STANDING BEAR’S FOOTSTEPS

The Meaning of Home

“This hand is not the same color as yours, but if you pierce it I shall feel pain. The blood that will flow from mine will be the same color as yours. I am a man. The same God made us both.”

Chapter 1 Introduction

The PBS documentary Standing Bear’s Footsteps tells the story of the Ponca people, who were forcibly removed from their northern Nebraska homelands and sent to Oklahoma.

One of their leaders, Standing Bear, made the difficult decision to take some of his people back north and fought in the courts to have the right to do so. Today, the Oklahoma Ponca have about 3500 enrolled members while the Nebraska Ponca have about 2500. The result is a people divided by location, but not completely by culture.

This eBook brings together content from the film, the film’s educational website, and a series of short new essays in an interactive presentation.

Although intended for general audiences, this eBook is easily adaptable to the classroom. To assist educators, we have included a Teacher Resources section. 1

Section 1 How to use this book

Controls - Tap on the labels for additional information This app has a number of built-in controls for navigating and making use of the books you are reading. Search for text Table of Contents & Glossary You can access most of these controls by tapping once on any screen within your book. Sections of the current chapter A menu bar will appear across the top of your screen. On the left side are icons for returning to your book library, opening the table of contents or glossary, and making notes. Thumbnails of pages On the right side are icons to Chapter navigation change the brightness of your in the current chapter screen, search for text, and make bookmarks.

Tap on any of the labels in the image to see more extensive descriptions for additional navigation tools. 2 Section 2 Section 2

by Shirley K. Sneve Executive Director Foreword Vision Maker Media

“Oluluta” is a Lakota word for humid. Reservation brought the Lakota live in Nebraska, but I’m from South “P’o” means foggy. To me, these language to life through the Episcopal Dakota. If I don’t LIVE where I’m words connect my senses to the land hymn book, Dakota Odowan. FROM, where’s my home? around me. I grew up close to a river Christmas with my Norwegian My story is not unique. Many of us live giving us misty days and nights. This relatives meant lutefisk and lefse. away from home for employment or was near places where my ancestors Connection to these lands and school. More than half of Native had been for generations. traditions remains important to me. Americans have left their traditional My mother’s people were fur traders My Dad’s folks were farmers. Mom’s homelands. that married into the Dakota, Nakota, father was an Episcopal priest. Her From the forced relocations beginning Lakota, and Ponca Tribes in Minnesota grandparents were ranchers. When I in 1830, to the Urban Indian Relocation and on the Dakota and Nebraska was growing up, we ate vegetables programs of the 1950s and 60s, tribal Plains. My father’s family from our garden, and my dad hunted people know what it’s like to leave homesteaded in Medary Township and fished. home. We create new communities, near Brookings, SD. I was born in Rapid City, SD. I’ve without losing our past. The Cheyenne English was not the first language of moved a dozen times since then—to in Montana and Oklahoma, Oneidas in any of my grandparents. Family places in South Dakota, Utah, Nevada, New York and Wisconsin, and the gatherings on the Rosebud Sioux Massachusetts, and now Nebraska. I Poncas of Nebraska and Oklahoma

33 Section 2 (cont’d)

by Shirley K. Sneve Executive Director Foreword (cont’d) Vision Maker Media

are all examples of tribal families These questions are explored in the early morning mist, and feel the divided by war and the politics of Standing Bear’s Footsteps, a sun rise and warm my face. I need to Manifest Destiny. documentary by Christine Lesiak and hear Lakota songs and language on Nebraska Educational KILI broadcasting from Porcupine on Generations later, what does this Telecommunications. We invite the Pine Ridge Reservation. mean? What does “home” mean to parents, students and teachers to European, Asian and African people I’m lucky and grateful that my further explore “The Meaning of who now live on these Indian lands? parents have returned to live just a Home” through this interactive eBook couple miles from the Rapid City Now, many generations removed and our interactive website. hospital where I was born. It’s full from their traditional homes, The place on the Earth dearest to my circle for me. I’ve found my Meaning intermarriages, or separation from heart is the Black Hills of South of Home. grandparents, I meet many people Dakota—the sacred place for the who don’t know where they’re from. Cheyenne and Lakota. If I don’t get There are no family traditions that back there at least once a year, I get have survived. Still, we all need to cranky. My spirit doesn’t soar. feel we belong. How do people do that when they don’t know where I need to wake up with the scent of they came from? pine trees, I need to walk the trails in

44 Chapter 2 General Content

Each of the eight units in the General Content section contains:

1. A set of questions you should be able to answer by the end of the unit 2. A short video taken from the TV program 3. The video transcript for that segment 4. A short article for one of the key people or topics mentioned in the video 5. Images & image galleries related to the content in that section 6. A few key vocabulary terms 7. Related web links 8. Interactive review activities

You can work through the material in any order, but the first time through it may be helpful to read the questions and watch the video first, since all of the other content in the unit is based on those questions and the video. 5 Section 1 General Homeland Content

WHAT WAS/IS “HOME” grizzly bear. Once Chief Standing Bear was Movie 1: Homeland FOR THE PONCAS? famous across America. Now he lives quietly 1. What is “home?” What part does where the Niobrara River flows into the “home” play in many Native Missouri. He's traveled thousands of miles, narratives? many on foot, to return to this place. The 2. What did the Ponca live in? Standing Bear Bridge, which spans the 3. What animals did the Ponca Missouri, is named for him. Type to enter text hunt? JANET SAIZ (NORTHERN PONCA): You have 4. Where were the ancestral graves to remember who you are, where you came for the Ponca people? “This is our home. This is our ancestral home. This is where my mother’s people, both on her father from, who your people were... 5. What does geographer David and her mother’s side, called home.” Wishart suggest about the power —Janet Saiz (Northern Ponca) NARRATOR: As descendants of Ponca Chief of place with Native people in contrast to Europeans? Standing Bear, Janet Saiz and her grandson Gabriel feel powerfully tied to this landscape. 6. How have the Ponca and other Native people adapted since JANET SAIZ: This is our home. This is our contact? ancestral home. This is where my mother's 7. What happened between the NARRATOR: He is Ma-chu-na-zha, “Standing people, both on her father and her mother's Lakota and Ponca, especially side, called home. And to me whenever I after the Treaty of 1868? Bear” in the Ponca language. In the old days he wore a necklace made from the claws of a come back here I get that feeling of home.

6 That this is where I want to be. And I've But you remove Indians out of their Bear’s childhood or early years as a told my children this is where I want to homeland, and you remove them from member of the Ponca tribe, but experts rest. their history as well as their geography. believe he was probably born sometime between 1829 and 1834. NARRATOR: Lewis and Clark were among the first white men to see a The Ponca lived in two nearby but Ponca village. In the late summer of separate villages—one, the lower village 1804, they passed the white chalk cliffs Unfortunately, there is very little firm (also called “Fish Smell” village following of the Missouri and climbed the Ponca's information available about Standing an unknown natural disaster) was home green hills. The tribe's earth lodges to the full-bloods, while the higher or were deserted because the people were “Gray Blanket” village was home to the out hunting buffalo. mixed-bloods.

DAVID WISHART (GEOGRAPHER): Standing Bear lived in a typical frontier Well, they'd been there a long time at the log cabin in the lower village. His father, mouth of the Niobrara—since the 1730s. Old Drum, was chief of the village, but he The graves were on the bluffs above the was not chief of the whole tribe. villages and Indians believed that the Standing Bear followed in his father’s ancestors lived in those locations. footsteps as a chief, but he also was not the head chief (also called the The attachment of Native Americans was paramount chief) of the tribe—that was to a place. And much more than us. I White Eagle. mean we move so frequently, we can't be attached to a place that much. And Standing Bear was first married to Grae- we take our religion with us when we da-we, with whom he had two leave and we take our history with us daughters, including one called Prairie when we leave—it's immaterial. Flower. Grae-da-we died sometime Standing Bear, Wikipedia Commons. around 1860.

7 Ponca chiefs sometimes had more than With the help of Gen. George Crook and one wife, and by 1877 Standing Bear journalist Henry Tibbles, Standing Bear had two wives: Susette (or Zazette) filed a lawsuit contending that they (and Culture Primeau and her niece Lottie Primeau. all American Indians) are "persons within Susette was the mother of Standing the meaning of the law" and have the Earth Lodge Bear’s son, Bear Shield. right of habeas corpus—which meant that the U.S. Government had to show Great Plains Standing Bear is best known for the “just cause” for arresting them and/or courage, persistence and intelligence he Semi-nomadic telling them where they could and showed in honoring a promise he made couldn’t go. to his son, Bear Shield, just before the boy died at age 16 from malaria in what The rest is history (and is the subject of Plains Tribes (map) was called Indian Territory in northeast much of this eBook!). Oklahoma. Nomadic Tribal Movement (map) There are a number of memorials to Bear Shield asked to be buried in the Standing Bear, including: 1700 North America Tribal People (map) Ponca’s homeland near Niobrara, • Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bridge, which Missouri Migrations (map) Nebraska. Standing Bear promised to spans the Missouri River at the Nebraska-South do so, but to honor his promise he had Dakota border Photo of the chalk bluffs (photo) to walk the 600 miles back to Nebraska • Standing Bear Lake Recreation Area, located in Ponca earth lodge (photos) Photo1, in winter. Omaha, Nebraska Photo2, Photo3, Photo4, Photo5

It was unlawful for him (or the other 29 • Standing Bear Statue/Park/Museum in Ponca National Archives Photo Analysis Poncas in his group) to leave Indian City, Oklahoma worksheet Territory without permission, and when • A bronze bust of Standing Bear in the Nebraska they reached the Omaha, Nebraska area Hall of Fame, located in the Nebraska Capitol in National Archives Map Analysis they were taken into custody. Lincoln, Nebraska worksheet

8 The Ponca Home: “The attachment of Native Americans was to a place. And much more than us. I mean, we move so frequently, we can’t be attached to a place that much. And we take our religion with us when we leave and we take our history with us when we leave—it’s immaterial. But you remove Indians out of their homeland and you remove them from their history as well as their geography. Because their history is written in the landscape.” — David J. Wishart (Geographer)

Gallery: Interior of an Earth Lodge Gallery: Ponca homes, Tipi (Teepees) and Earth lodge

Crotches Entranceway

Walls

Earth lodge. A dwelling partly under ground, circular in form, from 30 to 60 ft in diameter, with walls about 6 ft high, on which rested a dome- 1 2 3 shaped roof with an opening in the center to afford light within and to permit the egress of smoke. Courtesy Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. The earth lodge and the tipi were the most common homes used by the Ponca. From Native American Architecture by Peter Nabokov and Robert Easton. Oxford University Press, 1989.

