name originally for orangutans.

Homo sapiens USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF Scientific name for the human species, including Neanderthals and other extinct species of hominids.

Homo troglodytes USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF The proposed scientific name for cave men. This term may also be appropriately applied to chimpanzees.

hoofed mammals USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

humanlike creatures [CREAT.11.1.3] ​ ​ DEF Creatures that resemble modern humans or known human ancestors. SN Humanlike creatures that more closely resemble humans than apes in that they walk upright, use tools, and display evidence of higher intelligence. The term can be used for both cryptids and extinct human ancestors or relatives. UF Homo erectus Homo habilius Homo nocturnus Homo sapiens Homo troglodytes humanoids manlike monsters near-human beings Paranthropus boisei reptilian humanoids subhumans upright man-beasts BT [CREAT.11.1] hominids NT [CREAT.11.1.3.1] frozen men [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants 36 [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen RT [CREAT.1.5] swamp monsters

humanoids USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF A creature that resembles a human.

hunting USE [AGNTS.5] monster hunters

hybrids [CREAT.6] ​ ​ DEF A creature with the body parts of two or more species. UF evolutionary hybrids RT [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

indigenous peoples [AGNTS.4] ​ ​ DEF People native to a certain area or region with a rich cultural history. UF Sherpas totem clans RT [ABENT.1.2] folklore [SPLEN.1] Himalayas [ABENT.1.3] myths [SPLEN.3] Pacific Northwest

indigenous reports USE [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence

International Bigfoot Society USE [AGNTS.6] organizations

International Society for Cryptozoology USE [AGNTS.6] organizations

invertebrates USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

37 investigations [PFUNC.3.2] ​ ​ DEF Formal or systematic examination or research into a particular area of cryptozoology. BT [PFUNC.3] research RT [AGNTS.1] amateurs [SPLEN.1] Himalayas [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications

isnashi USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A legendary cryptid said to resemble an ape–like creature with red fur living in the Amazon rainforests of Brazil and Bolivia.

jersey devils USE [CREAT.5] flying creatures DEF A cryptid said to inhabit the Pine Barrens of Southern New Jersey, United States. The creature is often described as a flying biped with hooves, but there are many different variations. The common description is that of a kangaroo-like creature with the head of a goat, leathery bat-like wings, horns, small arms with clawed hands, cloven hooves and a forked tail. It has been reported to move quickly and often is described as emitting a "blood-curdling” scream.

kelpies USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures DEF The Lowland Scottish name of a fabled water-spirit or demon assuming various shapes, but usually appearing in that of a horse.

kongamato USE [CREAT.7] living dinosaurs DEF A reported pterosaur-like creature said to have been seen by the people of and explorers in the Mwinilunga district's Jiundu swamps of Western Zambia, Angola and Congo. kra-dhan USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A giant apelike creature said to inhabit Southeast Asia.

kraken [CREAT.1.4.1] ​ ​ DEF An enormous mythical sea monster said to appear off the coast of Norway. BT [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures RT [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography 38 Krantz, Gordon "Grover" Sanders (1931-2002) USE [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists

Lake Champlain Monster USE [CREAT.1.2.2] Champ DEF Unknown lake monster in Lake Champlain.

lake creatures USE [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

Lake Erie Monster USE [CREAT.1.2.1] Bessie DEF Unknown lake monster in Lake Erie. Reported to be gray, snakelike, and 30-40 feet long.

Lake Manitoba Monster USE [CREAT.1.2.4] Manipogo DEF The lake monster reported to live in Lake Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada. It is anywhere from 12 feet to 50 feet long. It is described as being long muddy-brown body with humps that show above the water, and a sheep-like head.

Lake Monster of Illiamna USE [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

lake monsters [CREAT.1.2] ​ ​ DEF General term for cryptids dwelling in lakes. UF freshwater monsters lake creatures Lake Monster of Illiamna longnecks BT [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures NT [CREAT.1.2.1] Bessie [CREAT.1.2.2] Champ [CREAT.1.2.3] Lake Worth Monster [CREAT.1.2.4] Manipogo [CREAT.1.2.5] Mokele-Mbembe [CREAT.1.2.6] Morag [CREAT.1.2.7] Ogopogo [CREAT.1.2.8] Storsjoodjuret [CREAT.1.2.9] Winnipogo RT [SPLEN.2] Loch Ness 39 Lake Okanagan Monster USE [CREAT.1.2.7] Ogopogo DEF A cryptid lake monster reported to live in Okanagan Lake, in British Columbia, Canada. The most common description of Ogopogo is a 40 to 50-foot-long sea serpent.

Lake Storsjon Monster USE [CREAT.1.2.8] Storsjoodjuret DEF A lake monster in the 300-foot-deep Lake Storsjön, Sweden. It is described as a serpentine or aquatic reptile with fins across its back and the head of a dog. It is reported to measure approximately sixmeters long, and some accounts describe it as having several humps.

