ECOBIOLOGY OF VECTORLibrary‐BORNE RICKETTIOSIS Lecture Dr BITAM Idir Entomologiste médical,author PhD, HDR Service dEcologiedOnline’Ecologieby des Systèmes Vectoriels Institut© Pasteur d’Algérie Mail: [email protected] [email protected] ESCMID Tel/Fax: 0021321673365 MbilMobil: 00213771995693 ECOBIOLOGY OF VECTOR‐BORNE RICKETTIOSIS Library

• TICK‐BORNE RICKETTSIOSIS Lecture • FLEA‐BORNE RICKETTSIOSIS author Online • by LOUSE‐BORNE RICKETTSIOSIS© • RODENT‐BORNE RICKETTSIOSIS ESCMID PATHOGENS DETECTED IN RODENTS AND TICKS –FLEAS –LICE –FLIES Library

Lecture Flea-Borne Rickettsiosis author Onlineby © ESCMID PATHOGENS DETECTED IN RODENTS AND TICKS –FLEAS –LICE –FLIES Library

Lecture Murine Typhus author Onlineby © ESCMID PATHOGENS DETECTED IN RODENTS AND TICKS –FLEAS –LICE Library

Lecture Epidemic typhus author Onlineby © ESCMID GENERAL MATERIAL & METHODS

Library Entomological survey: survey: Collection of ticksticks, fleasfleas, lice and fliesflies

Mammals survey: survey: Lecture Rodents and hedgehogsauthortrapping and dissection MicrobiologicalOnlinestudiesstudiesby © Detection / isolation of BacteriaBacteria,, parasite and virus

ExperimentalESCMID Model of fleas and ticks infections Field

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Lecture BTS traps types author Onlineby © ESCMID

Meriones shawii captured by BTS Field

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Lecture author Onlineby © Sherman traps types ESCMID Library

Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID FLOODING CAPTURE FieldField

Technical collection of free fleas Library

Lecture author Onlineby © Lig ht trap ESCMID FieldField

Technical collection of free fleas Library

Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID Traps of soil-borne fleas FieldField

Technical collection of free fleas Library

Lecture author Onlineby Brushing of captured© hare in the plague area ESCMID 1

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Lecture 2 author Onlineby © ESCMID

Morphology of cat flea Ctenocephalides felis Legends : 1: male. 2: female

Bitam I et al. Fleas and Flea-Borne diseases. Int J Infect Dis. 2010 (Review) 1

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2 Lecture 4 author3 Onlineby ©

Legends: Life cycle of the cat fleas Ctenocephalides felis ESCMID1: Adulta (Female : 4 mm long) Male: 2‐3 mm long Take several blood meals daily 2: Eggs (White: 0.5 mm long) Eggs laid on pet (25 –40 eggs per day) Egg fall of pet and hatch in environment. Hatch in 2‐5 days 3: First stage larva: 1‐2 mm long Second stage larva: 2‐3 mm long Third stage larva: 3‐5 mm long 4: Pupa (2‐4 mm long) Pupa in silk cocoon with debris collected on outside. 5: Fleas emerge 1‐2 weeks in environment. Delayed emergence up to 4 months.

Bitam I et al. Fleas and Flea-Borne diseases. Int J Infect Dis. 2010 (Review) FIELDFIELD Species offleasofSpecies fleas Premises of collection Hosts

Ctenocephalides canis (234) KehailiaKehailia((TafaraouiTafaraoui)) LibraryAtelerix algirus

Archeoppysylla erinacei ( 325 ) TafaraouiTafaraoui Atelerix algggirus Ctenocephalides felis (159) TafaraouiTafaraoui Lecture Atelerix algirus Rattus norvegicus Leptopsylla segnis (123) Alger –Oran– Oran --TiaretTiaret author Rattus rattus Online Rattus rattus Nosopsyllus fasciatus (75) Alger –by Oran (city) © Rattus norvegicus Benaouali – Kehailia -Alger-Alger – Rattus rattus Xenopsylla cheopis (763) Oran (city) –Tiaret– Tiaret Rattus norvegicus

XenopsyllaESCMID brasiliensis (02) BenaoualiBenaouali Rattus rattus

Echidnophaga galinacei (03) Kehailia – BenaoualiBenaouali Rattus norvegicus Fleas & Rickettsia felis

Area of collection of fleasfleas Tafaraoui (Oran) Library

Lecture MolecularMoleculardetectiondetection author gltAgltAgltA (396(396‐‐Onlinepb CS) : byRp CS . 877p © Rp CS.1258n 100% + ompAompAompA (630(630‐‐pb) : Rr190. 70p ESCMID Rr190.701nRr190.701n Ctenocephalides caniscanis andandArcheopsylla erinaceierinacei reservoirsreservoirs of Rickettsia felisfelis ?? Xenoppypysylla cheo pppis and RickettsiaRickettsia