9 The Ponca Hunt (Wah-ni-sa): The Ponca relied on the The hunts took place twice a year, in the spring or early summer and in the fall. Hunting was sacred to the Ponca people, the combination of hunting, fishing, gathering and farming. To the tribes depended on the buffalo for their winter supply of meat. young men, the hunting aspect was the most exciting and The buffalo were important to the Ponca for clothing, shelter, popular as well as holding the highest prestige in the Ponca tools, medicine, spiritual and religious purposes as well. The Tribe. The men would go on Wah-ni-sa or buffalo hunts up the Ponca men also hunted deer, small game and fished in the rivers Missouri River and as far as the Rocky Mountains. and lakes of their homeland.

Gallery: Annual buffalo hunt scene.

Everyday life: By nature the Ponca Indians were farming people, women did the majority of the farming and worked to harvest crops of corn, beans, squash and pumpkins.

Ponca women wore long deerskin dresses while the men wore breechcloths and leather leggings, sometimes buckskin shirts. The dresses and shirts were fringed and decorated with porcupine quills and beadwork. They wore moccasins on their feet and in cold weather long buffalo-hide robes to stay warm.

The Ponca leaders would sometimes wear the long war bonnets but more often wore feather caps. Their hair was often long and the women traditionally kept their hair in two long braids. Young warriors often shaved most of their hair with the remaining in a scalplock (a long lock of hair on top of their head).

10 The Ponca Homeland: “The Ponca had lived by the Niobrara since the 1730s. The graves were on the bluffs above the villages and Indians believed that the ancestors lived in those locations. The attachment of Native Americans was to a place it Unit 1 Review was their spiritual homeland. Move the Ponca’s from that place and you move them out of their homeland, you move them from Question 1 of 3 their history as well as their geography.” What was Standing Bear’s Ponca name? — David Wishart (Geographer)

Gallery: Sacred Ponca Lands

A. Wa-nih-sa

B. Ma-chu-na-zah

C. Standing Bear

D. Grae-da-we

Check Answer

White chalk cliffs along the Niobrara. From “Standing Bear’s Footsteps.”

11 Gallery: 1700 North American Indian Tribal Map

What does this map show? (Maps courtesy of David J. Wishart) 12 Section 2 General Exile Content

DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP home here. Leave now.” Ten days later, Movie 2: Exile BETWEEN HOMELAND Standing Bear and Big Snake were forced to AND EXILE. join their people on the long walk into the 1. How do the Ponca people pass unknown. on their history in this film?

2. Below the first two speakers’ CASEY CAMP-HORINEK (SOUTHERN names it says “Southern Ponca.” PONCA): Imagine if in the United States in your What might that suggest about town where you live that the Martians landed. the tribe today? And they had their own clothes. They had their 3. How were the Ponca moved from own language. They had their own foods and their Homeland? A third of the Ponca Tribe died of malaria, hunger and exhaustion during their first year in Oklahoma. they were gonna take what you had. And you 4. What does the burial of White were going to become a Martian in order to Buffalo Girl suggest about the survive. relationship between the Poncas Ponca got to Indian Territory? Did this allow and members of the Neligh them to continue the same way of life as they NARRATOR: In May of 1877, the Ponca community? Have the people of had in Nebraska? What was different? Neligh honored their promise? people began a journey their descendants have not forgotten. 5. What did many Ponca believe was the cause of the bad weather they encountered on CASEY CAMP-HORINEK: My grandpa was their trip? eight years old on that forced removal. My NARRATOR: “I don’t want to fight any white sister-in-law talks about the young guys—little 6. What was the land like when the person, but this land is mine! I will make my

13 NARRATOR: A third of the Ponca tribe died that year of malaria, hunger and exhaustion. A few years later, when they moved to a new reservation in Indian Territory, they would build a cemetery on a hill.

CASEY CAMP-HORINEK: This area here was the only hill of any height in the area and our people were so lonesome for their homelands, for their ancestral ways, that they wanted a place where when they went back to the mother earth that they would still be facing this way, Standing Bear and his traveling group had to leave behind their Niobrara homeland. towards the North to be able to look to Artwork by Tom Floyd. the ancestors, to be able to look at the homelands to be able to feel as if there boys that were picked up by their braids the soldiers came. On July 9th, the was something that was sharing and flung into the back of wagons by the Ponca arrived at their new reservation in between those that they left behind or soldiers when they arrived. Just like present day Oklahoma. It was hot. The lost on the forced walk down here. you'd pick up a chicken that you're land was bleak and stony, impossible to gonna wring its neck and throw to the farm. side just in heaps. Grab’em by their hair and fling’em in wagons as they go CASEY CAMP-HORINEK: There wasn't through the village. any place prepared for us here. There wasn't homes. There wasn't teepees. NARRATOR: Louis Headman's There wasn't a place to grow a garden. grandmother was a young woman when There wasn't anything anywhere.

14 working to prevent the move, saying the state already had more Indians than it wanted. Although Standing Bear is probably the most famous member of the Ponca, he In 1875, following two long councils with was not the head or paramount chief of Ponca chiefs, the government’s Ponca the tribe. White Eagle, born around agent somehow concluded that the 1840, was the head chief of the entire chiefs had agreed to move their tribe Ponca Nation during the time covered by south to Indian Territory. The chiefs, this eBook, and it was he who spoke for however, were under the impression that the whole tribe on all official matters. they’d been given permission to the move to the land they were purchasing In the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, the on the Omaha Reservation. government had mistakenly, and without the knowledge and consent of the When government officials concluded Ponca, given the entire Ponca that they should move the Lakota to an Reservation to the Lakota—the Ponca’s area near the Ponca homeland in order main enemy. The Lakota proceeded to to make commerce with the Lakota more use this treaty as an excuse to convenient, it was clear the Ponca could relentlessly attack the nearly defenseless not remain there. Ponca. To facilitate a move to Indian Territory, White Eagle. Wikipedia Commons. By 1873, the Ponca chiefs signed an President Grant set aside $25,000 for the agreement with the Omaha to buy a part planned relocation. Technically, the act Unexpectedly, in July 1876 some Lakota of the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska. required the consent of the Ponca before chiefs appeared on the Ponca homeland The Ponca thought they would now have they could be relocated, an interesting with the intent to stop warfare between a safe place to call home, but behind the provision, given that they did not even the tribes. The result was a treaty scenes Nebraska’s senators were know such an act existed.

15 between the tribes in which the Lakota agreement to this effect was signed and train fare or for anything else that might gave the Ponca back their land. Kemble provided transportation by train help them return to their homeland and wagon for White Eagle, Standing quickly. Though White Eagle had But the joy felt by the Ponca people Bear, and eight other Ponca chiefs to become quite sick, and others in the upon finally reaching a peaceful scout this possible new home for their group were extremely weak, they had no relationship with the Lakota was soon people. choice but to walk the 600 miles back to overwhelmed by “news,” at least partially their Niobrara home in the cold of winter. invented, delivered to them by Inspector But what they found in this northeastern E.C. Kemble, who claimed during council section of Indian Territory was a dry, After nearly two months of walking, meetings early in 1877 that the Great rocky land with river bottoms that gave White Eagle and the other seven Ponca Father wanted them to move to Indian rise to the mosquitoes which caused chiefs finally arrived at what they thought Territory far to the south. “the sickness”—malaria. The Kaw and was still their homeland, only to learn Pawnee people they saw on this land that the whole tribe had been ordered to White Eagle responded: were not doing well, so White Eagle told move, allegedly [according to Kemble] The president told me to work, and I Kemble that the Ponca delegation because they had signed a document have done it. He told me not to go on wanted to return to their home, that the saying that they would. the warpath… I promised I would not, land they’d been shown would not be and I have performed my promise… My As it turned out, while the Ponca walked people have lived and died on this land suitable for their people. as far back as we can remember… We back home, Kemble had been busy have always been peaceful. The land is Kemble was furious. After the trying to convince governmental our own. We do not want to part with it. agreement with the Ponca had been decision-makers that the land was I have broken no treaties and the president has no right to take it from me. signed, he had exaggerated the terms of perfectly acceptable and the Ponca were the agreement, implying to his superiors just being extremely picky and In February 1877 White Eagle and the in government that White Eagle and the unappreciative of the government’s offer. other Ponca chiefs agreed to visit the other Ponca chiefs had actually already place the government wished to relocate While it was true that White Eagle and agreed on the move to Indian Territory. them to, provided that they could return the other Ponca chiefs had signed an He refused to pay for the Indians’ return if they didn't like this new land. An agreement with the U. S. Government

16 that they would be willing to make Indian Treaty with the Ponca (Ponca Agency) Territory their new home, the agreement 1865 (document) was only on the condition that the Ponca Exile “Journal of the March” by James consented to believed the land would Howard (document) make a suitable new home. And the land Indian Territory they had been shown was not White Buffalo Girl’s grave site (picture) Paramount Chief acceptable to them. Poster: Indian Land for Sale (picture) Reservation Kemble had lied, twisted their words, Nebraska Land Sessions 1850 (map) and fabricated “truths,” but the Ponca Treaty were men of their word, even when they Country Land Sessions (map) might have been fully justified not to be. "I have put my hand to the pen," White Conflict 1854-1882 (map) Eagle said, explaining that it was a Railroads 1857 (map) pledge that would not be broken. Removal policies of Andrew Jackson National Archives Written Document White Eagle died in 1914. A famous 1830 (document) Analysis (worksheet) quote of his was: President Monroe on Removal 1825 National Archives Map Analysis When you are in doubt, be still, (document) and wait; when doubt no longer (worksheet) exists for you, then go forward Polk speech 1845 (document) with courage. So long as mists Habits of Mind Matrix (worksheet) envelop you, be still; be still until Letter from Jefferson to Adams the sunlight pours through and (document) dispels the mists—as it surely will. Then act with courage. Treaty with the Ponca (Ponca Agency) 1858 (document)

17 Unit 2 Review

Question 1 of 3 Who was the head or para- mount chief of the Ponca tribe?