Lake Winnipegegosis Monster USE [CREAT.1.2.9] Winnipogo DEF Lake monster living in Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, Canada.

Lake Worth Monster [CREAT.1.2.3] ​ ​ DEF A cryptid reported to live in and around Lake Worth, just outside of Fort Worth, Texas. It has been described as half-man, half-goat with fur and scales. BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

Latimeria chalumnae USE [CREAT.8] living fossils DEF One of two extant species of coelacanth, a rare order of vertebrates more closely related to lungfish, reptiles and mammals than to the common ray-finned fish. It has a vivid blue pigment.

leafy men USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF Another name for the Green Man. A large, humanlike creature that lives in the woods. Originating from European mythology, the green man is often represented as a deity of the woods.

least hominids USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF A class of human-like creatures created by Mark A. Hall. They are less intelligent, more primitive, and rare (therefore "least").

40 legends USE [ABENT.1.3] myths

leviathan [CREAT.1.4.2] ​ ​ DEF Semi-mythical sea monster of the Middle East. The term is often used to refer to any large sea creature. BT [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures RT [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

Ley, Willy (1906-1969) ​ USE [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists DEF German-born scientist and scholar interested in cryptozoology. He wrote Exotic Zoology. ​ ​

living dinosaurs [CREAT.7] ​ ​ DEF Cryptids, which may be dinosaurs, that have survived to modern day. UF kongamato

living fossils [CREAT.8] ​ ​ DEF A plant or animal that has survived the extinction of others of its group. UF coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae saoloa RT [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology

lizards ​ USE [CREAT.12] reptiles

Loch Morar Monster ​ USE [CREAT.1.2.6] Morag DEF Unknown lake monster living in Loch Morag, Scotland. It is reported as being serpent-like, brown, 25–30 feet long, and with rough skin.

41 Loch Ness [SPLEN.2] ​ ​ DEF A lake in the Scottish Highlands. Place of origin of the Loch Ness Monster. RT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters [PFUNC.2] encounters [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

Loch Ness Investigation Bureau ​ USE [AGNTS.6] organizations

Loch Ness Monster [CREAT.2.2] ​ ​ DEF Otherwise known as Nessie, the Loch Ness Monster is a large aquatic creature that inhabits Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. UF Nessie BT [CREAT.2] Big Three RT [EPROD.3] hoaxes [SPLEN.2] Loch Ness [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

longnecks ​ USE [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters DEF A category of sea monster that looks and behaves like certain Freshwater Monsters such as the Loch Ness Monster. Small, round head with two small horns. Small eyes. Tapered muzzle, sometimes described as like a seal’s or dog’s and at other times like a horse’s or camel’s. Long, slender, flexible neck.

lost tribe ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF A type of wildman that has lived without much contact with globalized civilization

magical beasts ​ USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

42 Manipogo [CREAT.1.2.4] ​ ​ DEF Manipogo is the name given to the lake monster reported to live in Lake Manitoba in Manitoba, Canada. Anywhere from 12 feet to 50 feet long, it is described as being long, having a muddy-brown body with humps that show above the water, and a sheep-like head. UF Lake Manitoba Monster BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

manlike monsters ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures

manta rays ​ USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures

manuscripts ​ USE [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence

marked hominids ​ USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids DEF A class of human-like creatures created by Mark A. Hall. They are less intelligent, more primitive, and rare (therefore "least").

marsupials ​ USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

Mecheny ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A type of marked hominid in Siberia. "Mecheny" means "marked one."

meh-teh ​ USE [CREAT.2.3] yeti DEF A yeti-type cryptid that resembles a hairy heavy-set man. It has thick reddish-brown to black fur, a conical head, stout neck, and long arms. It inhabits the forests of the Tibetan upper plateau.

merbeings ​ USE [CREAT.10.1] mermaids DEF Mermaids, mermen, merbeings, or merfolk encompass a wide variety of aquatic creatures that either are at least partially human in appearance or take human form at certain times. 43 mermaids [CREAT.10.1] ​ ​ DEF An mythological, partly human sea creature with the head and torso of a woman and the tail of a fish or cetacean. UF merbeings selkies siren canora water horses BT [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

metch kangmi ​ USE [CREAT.2.3] yeti DEF Tibetan word for abominable snowman.