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Code Species of (%) of similarity Hosts Town Rickettsia gltA / LectureompA

Xa2 Rf 2125 99.69 % R. rattus Tafaraoui Xa8 R. typhi 99.12 %authorM. musculus Tafaraoui Xa2’ Rf Online2125 100 % R. rattus Benaouali Xa8’ R. typhi by100 % M. spretus Benaouali Xa15 R. sp RF31 99.02 % R. rattus Benaouali Xa17 R. sp RF31 © 100 % A. algirus Benaouali Xa21 Rf 2125 100 % R. norvegicus Benaouali Xa23 Rf 2125 99.49 % R. rattus Benaouali Xa27 Rf 2125 100 % R. norvegicus Benaouali ESCMIDXa34 R. typhi 100 % R. norvegicus Benaouali Xa37 R. typhi 99.87 % R. norvegicus Benaouali Xa42 Rf 2125 100 % R. rattus Benaouali

Total 12 + / 53 (22.64%) 5 espèces Lepppytopsylla se gnis & RickettsiaRickettsia

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Code Species of (%) of Hosts Town Rickettsia similarityauthor OnlinegltAby / ompA L7 Rf 31 © 100 % R. rattus Benaouali L16 Rf31 100 % R. norvegicus Benaouali

ESCMIDTotal 02 + / 16 (12.5%) 2 espèces MOLECULAR METHODS TO CONTROL THE MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATIONS OF INFESTED FLEAS Library

Lecture author Onlineby © PCRs Standards 18S : ESCMIDGAD1, DBC, CEF, GA, AD1, D, D2BC, CEF Phylogenetic analysis of fleas based on the genegene18S18S (12F, 9R)(12F9R)9R)

Xenopsylla cheopis 99 Library 16 Xenopsylla cheopis

49 Pulex irritans Ctenocephalides canis

38 Archeopsylla erinacea Lecture99 Archeopsylla erinacea 98 45 Dryops algiricus 25 authorCraneopsylla minerva wolffhenglia 67 Online by Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes 98 © Coptopsylla africana Opthalmopsylla vogensis Leptopsylla segnis

ESCMID Myodopsylla Collection May2001 to November 2009 17 species(6 kind)

•Ixodes ricinus (Linné, 1758) •Haemaphisalis punctata (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1877) •Haemaphisalis sulcata (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1877) Library •Boophilus annulatus (Say, 1821) •Dermacentor marginatus marginatus (Sul ze r, 1776) •Hyalomma marginatum (Koch, 1844) Lecture •Hyalomma excavatum ((,Koch, 1844) •Hyalomma lusitanicum (Koch, 1844) author •Hyalomma anatolicum (Koch,Online 1844) •Hyalomma detritum (Schutze, 1919) by •Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch, 1844)© •Hyalomma aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1758) •HyalommaESCMID rufipes (Koch, 1844) •Rhipppicephalus turanicus (Pomerancey et Matikashvilli, 1940) •Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) •Rhipicephalus bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1877) Chart of Algeria: Prospected sites

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Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID TickTick--borneborne Rickettsiosis

Library Rickettsioses à tiques en Algérie ‐ Rickettsia conoriiLecture ‐ Rickettsia aeschlimannii ‐ Rickettsia massiliaeauthor Onlineby ‐ Rickettsia© africae ‐ Rickettsia slovaca ESCMID Molecular detection of R. aeschlimannii in tortoise tick Hyalomma aegyptium Library

Lecture author Onlineby ©

ESCMIDTicks on sur turtle Hyalomma aegyptium Detection of R. aeschlimannii

17 Hyalomma aegyptium collected

09/17 (52.94%) positives R. aeschlimanniiLibrary

12S rDNA Lecture(gltA et ompA ) genes for detection (Confirmation of morphological of Rikickettsi a spp identifications) author Onlineby Hyalomma aegyptium 09/09© Rickettsia aeshlimannii 09/17 100% (98.81% ‐ 100%) ESCMID HHH. eagyptiumeagyptium ::: newnewnew réservoir ? vector of R. aeschlimannii in Algeria ?? Library

Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID Library

Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID Library

Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID BREEDING OF FLEAS FOR THE INFESTATION EXPERIMENT Library :Breeding of fleas Vacuum of fleas Lecture Linen

Plate of polystyrène author Onlineby Container of water ©

Blood

ESCMID Fleas

HR (75 –95 %) T° (25‐32) Library

Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID