zoo GODSOFTHE ANIMALS IN MYTH, LEGEND & FABLE

Anthony S. Mercatante

Illustrated by the Author

Harper & Row, Publishers

New York, Evanston, San Francisco, London zoo o f THE g o d s: Animals in Myth, Legend, and Fable. Copyright © 1974 by Anthony S. Mercatante. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For informa­ tion address Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10022. Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Toronto.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mercatante, Anthony S Zoo of the gods.

Bibliography: p. 1. Animal lore. 2. Animals, Legends and stories of. 3. Animals, Mythical. I. Title. GR705.M47 398'.369 74-4618 ISBN 0-06-065561-5

FIRST EDITION Designed by Janice Willcocks Stern CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ix Prologue xi Part One: Animals of the Water XV Goose, Duck, Pelican, and Stork 1 Crocodile and Hippopotamus 8 Swan 11 Toad, Frog, and Salamander 16 Tortoise, Turtle, and Crab 20 Dolphin, Porpoise, and Whale 24 Fish 30 Part Two: Animals of the Earth 33 Serpent 33 Ape and Monkey 41 Cat 43 Tiger, Leopard, and Panther 34 Stag 38 Horse 62 Bear 67 Lion 72 Coyote and Hyena 77 Wolf 80 Fox 84 Dog 90 Cow and Bull 93 Wild Boar, Pig, and Sow 100

vii viii Contents

Ant and Grasshopper 108 Ass and Mule 111 Scorpion 114 Goat, Lamb, and Ram 118 Rabbit 122 Rat and Mouse 127 Spider 131 Elephant 135

Part Three: Animals of the Air 141 Birds 143 Eagle, Hawk, and Vulture 147 Owl, Magpie, and Parrot 154 Raven and Crow 158 Nightingale, Robin, Cuckoo, and Swallow 162 Peacock, Woodpecker, Partridge, and Goldfinch 166 Dove 169 Cock 173 Bee, Butterfly, and Beetle 177 Bat and Fly 181

Part Four: Animals of the Mind 185 U nicorns 187 Gorgons, Geryon, Echidna, Hydra, Mermaid, Melusina, Undine, Kraken, and Loch Ness Monster 192 The Beasts of Ezekiel, Daniel, attd the Four Evangelists 196 Minotaur, Centaurs, Satyrs, and Fauns 200 Phoenix, Feng-Hwang, Ho-o, Simurg, Roc, Anka, and Firebird 204 Griffin, Hippogriff, Pegasus, and Chimera 208 Sphinx, Harpies, Sirens, Scylla, Lamiae, and Empusae 211 Dragons 215

Epilogue 223 Annotated Bibliography 224 Index 230 INDEX

Compiled by Gary Gabriel Gisondi

The following index is in three sections: I. General index to the animal lore of Zoo of the Gods, including the principal mythological and historical personages mentioned throughout the work. II. Index to the authors, composers, painters, film-makers (and other artists) whose work or thought is mentioned in the text. III. Index to works of multiple or anonymous authorship cited in the text. Note: Boldface page numbers indicate principal treatment of subject.

I. GENERAL INDEX

Abraham, 121, 201 Aigipan, 219 Achilles, 13,109,171 Alexander the Great, 151 Actaeon, 58-59 Algerian goat slaying, 119 Adam, 156, 165, 167 Algonquin Indians, 125 Aderyne y Corph, 144 Allah, 43,96,206 Adonis, 102 Amaltheia, 120 Aeacus, 109 American folktales; rabbit, 122-123 Aegina, 109 Ammit, 73 Aello, 212 Ammon-Ra, 37, 121, 153 Aesop; ant, 108; ape, 44; ass, 112; bat, Ancaeus, 100-101 181; bee, 178-179; cat, 47-48; fox, Androcles and the Lion, 75-76 87; goose, 3; hawk and nightingale, An-her, 10 152; lion, 72, 75; mouse and lion, Anka, 206 130; tortoise and hare, 21-22 Anna, mother of Virgin Mary, 169-170 African myths; ant, 109; bat, 182; Ant, 108-110 crocodile, 8-9; hyena, 78, 79; rabbit, Ape and monkey, 41-44 122-123; spider-man, 132 Apet (Apophis), 37 Agamenon, 59 Aphrodite, 13,21,25,48,96, 102, Agni, 121 125, 171,200 Ahab, 28-29 Apis, 97 Ahriman, 37 Apollo, 13,24,37,62, 115,129,

