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Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Review Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector M. Dolores Esteban *, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez and Vicente Negro Research Group on Marine, Coastal and Port Environment and other Sensitive Areas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (J.-S.L.-G.); [email protected] (V.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 December 2018; Accepted: 24 January 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: In recent years, the offshore wind industry has seen an important boost that is expected to continue in the coming years. In order for the offshore wind industry to achieve adequate development, it is essential to solve some existing uncertainties, some of which relate to foundations. These foundations are important for this type of project. As foundations represent approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind project, it is essential that they receive special attention. There are different types of foundations that are used in the offshore wind industry. The most common types are steel monopiles, gravity-based structures (GBS), tripods, and jackets. However, there are some other types, such as suction caissons, tripiles, etc. For high water depths, the alternative to the previously mentioned foundations is the use of floating supports. Some offshore wind installations currently in operation have GBS-type foundations (also known as GBF: Gravity-based foundation). Although this typology has not been widely used until now, there is research that has highlighted its advantages over other types of foundation for both small and large water depth sites. There are no doubts over the importance of GBS. -
The Definitive Who's Who of the Wind Energy Industry
2014 Top 100 Power People 1 100 TOP 100 POWER PEOPLE 2014 The definitive who’s who of the wind energy industry © A Word About Wind, 2014 2014 Top 100 Power People Contents 2 CONTENTS Editorial: Introducing the Top 100 Power People 3 Compiling the top 100: Advisory panel and methodology 4 Profiles: Numbers 100 to 11 6 Q&A: Rory O’Connor, Managing Director, BlackRock 15 Q&A: David Jones, Managing Director, Allianz Capital Partners 19 Q&A: Torben Möger Pedersen, CEO, PensionDanmark 23 Top ten profiles:The most influential people in global wind 25 Top 100 list: The full Top 100 Power People for 2014 28 Next year: Key dates for A Word About Wind in 2015 30 Networking at A Word About Wind Quarterly Drinks © A Word About Wind, 2014 2014 Top 100 Power People Editorial 3 EDITORIAL elcome to our third annual Top from the six last year, but shows there W100 Power People report. is still plenty that wind can do to attract and retain women in senior roles. When we took on the challenge back in 2012 of identifying and assessing the Wind likes to think of itself as a pro- key people working in wind, it was a gressive industry, and in many ways it timely task. The industry was starting to is. But let’s not be blind to the ways in move out of established pockets in Eu- which it continues to operate like many rope, North America and Asia, and into other sectors, with males continuing to by Richard Heap, emerging markets around the world. -
U.S. Offshore Wind Power Economic Impact Assessment
U.S. Offshore Wind Power Economic Impact Assessment Issue Date | March 2020 Prepared By American Wind Energy Association Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Current Status of U.S. Offshore Wind .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Lessons from Land-based Wind ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Announced Investments in Domestic Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................ 5 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Input Assumptions ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Modeling Tool ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ -
The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm
The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm A Popular Initiative 1 Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm Number of turbines............. 20 x 2 MW Installed Power.................... 40 MW Hub height......................... 64 metres Rotor diameter................... 76 metres Total height........................ 102 metres Foundation depth................ 4 to 8 metres Foundation weight (dry)........ 1,800 tonnes Wind speed at 50-m height... 7.2 m/s Expected production............ 100 GWh/y Production 2002................. 100 GWh (wind 97% of normal) Park efficiency.................... 93% Construction year................ 2000 Investment......................... 48 mill. EUR Kastrup Airport The Middelgrunden Wind Farm is situated a few kilometres away from the centre of Copenhagen. The offshore turbines are connected by cable to the transformer at the Amager power plant 3.5 km away. Kongedybet Hollænderdybet Middelgrunden Saltholm Flak 2 From Idea to Reality The idea of the Middelgrunden wind project was born in a group of visionary people in Copenhagen already in 1993. However it took seven years and a lot of work before the first cooperatively owned offshore wind farm became a reality. Today the 40 MW wind farm with twenty modern 2 MW wind turbines developed by the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative and Copenhagen Energy Wind is producing electricity for more than 40,000 households in Copenhagen. In 1996 the local association Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office took the initiative of forming a working group for placing turbines on the Middelgrunden shoal and a proposal with 27 turbines was presented to the public. At that time the Danish Energy Authority had mapped the Middelgrunden shoal as a potential site for wind development, but it was not given high priority by the civil servants and the power utility. -
A New Era for Wind Power in the United States
Chapter 3 Wind Vision: A New Era for Wind Power in the United States 1 Photo from iStock 7943575 1 This page is intentionally left blank 3 Impacts of the Wind Vision Summary Chapter 3 of the Wind Vision identifies and quantifies an array of impacts associated with continued deployment of wind energy. This 3 | Summary Chapter chapter provides a detailed accounting of the methods applied and results from this work. Costs, benefits, and other impacts are assessed for a future scenario that is consistent with economic modeling outcomes detailed in Chapter 1 of the Wind Vision, as well as exist- ing industry construction and manufacturing capacity, and past research. Impacts reported here are intended to facilitate informed discus- sions of the broad-based value of wind energy as part of the nation’s electricity future. The primary tool used to evaluate impacts is the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL’s) Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model. ReEDS is a capacity expan- sion model that simulates the construction and operation of generation and transmission capacity to meet electricity demand. In addition to the ReEDS model, other methods are applied to analyze and quantify additional impacts. Modeling analysis is focused on the Wind Vision Study Scenario (referred to as the Study Scenario) and the Baseline Scenario. The Study Scenario is defined as wind penetration, as a share of annual end-use electricity demand, of 10% by 2020, 20% by 2030, and 35% by 2050. In contrast, the Baseline Scenario holds the installed capacity of wind constant at levels observed through year-end 2013. -
Repower Systems AG Corporate Presentation
REpower Systems AG Corporate Presentation September 2009 “Of all the forces of nature, I should think the wind contains the largest amount of motive power – that is, power to move things.” …… Abraham Lincoln (1859) “We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories […] All this we can do. And all this we will do.” …… Barack Obama (2009) 2 There are four good reasons for the growth of renewable energies. Scarce resources Import dependency RENEWABLERENEWABLE Climatic change ENERGIESENERGIES Growing energy demand 3 Agenda At a glance Market Company Technology Projects Financials & Outlook 4 Fiscal year 2008/09 at a glance. ExpansionExpansion InnovationsInnovations OffshoreOffshore milestonesmilestones ofof capacitiescapacities StartStart ofof 5M5M serialserial ProductProduct launchlaunch ofof upgradedupgraded ConstructionConstruction startstart ofof newnew productionproduction inin thethe newnew offshoreoffshore turbineturbine REpowerREpower R&DR&D CentreCentre offshoreoffshore manufacturingmanufacturing andand 6M6M (Osterrönfeld, Germany) (Osterrönfeld, Germany) logisticslogistics centrecentre ProductProduct launchlaunch ofof newnew StartStart ofof rotorrotor bladeblade CompletionCompletion ofof firstfirst fullyfully onshoreonshore turbineturbine REpowerREpower productionproduction inin thethe newnew rotorrotor approvedapproved BelgiumBelgium offshoreoffshore 3.XM3.XM bladeblade facilityfacility windwind farmfarm „Thornton„Thornton Bank“Bank“ StartStart ofof serialserial productionproduction ofof FrameworkFramework -
Offshore Wind in Europe Key Trends and Statistics 2020
Offshore Wind in Europe Key trends and statistics 2020 Offshore Wind in Europe Key trends and statistics 2020 Published in February 2021 windeurope.org This report summarises construction and financing activity in European offshore wind farms from 1 January to 31 December 2020. WindEurope regularly surveys the industry to determine the level of installations of foundations and turbines, and the subsequent dispatch of first power to the grid. The data includes demonstration sites and factors in decommissioning where it has occurred. Annual installations are expressed in gross figures while cumulative capacity represents net installations per site and country. Rounding of figures is at the discretion of the author. DISCLAIMER This publication contains information collected on a regular basis throughout the year and then verified with relevant members of the industry ahead of publication. Neither WindEurope nor its members, nor their related entities are, by means of this publication, rendering professional advice or services. Neither WindEurope nor its members shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any person who relies on this publication. TEXT AND ANALYSIS: Lizet Ramírez, WindEurope Daniel Fraile, WindEurope Guy Brindley, WindEurope EDITOR: Rory O’Sullivan, WindEurope DESIGN: Laia Miró, WindEurope Lin Van de Velde, Drukvorm FINANCE DATA: Clean Energy Pipeline and IJ Global All currency conversions made at EUR/ GBP 0.8897 and EUR/USD 1.1422. Figures include estimates for undisclosed values. PHOTO COVER: Kriegers Flak -
Interim Financial Report, Second Quarter 2021
Company announcement No. 16/2021 Interim Financial Report Second Quarter 2021 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Hedeager 42,8200 Aarhus N, Denmark Company Reg. No.: 10403782 Wind. It means the world to us.TM Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Financial and operational key figures ......................................................................................... 4 Sustainability key figures ............................................................................................................. 5 Group financial performance ....................................................................................................... 6 Power Solutions ............................................................................................................................ 9 Service ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Sustainability ............................................................................................................................... 13 Strategy and financial and capital structure targets ................................................................ 14 Outlook 2021 ................................................................................................................................ 17 Consolidated financial statements 1 January - 30 June ......................................................... -
Offshore Wind Initiatives at the U.S. Department of Energy U.S
