DOCSLIB.ORG

The History of the Siemens-ABP Investment in Hull Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The History of the Siemens-ABP Investment in Hull Contents LOGISTICS INSTITUTE The History of the Siemens-ABP Investment in Hull Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................5 Table of Acronyms .....................................................................................................6 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................7 2. Overview of the Policies Driving UK Renewable Energy ...........................9 2.1 2008 UK Climate Change Act and 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive ................................................................... 9 2.2 UK Commitment to Offshore Wind ....................................................... 9 2.3 Electricity Market Reform and Uncertainty .......................................10 3. Siemens’ Selection Process and Commencement in Hull .........................11 3.1 Timeline ......................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Siemens Selection Criteria and Process .............................................14 3.3 The Formation of Green Port Hull ........................................................ 15 3.4 Siemens comes to Hull ............................................................................ 15 3.4.1 Construction Phase .................................................................................. 15 3.4.2 Alexandra Dock Site .................................................................................16 3.4.3 Challenges ................................................................................................... 17 4. Vitality of the Offshore Wind Industry .......................................................... 19 5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 21 6. Appendix ................................................................................................................ 23 Appendix 1: The Crown Estate’s Offshoring Wind Leasing Rounds .................................................................................................... 23 Appendix 2: GPH Strands Projects and Activities ...................................... 24 Appendix 3: Interviewees .................................................................................. 25 7. Endnotes ................................................................................................................ 26 8. About the Green Port Impact Assessment Project .................................. 27 2 | GIA.HULL.AC.UK UNIVERSITY OF HULL | 3 Executive Summary In March 2014, Siemens announced that it would be investing £160m in the development of an offshore wind facility on Hull’s Alexandra Dock; Siemens’ chosen partner, Associated British Ports (ABP), would invest a further £150m in the project. The journey, starting from the initial discussions with Siemens and to the loading of the first blades in January 2017, lasted 8 years and was quite challenging, with several delays and obstacles that presented themselves along the way. It is a journey that is worth documenting as there are many lessons to be learnt from policy implications to skills, local authorities and stakeholders support. This report details the main events leading to the opening of the blade manufacturing plant in Hull, as informed by several influential stakeholders, some of whom were involved from the start and others at different stages, but all contributing to making the investment a success. The goal of this report is to inform and educate policy makers and local stakeholders as to the barriers that existed along the way, and the ways in which they were overcome, so that future inward investments in the offshore sector can be facilitated and dealt with in an expedited manner. The interviews revealed that, while the process was long and arduous, its success might not have been possible without the commitment of key stakeholders, particularly that of UK Government, ABP and especially the local authorities through Green Port Hull (GPH), which, among other things, provided the facilities required for skilling, training and hiring of the local workforce. Despite the challenges, the Hull and the Humber region is on track to become a world-class centre for offshore wind and there is great potential in the Siemens Supply Chain, particularly in manufacturing and services. 4 | GIA.HULL.AC.UK UNIVERSITY OF HULL | 5 Table of Acronyms 1.Introduction In 2006, Hull City Council commissioned IBM2 to identify On 25th March 2014, Siemens announced its decision to the economic competencies for Hull. Four specific areas invest £160m (EUR 190m) in wind turbine production and of impact were identified in which Hull and the region installation facilities in Yorkshire; its partner, Associated ABP Associated British Ports could develop a strategic advantage. These were: British Ports (ABP), invested a further £150m in the infrastructure development at Alexandra Dock to CfD Contract for Difference • Ports & Logistics: Hull/Humber Ports should market support Siemens’ facilities. The Alexandra Dock site is DECC Department of Energy and Climate Change themselves as one integrated port area focusing on approximately a 139-acre (56 ha) site4. Siemens stated becoming a gateway for the UK as a whole due to its EMR Electricity Market Reform that the investment would, “provide a huge boost to the strong position and capacity for growth UK’s offshore wind industry and the Humber region”. The ERYC East Riding of Yorkshire Council • Pharmaceutical: Existing manufacturing strengths need combined investment of £310m is expected to create FES Future Energy Scenarios to nourish, innovation stimulated, adding value and up to 1,000 jobs directly, with additional jobs during 5 GHG Greenhouse Gas diversification to increase competitiveness construction and indirectly in the supply chain . GIA Green Port Impact Assessment • City Centre: Joint regional and city marketing required This paper provides a detailed summary