230 Index 231

Apollo: (cont’d) Beaver, 83 158-159,175,208 Bee, 177-180 Apsu, 31 Beelzebub, 182-183 Arab customs and folklore; Anka, 206; Beetle, 180 bat, 181; crocodile, 9; lion, 75; Behemoth, 27 Mohammed’s cat, 51; Roc ( Rukh), Bellerophon, 210, 219 206 Birds, 51, 143-146 Areas, 70, 80 Boar, pig, and sow, 100-107 Arachne, 131-132 Brahma, 3, 20 Ares, 152 Br’er Rabbit, 124 Argos, 167 Br’er Wolf, 124 Ariadne, 201 Breton beliefs; bee, 179 Aristotle, 7, 157, 180 British beliefs; soul-birds, 171 Arion, 26 Buddhist customs and legends; cat, 51; Artemis, 48, 58-60, 69,100,101, Dag-Po (Great Fish), 31; demon­ 115,178 dog, 92; elephant, 138; hare, 125; Asklepius, 37,115,158,176, 202 monkey, 42-43; peacock, 166 Asparas, 12-13 Bull, 72, 97-99, 198, 200-201 Ass and mule, 111-113 Burmese mythology; cat, 51 Astarte, 171,212 Butterfly, 180 Asterius (Minotaur), 200 Caesar, Julius, 49,139; wife of, 39 Asuras, the, 20 Cain, 160 Atalanta, 100-101 Calliope, 102 Athabascan legend; raven, 160 Callisto, 69, 80 Athene, 90,131-132,193,210 Camazotz, 182 Attis, 102 Cartoon animals and personalities; Audhumla (Audhubla), 95 Babar, 139; Batman and Robin, 182; Augustus, Emperor, 212 Br’er Rabbit, 124; Br’er Wolf, 124; Ayamara Indians, 17 Bugs Bunny, 125; Chesire Cat, 53; Azazel, 120 Dumbo, 139; hippopotamus, 10; Aztec ritual and mythology; cock, 176; Mickey Mouse, 130; Pluto, 94; Porky dog, 92; eagle, 148-149; hare, 125; Pig, 106; Smokey the Bear, 71; owl, 156; serpent, 38 Snoopy, 94; spider, 134; Woody the Ba, 144 Woodpecker, 168 Baal, 28 Castor, 13 Baalzebub, 183 Cat, 45-53 Bar bar the elephant, 139 Celeno, 212 Babylonian customs and mythology; Centaur, 201-203 bee-honey, 178; fish, 31; griffin, 208; Cerberus, 90-92 raven, 159; sphinx, 212 Ceres, 96 Bacchus, 120 Charles I (England), 188 Basilisk, 219 Charon, 90 Basuto beliefs; crocodile, 9 Charybdis, 213 Bat, 51, 181-182 Chesire Cat, 53 Bathsheba, 145 Chibcha Indians, 132 Batman and Robin, 182 Chimera, 210, 219 Bear, 67-71, 85, 198 Chinese customs and legends; bat, 182; 232 Index

Chinese customs and legends: (cont’d) Crocote, 79 cat, 53; dragon, 220-221; fox, 87-88; Cronus, 21, 202 monkey, 42-43; phoenix, 206; Crow, 160-161 unicorn, 190 Cuckoo, 164 Chin-Lin, 190 Cybele, 102, 178 Chiron, 202 Christian art, legends, beliefs, etc.; bull, Dadhikra, 64 97; cat, 49; centaur, 202-203; cock, Daedalus, 200, 201 Danae, 114 175-176; dog, 92; dolphin, 26; dove, 169-170; fish, 32; fly, 182-183; lion, Daniel, the beasts of, 198 76; nightingale, 162; owl, 154; peli­ Danish folktales and myths; bee, 179; can, 4; pig, 104; raven, 159-160; werewolf, 82 Darbhodaol, 180 robin, 162; whale, 28; wolf, 82-83. Dauphin, 26 See also Christian symbolism and Christmas legends David, King, 121, 145 Davis, Sir George, 76 Christian symbolism; bear, 71; bee, 179; Delphyne, 219 dog, 93; dove, 171; dragon, 218; eagle, 151; fish, 31; Four Evangelists, Demeter, 4 8 ,9 9,101,176,178 198-199; goldfinch, 168; griffin, 209; Demonic creatures; Bugs Bunny, 125; horse, 65; Lamb of God, 120-121; bull, 72; cat, 46-47; crab, 22; croco­ leopard, 56; lion, 73-75; peacock, dile, 8; demon-dog, 92; empusae, 167; pelican, 4, 6; rabbit, 126, sala­ 214; leopard, 56; mouse, 130; owl, mander, 19; serpent, 39,40; stag, 156; partridge, 168; scorpion, 116- 60-61; swallow, 164; tiger, 56; uni­ 117; spider, 134; woodpecker, 167- 168. See also Devil corn, 189- See also Resurrection symbolism Deucalion, 171 Christmas legends; cat, 47; cock, 175; Devil, 173; as: ass, 113; beetle, 180; werewolf, 82 dragon, 218; fly, 182-183; leopard, Chrysaor, 192 56; lion, 73; pig, 106; raven, 160; Circe, 213 serpent, 4, 39; whale, 26-27. See also Clymene, 62 Demonic creatures Diana, 59 Cock, 173-176; Chanticleer, 85-86; and lion, 75 Dionysus, 24-25, 56, 99,119-120, 201, Cockatrice, 219-220 203 Confucius, 190 Discorides, 79 Cornish legends; raven, 160 Dog, 90-94; dog-headed ape, 42; two- Cornucopia, 120 headed dog, 192 Coronis, 158 Dolphin and porpoise, 24-26 Cortez, 38 Donkey, 112 Dove, 18, 169-172 Cow and bull, 95-99; man-eating Dracula, 182 cattle, 192 Coyote, 77-78 Dragon, 13, 57, 190, 215-221; Chi­ Crab, 22-23 mera, 210; dragon-teeth, 78 Druids, 60 Creation myths; cow, 95-96; coyote, Duck, 3-4,166 78; dove, 171; horse, 66; ram, 121; Dumbo, 139 serpent, 35-36; spider, 134; tortoise, 22; wolf, 83 Ea, 32 Crocodile, 8-10 Eagle, 13,147-151,167,198-199, Index 233