Offshore Wind Initiatives at the U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Offshore Wind Sets Sail Coastal and Great Lakes states account for nearly 80% of U.S. electricity demand, and the winds off the shores of these coastal load centers have a technical resource potential twice as large as the nation’s current electricity use. With the costs of offshore wind energy falling globally and the first U.S. offshore wind farm operational off the coast of Block Island, Rhode Island since 2016, offshore wind has the potential to contribute significantly to a clean, affordable, and secure national energy mix. To support the development of a world-class offshore The Block Island Wind Farm, the first U.S. offshore wind farm, wind industry, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) represents the launch of an industry that has the potential to has been supporting a broad portfolio of offshore contribute contribute significantly to a clean, affordable, and secure energy mix. Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 40389 wind research, development, and demonstration projects since 2011 and released a new National Offshore Wind Strategy jointly with the U.S. offshore wind R&D consortium. Composed of representatives Department of the Interior (DOI) in 2016. from industry, academia, government, and other stakeholders, the consortium’s goal is to advance offshore wind plant Research, Development, and technologies, develop innovative methods for wind resource and site characterization, and develop advanced technology solutions Demonstration Projects solutions to address U.S.-specific installation, operation, DOE has allocated over $250 million to offshore wind research maintenance, and supply chain needs. -
Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement June 2017
Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement June 2017 Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement June 2017 windeurope.org KEY MESSAGES 1. FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND 4. FLOATING MEANS MORE IS COMING OF AGE OFFSHORE WIND Floating offshore wind is no longer confined to R&D. It has An increase in offshore wind installations is needed in now reached a high ‘technology readiness level.’ It is also order to meet renewable electricity generation targets set using the latest technology available in the rest of the by the European Commission. Improving conditions for offshore wind supply chain. floating offshore wind will enhance the deployment of overall offshore wind capacity and subsequently support the EU in reaching the 2030 targets. 2. COSTS WILL FALL Floating offshore wind has a very positive cost-reduction 5. EUROPEAN LEADERSHIP outlook. Prices will decrease as rapidly as they have in NEEDS EARLY ACTION onshore and bottom-fixed offshore wind, and potentially at an even greater speed. If Europe is to keep its global technological leadership in offshore wind, it needs to move fast to deploy floating offshore wind and exploit its enormous potential. 3. WE ARE A UNITED INDUSTRY Europe has long been the global leader in offshore wind. Floating offshore wind will take advantage of cost reduction techniques developed in bottom-fixed offshore wind thanks to the significant area of overlap between these two marine renewable energy solutions. 4 Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement - June 2017 WindEurope 1. INTRODUCTION Floating Offshore Wind (FOW) holds the key to an phase (>8) in which the technology is deemed appropriate inexhaustible resource potential in Europe. -
Offshore Wind: Can the United States Catch up with Europe? January 2016
Offshore Wind: Can the United States Catch up with Europe? January 2016 Wind energy power generation is on the rise around the world, due to its low fixed prices and lack of greenhouse gas emissions. A cumulative total of 369,553 megawatts (MW) of wind energy capacity was installed globally by the end of 2014.1 Of that total, only two percent came from offshore wind farms, which are able to capture stronger and more reliable ocean winds to generate electricity.2 Most offshore wind capacity is in Europe, where there are 3,072 grid-connected offshore wind turbines at 82 farms spanning 11 countries, for a total of 10,393.6 MW of wind energy capacity as of June 30, 2015.3 China, the leader in offshore wind in Asia, had 718.9 MW of installed capacity; Japan, 52 MW; and South Korea, 5 MW as of October 2015.4, 5, 6 In comparison, the United States is just beginning to invest in offshore wind energy, and is rapidly approaching the operational launch of its first commercial offshore wind farm. There is incredible potential for offshore wind development in the United States – the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has estimated the United States has over 4,000 gigawatts (GW) of offshore wind potential, enough to power the country four times over.7 Installed Capacity European Union Offshore Wind Installed Capacity Offshore Wind (as of first quarter 2015) (as of first quarter 2015) Netherlands, 361 MW, 3% Sweden, 212 MW, 2% 10,393.60 Other, 60 MW, 1% Belgium, 712 MW, 7% United Kingdom, Germany, 5,017.00 2,760 MW, MW, 48% 27% 0.02 776 UNITED STATES E U R O P E A N CHINA, JAPAN, Denmark, 1,271 MW, 12% UNION SOUTH KOREA Figure 1: Megawatts of offshore wind in the world8 Figure 2: E.U. -
English Translation of Law Comment 1991 Stromeinspeise-Gesetzes (Steg) Electricity Feed Act Tariff Set at 90% of Consumer Prices
The World Bank Asia Sustainable and Public Disclosure Authorized Alternative Energy Program Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized China Meeting the Challenges of Offshore and Large-Scale Wind Power: Regulatory Review of Offshore Wind in Five European Countries Public Disclosure Authorized China: Meeting the Challenges of Offshore and Large-Scale Wind Power Joint publication of the National Energy Administration of China and the World Bank Supported by the Australian Agency for International Development and ASTAE Copyright © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA All rights reserved First printing: May 2010 Manufactured in the United States of America. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Australian Agency for International Development. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the