A. Big Snake

B. Geronimo

C. Standing Bear

D. White Eagle

Check Answer

18 Section 3 General The Great Father Content

HOW DO THE “GREAT FATHER” & KATIE MORGAN (ATTORNEY): "This is Katie." Movie 3: The Great Father GOVERNMENT POLICIES AFFECT THE PONCAS & OTHER NARRATOR: Morgan is Northern Ponca - TRIBAL NATIONS? 1. How does Katie’s job impact KATIE MORGAN: "I'm good. How are you?" Native people? NARRATOR: Her family descends from one of 2. What does “sovereign” mean? nine Ponca chiefs, Smoke Maker, exiled to 3. What is the difference between Indian Territory along with Standing Bear. the "wards of the government" and "sovereign nations?” KATIE MORGAN: I didn't really think about the The Ponca chiefs met with President Rutherford B. 4. What aspirations did the Ponca Hayes at the White House. They told him that law until I was in my senior year of college delegates have in their visit to Indian Territory was for them a place of death. actually. I had thought I wanted to do social Washington, D.C. in November of work. I knew that I wanted to do something for 1877? my tribe and for native people, I really didn't 5. Why would the agent report that think about law until I took a constitutional law all was well? class at the university and the more I thought 6. Did Hayes make good on his NARRATOR: Katie Morgan is an Indian rights about it and the more people I spoke with, they promise? How? attorney in Washington, D.C., at one of the really thought law was the area that you can largest law firms in the world. Her specialty is change people's lives on a day-to-day basis. American Indian law and policy.

19 Washington, D.C. Most of the Indian delegations who came to Washington had their portraits taken and these images of so called "noble savages" sold well to the public.

The Ponca chiefs posed before a studio backdrop. Katie Morgan's ancestor, Smoke Maker, Chief Standing Bear, his brother Big Snake, White Eagle, head chief of all the Ponca people. The chiefs stayed at a hotel. They went to a play and ate at restaurants.

JOE STARITA (AUTHOR): It's On his journey back to Nebraska, Standing Bear carried his son’s body in a wooden box. fascinating to keep putting yourself in Artwork by Tom Floyd. their shoes and to imagine what they're NARRATOR: Today Native American ways, then they could come up with a seeing through their eyes. Eyes that tribes are sovereign nations. But in way to be the guardian to the tribes. were used to seeing river valleys and Standing Bear's time, Indians were vast expanses of the prairie with going NARRATOR: Back in Indian Territory, the legally wards of the government, urged days without seeing another person. Ponca people were increasingly to think of the president as their Great desperate. Perhaps it was time to meet NARRATOR: The Ponca chiefs met with Father. the Great Father. Perhaps he would President Rutherford B. Hayes at the KATIE MORGAN: Because the tribes allow them to return to their homeland. White House. They told him that Indian were uncivilized, as the court saw in their Territory was for them a place of death. In November of 1877, Standing Bear and eye, and didn't practice you know, white Big Chief said it best: "I was taken up by eight other Ponca chiefs took the train to a whirlwind. Now we are all perishing."

20 Their stories shocked the president. The CASEY CAMP-HORINEK (SOUTHERN Indian agent, authorized to interact with PONCA): Do you suppose that had the Ponca on behalf of the government, anything to do with the gold that was had reported that all was well. discovered in the Black Hills? Or do you suppose it had anything to do with the JOE STARITA: Well, there was bad railroad they were trying to put across intelligence in handling the American the land so they could get to the gold in Indian situation in the frontier era. The California? Do you suppose it had people who were supposed to be able to anything to do with the amazing amount provide that intelligence, the Indian of immigrants that were coming across agents who were on the ground gave the oceans and wanted their own space? bad information. We know that now. That information was passed up the line so you had clueless bureaucrats making these decisions on bad intelligence that ended up costing thousands and thousands of lives. Big Snake was the younger brother of Standing Bear. He was the soldier chief, NARRATOR: The chiefs left Washington the head of the Ponca’s military society, with gifts and a promise from the Big Snake, Standing Bear's brother. and completely loyal to his brother, Library of Congress. president to help them. As he said, they following him even into great trouble and had no blood on their hands. But he had danger. Oklahoma). The full bloods, led by no intention of letting them return to Standing Bear and Big Snake, refused to Nebraska. The official policy of the U.S. In April 1877 the mixed-blood Ponca go, saying, “This land is ours. It belongs Government was to fill Indian Territory (about 170 of the 700 or so total) were to us. You have no right to take it from with as many Indians as possible. loading their wagons for the long trek to us.” Big Snake threatened to drive Indian Territory (eventually a part of

21 Kemble off the reservation, causing him The officials in charge of the Ponca and Big Snake was alone and unarmed. I to order the arrest of the brothers. the official Army report made it sound cannot see the necessity of killing an unarmed man, confined in a room like Big Snake was just a moody The two brothers were put in jail while and surrounded by eighteen or troublemaker who frequently challenged twenty men, a dozen or more of others tried to appeal to President Hayes the authority of government officials and whom were armed soldiers. It to let the Ponca stay in their Niobrara agents without any cause. The agent looked to me, to put it in plain homeland. The military commander English, like a cowardly, willful said Big Snake was “a very bad, insolent, released Standing Bear and Big Snake, murder. and dangerous Indian.” but the president did not answer any of But as has happened frequently in such the appeals to stop the removal. The The government interpreter who was in matters concerning mistreatment of rest of the Ponca, mostly full bloods, the office at the time Big Snake was Native Americans, no charges were ever were forced to follow the others to Indian shot, told a different story, saying that filed against any of the soldiers or agents Territory about a month later. Big Snake told the soldiers he would not and no arrests were ever made. go with them until they had given him a In October 1879 while Standing Bear good reason for his arrest. He showed was in the east crusading for the Ponca them he was unarmed, but as many as a cause, he received word that Big Snake dozen or more armed soldiers tried to had been killed by soldiers on Indian handcuff Big Snake without success. Territory. One of the soldiers then hit Big Snake in Delegate the face with the butt-end of a gun, while When an agent reported that Big Snake Sovereignty had threatened to kill him, a dozen another shot him through the temple and soldiers tried to arrest him. Accounts of killed him. what happened differed widely, and Even the Indian Inspector, William eventually there was a congressional Pollock, told the congressional inquiry inquiry to determine the facts the killing was more than a little surrounding Big Snake’s death. suspicious:

22 Unit 3 Review

Summary of Indian Policy (graphic Question 1 of 3 organizer) Who was “The Great Father?” Indian Policy Summary (PowerPoint)

A. General Crook

B. White Eagle

C. The Great Spirit

D. The President

Check Answer

23 Section 4 General Arrested Content

HOW IS GENERAL CROOK little of their Nebraska homeland. Movie 4: Arrested CONFLICTED IN THE ARREST That winter, Standing Bear's son came down OF THE PONCAS? with malaria. When he was dying the boy 1. Who was Thomas Henry Tibbles? asked his father to make a promise—to take 2. Who was General George Crook? his body home.

3. Why did Crook go to Tibbles? NARRATOR: On the night of March 30th, 1879, 4. What was the promise that reporter Thomas Tibbles is putting to bed the Standing Bear made to Bear next edition of the Omaha Daily Herald. Shield, his son, who died from Tibbles had lived among Indians on the frontier, malaria? I've been forced many times by orders from Washington to do most inhuman things in dealing fought against slavery in Kansas and scouted 5. Why did the 29 Ponca leave with the Indians. But now I'm ordered to do a for the Union during the Civil War. Indian Territory? crueler thing than ever before. -- General George Crook 6. Why did the Ponca go to the JOE STARITA (AUTHOR): This was this big Omaha? giant, raw-boned man whom only the American 7. Why was this group of Ponca West seems to spawn these kinds of arrested? characters who saw the world often in very 8. How was the power of the press melodramatic terms and he was never happier influential in this issue? NARRATOR: Less than 200 miles west, at the when he had a really great cause to go after, a fork of the Salt and Arkansas Rivers, they really great story. found what they wanted. It reminded them a

24 legged with them in their lodges and Gallery: Moments during the return to Nebraska from Indian Territory. smoked the pipe.

CHARLES ROBINSON III (HISTORIAN): Once an Indian had dealt with Crook, he knew he was dealing with someone he could trust. Crook never minced words. He was blunt with them. Even his most bitter enemies respected him and they knew they could take his word.

NARRATOR: What Crook told Tibbles that night would soon be quoted all over America: "During the quarter century that I've been on the plains in government service, I've been forced many times by orders from Washington to do most

Standing Bear and his small clan walked 600 miles back to Nebraska in January 1879. inhuman things in dealing with the Artwork by Tom Floyd. Indians. But now I'm ordered to do a crueler thing than ever before. I would resign my commission, if that would prevent the order from being executed- NARRATOR: Thomas Tibbles was about of the Platte and the most celebrated but it would not." to be handed the most sensational story Indian fighter in America. General of his career—and from the least likely George Crook. Crook had engaged NARRATOR: Early Sunday morning, with person in the world. His visitor that night Indians in battle, but he also sat cross- the words of the general ringing in his was the Commander of the Department ears, Thomas Tibbles half-ran, half-

25 walked the four miles to Fort Omaha his men. He was appointed Commander policy. He was sympathetic to the where he met General Crook's prisoners. of the Department of the Platte and from Ponca’s problems and supported the that base successfully fought Indians. reform efforts of Bright Eyes and Thomas Despite this the tribes respected and Tibbles, but he believed it was his duty trusted the general. to follow orders.

In 1871, in an official report to President General Crook knew of the U.S. laws George Crook was born Sept. 8, 1828. Grant, General Crook expressed his which he would have to enforce, so he He was one of nine children born to opposition to the government’s Indian could not openly support Standing Bear. Thomas Crook and Elizabeth Matthews However, he knew that newsman Henry Crook. Military service was not unusual Tibbles could. He secretly visited in the Crook family; Thomas had served Tibbles and suggested that a Writ of in a militia company of Baltimore in the Habeas Corpus be used in Standing defense of Fort McHenry in 1813. Bear’s defense. George Crook graduated from West Crook told Tibbles that he would resign Point Military Academy and was the his commission if he thought it would lowest ranking student to become a help the Ponca, but he didn’t think it general. He spent his entire military would do any good, so he obeyed his career, with the exception of the Civil war superiors and ordered the arrest of years, fighting Indians on the Frontier Standing Bear. and was considered one of the country's best generals. It is ironic that the 1879 trial of Standing Bear officially bore the title of “Standing At West Point George Crook was a quiet Bear v. Crook” when the general believed student and always followed orders. so much in what Standing Bear was During the Civil War he was a Cavalry trying to accomplish. hero not afraid to be in the skirmish with General George Crook. Wikipedia Commons.

26 At the end of the trial, when Judge Elmer Unit 4 Review Dundy had ruled in favor of Standing Bear, Crook was so moved by Standing Question 1 of 3 Bear’s final speech and personal integrity Who brought Standing that he stood in front of the whole court Bear’s situation to the atten- room and shook Standing Bear’s hand. tion of Henry Tibbles?

A. Bright Eyes Bias B. Big Snake Press / Media C. General Sherman

D. General Crook

Newspaper articles discussing the case:

Omaha Daily Herald — May 15, 1879 Check Answer

Omaha Daily Herald — May 17, 1879

Omaha Daily Herald Article

27 Section 5 General The Trial Content

WHAT IS THE ESSENTIAL Movie 5: The Trial QUESTION OF THIS TRIAL? "Standing Bear wore a blanket of vivid red 1. What was the purpose of this trimmed with blue stripes. This was his council court case? What is “habeas blanket, which he wore whenever he was to corpus?” speak officially for his people." 2. Out of all U.S. people, who were There was no jury. Federal District Court the only ones to not have any rights under the law? How did Judge Elmer Dundy alone would decide the the U.S. Government get away case. The question before the judge was with this? (sovereignty, dual simple. Standing Bear had been arrested for citizenship) He was saying to the court and to the world, “I'm a leaving his reservation. Did he have the right human being. Respect me.” This is the key to the 3. Who were the two top attorneys to challenge his imprisonment? Did he have in Nebraska and why did they whole thing. — Charles Robinson III (Historian) take this case for free? the right to habeas corpus?

4. What is a “council blanket?” JOE STARITA (AUTHOR): And the key Why is Standing Bear wearing passage is any person can file a writ of habeas this (what does it represent?) . Doesn't say anything about being a corpus 5. At what cost did Standing Bear citizen. The law does not use the word win his case? NARRATOR: Standing Bear entered the “citizen.” It says, any person can file or sue for courtroom dressed as a chief-with a wide belt 6. At the end of the trial, Standing a writ of habeas corpus. So the only question Bear addressed the court. What of beads at his waist and a necklace of bear did he say? What was he claws. "Around his shoulders" wrote General before you right now is not whether Standing essentially saying? Crook's Aide de Camp, John Bourke, Bear is a citizen of the United States. The only

28 world, I'm a human being. Respect me. This is the key to the whole thing. Is a matter of respect.

NARRATOR: Judge Dundy adjourned court on a warm spring evening on the second of May, 1879. He would spend the next ten days pondering his decision. What exactly did it mean to be a person? The Judge consulted a dictionary.

"Webster's describes a person as a living soul, a self-conscious being," he wrote. "This is comprehensive enough, it would seem, to include even an Indian." Standing Bear pleads his case before Judge Dundy at the District Courthouse in Omaha. Artwork by Tom Floyd. Standing Bear had convinced the judge that he was no longer a ward of the question before you is whether or not was a fairly long hushed silence and then government—that he was a free man Standing Bear is a person. you could begin to hear some sobbing, entitled to 14th Amendment rights of some crying coming from the back of the KATIE MORGAN (ATTORNEY): I don't life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. courthouse. The judge was emotionally think they were questioning whether he overcome and even General Crook ... was human but whether he was General Crook burst up from his bench deserving of the same rights as a white and rushed over to Standing Bear to person. shake his hand.

JOE STARITA: When he finished there CHARLES ROBINSON III (HISTORIAN): He was saying to the court and to the 29 trial in Omaha. Both served without any fought in the Civil War with an Ohio fee. infantry unit and later had graduated from Mount Union College in Ohio. Henry Tibbles believed the government Andrew Jackson Poppleton, born in had deprived Standing Bear of some Michigan in 1830, was the first lawyer to Webster had a large law practice in basic freedoms that seemed to be practice in Omaha. He was a member of Omaha by the age of 32. He was well guaranteed by law. After thoroughly the first territorial legislature and was the respected as a student of constitutional researching the legal questions, he first president of the Nebraska Bar law in the legal community, served in the realized they would need to file a lawsuit. Association. In 1858 he was elected the state legislature in 1873, and later city’s second mayor. Later he was the became the chairman of the State Tibbles asked two prominent Omaha general counsel for the Union Pacific Constitutional Convention. lawyers to defend Standing Bear at his Railroad. When asked by his friend Tibbles to When Tibbles asked represent Standing Bear, Webster him to represent thought it over, then agreed, saying that Standing Bear, he would serve without charging a fee Poppleton replied that because he believed it was the right he thought Standing thing to do. Bear had a good case He added that “... there ought to be a for a good cause and power somewhere to stop this inhuman would gladly assist in cruelty. If it does not reside in the courts, the case. where shall we find it?” The second attorney The two lawyers filed an application for a was the young lawyer writ of habeas corpus on April 4, 1879, John Lee Webster, Andrew Jackson Poppleton, left, and John Lee Webster, right, argued a a case which, ironically, was filed as Ma- originally from Ohio. brilliant case on Standing Bear’s behalf. Nebraska State Historical Society, chu-nah-zha v. George Crook. The As a teenager he RG2411-4419 and RG2411-5935a. 30 application stated that Standing Bear When Poppleton finished, Judge Dundy The Standing Bear case would prove to and his band of Ponca had broken no announced that Standing Bear had be the most important case Poppleton or laws and violated no treaties, so should asked to make a final statement. The Webster would ever try. not be held under arrest. judge said he was granting this request.

Judge Elmer Dundy signed the It was at this time that Standing Bear application, which forced the made his most famous speech, which in government to respond, and on May 1 part went like this: the trial began. 14th Amendment That hand is not the color of yours, Webster, though on the verge of sickness but if I pierce it, I shall feel pain. If Habeas Corpus you pierce your hand, you also feel most of the day, spent hours asking pain. The blood that will flow from Verdict questions of Standing Bear. The mine will be of the same color as government actually argued that yours. I am a man. The same god Standing Bear was neither a citizen nor a made us both. person, a position that sounds ridiculous On May 12, 1879, Judge Dundy ruled to us today. that Standing Bear [and all Indians] was a person under the law and that they had The next day, Webster laid out Standing been illegally detained in violation of their Waaxe’s Law Bear’s case for more than three hours. constitutional rights to life, liberty and the Then, at the end of the day, Andrew (Note: This site is for education use only pursuit of happiness. Jackson Poppleton provided a —please contact the author for any magnificent closing statement in which The outcome of this case created major replication or reproduction outside of this he successfully argued that the case was turmoil within the government and was particular curriculum.) not about whether Standing Bear was a highly controversial in parts of the west, citizen of the United States, but about but it forever established the whether he was a person. fundamental rights of Native Americans.

31 Unit 5 Review

Question 1 of 3 What was the question that needed to be answered in Standing Bear’s trial?

A. Whether he was considered a person under the law

B. Whether he was a U.S. citizen

C. Whether he was still a Ponca chief

D. None of the above

Check Answer

32 Section 6 General Crusade Content

WHY WAS THERE A NEED FOR alarmed. The Rocky Mountain News warned Movie 6: Crusade THE CRUSADE TO THE EAST? that tribes would soon flee their reservations 1. Why were white people in the and become "a body of tramps moving without West worried about the verdict of restraint." the case?

2. What are some “conditions of ROSETTA LeCLAIR (SOUTHERN PONCA): I civilization?” don't think Standing Bear purposely left his 3. What does “Standing Bear people to get away from the hard times they jumped ship” mean, from her were going through. He done it for a promise perspective? to a dying son and I admire Standing Bear for Remember all those who suffer and die in that 4. Why would a trip to the east been strange land. They need us. We have come too far what he done. I think he didn't do no wrong. If a good choice at that time? to quit now. he could have come back to his people, I think — Standing Bear 5. Who went on this crusade? he would have came back, but the government wouldn't let him. 6. Why was Big Snake not able to do the same thing his brother JOE STARITA (AUTHOR): He suddenly was a could do? (leave the VIDEO TRANSCRIPT Reservation) man without a country. It was illegal for him to

7. Where did Standing Bear live on go back to the Indian Territory and rejoin the NARRATOR: Standing Bear's victory sparked his return to Nebraska after the other Ponca because he had disassociated crusade was over? controversy across America. Out west, where himself from the tribe. It was illegal for him to Indians were still called savages, people were go back after what he had said in court.

33 DAVID WISHART most elegant places west of New York, (GEOGRAPHER): By the this beautiful, legendary hotel in Chicago. time you get to the late And imagine Standing Bear being at the 1870's, particularly on Palmer House where the floor of the the East Coast you're barbershop is all silver dollars. It's a going through a transition silver floor filled with silver dollars. This in attitudes towards is a man who walked from Oklahoma to Native Americans. And South Dakota and here he is dining at the further you're away the Palmer House! from Native Americans, the more sympathetic NARRATOR: On the same day Standing that attitude is. Bear learned of his brother's death, Thomas Tibbles also got a telegram. His Susette LaFlesche accompanied Standing Bear on a NARRATOR: In the fall of crusade to the cities of the east. Artwork by Tom Floyd. wife had died suddenly, leaving him with 1879, with funding and two young daughters. Tibbles wanted to testimonials from the And it also meant according to the law end the crusade but Standing Bear that he could not go back to the leading citizens of Omaha, four convinced him to go on. "We both traditional homeland, the confluence of crusaders embarked on a journey: suffer," he said. "But remember all those the Niobrara and the Missouri, because Thomas Tibbles, Chief Standing Bear, who suffer and die in that strange land. that land was owned by the Lakota and Susette LaFlesche and her brother They need us. We have come too far to he could be arrested as a trespasser. Francis. quit now."