methodology [PFUNC.3.3] ​ ​ DEF A system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity. UF peer evaluations scientific method BT [PFUNC.3] research RT [EPROD.4] scientific conclusions

midtarsal break ​ USE [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints

mini-subs ​ USE [AGNTS.3] equipment

Minnesota Iceman ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.3.1] frozen men

minotaurs ​ USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

misidentifications [PFUNC.3.4] ​ ​ DEF Examples of mistaken identities where insufficient evidence led to an incorrect conclusion about the existence of a nonexistent animal (or cryptid), or the encounter with an already existing animal produces a false impression of having encountered a cryptid, typically without sufficient evidence. UF dzu-teh mistaken identities Nebraska man 44 BT [PFUNC.3] research RT [AGNTS.1] amateurs [EPROD.3] hoaxes [PFUNC.3.2] investigations

missing link [CREAT.9] ​ ​ DEF A non-scientific term for any transitional fossil or creature, especially one connected with human evolution. RT [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

Missouri Monster ​ USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF An apelike creature reported to have a large, pumpkin-shaped head, with a furry body, and hair covering the eyes.

mistaken identities ​ USE [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications

Mokele-Mbembe [CREAT.1.2.5] ​ ​ DEF Lake or river monster of the Congo region. Often considered a possible living dinosaur. UF sirrush BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

Momo ​ USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF Short for 'Missouri Monster.' An apelike creature reported to have a large, pumpkin-shaped head, with a furry body, and hair covering the eyes.

Mongolian Death Worm ​ USE [CREAT.4] cryptids DEF Huge snake-like animal or invertebrate of Central Asia. Squirts a bubbly, acidic, lethal poison from one end of its body and may be electrically charged.

monitor lizards ​ USE [CREAT.12] reptiles DEF Lizardlike sea creature.

45 monkey men ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures

Mono Grande ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A large monkey-like creature, has been occasionally reported in South America. Such creatures are reported as being much larger than the commonly accepted New World monkeys.

monster hunters [AGNTS.5] ​ ​ DEF Individuals or a group of people engaged in hunting cryptids for sport rather than for scientific purposes. UF monster hunting hunting RT [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [CREAT.4] cryptids [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [SPLEN.1] Himalayas [SPLEN.2] Loch Ness [CREAT.2.2] Loch Ness Monster [SPLEN.3] Pacific Northwest [CREAT.2.3] yeti

monster hunting ​ USE [AGNTS.5] monster hunters

monsters ​ USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

Morag [CREAT.1.2.6] ​ ​ DEF Unknown lake monster living in Loch Morag, Scotland. It is reported as being serpent-like, brown, 25–30 feet long, and with rough skin. UF Loch Morar Monster BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

mothman ​ USE [CREAT.5] flying creatures ​

musculature ​ USE [PFUNC.4.3.3] physiology

46 Myakka Ape photographs USE [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence

mythic monsters ​ USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

mythological creatures [CREAT.10] ​ ​ DEF Creatures originating from various historical mythologies. UF centaurs dragons flying humanoids folklore monsters kelpies magical beasts minotaurs mythic monsters phoenix semimythical beasts thunderbirds unicorns werewolves NT [CREAT.10.1] mermaids RT [ABENT.1.2] folklore [CREAT.6] hybrids [ABENT.1.3] myths [ABENT.1] nonscientific belief systems

mythology ​ USE [ABENT.1.3] myths

myths [ABENT.1.3] ​ ​ DEF A traditional story, concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events. Relating to early belief systems (i.e. Greek myths) which were based on traditional myths. UF mythology legends BT [ABENT.1] nonscientific belief systems RT [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence [AGNTS.4] indigenous peoples [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

47 Nandi bears USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

napes ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.2] apes DEF A term coined by Loren Colman that means "North American apes."

natural history [PFUNC.4.6] ​ ​ DEF An archaic term for the branch of knowledge that dealt with all natural objects, animal, vegetable, and mineral. Now: the study of animals and other living organisms, especially as presented in a popular rather than in a strictly scientific manner. UF naturalists traditional naturalists BT [PFUNC.4] science RT [CREAT.13] species

naturalists ​ USE [PFUNC.4.6] natural history

Neanderthals [CREAT.11.4] ​ ​ DEF An extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between circa 120,000–35,000 years ago, with a receding forehead and prominent brow ridges. BT [CREAT.11.1] hominids RT [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

near-human beings USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF Creatures that resemble modern humans or known human ancestors.

Nearctic chionanthropus USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF Proposed name for Bigfoot by W.C. Osman Hill, a primatologist.

Nebraska man USE [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications

48 neo-giants USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF Shorter, hairy giants up to 9 ft tall (p. 14 : 6-9 feet, stocky body, small heads, no visible neck. shaggy hair found in the Pacific Rim mountain ; forests central South America, southern China, Tibet, and Indochina). ;

Nepal USE [SPLEN.1] Himalayas

Nessie USE [CREAT.2.2] Loch Ness Monster

nonscientific belief systems [ABENT.1] ​ ​ DEF Belief systems that are not based on a traditional scientific foundation. NT [ABENT.1.1] creationism [ABENT.1.2] folklore [ABENT.1.3] myths [ABENT.1.4] pseudoscience RT [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

North American apes USE [CREAT.11.1.2] apes

nyalmo USE [CREAT.2.3] yeti DEF A large yeti-like creature living in the Himalayas. It is up to 15 feet in height.

ocean monsters USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures

oceanographers USE [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

oceanography [PFUNC.4.7] ​ ​ DEF A science that deals with the oceans and includes the delimitation of their extent and depth, the physics and chemistry of their waters, marine biology, and the exploitation of their resources. UF oceanographers BT [PFUNC.4] science 49 RT [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures [CREAT.1.4.1] kraken [CREAT.1.4.2] leviathan [CREAT.2.2] Loch Ness Monster [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures [CREAT.1.4.3] sea serpents [CREAT.1.4.4] ziphiids

Ogopogo [CREAT.1.2.7] ​ ​ DEF A cryptid lake monster reported to live in Okanagan Lake, in British Columbia, Canada. The most common description of Ogopogo is a 40 to 50-foot-long serpent. UF Lake Okanagan Monster BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

oh-mah USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF A type of neo giant. The term "oh-man" is used in the Klamath area for the regional variant of bigfoot.

orang dalam USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A hominid cryptid reported to inhabit the jungle of Johor in Malaysia. It is described as being about 10 ft tall, bipedal and covered in black fur, and has been reported feeding on fish and raiding orchards. Some speculate the creature may be a surviving Gigantopithecus, while others dismiss the sightings as misidentified Sun Bears.

orang pendek USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF Sumatran wildman.

organizations [AGNTS.6] ​ ​ DEF Any professional or amateur organization dedicated to the study of cryptids. UF association Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization International Bigfoot Society International Society for Cryptozoology Loch Ness Investigation Bureau Slick Foundation

50 otters USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

Pacific Northwest [SPLEN.3] ​ ​ DEF A geographic area in North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east. This region includes Oregon, Washington, and sometime Alaska in the United States as well as British Columbia in Canada. RT [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [PFUNC.2] encounters [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [AGNTS.4] indigenous peoples

paleoanthropologists USE [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology AND [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology ​ ​ DEF Scientists who study fossil hominids.

paleoanthropology USE [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology AND [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology ​ ​ DEF A branch of anthropology dealing with fossil hominids.

paleomammologists USE [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology AND [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology ​ ​ DEF Scientists who study ancient and fossil mammals.

paleomammology USE [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology AND [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology ​ ​ DEF A branch of paleontology dealing with ancient and fossil mammals.

paleontological specimens USE [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

paleontologists USE [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology

paleontology [PFUNC.4.8] ​ ​ DEF The branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants. UF paleoanthropologists paleoanthropology 51 paleomammologists paleomammology paleontologists paleozoologists paleozoology BT [PFUNC.4] science RT [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils paleozoologists USE [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology AND [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology ​ ​ DEF Scientists who study ancient and fossil animals.

paleozoology USE [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology AND [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology ​ ​ DEF A branch of paleontology dealing with ancient and fossil animals.

Paranthropus boisei USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF An early hominin, described as the largest of the Paranthropus genus (robust australopithecines). It lived in Eastern Africa during the Pleistocene epoch from about 2.3 until about 1.2 million years ago.

Paranthropus eldurrelli USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF Proposed name for Bigfoot by Gordon Strasenburgh, a political scientist with an interest in Bigfoot.

Patterson Bigfoot film USE [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence

peer evaluations USE [PFUNC.4] science AND [PFUNC.3.3] methodology ​ ​ DEF Scientific review of evidence, assertions, and methodology by the scientific community.

phantom animals USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

phoenix USE: [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

52 photographic evidence [EPROD.2.3] ​ ​ DEF Photographs, film or video taken of a suspected cryptid. UF film footage Myakka Ape photographs Patterson Bigfoot film photographs Shipton photos BT [EPROD.2] evidence RT [SPLEN.2] Loch Ness [AGNTS.7] publications

photographs USE [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence

physical anthropologists USE [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology

physical anthropology USE [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology

physical evidence [EPROD.2.4] ​ ​ DEF Physical evidence (e.g. hair, footprints, feces) that is used to support the evidence of cryptids. UF fragmentary physical evidence BT [EPROD.2] evidence NT [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints [EPROD.2.4.2] specimens RT [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

physiology [PFUNC.4.3.3] ​ ​ DEF The branch of science that deals with the normal functioning of living organisms and their systems and organs. UF anatomy comparative physiology hair striations musculature BT [PFUNC.4.3] biology ​ ​ RT [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints

53

Pleistocene apes USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures

pongids USE [CREAT.11.1.2] apes DEF Species name for great apes, or nonhuman apes, including bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.

previously undescribed animals USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

Primates [CREAT.11] ​ ​ DEF A mammal in the scientific order of Primates which includes monkeys, apes, and humans as well as others. Primates are distinguished by having hands, handlike feet, and forward-facing eyes. SN Includes discovered animals proven to belong to the order of Primates, extinct animals that once belonged to the order of Primates, and undiscovered animals that are believed to belong, or be closely related to, the order of Primates. NT [CREAT.11.1] hominids RT [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology

proto-pygmies [CREAT.11.1.3.3] ​ ​ DEF Proto-pygmies are small hairy humanoids, with adult heights ranging from three feet to five feet. The hair on their heads is often a different length and texture than the fur that covers the rest of their bodies. Faces are usually fur-free, as are the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The prefered habitat of proto-pygmies is swamps, forests and seashores in tropical regions of the world. Their tiny footprints can be distinguished from those of human children because the foot shape is so different. Their faces look wizened, ancient, and distinctly non-human. Hair/fur colors tend to be black or red. UF agogwe alux baby bigfoot pygmies (classical) sedapa sehité shiru teh-lma BT [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures RT [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures

54 pseudoscience [ABENT.1.4] ​ ​ DEF A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method. UF fringe science BT [ABENT.1] nonscientific belief systems RT [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

publications [AGNTS.7] ​ ​ SN Any professional or amateur publication (in print, web, or other) related to the study of cryptids. UF bestiaries skeptical literature zoology journals RT [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence

pygmies (classical) USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies

real science USE [PFUNC.4] science

reevaluation of evidence USE [PFUNC.3] research AND [ATRIBS.2] skepticism ​ ​ DEF Research of evidence conducted using the scientific method.

reptiles [CREAT.12] ​ ​ DEF Cold blooded vertebrates including snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles and tortoises. They have dry, scaly skin and usually lay eggs on land. SN Includes discovered animals proven to belong to the class of Reptilia, extinct animals that once belonged to the class Reptilia, and undiscovered animals that are believed to belong, or be closely related to, the class of of Reptilia. UF crocodilians cryptid chelonians lizards monitor lizards reptilian humanoids snakes turtles

55 reptilian humanoids USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures AND [CREAT.12] reptiles ​ ​ DEF Cryptid humanoids with reptilian features.

research [PFUNC.3] ​ ​ DEF Studious inquiry or examination especially: investigation or ; experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. UF case studies cryptid studies formal scientific cryptozoological research reevaluation of evidence scientific inquiry scientific research NT [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [PFUNC.3.2] investigations [PFUNC.3.3] methodology ​ ​ [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications RT [ATRIBS.1] bias [EPROD.1] DNA [EPROD.2] evidence [ATRIBS.2] skepticism [CREAT.13] species [EPROD.2.4.2] specimens

river creatures USE [CREAT.1.3] river monsters

river monsters [CREAT.1.3] ​ ​ DEF General term for river cryptids. UF freshwater monsters river creatures BT [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures

rodents USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

salvaje USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A hairy apelike creature found in the woods.

56

Sanderson, Ivan T. (1911-1973) USE [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists

saoloa USE [CREAT.8] living fossils DEF Also known as the Vu quang ox. One of the world's rarest mammals, a forest-dwelling bovine found only in the Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos. It was discovered in 1992.

sasquatch USE: [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot ​

science [PFUNC.4] ​ ​ DEF Knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation a particular area of scientific study (such as ; biology, physics, or chemistry): a particular branch of science. SN The role of science in the field of cryptozoology UF bad science formal scientific cryptozoological research peer evaluations real science scientific community scientific cryptozoologists scientific inquiry scientific method scientific research scientific scrutiny scientific skepticism scientists NT [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology [PFUNC.4.2] biochemistry [PFUNC.4.3] biology [PFUNC.4.4] ecology [PFUNC.4.5] geology [PFUNC.4.6] natural history [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology RT [ATRIBS.1] bias [ABENT.1.1] creationism [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

scientific community USE [PFUNC.4] science 57

scientific conclusions [EPROD.4] ​ ​ DEF Any results or discoveries arrived at by using documented research and the scientific method. RT [PFUNC.1] academics [ATRIBS.1] bias [PFUNC.3.3] methodology

scientific cryptozoologists USE [PFUNC.4] science AND [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists ​ ​ DEF Cryptozoologists that support the existence of cryptids with scientific evidence and hypotheses.

scientific illiteracy USE [ABENT.1.1] creationism

scientific inquiry USE [PFUNC.4] science AND [PFUNC.3] research ​ ​ DEF Research conducted using the scientific method.

scientific method ​ USE [PFUNC.4] science AND methodology ​ ​ DEF Research conducted using the scientific method.

scientific research USE [PFUNC.4] science AND [PFUNC.3] research ​ ​ DEF Research conducted using the scientific method.

scientific scrutiny USE [ATRIBS.2] skepticism AND [PFUNC.4] science ​ ​ DEF Skepticism of the existence of cryptids based on the lack of scientific evidence.

scientific skepticism USE [ATRIBS.2] skepticism DEF Skepticism of the existence of cryptids based on the lack of scientific evidence. scientists USE [PFUNC.4] science 58

sea creatures [CREAT.1.4] ​ ​ DEF General term for any aquatic, oceanic cryptids. UF cephalopods cetaceans giant octopus giant sharks great sea centipedes manta rays sea monsters sirenians BT [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures NT [CREAT.1.4.1] kraken [CREAT.1.4.2] leviathan [CREAT.1.4.3] sea serpents [CREAT.1.4.4] ziphiids RT [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

sea monsters ​ USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures

sea serpents [CREAT.1.4.3] ​ ​ DEF A serpentlike creature that lives in the sea. BT [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures RT [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

secondhand tales USE [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence DEF Anecdotal evidence that comes from someone else rather than the primary source.

sedapa USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies DEF A cryptid apelike creature in the jungles of Sumatra. They are reported to be ground-dwelling bipedal apes that are 3 to 5 feet tall and covered with short dark hair.

sehité USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies DEF A type of proto-pygmy in Africa. It is 4 to 4.5-feet tall, covered in rust-colored shaggy fur. They resemble a cross between humans and apes that resemble Neanderthals. 59

selkies USE [CREAT.10.1] mermaids DEF sea people (Scottish)

semimythical beasts USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

Sherpas USE [AGNTS.4] indigenous peoples

Shipton photos USE [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence

Shipton, Eric (1907-1977) USE [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists

shiru USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies DEF A type of proto-pygmy in Ecuador. Shiru is a 4 to 5-foot bipedal hominid covered with shaggy brown hair.

shorter-hominids USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids DEF A class of hominids created by Mark A. Hall. They are moderate-sized hairy Neanderthaloids.

sightings USE [PFUNC.2] encounters

siren canora USE [CREAT.10.1] mermaids

sirenians USE [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures DEF Manatee-like sea creature.

60 sirrush USE [CREAT.1.2.5] Mokele-Mbembe DEF A cryptid in Babylonian mythology described as as a dragon with scales, eagle-like hind legs and talons, and feline-like front legs and paws. The creature has a long neck and tail, with a horned head, snake like tongue and a crest.

sisemite USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF The Sisemite is a Bigfoot-like creature reported to live in the Guarunta Mountains of Central America as well as the surrounding wilderness of Guatemala. The Sisemite is often described as a 6 to 8 foot tall ape like creature with several human like characteristics including walking with a bipedal gait. The Sisemite’s hair is shaggy and so long that it sweeps the ground as the creature walks with its notably long strides.

skeptical literature USE [AGNTS.7] publications AND [ATRIBS.2] skepticism ​ ​ DEF Literature that is skeptical of the existence or proof of cryptids.

skepticism [ATRIBS.2] ​ ​ DEF Any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere. UF reevaluation of evidence scientific scrutiny scientific skepticism skeptical literature skeptics RT [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence [EPROD.2.2] circumstantial evidence [CREAT.4] cryptids [EPROD.2] evidence [EPROD.3] hoaxes [EPROD.2.4] physical evidence [ABENT.1.4] pseudoscience [PFUNC.3] research [PFUNC.4] science

skeptics USE [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

61 skookum ​ USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF Native American Chinook word for bigfoot/sasquatch.

skookum cast USE [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints DEF A plaster cast often claimed to be an imprint of the body of bigfoot.

skunk apes ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A large hairy, bipedal mammal in the Florida Everglades. They are 6 to 7 feet tall. They have a noticable odor similar to rotten eggs or methane.

Slick foundation USE [AGNTS.6] organizations

Slick-Johnson snowman expedition USE [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions

small hominids USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids

snakes USE [CREAT.12] reptiles

sonar USE [AGNTS.3] equipment

species [CREAT.13] ​ ​ DEF A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. SN Includes discovered and proven species, extinct species, and undiscovered or rumored species. RT [PFUNC.4.3] biology ​ ​ [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology [PFUNC.4.6] natural history [PFUNC.3] research

62 specimens [EPROD.2.4.2] ​ ​ DEF An animal, plant, or mineral, a part or portion of some substance or organism, etc., serving as an example of the thing in question for purposes of investigation or scientific study. BT [EPROD.2.4] physical evidence NT [EPROD.2.4.2.1] carcassess [EPROD.2.4.2.2] feces [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils RT [PFUNC.3] research

stinky ones USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF Human-sized creatures about 6 feet tall. They live in lowlands in Pakistan, China, Southeast Asia, and perhaps Australia. They are among the least intelligent hominids. They are retiring creatures with an omnivorous diet, infrequently wear clothes, and exhibit strong body odor. They also use primitive tools.