Eagle (cont’d) Finnish legends; bee, 177-178 209,211 Finno-Ugric hero of Flood, 3 East Cree Indians, 83 Fish, 30-32; dogfish, 28 Echidna, 192-193,210 Flood myths; dove, 171; fish, 30-31; Edward IV (England), 3 goose, 3; lion, 73; Noah and raven, Egyptian art, customs, mythology; bee, 159; rabbit, 126; unicorn, 189; wolf, 178,179; beetle, 180; cat, 48,49; 83 cow, 96, 97; crocodile, 9; dog-headed Fly, 182-183 ape, 42; fish, 32; frog, 17; griffin, 208; Fox, 21-22, 72, 84-89 owl, 156; hawk, 144, 152; hippo­ Francis I (France), 19 potamus, 10; lion, 73; phoenix, 205; Francis II (France), 26 pig, 103; ram, 121; serpent, 37-38; Francis the Talking Mule, 112 scorpion, 115; sow, 101; sphinx, 212; Franklin, Benjamin, 150 vulture, 4 Frederick the Great, 134 Elephant, 135-139 French customs and folklore; cockcrow, Elijah, 29, 63,121,159 175; horse, 65-66; Melusina, 194; Elizabeth I (England), 3, 188, 206 Undine, 194; Renard, 85; toad, 17; Else, 13-14 werewolf, 80-81 Elsie the Borden cow, 99 Freudian symbols and interpretations; Empusae, 214 cat, 48; frog, 17; Medusa, 193; ser­ English folklore; bee, 179; crow, 160- pent, 39; werewolf, 81; whale’s 161; cock-crow, 175; goose, 3; mag­ mouth, 17 pie, 156-157; owl, 154; parrot, 157 Freya, 49, 64,104 Eos, 115 Frog. See Toad Eros, 171 Ganesha, 135-136 Eskimo mythology; raven, 160 Ganymede, 148 Estonian mythology; pig, 104 Gargoyle, 220 European customs, folklore, etc.; bear, Gamier, Gilles, 81 70; bull, 98; cock, 173; crocodile, George V (England) , 15 7 9-10; crow, 160-161; demon-dog, 92; German folktales and legends; bee, 179; goose, 3; hyena, 78; magpie and owl, Hanover vampire, 182; rat, 127-129; 156; mermaid, 193-194; monkey, 43; stork, 7; swan, 11-12 nightingale, 162; rat, 129; robin, 162; Geryon, 192 spider, 134; stag, 60; stork, 7; toad, Gilgamesh, 97,115-116, 159 16-17; Valkyries, 12-13; werewolf, Gnat; and swallow, 165 80-82 Gnostics, the, 40, 180 Eurotas, 13 Goat, 118-120; Chimera, 210 Eurystheus, 90-91 Golden egg, 3 Evangelists, the Four, 198-199 Golden Calf, 112 Eve, 18, 167 Goldfinch, 168 Ezekiel, the beasts of, 196-198 Goose, 1-3, 4 Fafnir, 215-217 Gorgons, 192-195 Faun, 120, 203 Grail, the Holy, 13, 14 Fawn. See Stag Grasshopper, 108 Feng-Hwang, 206 Greek art, customs, mythology; bat, 181; Ferdinand the Bull, 99 bee, 178; bear, 69-70; boar, 100-101; Filipino legends; dove, 171 bull, 198; cat, 48; centaur, 201-202; 234 Index

Greek art (cont’d ) 75; man-lion, 73; rabbit, 125; ram, cock, 175,176; crab, 22; cuckoo, 164; 121; swan, 12-13; tortoise, 20-21; Danae, 114; dog, 90-92; dolphin, tiger and jackal, 54-55; woodpecker, 24-26; dove, 171; dragon-teeth, 78; 167 eagle, 148; goat, 118-120; Gorgon Hippogriff, 209 Medusa, 192-193; griffin, 208; Mino­ Hippolytus, 37 taur, 200-201; Myrmidons, 109-110; Hippopotamus, 10, 27 nightingale, 162-163; owl, 156; pea­ Homosexuality; and eagle, 148 cock, 167; Pegasus, 209-210; raven, Ho-o, 206 158-159; satyr, 203; Sirens, 213; Hoopoe, 163 Sphinx, 211; stag, 58-59; swan, 13; Hopi Indians, 109 tortoise, 21; whale, 28; wolf, 80 Horse, 62-66; dragon-horse, 220; hippo- Griffin, 208-209 griff, 209; horse-man, 203; Pegasus, Gryllus, 107 209-210 Guatemalan worship; bat-god, 182 Horus, 37,115, 152,212,219 Gudanna, 97 Hoyl, 145 Hungarian customs and folklore; cock, Hades, 90-91,94 176; witches and cats, 47 Hannibal, 89 Huron Indians, 126 Hanuman, 41-42 Hydra of Lerna, 22, 193 Hap, 97 Hyena, 78-79 Hare. See Rabbit Harpies, 212-213 Inanna, 39 Hathor, 96, 99 Inari, 88 Hawk, 144, 152 Incarnations and transformations; ape, Hebrew and Jewish customs, folklore, 43; bear, 67-68; black mare, 66; bull, mythology; ape, 43, ass, 112; bee, 97-98; cat, 47; coyote, 78; crocodile, 179; bird ( H oyl), 145; cat, 49; 9; dolphin, 24; eagle, 148; fish, 30; dog, 92; fish, 31; fly, 182-183; fox, fox, 87-88; goat, 119,120; Gorgon 84; goat, 118; Golden Calf, 96-97; Medusa; 192; hare, 125; heifer, 96, Leviathan, 27; owl, 154-156; monkey, 167; horse, 66; lion, 25; man-lion, 43; Phoenix, 205-206; pig, 104; ram, 73; nightingale, 162-163; owl, 154; 121; raven, 159; serpent, 35-36; pig, 107; raven, 159; serpent, 37; swallow, 164; unicorn, 189; whale, spider, 132; stag, 58-59, 60; swallow, 27 164; swan, 11-13; toad, 16-17, Hecate, 92, 214 totoise, 21; unicorn, 189; vampire- Heifer, 167 bat, 182; wolf, 80, 81; woodpecker, Helen, 13 167 Hen, 8 Indian mythology and folklore. See Hera, 3,69-70,109,118-119,160,167, Hindu mythology and folklore 178, 202, 214 Indian (North American) mythology Hezekiah, 38 and folklore; ant, 109; bear, 69; Hindu mythology and folklore; ant, 109; coyote, 77-78; frog, 17-18; magpie, ape, 41-42; ass, 111; bee, 178; bird, 157; owl, 156; rabbit, 125,126; 144- 145; bull, 98; cat, 47; crocodile, raven, 160; red dog, 92; serpent, 38; 9; cuckoo, 164; dog, 92; elephant, snake, 39; tortoise, 22; wolf, 83 135-138; fish, 30-31; goose, 3; Indian ( South American) mythology horse, 64, 66; horse-man, 203; lion, and folklore; frog, 17; spider, 132 Index 235