NARRATOR: Once again, Thomas JOE STARITA: You have these people Tibbles came to the rescue, proposing taking a train from Omaha, crossing the that Standing Bear go on a human rights Missouri, crossing the Mississippi and crusade to the cities of the east. starting to hit the great cities of the east. They get to the Palmer House, one of the

34 While on the tour in 1879 Tibbles learned that his wife Amelia had died and Standing Bear learned that his brother In the late 1870s Thomas Tibbles was Big Snake had been shot and killed. the assistant editor of the Omaha Daily Despite their sorrow, they continued with Herald. He had been a traveling the tour, saying the cause for all Indians preacher and ministered to many tribes. was more important than their personal He spent a winter with the Ponca and grief. joined in a piercing of the skin rite and became a member of the Ponca’s In 1882 Tibbles and Susette La Flesche Soldier Lodge Society. Only very brave married. They continued to tour and men could belong to this group, and they lecture on Indian issues at home and had the admiration and respect of all abroad. In 1889 Tibbles published The Indians. Ponca Chiefs under the pseudonym “Zylyff.” Tibbles supported the Poncas when they walked from Oklahoma to Nebraska in In 1895 Tibbles started The Independent, Thomas Henry Tibbles. Nebraska State 1877, and with General George Crook Historical Society, RG2737-1. a weekly Populist Party newspaper came up with the idea of using the writ of based in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1904 Habeas Corpus in Standing Bear‘s described the sad ways the government Tibbles ran unsuccessfully as the defense at The Trial in Omaha. Standing had treated the Ponca and other tribes. Populist Party’s candidate for vice Bear thought of Tibbles as a friend and And they told how money and aid president. His autobiography is titled was willing to be interviewed by the targeted for the Indians never actually Buckskin and Blanket Days. newsman. got to them, asking the wealthy easterners to help by giving money if Tibbles was on a tour of eastern states they could. with Susette, her brother Frank La Flesche, and Standing Bear. They

35 Unit 6 Review

Advocate / activist Question 1 of 3 Who gave Thomas Tibbles Crusade the idea of using a Writ of Habeas Corpus to test the Ethnocentrism law?

Graphic Organizers and chart paper

Graphic Organizers (web page) A. Standing Bear Susette La Flesche’s autograph book B. Susette La Flesche (typed version from original)

“We Shall Remain: Episode 5 - Wounded C. General Crook Knee” (PBS video clip) D. Andrew Poppleton Video is available on YouTube

The Battle for Whiteclay (web page)

Check Answer

36 Section 7 General Journeys Content

HOW ARE THE JOURNEYS OF JANET SAIZ (NORTHERN PONCA): Movie 7: Journeys THE PONCA PEOPLE EVOLVING? Sometimes the train would be coming in and 1. What is termination? What does their wagon and horses would be there tied. that mean? Where does that fit But boy that was great. We just couldn't wait into the chart of historical dealings between the U.S. to get here. Government and Native people? NARRATOR: Here, Janet says, she felt that 2. What affect did termination have she belonged-in a way that never happened in on the ability of Native people, like Janet Saiz, to continue to the city. adapt and survive? We owe a debt to people who have preceded us. JANET SAIZ: I was called a dirty Indian - I 3. How did “home” evolve over time We owe a debt to keep their stories alive and to mean, I remember a little girlfriend's mother for both the Northern and stem the tide of forgetting, which swallows everything up. Southern Ponca? slamming the door in my face when I was -- David Wishart about seven years old. And I was thinking you • Elaborate on the “power of place” for Native people, past wouldn't say that if you saw my grandma's and present. house! VIDEO TRANSCRIPT • What things have affected the NARRATOR: It was a tough time to be “power of place” for different Tribes? Northern Ponca. Standing Bear's victory had NARRATOR: Janet Saiz grew up in Omaha but given his descendants freedom from • What is the importance of every summer she and her little sister came government control but had taken away most geography, economics, re- source availability, etc. back to the Niobrara to visit their grandparents.

37 standing in court, standing for his rights-I didn't have that one.

NARRATOR: What was once Indian Territory is now home to 38 Indian Nations, including the Southern Ponca tribe. Here, at the fork of the Salt and Arkansas Rivers live the descendants of those who stayed behind when Standing Bear left. Their chief White Eagle is buried here. This is their home-a homeland far from the place where their ancestors once lived.

DAVID WISHART (GEOGRAPHER): We

As an old man, Standing Bear tells his story to a reporter. Artwork by Tom Floyd. owe a debt to people who have preceded us. We owe a debt to keep of the government's support. Janet's NARRATOR: Hundreds of miles south, in their stories alive and to stem the tide of grandparents struggled to make a living Ponca City, Oklahoma a 22-foot statue forgetting, which swallows everything up. on a few acres of land. In 1962, of Chief Standing Bear greets the dawn. Not just forgetting, but making it over Congress took the final step and and in a new way in order to fit the terminated the tribe. In essence the CHRISTOPHER CARTMILL (PLAY- present rather than the past. Northern Ponca no longer existed. WRIGHT): It is him saying - Look at this hand, it is like your hand. Look at it. See KATIE MORGAN (ATTORNEY): I don't JANET SAIZ: It was just, I don't know, it it. Deal with it. When I was a kid, I had think we should forget it because we was just ... you kind of drifted. And little toy Indians. They were all on learn from history and what the mistakes religiously I also drifted at the same time. horseback or they were all holding their that were made and the policies that I didn't have any connection. tomahawks, you know. Get one, clearly didn't work. And now we're in an 38 era of self-determination and self- Southern Ohio and Southern Indiana exactly clear, much of this group governance for tribes and so I think we area along the Ohio River. migrated to the north and west, traveling have to stay focused on the positive and down the Ohio River to the Mississippi. At some point (probably before 1500 the great things that tribes are doing Here one group broke off and traveled A.D.), and for reasons which are not today, but at the same time, we can't forget about where we came from and Gallery: Journeys of the Ponca what happened over the years.

NARRATOR: What does it mean to be a person? In the footsteps of Standing Bear perhaps it means to suffer and survive.

There is not much evidence about how, when and where the Ponca tribe came into existence.

There is general agreement that the Ponca were probably part of a much larger tribe living in the large cultural area known as the Eastern Woodlands, possibly stretching back a thousand Map of Degiha migration routes and Ponca village or occupation sites. [Adapted from James years or more. This heavily forested area Owen Dorsey and James H. Howard.] From “Piecing Together the Ponca Past,” by Beth R. Ritter, Great Plains Quarterly, Fall 2002, pg. 272. University of Nebraska Press. likely included the Northern Kentucky,

39 downriver; they became known as the The name for the Ponca has been Standing Bear Bridge (photos): Photo 1, Quapaw, which means "with the interpreted by some authorities as “that Photo 2 current." The rest of the group headed which is sacred," yet certain members of Northern Ponca Buffalo Herd (photo) upstream. the Ponca Tribe believe it comes from the Ponca word pah-ca meaning “nose” Standing Bear Memorial (photo) Along the way two groups (later called or “that part of the face that goes before the Kansa and the Osage) broke off to the rest of the body.” Other Buffalo Skulls (photos): Photo 5, Photo make their homes. The final two groups, interpretations include “sacred head” 6, Photo 7, Photo 8 to be known as the Ponca and the and “gentle leader.” Omaha, continued until reaching the area Teddy Roosevelt defends the Dawes Act we now call northwest Iowa, southeast (document) Minnesota, and southeast South Dakota. Indian Lands for Sale (document) Historical and archaeological evidence Luther Standing Bear (document) verifies that the Omaha, Ponca and Iowa Restoration then traveled west together to build a Termination fortified village on the Big Sioux River, north of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

Later the neighboring Yankton Dakota Tribe made war on the Omaha, Ponca and Iowa while they camped on the Big National Archives Document Analysis Sioux River, forcing the group to travel worksheet) west to the present day site of Lake National Archives Photo Analysis Andes, in Choteau County, South (worksheet) Dakota.

Habits of Mind Matrix (worksheet)

40 Unit 7 Review

Question 1 of 3 The Ponca tribe probably came from:

A. The Southern Arboretum

B. Colorado

C. The Eastern Wood- lands

D. New Mexico

Check Answer

41 Section 8 General “Bright Eyes” Content

WHAT INSPIRATIONAL FIGURES Darla Black. Even better, I’ve discovered a leader Movie 8: “Bright Eyes” ARE PRESENT IN YOUR LIFE? from my own tribe, a woman who lived over 100 1. How is the author portraying years ago. Susette La Flesche was the first Native Bright Eyes? What are some woman to speak to national audiences about “Bright Eyes” of today? Why is Indian rights. Bright Eyes an inspiration to her?

2. How was Susette representing both sides during the trial/ speaking tour?

3. How did her growth as a woman/ NARRATOR: My name is Princella Parker and I In this segment from NET’s “Nebraska Stories” activist speak to her name am member of the Omaha Tribe of Nebraska. “Bright Eyes?” series, Princella Parker, a member of the Omaha Tribe of Nebraska, tells how Susette La Flesche For my mother, Alicia Parker the Omaha 4. What does the author wish to (aka “Bright Eyes”) has influenced her in her day- reservation was home. I was her first child. bring to Indian youth in order to-day life. She had me at the age of 15. She wanted me bring awareness and pride to their family, their Tribe and their and my younger siblings to grow up differently communities? A few words from the producer of the “Bright than she had; away from the negative 5. Who is Dr. Susan La Flesche Eyes” video segment, Princella Parker: influences on the reservation. Picotte? No matter who you are, everybody needs a role So we moved-a lot. But we were still poor; we model. As a Native American woman I admire took a taxi to get groceries; we went to food activist Winona LaDuke, filmmaker Valerie Red- pantries and lived in homeless shelters. This is Horse, attorney Da-nelle Smith and police officer

42 how I identified being Native American, Territory and walking back to Nebraska. more confident she got, the better she being Omaha. Susette was there to help when he was got and by the time they hit the East arrested and had to go on trial for his Coast before long she was very I discovered Susette La Flesche while freedom. Standing Bear won the right to comfortable. She became very working as Associate Producer on a be recognized as a person in the eyes of passionate about the cause. PBS documentary about the Ponca Chief the law. This was Susette’s first taste of Standing Bear. Susette went on a NARRATOR: At the age of 25, the same Indian justice. human rights crusade with Standing age I am now, Susette became nationally Bear to raise awareness in America LOUIS HEADMAN (SOUTHERN known as an advocate for Indian rights. about basic Indian rights. PONCA ELDER): She wasn’t a person to Just like a modern day Facebook, sit back where social issues were Susette’s autograph book filled up with She witnessed first hand the exile of her concerned, you know, she wanted to get signatures and messages from famous Ponca relatives when they were forced involved and, uh, maybe she was one of Americans she met on tour. from their Nebraska homeland 600 miles the first Indian feminists that stuck her south to Indian Territory. Casey Camp- They called her Bright Eyes, from her neck out and did what she was Horinek talks about the Ponca Trail of Omaha name. Learning about Susette’s supposed to do. Tears. life has inspired me. When I drive though NARRATOR: After the trial Susette the reservation where my mother grew CASEY CAMP-HORINEK (SOUTHERN stepped into the national spotlight when up I feel a need to help. I want to bring PONCA): It was our Holocaust, It was she went on a speaking tour with awareness and pride to the Omaha our march to the concentration camps Standing Bear. people; my dream is for Native children that the United States Government had to be able to see positive reflections of created and we knew it. And we knew JOE STARITA (AUTHOR): She started themselves in media. our way of life was gone. off as a very timid, a very shy, very meek personality a very tiny woman who As the eldest daughter of my family I try NARRATOR: Susette and her family suddenly was on stage looking at to set a good example for my siblings gave shelter to Standing Bear after he hundreds of strangers and was over just like Susette did for her family. Her defied the government by leaving Indian whelmed by it. The more she did it the youngest sister Susan went on to 43 become the first Native American woman Iron Eye wanted his children to learn civilized world. She stayed, despite doctor. Dr. Susan Picotte has been English so that they would be prepared being homesick, and was popular among nominated to the Nebraska Hall of Fame. to live and work with the white people. her classmates and graduated with Chief Standing Bear and Bright Eyes are Bright Eyes attended the Presbyterian honors in 1875. already there. Mission School on the Omaha reservation, where she was given the English name Susette.