Storsjoodjuret [CREAT.1.2.8] ​ ​ DEF A lake monster in the 300-foot-deep Lake Storsjön, Sweden. It is described as a serpentine or aquatic reptile with fins across its back and the head of a dog. It is reported to measure approximately six meters long, and some accounts describe it as having several humps. UF Lake Storsjon Monster BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

sub-hominids USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids DEF A class of hominids created by Ivan T. Sanderson.

sub-humans USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures DEF A class of hominids created by Ivan T. Sanderson.

swamp creatures USE [CREAT.1.5] swamp monsters

swamp monsters [CREAT.1.5] ​ ​ DEF Humanoid creatures that dwell in swamps, occasionally coming to the surface but only when provoked. UF bunyip swamp creatures 63 BT [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures RT [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures

taller-hominids USE [CREAT.11.1] hominids DEF A class of hominids created by Mark A. Hall. The taller hominids are up to7 feet tall and have narrow feet with splayed toes.

Tasmanian tiger USE [CREAT.14] thylacine DEF The native Tasmanian ‘wolf’ or ‘zebra-wolf’, Thylacinus cynocephalus, the largest of existing carnivorous marsupials (now very scarce or extinct).

teh-lma USE [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies AND [CREAT.2.3] yeti ​ ​ DEF A small yeti that may be also related to proto-pygmies. It is 3 to 4 feet tall and inhabits the mountain valleys of Nepal and Sikkim. They have hunched shoulders and a pointed head and thick reddish hair.

tenure USE [PFUNC.1] academics

thunderbirds USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

thylacine [CREAT.14] ​ ​ DEF The native Tasmanian ‘wolf’ or ‘zebra-wolf’, Thylacinus cynocephalus, the largest of existing carnivorous marsupials (now very scarce or extinct). UF Tasmanian tiger

Tibet USE [SPLEN.1] Himalayas

totem clans USE [AGNTS.4] indigenous peoples DEF A group of like animals in a classification system.

64 traditional naturalists USE [PFUNC.4.6] natural history

transitional fauna USE [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

transitional forms USE [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils

true giants USE [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants DEF True giants is a category of 10 to 20 feet tall creatures. They are lean, lanky, and covered with reddish-brown or darker hair. They are reported to live in wooded mountain areas around the world.

turtles USE [CREAT.12] reptiles

ucumar USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF A bigfoot-like creature believed to wander the mountainous tropical countryside of Chile and Argentina. Described to be about the size of a large dog that walks on two legs, the Ucumar is said by natives to eat payo (a cabbage-like plant indigenous to the area) and make an ear piercing "uhu, uhu, uhu" sound.

undescribed animals USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

undiscovered species USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

unicorns USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

unverified animals USE [CREAT.4] cryptids

65 upright man-beasts USE [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures

urban legends USE [ABENT.1.2] folklore

Victorian pursuit USE [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions

vocalizations USE [EPROD.2] evidence DEF The action of vocalizing or the fact of being vocalized utterance with ; the voice. water horses USE [CREAT.10.1] mermaids

werewolves USE [CREAT.10] mythological creatures

wild people USE [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen DEF Human-sized creatures about 6 feet tall. They live in lowlands in Pakistan, China, Southeast Asia, and perhaps Australia. They are among the least intelligent hominids. They are retiring creatures with an omnivorous diet, infrequently wear clothes, and exhibit strong body odor. They also use primitive tools.

wildmen [CREAT.11.1.3.4] ​ ​ DEF Human-sized creatures about 6 feet tall. They live in lowlands in Pakistan, China, Southeast Asia, and perhaps Australia. They are among the least intelligent hominids. They are retiring creatures with an omnivorous diet, infrequently wear clothes, and exhibit strong body odor. They also use primitive tools. UF almas barmanu feral men green men Homo ferus leafy men least hominids lost tribe 66 stinky ones wild people BT [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures

Winnipogo [CREAT.1.2.9] ​ ​ DEF The lake monster of Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, Canada. It is described as serpentine and usually over 20 feet long. UF Lake Winnipegegosis Monster BT [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

yeren ​ USE [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures DEF A hominid residing in the remote mountainous forested regions of western Hubei, China. They are to be covered in reddish colored hair. Some white specimens have also been sighted. Their height is estimated to range from six to eight feet, although some colossal examples allegedly in excess of ten feet tall have been reported. It is peaceful and will generally quietly walk away when encountering people.

yeti [CREAT.2.3] ​ ​ DEF A large hairy creature resembling a human or an ape, said to live in the highest part of the Himalayas. UF abominable snowman ABSM Dinanthropoides nivalis dzu-teh meh-teh metch kangmi nyalmo teh-lma BT [CREAT.2] Big Three RT [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints [SPLEN.1] Himalayas [EPROD.3] hoaxes [AGNTS.5] monster hunters

yowie USE [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot DEF A large, hairy, man-like creature inhabiting south-eastern Australia. Often regarded as Australia's bigfoot.