Indra, 20, 41, 138,167, 178 Leda, 13 Io, 96,167 Lemminkainen, 177-178 Iphigenia, 59 Leopard, 56; winged-leopard, 198 Iris, 212 Leviathan, 27 Irish legends and folktales; bee, 179; Lion, 25, 72-76; griffin, 209; and beetle, 180; bird, 143-144; cat, 45-47; hyena, 79; Mark the Evangelist, 198, cock, 175-176; stag, 60; wren and and mouse, 130; Nergal, 198; and eagle, 150 rabbit, 122-123; Sphinx, 211; and Isaac, 201 unicorn, 189-190; winged lion, 198 Ishtar, 97,116 Lizard,8 Isis, 96,99,101,103 Loch Ness monster, 195 Islamic legends. See Moslem Lohengrin, 13-14 Italian customs and folklore; cat, 47; Loki, 40,118,215 frog, 16-17; griffin, 209; werewolf, Lord of the Flies, 183 82 Loup-garou, 81 Ixion, 202 Lung Wang, 220 Lycaon, 80 Jain customs and beliefs; ant, 109 James I (England), 81, 188, 206 Magi, the, 56 Japanese art, folktales, beliefs, etc.; bee, Magpie, 156-157 179; cat, 51-52; crab, 22; fox, 87,88; Maharajah of Nawanagar, 157 Phoenix, 206 Malayan mythology; tiger 5 5 Jeremiah, 51 Managram, 81 Jesus. See Christian Manu, 30-31 Jewish customs and folklore. See Marduk, 31 Hebrew and Jewish customs Mars, 167,176,218 Jezebel, 28 Mary Queen of Scots, 26, 206 Joachim, father of Virgin Mary, 169-170 Mary the Virgin, 96, 126, 170, 171 John the Baptist, 121 Medieval art, legends, beliefs, etc. ass, Jonah, 27-28 113; bear, 70; cockatrice, 220; croco­ Joseph, father of Jesus, 170 dile, 9; dog, 93; dolphin, 26; eagle, Judas Iscariot, 93,116,176 148-149,151; fly, 183; fox, 85; goat, Jugoslavian folktales; werewolf, 81 120; griffin, 208-209; horse, 65; Jungian symbols and interpretations; hyena, 78-79; lion, 73-75; leopard, bull, 97; dragon, 218; horse, 66; pig, 56; monkey, 43; monster sea-snake, 101; snake, 39-40; sphinx, 212; 194-195; owl, 154-155; panther, 57; tortoise, 22; vulture, 153 pelican, 6; phoenix, 205; rabbit, 125; rat, 127-129; scorpion, 116-117; Karma, 178 spider, 134; stag, 60; stork, 7; swan, Kasmir, 92-93 13-14; unicorn, 188-189; whale, King Arthur, 160 Kodoyanpe, 78 26-27; wolf, 82-83 Medusa, 192-193 Koryak mythology; raven, 160 Meleager, 100-101 Kraken, 194-195 Melusina, 194 Krishna, 98,178 Menippus, 91 Kurma, 21 Mermaid, 193 Lamb, 120-121 Mickey Mouse, 130 Lamia (pi. Lamiae), 214 Midgard serpent, 40 236 Index

Minoan mythology; snake, 39 Osiris, 32, 37, 57,97,103, 115, 121, Minotaur, 200-201 152 Mithras, 97 Ottar, 104 Mohammed. See Moslem... Ouroboros, 40 Monkey. See Ape Owl, 4,154-156 Montefeltro, Guido da, 87 Ox, 198-199 Montezuma, 38 Moon Dog, 81 Pan, 21,56, 120 Pandion, 163 Moroccan beliefs; stork, 7 Moses, 38,121 Panther, 56-57 Parrot, 157 Moslem folklore and legends; cow, 96; Parsee customs; vulture, 153 dog, 92-93; dove, 170; Mohammed’s Partridge, 168 cat, 51; monkey, 43; peacock, 167; Parvati, 135-136 ram, 121; spider, 133 Parzival, 13 Mother-Goddess, 39, 92, 102,153, 171, 212 Pasiphae, 200-201 Mouse. See Rat Pasupati, 98 Mule. See Ass Patroclus, 171 Muses, the, 13 Peacock, 166-167 Mut, 153 Pegasus, 192, 209-210 Pelican, 4-7 Myrmidons, 109-110 Percival, 14 Nabu, 198 Persephone, 102, 176 Nadi, 98 Perseus, 193 Naiads, 63 Persian beliefs, legends, etc.; bull, 97; Narasinha, 73 serpent, 36-37; lion, 72; Simurg, 206 Nauru Island mythology; spider, 134 Peter Rabbit, 12 4 Neapolitan folklore; bear, 67-68 Phaeton, 62-64 Nehalennia (Hludana), 129 Pharaoh, 96 Nemesis, 13, 208 Phallic symbolism; dove, 171; fish, 31, Nereids, the, 25 32; frog, 17; the Gorgons, 193; rat Nightingale, 162-164 and mouse, 48; serpent, 39 Ninurta, 57 Philo of Alexandria, 40 Noah, 30-31,159,171 Philomela, 162-163 Nzambi (Mother Earth), 8 Phoenician worship; Baal-Moloch cult, 201 Oceanid, 202 Phoenix, 145, 190, 204-207 Ocypeta, 212 Pig. See Boar Odin, 64,95,150,160,215 Pigeon, 171 Odysseus, 26, 213 Pima Indians, 156 Oedipus, 211 Plains Cree Indians, 69 Oeneus, 100 Plains Indians, 39 Oriental folklore; fox, 87-88; lion, 72; Pluto, 94 magpie, 157. See also Chinese; Pohjola, 177-178 Japanese; Thai; etc. Polish folktales; mouse, 129 Orion, 114 Polydeuces, 13 Orpheus, 213 Pomeranian folktales; stork-stones, 7 Orphics, the, 179 Pope Gregory the Great, 170 Index 23 7