of the ‘history’ GPGP Green Port Growth Programme to change weak image perception, market region’s of the Siemens-ABP investment, (hereafter “the central location as a gateway to the UK, not solely the investment”), with a view to, among other things, answer GPH Green Port Hull North questions such as: Why did Siemens choose Hull? What HCC Hull City Council are the lessons to be learned? What can be further • Renewable Energy: Sufficient opportunity to develop done to facilitate the development of a strong offshore HRO Harbour Revision Order Greenfield sites close to ports. industry in the region? ITT Invitation to Tender Since then, there have been some significant The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 provides a LCCC Low Carbon Contracts Company developments in all of these areas as can be evidenced by the following: contextual overview of the UK and EU policies that were MoU Memorandum of understanding central to the decisions taken by Siemens during the early stages of the investment. In particular, it explains MVA Mega Volt Amp • Increased freight through the Humber ports, ABP investing £15m to upgrade the container port in Hull the time lags that influenced Siemens actions and the O&M Operation and maintenance and the construction of a new cruise terminal3 implications that they had.Section 3 opens with a timeline of the significant events and milestones that shaped the RB Reckitt Benckiser • RB, a leading manufacturer of home, hygiene and investment: starting with the former Yorkshire Forward’s Regional Growth Fund healthcare products, has invested £110m in a new RGF interest in the offshore wind sector in 1999, through to Global R&D Centre; reinvestment from Smith & RO Renewables Obligations Siemens dispatching the first rotor blades in January Nephew’s in Hull and University of Hull’s investment in 2017. The timeline also maps the inception of GPH and Ro-Ro Roll-on/Roll-off the new health building the GPGP and its involvement in Siemens-ABP journey. YF Yorkshire Forward • The Humber named the Energy Estuary with the Section 3 continues with a review of the activities that development of offshore Operations and Maintenance have taken place since the start of the plant construction activities on the South Bank; Siemens opening a blade in November 2014, including some of the challenges to factory in Hull; the formation of GPH as a joint initiative be overcome. The paper concludes with a review of the by Hull and East Riding; brand supported by the Green vitality of the offshore wind industry. Port Growth Programme (GPGP) The paper is intended as a resource to understand the • Hull named as UK City of Culture 2017. challenges that key stakeholders encountered during their efforts to contribute to the development of a new renewables industry in the Humber region, with a view to assisting those involved in similar future endeavors. 6 | GIA.HULL.AC.UK UNIVERSITY OF HULL | 7 2. Overview of the Policies Driving UK Renewable Energy 2.1 2008 UK Climate Change Act and 2.2 UK Commitment to Offshore Wind 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive In the context of offshore wind, the UK Government The commitment to reduction of GHG and to climate committed to rapid increase in offshore wind deployment change have been important components on the energy to meet the 2020 EU renewable energy target. Round agenda in the UK and Europe since the early 2000s. In 1 (2000) of The Crown Estate’s commercial seabed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Review Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector M. Dolores Esteban *, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez and Vicente Negro Research Group on Marine, Coastal and Port Environment and other Sensitive Areas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (J.-S.L.-G.); [email protected] (V.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 December 2018; Accepted: 24 January 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: In recent years, the offshore wind industry has seen an important boost that is expected to continue in the coming years. In order for the offshore wind industry to achieve adequate development, it is essential to solve some existing uncertainties, some of which relate to foundations. These foundations are important for this type of project. As foundations represent approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind project, it is essential that they receive special attention. There are different types of foundations that are used in the offshore wind industry. The most common types are steel monopiles, gravity-based structures (GBS), tripods, and jackets. However, there are some other types, such as suction caissons, tripiles, etc. For high water depths, the alternative to the previously mentioned foundations is the use of floating supports. Some offshore wind installations currently in operation have GBS-type foundations (also known as GBF: Gravity-based foundation). Although this typology has not been widely used until now, there is research that has highlighted its advantages over other types of foundation for both small and large water depth sites. There are no doubts over the importance of GBS.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Offshore Wind Power Economic Impact Assessment
    U.S. Offshore Wind Power Economic Impact Assessment Issue Date | March 2020 Prepared By American Wind Energy Association Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Current Status of U.S. Offshore Wind .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Lessons from Land-based Wind ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Announced Investments in Domestic Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................ 5 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Input Assumptions ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Modeling Tool ........................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm
    The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm A Popular Initiative 1 Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm Number of turbines............. 20 x 2 MW Installed Power.................... 40 MW Hub height......................... 64 metres Rotor diameter................... 76 metres Total height........................ 102 metres Foundation depth................ 4 to 8 metres Foundation weight (dry)........ 1,800 tonnes Wind speed at 50-m height... 7.2 m/s Expected production............ 100 GWh/y Production 2002................. 100 GWh (wind 97% of normal) Park efficiency.................... 93% Construction year................ 2000 Investment......................... 48 mill. EUR Kastrup Airport The Middelgrunden Wind Farm is situated a few kilometres away from the centre of Copenhagen. The offshore turbines are connected by cable to the transformer at the Amager power plant 3.5 km away. Kongedybet Hollænderdybet Middelgrunden Saltholm Flak 2 From Idea to Reality The idea of the Middelgrunden wind project was born in a group of visionary people in Copenhagen already in 1993. However it took seven years and a lot of work before the first cooperatively owned offshore wind farm became a reality. Today the 40 MW wind farm with twenty modern 2 MW wind turbines developed by the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative and Copenhagen Energy Wind is producing electricity for more than 40,000 households in Copenhagen. In 1996 the local association Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office took the initiative of forming a working group for placing turbines on the Middelgrunden shoal and a proposal with 27 turbines was presented to the public. At that time the Danish Energy Authority had mapped the Middelgrunden shoal as a potential site for wind development, but it was not given high priority by the civil servants and the power utility.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Era for Wind Power in the United States
    Chapter 3 Wind Vision: A New Era for Wind Power in the United States 1 Photo from iStock 7943575 1 This page is intentionally left blank 3 Impacts of the Wind Vision Summary Chapter 3 of the Wind Vision identifies and quantifies an array of impacts associated with continued deployment of wind energy. This 3 | Summary Chapter chapter provides a detailed accounting of the methods applied and results from this work. Costs, benefits, and other impacts are assessed for a future scenario that is consistent with economic modeling outcomes detailed in Chapter 1 of the Wind Vision, as well as exist- ing industry construction and manufacturing capacity, and past research. Impacts reported here are intended to facilitate informed discus- sions of the broad-based value of wind energy as part of the nation’s electricity future. The primary tool used to evaluate impacts is the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL’s) Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model. ReEDS is a capacity expan- sion model that simulates the construction and operation of generation and transmission capacity to meet electricity demand. In addition to the ReEDS model, other methods are applied to analyze and quantify additional impacts. Modeling analysis is focused on the Wind Vision Study Scenario (referred to as the Study Scenario) and the Baseline Scenario. The Study Scenario is defined as wind penetration, as a share of annual end-use electricity demand, of 10% by 2020, 20% by 2030, and 35% by 2050. In contrast, the Baseline Scenario holds the installed capacity of wind constant at levels observed through year-end 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Financial Report, Second Quarter 2021
    Company announcement No. 16/2021 Interim Financial Report Second Quarter 2021 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Hedeager 42,8200 Aarhus N, Denmark Company Reg. No.: 10403782 Wind. It means the world to us.TM Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Financial and operational key figures ......................................................................................... 4 Sustainability key figures ............................................................................................................. 5 Group financial performance ....................................................................................................... 6 Power Solutions ............................................................................................................................ 9 Service ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Sustainability ............................................................................................................................... 13 Strategy and financial and capital structure targets ................................................................ 14 Outlook 2021 ................................................................................................................................ 17 Consolidated financial statements 1 January - 30 June .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Wind Initiatives at the U.S. Department of Energy U.S
    Offshore Wind Initiatives at the U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Offshore Wind Sets Sail Coastal and Great Lakes states account for nearly 80% of U.S. electricity demand, and the winds off the shores of these coastal load centers have a technical resource potential twice as large as the nation’s current electricity use. With the costs of offshore wind energy falling globally and the first U.S. offshore wind farm operational off the coast of Block Island, Rhode Island since 2016, offshore wind has the potential to contribute significantly to a clean, affordable, and secure national energy mix. To support the development of a world-class offshore The Block Island Wind Farm, the first U.S. offshore wind farm, wind industry, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) represents the launch of an industry that has the potential to has been supporting a broad portfolio of offshore contribute contribute significantly to a clean, affordable, and secure energy mix. Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 40389 wind research, development, and demonstration projects since 2011 and released a new National Offshore Wind Strategy jointly with the U.S. offshore wind R&D consortium. Composed of representatives Department of the Interior (DOI) in 2016. from industry, academia, government, and other stakeholders, the consortium’s goal is to advance offshore wind plant Research, Development, and technologies, develop innovative methods for wind resource and site characterization, and develop advanced technology solutions Demonstration Projects solutions to address U.S.-specific installation, operation, DOE has allocated over $250 million to offshore wind research maintenance, and supply chain needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement June 2017
    Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement June 2017 Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement June 2017 windeurope.org KEY MESSAGES 1. FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND 4. FLOATING MEANS MORE IS COMING OF AGE OFFSHORE WIND Floating offshore wind is no longer confined to R&D. It has An increase in offshore wind installations is needed in now reached a high ‘technology readiness level.’ It is also order to meet renewable electricity generation targets set using the latest technology available in the rest of the by the European Commission. Improving conditions for offshore wind supply chain. floating offshore wind will enhance the deployment of overall offshore wind capacity and subsequently support the EU in reaching the 2030 targets. 2. COSTS WILL FALL Floating offshore wind has a very positive cost-reduction 5. EUROPEAN LEADERSHIP outlook. Prices will decrease as rapidly as they have in NEEDS EARLY ACTION onshore and bottom-fixed offshore wind, and potentially at an even greater speed. If Europe is to keep its global technological leadership in offshore wind, it needs to move fast to deploy floating offshore wind and exploit its enormous potential. 3. WE ARE A UNITED INDUSTRY Europe has long been the global leader in offshore wind. Floating offshore wind will take advantage of cost reduction techniques developed in bottom-fixed offshore wind thanks to the significant area of overlap between these two marine renewable energy solutions. 4 Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement - June 2017 WindEurope 1. INTRODUCTION Floating Offshore Wind (FOW) holds the key to an phase (>8) in which the technology is deemed appropriate inexhaustible resource potential in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Wind: Can the United States Catch up with Europe? January 2016
    Offshore Wind: Can the United States Catch up with Europe? January 2016 Wind energy power generation is on the rise around the world, due to its low fixed prices and lack of greenhouse gas emissions. A cumulative total of 369,553 megawatts (MW) of wind energy capacity was installed globally by the end of 2014.1 Of that total, only two percent came from offshore wind farms, which are able to capture stronger and more reliable ocean winds to generate electricity.2 Most offshore wind capacity is in Europe, where there are 3,072 grid-connected offshore wind turbines at 82 farms spanning 11 countries, for a total of 10,393.6 MW of wind energy capacity as of June 30, 2015.3 China, the leader in offshore wind in Asia, had 718.9 MW of installed capacity; Japan, 52 MW; and South Korea, 5 MW as of October 2015.4, 5, 6 In comparison, the United States is just beginning to invest in offshore wind energy, and is rapidly approaching the operational launch of its first commercial offshore wind farm. There is incredible potential for offshore wind development in the United States – the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has estimated the United States has over 4,000 gigawatts (GW) of offshore wind potential, enough to power the country four times over.7 Installed Capacity European Union Offshore Wind Installed Capacity Offshore Wind (as of first quarter 2015) (as of first quarter 2015) Netherlands, 361 MW, 3% Sweden, 212 MW, 2% 10,393.60 Other, 60 MW, 1% Belgium, 712 MW, 7% United Kingdom, Germany, 5,017.00 2,760 MW, MW, 48% 27% 0.02 776 UNITED STATES E U R O P E A N CHINA, JAPAN, Denmark, 1,271 MW, 12% UNION SOUTH KOREA Figure 1: Megawatts of offshore wind in the world8 Figure 2: E.U.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Offshore Wind Manufacturing and Supply Chain Development
    U.S. Offshore Wind Manufacturing and Supply Chain Development Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Navigant Consulting, Inc. 77 Bedford Street Suite 400 Burlington, MA 01803-5154 781.270.8314 www.navigant.com February 22, 2013 U.S. Offshore Wind Manufacturing and Supply Chain Development Document Number DE-EE0005364 Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Michael Hahn Cash Fitzpatrick Gary Norton Prepared by: Navigant Consulting, Inc. Bruce Hamilton, Principal Investigator Lindsay Battenberg Mark Bielecki Charlie Bloch Terese Decker Lisa Frantzis Aris Karcanias Birger Madsen Jay Paidipati Andy Wickless Feng Zhao Navigant Consortium member organizations Key Contributors American Wind Energy Association Jeff Anthony and Chris Long Great Lakes Wind Collaborative John Hummer and Victoria Pebbles Green Giraffe Energy Bankers Marie DeGraaf, Jérôme Guillet, and Niels Jongste National Renewable Energy Laboratory David Keyser and Eric Lantz Ocean & Coastal Consultants (a COWI company) Brent D. Cooper, P.E., Joe Marrone, P.E., and Stanley M. White, P.E., D.PE, D.CE Tetra Tech EC, Inc. Michael D. Ernst, Esq. Notice and Disclaimer This report was prepared by Navigant Consulting, Inc. for the use of the U.S. Department of Energy – who supported this effort under Award Number DE-EE0005364. The work presented in this report represents our best efforts and judgments based on the information available at the time this report was prepared. Navigant Consulting, Inc. is not responsible for the reader’s use of, or reliance upon, the report, nor any decisions based on the report. NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. Readers of the report are advised that they assume all liabilities incurred by them, or third parties, as a result of their reliance on the report, or the data, information, findings and opinions contained in the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment Across the Territory of Oman: a Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis
    sustainability Article Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment across the Territory of Oman: A Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis Amer Al-Hinai 1,2,* , Yassine Charabi 3 and Seyed H. Aghay Kaboli 1,3 1 Sustainable Energy Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Oman; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Oman 3 Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Oman; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Despite the long shoreline of Oman, the wind energy industry is still confined to onshore due to the lack of knowledge about offshore wind potential. A spatial-temporal wind data analysis is performed in this research to find the locations in Oman’s territorial seas with the highest potential for offshore wind energy. Thus, wind data are statistically analyzed for assessing wind characteristics. Statistical analysis of wind data include the wind power density, and Weibull scale and shape factors. In addition, there is an estimation of the possible energy production and capacity factor by three commercial offshore wind turbines suitable for 80 up to a 110 m hub height. The findings show that offshore wind turbines can produce at least 1.34 times more energy than land-based and nearshore wind turbines. Additionally, offshore wind turbines generate more power in the Omani peak electricity demand during the summer. Thus, offshore wind turbines have great advantages over land-based wind turbines in Oman. Overall, this work provides guidance on the deployment Citation: Al-Hinai, A.; Charabi, Y.; and production of offshore wind energy in Oman.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Effects of Noise and Vibration from Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Wildlife
    ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF NOISE AND VIBRATION FROM OFFSHORE WIND FARMS ON MARINE WILDLIFE ETSU W/13/00566/REP DTI/Pub URN 01/1341 Contractor University of Liverpool, Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Environmental Research and Consultancy Prepared by G Vella, I Rushforth, E Mason, A Hough, R England, P Styles, T Holt, P Thorne The work described in this report was carried out under contract as part of the DTI Sustainable Energy Programmes. The views and judgements expressed in this report are those of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect those of the DTI. First published 2001 i © Crown copyright 2001 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Main objectives of the report Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU), on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) commissioned the Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CMACS) in October 2000, to assess the effect of noise and vibration from offshore wind farms on marine wildlife. The key aims being to review relevant studies, reports and other available information, identify any gaps and uncertainties in the current data and make recommendations, with outline methodologies, to address these gaps. Introduction The UK has 40% of Europe ’s total potential wind resource, with mean annual offshore wind speeds, at a reference of 50m above sea level, of between 7m/s and 9m/s. Research undertaken by the British Wind Energy Association suggests that a ‘very good ’ site for development would have a mean annual wind speed of 8.5m/s. The total practicable long-term energy yield for the UK, taking limiting factors into account, would be approximately 100 TWh/year (DTI, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Wind Turbine Installation Analyses
    = Offshore Wind Turbine Transportation & Installation Analyses Planning Optimal Marine Operations for Offshore Wind Projects EMRE URAZ Master Thesis Visby, Sweden 2011 Offshore Wind Turbine Transportation & Installation Analyses Planning Optimal Marine Operations for Offshore Wind Projects Master Thesis by Emre URAZ Master Thesis written at Gotland University, June 2011, Department of Wind Energy Supervisor: Richard Koehler HGO, Department of Wind Energy Examiner: Dr. Bahri Uzunoğlu HGO, Department of Wind Energy Abstract Transportation and installation of offshore wind turbines (Tower, Nacelle and Rotor) is a complete process conducted over several phases, usually in sequence. There are several factors that can turn this process into a challenge. These factors can either be due to offshore site conditions or the technical limitations of the installation vessels. Each project has its own characteristic parameters and requires a unique optimum solution. This paper identifies the dynamics of the installation process and analyzes the effects of each phase on the progression of events. The challenges in wind turbine installations due to offshore environment were investigated, the effects of each were explained and their significances were stressed. Special installation vessels were examined and their technical specifications were analyzed in terms of working conditions, dimensions, service performances, and crane capacities as well as projecting future design trends. Several offshore wind farm projects were analyzed; their installation methods were specified, and compared to each other to determine advantages and disadvantages of different pre-assembly concepts. The durations of the sub-phases of the process were defined in terms of different variables such as site conditions and individual vessel performance. These definitions were used for making time estimations, and conducting further analyses regarding the effects of different site specific parameters on the overall project duration.
    [Show full text]