67 ziphiids [CREAT.1.4.4] ​ ​ DEF Medium-sized whales with elongated jaws that form beaks. BT [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures RT [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography

zoologists USE [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology

zoology [PFUNC.4.3.4] ​ ​ DEF The scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals. UF paleomammologists paleomammology paleozoologists paleozoology zoologists BT [PFUNC.4.3] biology ​ ​ RT [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists

zoology journals USE [AGNTS.7] publications

68 Hierarchical Schedule

Abstract Entities ABENT [ABENT.1] nonscientific belief systems [ABENT.1.1] creationism [ABENT.1.2] folklore [ABENT.1.3] myths [ABENT.1.4] pseudoscience

Agents AGNTS [AGNTS.1] amateurs [AGNTS.2] cryptozoologists [AGNTS.3] equipment [AGNTS.4] indigenous peoples [AGNTS.5] monster hunters [AGNTS.6] organizations [AGNTS.7] publications

Attributes ATRIBS [ATRIBS.1] bias [ATRIBS.2] skepticism

End Products EPROD [EPROD.1] DNA [EPROD.2] evidence [EPROD.2.1] anecdotal evidence [EPROD.2.2] circumstantial evidence [EPROD.2.3] photographic evidence [EPROD.2.4] physical evidence [EPROD.2.4.1] footprints [EPROD.2.4.2] specimens [EPROD.2.4.2.1] carcasses [EPROD.2.4.2.2] feces [EPROD.2.4.2.3] fossils [EPROD.3] hoaxes [EPROD.4] scientific conclusions

Living Entities CREAT [CREAT.1] aquatic creatures [CREAT.1.1] amphibians [CREAT.1.2] lake monsters

69 [CREAT.1.2.1] Bessie [CREAT.1.2.2] Champ [CREAT.1.2.3] Lake Worth Monster [CREAT.1.2.4] Manipogo [CREAT.1.2.5] Mokele-Mbembe [CREAT.1.2.6] Morag [CREAT.1.2.7] Ogopogo [CREAT.1.2.8] Storsjoodjuret [CREAT.1.2.9] Winnipogo [CREAT.1.3] river monsters [CREAT.1.4] sea creatures [CREAT.1.4.1] kraken [CREAT.1.4.2] leviathan [CREAT.1.4.3] sea serpents [CREAT.1.4.4] ziphiids [CREAT.1.5] swamp monsters [CREAT.2] Big Three [CREAT.2.1] bigfoot [CREAT.2.2] Loch Ness Monster [CREAT.2.3] yeti [CREAT.3] chupacabra [CREAT.4] cryptids [CREAT.5] flying creatures [CREAT.6] hybrids [CREAT.7] living dinosaurs [CREAT.8] living fossils [CREAT.9] missing link [CREAT.10] mythological creatures [CREAT.10.1] mermaids [CREAT.11] Primates [CREAT.11.1] hominids [CREAT.11.1.1] apelike creatures [CREAT.11.1.2] apes [CREAT.11.1.2.1] Gigantopithecus [CREAT.11.1.3] humanlike creatures [CREAT.11.1.3.1] frozen men [CREAT.11.1.3.2] giants [CREAT.11.1.3.3] proto-pygmies [CREAT.11.1.3.4] wildmen [CREAT.11.1.4] Neanderthals [CREAT.12] reptiles [CREAT.13] species [CREAT.14] thylacine

70 Processes or Functions PFUNC [PFUNC.1] academics [PFUNC.2] encounters [PFUNC.3] research [PFUNC.3.1] expeditions [PFUNC.3.2] investigations [PFUNC.3.3] methodology [PFUNC.3.4] misidentifications [PFUNC.4] science [PFUNC.4.1] anthropology [PFUNC.4.1.1] archaeology [PFUNC.4.2] biochemistry [PFUNC.4.3] biology [PFUNC.4.3.1] evolutionary biology [PFUNC.4.3.2] genetics [PFUNC.4.3.3] physiology [PFUNC.4.3.4] zoology [PFUNC.4.4] ecology [PFUNC.4.5] geology [PFUNC.4.6] natural history [PFUNC.4.7] oceanography [PFUNC.4.8] paleontology

Space, Place, Location, Environment SPLEN [SPLEN.1] Himalayas [SPLEN.2] Loch Ness [SPLEN.3] Pacific Northwest

71