Her teachers found the girl to be an eager student and she became so fluent Susette La Flesche was a short (just over in English that she taught the Omaha five feet tall) woman of the Omaha tribe, language to the Reverend Mr. Burt, a but she had a great spirit and high hopes Presbyterian missionary to the Nebraska for the future welfare of all Indians. Her Indians. Omaha name was Inshta-theamba, In turn Mr. Burt lent her books in English meaning “Bright Eyes.” and Susette helped him write his Bright Eyes’ father, Joseph, was a sermons in Omaha, but this shared effort peerless horseman known in his tribe as ended when Mr. Burt and the “Iron Eye,” the paramount chief of the Presbyterian mission and school were Omaha tribe. Besides Bright Eyes, Iron closed after the end of the Civil War. Eye had six other children, including a Susette then attended a finishing school son. Francis (known as “Woodworker”), for white girls, the Elizabeth Institute for Francis La Flesche (aka, Woodworker, who would accompany Susette, Henry Young Ladies, in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Susette’s brother), left, and Susette “Bright Tibbles and Standing Bear on their Eyes” La Flesche, right, joined Standing Bear crusade to the east following Standing Sussette later wrote that she had been and Henry Tibbles on their crusade to the Bear’s victory in his famous court case. frightened by all of new things in the east. Omaha Tribal Historical Research Project, Inc. 44 She returned to the Omaha reservation Following Judge Elmer Dundy’s historic as an assistant teacher at a government- ruling in favor of Standing Bear and run Indian school. There she was paid Indian rights, an East Coast speaking Susette La Flesche’s autograph book $20 per month, just half the salary that tour to raise money for an Indian legal (typed version from original) the white teachers got. fund was organized to try and help expand Indian civil rights and restore the Voki, Edmodo, iMovie, or other online It was this kind of discrimination that Ponca’s homeland to them. Bright Eyes publishing software made her realize Indian people needed a and her brother Francis joined Tibbles spokesperson. Since the Omaha and Standing Bear on this successful language was much like the Ponca crusade in the late fall of 1879. Unit 8 Review tongue, she often served as an interpreter for Chief Standing Bear. In July 1881 Bright Eyes and Henry Question 1 of 3 Tibbles were married. Susette “Bright Who was the first person to It was Susette and her father who Eyes” La Flesche was voted into the sign Suzette La Flesche’s interceded on behalf of Standing Bear Nebraska Hall of Fame in 1984. Her autograph book? and the 28 other Poncas who were sister, Susan La Flesche Picotte, was the arrested while on their way north to their first American Indian physician in the A. Thomas Tibbles homeland to bury Standing Bear’s son, U.S. Bear Shield, in late March 1879. B. President Hayes The editor of the Omaha Daily Herald C. The mayor of New newspaper, Thomas Henry Tibbles, York City helped with the Writ of Habeas Corpus, which resulted in a trial. Bright Eyes (There is no new vocabulary in this D. General George translated for Standing Bear during his Crook section) famous “I Am a Man” speech.

Check Answer

45 Chapter 3 Teacher Resources

The following teacher resources are provided for each of the eight sections:

1. Suggested questions with a range of possible answers 2. Objective/outcomes 3. Skills 4. National Standards 5. Outline & classroom activities 6. Extension activities 7. Vocabulary 8. Related links

The suggested questions, vocabulary and related links are also provided in the General Content section of this text. In addition, the General Content section units include video, a video transcript, a short biography, images, image galleries and interactive review activities.

46 Section 1 TEACHER Homeland Resources

WHAT WAS/IS “HOME” 2. Earth lodges and tipis FOR THE PONCAS? 3. Buffalo (and other smaller animals) 1. What is “home?” What part does “home” play in many Native 4. In the bluffs overlooking the villages. I can describe how culture unifies a narratives? 5. When Native people are moved, you group of people. 2. What did the Ponca live in? not only take away their home and their belongings, but you take away I can describe how the beliefs, values 3. What animals did the Ponca hunt? their ties to ancestors and their and behaviors of a group of people spiritual traditions. 4. Where were the ancestral graves for the Ponca people? 6. Their populations have been decimated by 5. What does Wishart suggest about the disease and conflict, so power of place with Native people in they have to find new contrast to Europeans? ways to survive. They 6. How have the Ponca, and other Native have been moved several people, adapted since contact? times, forcing them to find new medicines and 7. What happened between the Lakota healing. and Ponca, especially after the Treaty of 1868? 7. Because the U.S. Government often did not discern between Tribes and sometimes land markings were 1. Answers will vary. Answers may overlooked, the Ponca’s The graves were on the bluffs above the villages and Indians include sacred sites, medicine, food land was ceded to the believed that the ancestors lived on in those locations. The sources, family, buried relatives. Lakota in the Treaty of attachment of Native Americans was to a place. 1868. — David Wishart (Geographer)

47 help the group meet its needs and Map Concepts 4. Students can turn their chart into a solve problems. short essay. Vocabulary and Connections

Geographic Literacy—analyzing and Culture interpreting special purpose maps 1. Students can make a CultureGram of Earth Lodge Visual analysis of images the Ponca people throughout the movie. Comparison and Contrast (Ideas such as food, shelter, family, Great Plains language, religion, music, arts, celebrations and/or beliefs). There are Semi-nomadic

pictures of earth lodges, chalk bluffs Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum and tipis available in the Homeland unit Standards for Social Studies: A of the General Content section. Framework for Teaching, Learning and 2. Students can interview someone in Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National their class or someone from a different Plains Tribes (map) Council for the Social Studies, 2010. generation within their family about the Print. Nomadic Tribal Movement (map) meaning of “home.” 1700 North America Tribal People (map) Theme 1: Culture, p. 26-27 3. They can present a “compare and

contrast” chart demonstrating the Standing Bear Territory (map) similarities and differences between two Missouri Migrations (map) or more cultural groups in the given categories. Photo of the chalk bluffs (photo) Analysis of Photographs

48 Ponca earth lodge (photos) Photo1, Photo2, Photo3, Photo4, Photo5

National Archives Photo Analysis worksheet

National Archives Map Analysis worksheet

49 Section 2 TEACHER Exile Resources

DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP 6. What was the land like when the 4. It suggests that there was a peaceful BETWEEN HOMELAND AND EXILE. Ponca got to Indian Territory? Did this understanding between the two allow them to continue the same way groups. There is respect because the 1. How do the Ponca people pass on of life as they had in Nebraska? What people in Neligh have continued to their history in this film? was different? honor that promise. 2. Below the first two speakers’ names, it says “Southern Ponca.” What might that suggest about the Tribe today? 1. Ponca people pass on 3. How were the Ponca moved from their their history through Homeland? stories and song.

4. What does the burial of White Buffalo 2. It suggests that the Girl suggest about the relationship Ponca Tribe remains between the Poncas and the members split into two different of this community? Have the people Tribes, one in Nebraska of Neligh honored their promise? and one in Oklahoma.

5. What did many Ponca believe was the 3. They were forcibly ... our people were so lonesome for their homelands, for their cause of the bad weather they removed by the military ancestral ways, that they wanted a place where when they went back to the mother earth—they would still be facing this way, encountered on their trip? and marched on foot. towards the North to be able to look to the ancestors, to be able to look at the homelands ... — Casey Camp-Horinek (Southern Ponca)

50 5. They thought the bad weather was a Document Analysis (web page) signal that the gods were angry with Vocabulary & Connections (web page) them. Analyzing primary and secondary 6. The land was dry and they resources encountered many mosquitos and

other bugs they could not protect themselves from. They didn’t have the 1. Take on the role of someone involved proper tools to plant anything in the with this forced migration. Identifying point of view land that year. They didn’t have their 2. Write a diary entry about what you native plants, so they needed to find Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum have experienced on this removal. different healing herbs and plants. Standards for Social Studies: A Letter to mother/father, family Framework for Teaching, Learning and member, an activist, a news reporter, Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National or the president—include sensory Council for the Social Studies, 2010. details. Print. 3. Compare/Contrast the push and pull I can describe what role geography, Theme 1: Culture p. 26-27 factors of migration for other Native economics and politics plays in the people. Examples: Lakota, Cherokee, development of cultures and cultural Theme 3: People, Places and Navajo (or regionally specific ethnic diffusion. Environments p. 34-35 groups) I can describe how changes in the use 4. Summarization (big picture/context and distribution of resources affect thinking) peoples’ lives. 5. What are the key themes in this story? Map Concepts (web page)

51 6. How many of them are “universal” Letter from Jefferson to Adams themes? Identify and explain. (document)

Treaty with the Ponca (Ponca Agency) 1858 (document)

Treaty with the Ponca (Ponca Agency) Exile 1865 (document)

Indian Territory “Journal of the March” by James Howard (document) Paramount Chief White Buffalo Girl’s grave site (picture) Reservation Poster: Indian Land for Sale (picture) Treaty Nebraska Land Sessions 1850 (map)