Porky Pig, 106 205; Eustace, 60; George, 218; Porpoise. See Dolphin Gertrude, 6, 129; Gobnait, 179; Poseidon, 25,99,131,192,200,210 Gregory the Great, 73; Isidore of Potawatomi Indians, 126 Seville, 139; James the Less, 170; Procne, 163 Jerome, 4, 6, 76, 151,179; John Prometheus, 132 Chrysostom, 63, 179; John the Ptah, 97 Evangelist, 151, 198-199; Luke, 198- Pueblo Indians, 109 199; Margarite, 218; Mark, 198; Pyrrhus, 93 Matthew, 198; Michael, 73, 218; Python, 24 Patrick, 60; Paul the Hermit, 159; Qeb, 121 Peter, 176; Philip, 218; Reparata, 171; Rose of Lima, 145-146; Romanus, Ra, 96,115,152,179, 180 220, Scholastica, 171; Thomas the Rabbit and hare, 21, 122-126; and Apostle, 38; Vincent, 159 hyena, 79 Salamander, 19 Ram, 121 Samoan worship; bat, 182 Rama, 41-42 Samson, 88-89 Rat and mouse, 48, 51,127-130, 136, Satan, 35 181 Satyr, 120, 203 Raven, 158-160 Scandinavian mythology; cow, 95-96; Rehoboam, 116 dragon-blood, 104; goat, 118; horse, Renard the Fox, 85 64-65; raven, 160; serpent, 40; wolf, Rert (Retu), 10 81 Resurrection symbolism and myths; bee, Scarab, 180 177-178; beetle, 180; bull, 97; butter­ Scorpion, 63, 75,114-117 fly, 180; cock, 175; dolphin, 26; eagle, Scottish legends; Loch Ness Monster, 195 151; panther, 57; phoenix, 205; snake, Scylla, 213-214 37; stag, 60; swallow, 164; vulture, Sebek,9 153 Seker, 152 Rhodian customs; horse, 64 Sekhmet, 73 Robert the Bruce, 133 Serpent and snake, 20-21, 35-40, 165, Robin, 162 176; basilisk, 219-220; Chimera, 210; Roc (Rukh), 206 and eagle, 147-148; lamia, 214; and Roman customs and mythology; bat, 181; lion, 75; monster sea-snake, 194-195; bee, 178; bird, 146; cat, 49; cock, 176; serpent-witch, 3-4,214; snake and cuckoo, 164; dog, 93; faun, 203; fish, stag, 60; sphinx, 211 32; owl, 156; phoenix, 204; raven, Set, 9,10,32, 103, 115,152,208,219 160; snake, 39; woodpecker, 167 Sexual symbolism; cat 48; cuckoo, 164; Russian folktales and beliefs; bee, 178; fish, 31; fox, 88; goat, 120; frog, 17; crab, 23; dove, 170; duck, 3; firebird, horse, 65-66; Medusa, 193- 206 See also Phallic symbolism Saehrimir, 104 Seymour, Jane, 206 Saints: Ambrose, 168, 175, 179; Shamash, 147-148 Anthony of Padua, 113; Anthony the Shani, 135-136 Abbot, 106, 159; Augustine, 4-6; Sheba, Queen of, 145 Bede, 219; Benedict, 160, 171; Shu, 121 Bernard of Clairvaux, 179; Clement, Siamese beliefs; crab, 22 238 Index