Country Land Sessions (map)

Conflict 1854-1882 (map)

Removal policies of Andrew Jackson Railroads 1857 (map) 1830 (document) National Archives Written Document President Monroe on Removal 1825 Analysis (worksheet) (document) National Archives Map Analysis Polk speech 1845 (document) (worksheet)

Habits of Mind Matrix (worksheet)

52 Section 3 TEACHER The Great Father Resources

HOW DO THE “GREAT FATHER” their “Great Father.” As sovereign & OTHER GOVERNMENT POLICIES nations, Tribes enjoy a direct AFFECT THE PONCAS government-to-government 1. She is advocating for rights for Native & OTHER TRIBAL NATIONS? relationship with the U.S. Government people (land, hunting, 1. How does Katie’s job impact Native fishing, water rights, etc). people? 2. Sovereign means that a 2. What does “sovereign” mean? group of people have authority to make their 3. What is the difference between the own laws and enforce "wards of the government" and them. "sovereign nations?” 3. A “ward of the 4. What aspirations did the Ponca government” in this delegates have in their visit to sense meant the Tribes Washington D.C. in November of were unable to fully There was bad intelligence in handling the American Indian 1877? govern themselves in the situation in the frontier era. The people who were supposed to be able to provide that intelligence, the Indian agents who were on 5. Why would the agent report that all eyes of the U.S. the ground gave bad information. That information was passed was well? Government—they up the line so you had clueless bureaucrats making these decisions on bad intelligence that ended up costing thousands wanted the Tribes to and thousands of lives. 6. Did Hayes make good on his consider the president -- Joe Starita, author, “I Am a Man” promise? How?

53 wherein no decisions about their lands I can analyze power, authority and Theme 6: Power, Authority and and people are made without their government between different groups Governance p. 46-47 consent. and nations. Theme 9: Global Connections p. 58-59 4. They wanted to meet the “Great I can describe how nations with Father” and ask him for help to allow differing cultures, economic systems them to return to their homeland. and political systems collaborate to They told them of the terrible address global problems. conditions in Indian Territory and their Document Analysis plight.

5. The agent might have been under pressure to report positive things. He Identifying main ideas might not have cared enough to be honest, or maybe he was trying to Note taking protect his job by reporting that all 1. Act as an advisor and come up with things were well. Problem solving an Action Plan addressing the issue from the points of view of the Ponca 6. Yes, but not to return to Nebraska. He and President Hayes. Consider allowed the Poncas to pick out a new strategies that can be used to piece of land in Indian Territory. facilitate peaceful relations. Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum 2. Analyze the Marshall Trilogy cases as Standards for Social Studies: A they pertain to Tribal sovereignty. Framework for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National 3. Investigation: As sovereign nations How does the “Great Father” and the Council for the Social Studies, 2010. today, what issues do Tribal nations policies of the government affect the Print. face/deal with today? Use the Poncas and other Tribal Nations? National Congress of American 54 Indians website at www.ncai.org to help identify these issues.

Delegate

Sovereignty

Summary of Indian Policy (graphic organizer)

Indian Policy Summary (PowerPoint)

55 Section 4 TEACHER Arrested Resources

HOW IS GENERAL CROOK CONFLICTED wanted to go back to their homeland IN THE ARREST OF THE PONCAS? themselves.

1. Who was Thomas Tibbles? 1. Thomas Tibbles was a reporter for the 6. The Omaha are relatives of the Ponca Omaha Daily Herald. (two bands that used to be one) 2. Who was General George Crook? 2. General George Crook was part of the 3. Why did Crook go to Tibbles? US Army in dealings with the Native people out west. 4. What was the promise that Standing

Bear made to Bear Shield, his son, 3. Crook went to Tibbles in an who died from malaria? effort to publish the story of this group of Poncas and 5. Why did these 29 Ponca leave Indian solicit help from the Territory? American public. 6. Why did the Ponca go to the Omaha? 4. He promised he would bury 7. Why was this group of Ponca his son in the bluffs of arrested? Niobrara with his ancestors. What Crook told Tibbles ... would soon be quoted all over America: "During the quarter century that I've been on the plains 8. How was the power of the press 5. They were honoring the in government service, I've been forced many times by orders influential in this issue? promise that Standing Bear from Washington to do most inhuman things in dealing with the Indians. But now I'm ordered to do a crueler thing than ever made to his son. And before.

56 7. This group did not have permission to Charting character change and leave their agency in Oklahoma. development

8. Leaders in the city of Omaha used the 1. Make a character sketch of Thomas press to get the story of the Poncas Tibbles & George Crook. out to others. They sent telegrams to 2. Consider Crook’s role in Cheyenne the president asking him to relaese Outbreak of January 1879. the Ponca. Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies: A 3. Consider traits about Chief Standing Framework for Teaching, Learning and Bear that make many come to his aid. Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National 4. Write your own headline and a brief Council for the Social Studies, 2010. summary of the story Tibbles might I can describe how the choices that Print. have published. individuals make impact who they are Theme 4: Individual Development and now and who they can become. 5. Write a journal entry from General Identity pgs. 38-39 Crook describing his decision to not I can describe factors of influence in follow orders, but to take the story to how individuals perceive others, and Tibbles. how they are perceived by others. 6. Investigate a current worldly issue that is similar to this situation and develop Document Analysis a modern-day news report of that event.

Identifying point of view

Recognizing bias

57 Bias

Press / Media

Newspaper articles discussing the case:

Omaha Daily Herald — May 15, 1879 Omaha Daily Herald — May 17, 1879 Omaha Daily Herald Article

58 Section 5 TEACHER The Trial Resources

WHAT IS THE ESSENTIAL 6. At the end of the trial, Standing Bear received rights with the 13th, 14th and QUESTION OF THIS TRIAL? addressed the court. What did he 15th Amendments. Mexican say? What was he essentially saying? Americans had citizenship under 1. What was the purpose of this court treaties between the U.S. and Spain. case? What is “habeas corpus?” Other races/ethnic groups were all 2. Out of all U.S. people, who were the covered under the 14th Amendment only ones to not have any rights under (1868) except Native Americans the law? How did the U.S. 1. The purpose of this court case was to because they were not considered Government get away with this? establish that Native (sovereignty, dual citizenship) Americans had the right of habeas corpus, or that they 3. Who were the two top attorneys in were indeed people that Nebraska and why did they take this deserved protection under case for free? the law (in this case, Standing Bear could not be 4. What is a “council blanket?” Why is arrested without trial). Standing Bear wearing this (what Ultimately, were Indians does it represent?) persons within the meaning 5. At what cost did Standing Bear win of the law? The law ... says, any person can file or sue for a writ of habeas his case? corpus. So ... the only question before you is whether or not 2. African Americans had Standing Bear is a person.

59 persons within the eyes of the law. Council for the Social Studies, 2010. Rather, they were considered citizens Print. of their Tribes, not the U.S. I can describe conflicts in principles Theme 6: Power, Authority and Government. and values of constitutional democracy Governance p. 46-47 3. Andrew Poppleton & John Webster when social issues are present. Theme 10: Civic Ideals and Practices p. took on this case pro bono (free) I can describe how individual rights 62-63 because they believed in the case and are protected within the context of the message it would send. majority rule. 4. He wore the council blanket whenever he was speaking officially for his people. Role Play: Group interaction and role play 5. Standing Bear won his case, but it Vocabulary & Connections: meant he could not return to Indian Rationalizing decision making (especially Territory with the other Poncas. He decisions that are not yours) had no home of his own (their old land Identifying cause/effect had been given to the Lakota).

6. “My hand is not the same color as yours if I pierce it I shall feel pain if you 1. Examine the 14th Amendment. pierce your hand, you too will feel 2. Make a cause and effect chart for the pain. The blood that flows will be the Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum 14th Amendment—time of passing, same color. I am a Man. The same Standards for Social Studies: A intended effect, and what still needed God made us both.” He was Framework for Teaching, Learning and to be done to ensure equal rights essentially saying, “I’m a human being, Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National under the law. respect me.”

60 3. What other times in history were the rights of habeas corpus suspended?

4. Examine similar cases to Standing Bear v. Crook (e.g., Dred Scott v. Sandford, Brown v. Board, Griswold v. Connecticut, Roe v. Wade, etc.).

14th Amendment

Habeas Corpus

Verdict

Waaxe’s Law (for education use only- please contact the author for any replication or reproduction outside of this particular curriculum)

61 Section 6 TEACHER Crusade Resources

WHY WAS THERE A NEED his family and extended kin. That he FOR THE CRUSADES TO THE EAST? left his Indian ways to be a white person. 1. Why were white people in the West 1. Many White people still feared and worried about the verdict of the case? worried that Natives would leave their 4. At this time, people in the East had a Reservations. more sympathetic view towards 2. What are some “conditions of Natives. civilization?” 2. That Indians could live off the Reservations if 3. What does “Standing Bear jumped they agreed to give up ship” mean, from her perspective? their traditional ways and follow the laws of whites. 4. Why would a trip to the East have

been a good choice at that time? 3. She might have meant that he broke away from 5. Who went on this crusade? his people and because 6. Why was Big Snake not able to do the of the court’s verdict— same thing his brother could do? that he would no longer (leave the Reservation) be under the influence of the tribe, he couldn’t In the fall of 1879, with funding and testimonials from the leading 7. Where did Standing Bear live on his citizens of Omaha, four crusaders embarked on a journey: return to Indian return to Nebraska after the crusade Thomas Tibbles (left), Chief Standing Bear (right), Susette Territory. He alienated LaFlesche and her brother Francis (standing, 2nd from left). was over?

62 5. Thomas Tibbles, Chief Standing Bear, Suzette La Flesche and her brother Francis La Flesche Identifying point of view 1. Discuss why the government would 6. Judge Dundy’s desision only applied prefer to let the whole thing drop and Recognizing bias to those who had given up their rights not appeal to the Supreme Court? as Indians. Charting character change and 2. Examine historical instances of development 7. Initially on an island in the middle of ethnocentrism and the damages that it the Niobrara River. Then, 11 years has done to other groups. Are there after the trial land was over, he still instances today where beliefs received an allotment of land. systems have caused individuals harm or the inability to express themselves Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum freely? How? Standards for Social Studies: A Framework for Teaching, Learning and 3. Examine the Occupation of Alcatraz Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National and Wounded Knee during the Red I can describe how the choices that Council for the Social Studies, 2010. Power and AIM Movements. individuals make impact who they are Print. 4. Current Events: Examine the Battle for now and who they can become. Theme 4: Individual Development and Whiteclay. What are activists fighting I can describe factors of influence in Identity pgs. 38-39 for here? how individuals perceive others, and

how they are perceived by others.