Siamese cat, 51 Toad and frog, 16-18, 165; basilisk, Siberian Ostyaks, 3 219-220 Sicilian folklore; bat, 181; werewolf, 82 Tonatiuh, 148 Siegfried, 146 Tortoise and turtle, 19, 20-22, 190 Sigurd, 104,215-217 Trajan, Emperor, 60 Silenus, 120 Transformations, tales of. See Simon the Leper, 176 Incarnations and transformations Simurg, 206 Turkey, 150 Sinbad, 206 Turtle. See Tortoise Sirens, the, 213 Typhon (Thyphon), 210, 219 Sita, 41-42 Siva, 98, 135 Uranus, 21 Slavic customs and mythology; butterfly, Undine, 194 180; cat, 47; cock, 176; soul-birds, Unicorn, 187-191 171; werewolf, 82 Utnapishthim, 159 Slezak, Leo, 15 Smokey the Bear, 71 Vajravareh, 101 Snake. See Serpent Valkyries, the, 12, 64-65, 104 Socrates, 91 Vampire bat, 182 Solomon, King, 145 Vayu, 41 Sow. See Boar, pig, and sow Ve, 95 Spanish folklore; serpent, 38 Venus, 32, 91,96 Spartan customs; horse, 64 Vili, 95 Sphinx, 211-212 Vishnu, 20-21, 30-31,66, 73,135,178 Spider, 131-134 Vulture, 152-153; harpies, 212-213 Stag and fawn, 58-61 Walpurgisnacht, 65 Stork, 7 Welsh folklore; bird, 144 Sumerian customs and mythology; bee- Werewolf, 80-82 honey, 178; eagle, 147-148; fish, 31- Whale, 26-29 32; serpent, 38, 39 Whippoorwill, 144 Swallow, 51, 163, 164-165 Wild boar. See Boar, pig, and sow Swan, 11-14, 23 Witches; and butterflies, 180; as cats, 47; Sybil, 91 and mice, 129; serpent-witch, 3-4, 214 Tech loti, 156 Wolf, 72,80-83; Br’er Wolf, 124 Telemachus, 26 Woodpecker, 167-168 Woody the Woodpecker, 168 Tereus, 163 Thai mythology; cat, 51 Yahweh, 17, 27,29, 35-36, 38,84,96, Theseus, 201 112,120,121,159 164-165,196-198 Thompson River Indians, 17-18 Yin and Yang, 220-221 Thor, 40, 64, 118 Ymir, 95 Thoth, 42,152 Thyphon (Typhon), 210, 219 Zeus, 3,13,37,62-63,69-70,80,96,109, Tiamat, 208, 218 114,118-119,120,132,148,164, Tibetan beliefs; wild sow, 101 167,178-179,202,208,214,219 Tiger, 54-56 Zoroastrian worship; and vultures, 153 Titus, 26 Zulus, the; and bull, 99 Index 239