Document Analysis

63 Advocate / activist

Crusade

Ethnocentrism

Graphic Organizers and chart paper

Graphic Organizers (web page)

Susette La Flesche’s autograph book (typed version from original)

“We Shall Remain: Episode 5 - Wounded Knee” (PBS video clip)

Video is available on YouTube

The Battle for Whiteclay (web page)

64 Section 7 TEACHER Journeys Resources

HOW ARE THE JOURNEYS service areas allows for Tribal OF THE PONCA PEOPLE EVOLVING? members to attend council meetings, Tribal community events and receive 1. What is termination? What does that 1. The federal government ends its healthcare benefits. The Northern mean? Where does that fit into the official government to government Ponca agency grounds remain in chart of historical dealings between relationship with a Tribal Nation. It Niobrara, where annual pow wows are the U.S. Government and Native means the federal government no a draw for the community. The Ponca people? longer recognizes that particular Tribe as a 2. What affect did termination have on Tribe. Those members the ability of Native people, like Janet of that Tribe no longer Saiz, to continue to adapt and have any rights or survive? privileges they once had as members. 3. How did “home” evolve over time for both the Northern and Southern 2. She “kinda drifted”— Ponca? Didn’t have any connection to things. • Elaborate on the power of place for Native people, past and present. 3. The Ponca Tribe of Nebraska was restored What things have affected the • in October 31, 1990. NARRATOR: ... In 1962 Congress took the final step and “power of place” for different They do not have a terminated the tribe. In essence the Northern Ponca no longer Tribes? Reservation, but rather existed. service areas in cities • What is the importance of JANET SAIZ: It was just, I don't know, it was just ... you kind of high in Ponca geography, economics, re-source drifted. And religiously I also drifted at the same time. I didn't enrollment. These have any connection. availability, etc.

65 Tribe of Oklahoma’s agency remains in Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National 3. Examine the Occupation of Alcatraz the same place outside of White Council for the Social Studies, 2010. and Wounded Knee during the Red Eagle, OK. Although far away from Print. Power and AIM Movements. their ancestors, they have adapted and maintained their cultures and self 4. Current Events: Examine the Battle for governance. Whiteclay. What are activists fighting for here?

Theme 5: Individuals, Groups and Institutions p. 42-43 I can describe what role time and place plays in the development and Brainstorm Activity: change of cultures. Restoration Document Analysis: Termination

Analyzing change over time

Making predictions 1. Discuss why the government would prefer to let the whole thing drop and National Archives Document Analysis 21st Century Skills: Analyze and evaluate not appeal to the Supreme Court? major alternative points of view (worksheet) 2. Examine historical instances of National Archives Photo Analysis ethnocentrism and the damages that (worksheet) it has done to other groups. Are there still instances today where beliefs Habits of Mind Matrix (worksheet) Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum systems have caused individuals harm Standing Bear Bridge (photos): Photo 1, Standards for Social Studies: A or the inability to express themselves Photo 2 Framework for Teaching, Learning and freely? How? 66 Northern Ponca Buffalo Herd (photo)

Standing Bear Memorial (photo)

Buffalo Skulls (photos): Photo 5, Photo 6, Photo 7, Photo 8

Teddy Roosevelt defends the Dawes Act (document)

Indian Lands for Sale (document)

Luther Standing Bear (document)

67 Section 8 TEACHER “Bright Eyes” Resources

WHICH INSPIRATIONAL FIGURES clothing of the day. ARE PRESENT IN YOUR LIFE? 3. She started out meek and timid but as 1. The first female American Indian 1. How is the author portraying Bright she became more experienced at rights activist. Activist Wynona Eyes? What are some “Bright Eyes” speaking before crowds she became LaDuke, Filmaker Valerie Red Horse, of today? Why is Bright Eyes an more confident and passionate about Attorney Danelle Smith and Police inspiration to her? the cause. officer Darla Black. (Bright Eyes was 2. How was Susette representing both a member of the same Tribe as the sides during the trial/speaking tour? author.)

3. How did her growth as a woman/ 2. She and her family took in activist speak to her name “Bright Standing Bear and his Eyes?” followers when they arrived at the Omaha Reservation 4. What does the author wish to bring to after they left the Indian Indian youth in order bring awareness Territory in Oklahoma. She and pride to their family, their Tribe translated to and for and their communities? Standing Bear. While Standing Bear wore his 5. Who is Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte? traditional clothing, Bright Susette went on a human rights crusade with Standing Bear to Eyes wore typical American raise awareness in America about basic Indian rights.

68 4. She wants them to see positive nonverbal communication skills in a images of themselves in the media. variety of forms and contexts

5. She was Bright Eyes’ younger sister 1. Investigate a current worldly issue and the first American Indian female that is similar to this situation and to earn a medical degree. develop a modern-day news report of that event. Adler, Susan A. National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies: A Framework for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. Silver Spring, Md: National I can make a connection between the Council for the Social Studies, 2010. past and the present. Print. (none)

Theme 2: Time, Continuity and Change, p.30-31

Synthesizing information and transferring it from one medium to another Susette La Flesche’s autograph book (typed version from original) Reflection Create a short iMovie/extranormal/Photo Internet Access 21st Century Skills of Communication/ Booth reflection on who has been an Collaboration inspiration to you. How does this person Voki, Edmodo, iMovie, or other online portray the inspiration Bright Eyes had publishing software - Utilize multiple media and technologies upon the author of the short movie?

- Articulate thoughts and ideas effectively using oral, written, and

69 Chapter 4

The Standing Bear’s Footsteps eBook is a Project Coordination: project of Vision Maker Media and NET, Shirley K. Sneve (Rosebud Sioux) Blue Tarpalechee (Muskogee/Creek) Lincoln, NE. This program is funded in part by the Humanities Nebraska and the Nebraska Cultural Endowment. Additional funding was provided by the Shakopee Gallery: Photos taken on location during the filming of Standing Bear’s Footsteps by Mdewankanton Sioux Community and the executive producer Christine Lesiak. Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

Writers: Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve (Rosebud Sioux) Cindy Renner Larry Wright, Jr. (Northern Ponca)

Humanities Scholar: Joseph Starita

Production: Scott Leigh Melanie Eirich

Artwork: Tom Floyd

Casey Camp-Horniek, Southern Ponca Tribe, at her home near Marland, Oklahoma. Narration: Joseph Marshall, III 1 of 11

70 Copyright

Created in partnership with:

Funding provided by:

©2013 Vision Maker Media 71 Chapter 5 The Film

This eBook is based on the film produced by NET’s Christine Lesiak. Here she talks about the film:

“This story is the remarkable journey of legendary warrior Chief Standing Bear of the Ponca Nation, who fought Executive Producer injustice not with guns and Christine Lesiak arrows - but with words. Standing Bear's Footsteps weaves storytelling, re- creations and present-day scenes to explore a little-known chapter in American history.

"The film has much to say about present-day issues of human rights and what it means to be an American," says producer Christine Lesiak. "I was amazed to learn that the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted citizenship to anyone born in the United States - except the Indians. And it wasn't until 1924 that Native Americans were actually granted citizenship. This whole debate started with a father who wanted only to keep a promise."

Click here to watch the entire film (you must have an Internet connection) 72 14th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 3 - Exile Chapter 3 - The Trial Chapter 3 - The Trial Chapter 3 - The Trial Chapter 3 - The Trial Chapter 5 - The Film Advocate / activist

A person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 3 - Crusade Bias

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Arrested Chapter 3 - Arrested Chapter 3 - Arrested Chapter 3 - Crusade Crusade

Lead or take part in a vigorous campaign for social, political, or religious change.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 3 - Crusade Culture

The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 3 - Homeland Chapter 3 - Homeland Chapter 3 - Exile Chapter 3 - The Great Father Chapter 3 - Journeys Delegate

A person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular, an elected representative sent to represent others.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - The Great Father Chapter 3 - The Great Father Earth Lodge

A dwelling constructed of earth or sod, often supported on a wooden frame, and often placed partially beneath the surface of the ground.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 3 - Homeland Chapter 3 - Homeland Ethnocentrism

Based on the ideas and beliefs of one particular culture and using these to judge other cultures.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 3 - Crusade Chapter 3 - Journeys Exile

The state of being barred from one’s native country, typically for political or punitive reasons.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 2 - The Great Father Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 3 - Exile Great Plains

A vast area of Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America that extend from the valleys of the MacKenzie River in Canada to southern Texas.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 3 - Homeland Habeas Corpus

A writ requiring a person under arrest to brought before a judge or into a court, especially to secure the person’s release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 2 - Arrested Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 3 - The Trial Indian Territory

An area of approximately 58,000 square miles in modern-day northeastern Oklahoma to which many Indian tribes were exiled after executing treaties with the U.S. Government. By mid-summer 1877 more than 73,000 Indians from 32 tribes had been “resettled” in this area.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 2 - The Great Father Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 2 - Journeys Chapter 3 - Exile Paramount chief

The primary or head chief. It was not unusual for a tribe to have a number of clan chiefs with one paramount chief. In the Ponca tribe, for example, Standing Bear was one of nine clan chiefs, with White Eagle as the tribe’s paramount chief.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 3 - Exile Press / Media

The main means of mass communications (especially television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet) regarded collectively.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Arrested Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 3 - Arrested Chapter 3 - "Bright Eyes" Reservation

An area of land set aside for occupation by North American Indians or Australian Aborigines.

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Index Find Term Chapter 1 - Foreword Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 2 - The Trial Chapter 2 - Crusade Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 2 - “Bright Eyes” Chapter 3 - Exile Restoration

To put or bring back into existence or use.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Journeys Chapter 3 - Journeys Semi-nomadic

A member of a people living usually in portable or temporary dwellings and practicing seasonal migration but having a base camp at which some crops are cultivated.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Homeland Chapter 3 - Homeland Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - The Great Father Chapter 2 - The Great Father Chapter 3 - The Great Father Termination

To end, conclude, or cease.

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A formally concluded and ratified agreement between states.

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Index Find Term Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 2 - Exile Chapter 3 - Exile Verdict

The finding or decision of a jury on the matter submitted to it in trial.

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