II. ARTISTS, AUTHORS, COMPOSERS, FILM-MAKERS, ETC.

Afanassieff, A., 3; Andersen, H. C., 163- Mansfield, J., 85; Matheson, R., 182; 164; Appolonius of Rhodes, 212; Melville, H., 28-29; Mendelssohn, F., Apuleius, L., 112; Ariosto, 209; Asterius 194; Michelangelo, 120; Milton, J., 18, of Amasia, 9; Augustine, 167; Bion, 103; 2 7; Montaigne, 5 3; Morris, W, 213; Blake, W, 56; Blasco-Ibanez, V, 65; Mozart, W A., 82; Murdoch, I., 193; Bosch, H. 106; Burton, R. F., 44, 214; Nietzsche, F. 151; Orwell, G., 106; Ovid, Carroll, L., 53, 126; Chaucer, 85-86; 59,63,89,92,101, 132,202; Pausanias, Collier, J., 44; Collodi.C., 28; Crashaw, R., 211; Picasso, P, 99, 171,201; Pliny, 19, 6; Dante, 4, 78, 87, 151,209; Darwin, C., 125,187; Plutarch, 63,93,139,161, 43; Da Vinci, L., 189; Debussy, C., 213; 210; Polanski, R., 182; Ponchielli, A., De Gubernatis, A., 21; DeMille, C. B., 97; 10; Prescott, W H., 202; Prudentius, Descartes, R., 94; Disney, W, 10, 28, 94, 175; Reisen, A., 66; Rubens, P, 202; 124, 130; Donne, J., 26; Dove, F., 190; Saint-Saens, C., 64; Sassetta, 203; Eliot, T. S., 52, 56; Eschenbach, W v., Schonberg, A., 97; Sevigne, Mme de, 94; 13-14; Euripides, 119; Fisher, Rev. J., Shakespeare, Wm., Falstaff, 125; Hamlet, 43; Francis of Assisi, 82-83; Franck, C , 6, 154, 175; Henry VI, Pt. I, 167, 170; 92; Frazer, J. G., 88, 103; Gaer, J., 162; ]ulius Caesar, 160; Love’s Labour’s Lost, Garnett, D., 88; Gibbon, E., 219; 164; Macbeth, 154; Othello, 9-10; Giraudoux, J., 194; Goethe, 85,214; Richard III, 18; Romeo and Juliet, 220; Grahame, K., 220; Graves, R., 80, 98, The Tempest, 213; Troilus and Cressida, 132; Gray, T., 175; Grimm ( Bros.), 3, 75, 154; Shaw, G. B., 76,217; Shen Chi­ 17, 146; Griinewald, M., 106; Harris, chi, 87-88; Sibelius, J., 64, 178; Smart, J. C., 124; Hawthorne, N., 203; Heilman, C., 52; Spenser, E., 151, 193; Stoker, B., L., 89; Hemingway, E., 99; Herodotus, 182; Stravinsky, I., 85, 164, 206; 107,204-205; Herrick, R„ 10; Hesiod, Suetonius, 55; Sutherland, G., 199; Swift, 92, 152; Hitchcock, A., 145; Hoffmann, J., 44, 125; Tchaikovsky, P, 11-12, 130; E. T. A., 130; Homer, 171; Isidore of Thomas Aquinas, 6; Thompson, F., 94; Seville, 139, 209; Janacek, L., 87; Thurber, J., 187; Tiepolo, 59; Tintoretto, Jeffers, R., 66; Jimenez, J. R., 112; Jones, 97; Titian, 56,98-99; Topsell, E., 191; Ernest, 81; Joyce, J., 201; Keats, J., 163, Twain, M., 180; Virgil, 91, 179-180, 214; Krylov, I., 23; La Fontaine, 47; 209,214; Waddell, H., 82; Wagner, R., Latini, B., 78-79; Lawrence, D. H., 88; 14, 65, 215, 217; Warner Bros., 106, Livy, 89; Longfellow, H. W, 178; Lorenz, 125; White, T. H„ 205; Wilde, Lady J. F„ K. , 44,49,146,150; Lucian, 59,91; 46; Wilde, O., 162; Wordsworth, W, 172 Lucretius, 202; Machiavelli, 87;

III. WORKS OF MULTIPLE OR ANONYMOUS AUTHORSHIP

Apocrypha: Acts of John, 168; Book of Bible: Tobit, 92; Epistle of Jeremy, 49-51; Old Testament: Genesis (1 :2 ) 171, Protevangelion, 169-170 (3) 36, (8:8-12) 171, (22) 201, 240 Index

Bible (cont’d) 39; Luke (10:19) 116; John (22:13) 121,(28:12) 132; (1:29) 121, (3:14) 39; I Peter Exodus (8) 17; Leviticus (1:14) (5:8) 73; Revelation (4:6-8) 171, (16:7-10) 120; Numbers 198, (5:5) 73, (6:8) 65, (12:3) (21:5-9) 38, (22:4-24:25) 112, 130, (12:7) 218, (12:9) 39, (2 3 :2 2 ) 189; Deuteronomy (20:1-2) 218 (8:15) 116, (23:18) 92; Judges Gesta Romanorum, 75 ( 13-16) 88-89; I Kings (12:11) Gil game sh, 97, 115-116, 159 116, (17:6) 159; II Kings (1:3) Hymn to Apollo, 24 183, (2:11 ) 63, (18:4) 38, / Ching, 221 (23:11) 64; Job (29:18) 205- Kalevala, 178 206; Psalms (4 2 :1 ) 61, (7 4 :1 4 ) Katha Sarit Sagara, 7 5 27, (102:6) 4, (103:4-5) 151, Koran, 160 (132:17) 31; Proverbs (6 :6 ) 108; Mahabharata, 31, 136 Song of Solomon (2 :1 5 ) 89; Isaiah Malleus Malefcarum, 81 (1:3) 113, (34:11-15) 156; Nibelungenlied, 194 Jeremiah (1 7 :1 1 ) 168; Ezekiel Panchantantra, A l, 111, 125 (1:4) 196; Daniel (7:1-28) 198, Ramayana, 41-42 (7:5) 71;Jonah (1:17) 27 Talmud, 27, 43 New Testament: Matthew (1 2 :4 0 ) Thousand and One Nights, A, 206 27-28, (25:32-34) 120, (26:75) Torah, 49 176; Mark (1:9-11) 170, (5:1- Volsunga Saga, 217 20) 104, (16) 198-199, (16:18)