Dbananjayarao Gal!gi1 LibnuJ IllllGllElmmO GIPE-PUNE-014QS6 THE LARGE ESTATES OF BYZANTINE EGYPT

!IV EDWARD ROCHIE HARDY, JR. FellDw and T,./m·, Genertd Tjeo/"gi-cal Btmin"ry JIil.. n~ ... ;"

SUBMI1'fED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENtS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

• IN THB FACULTY OF POLITICAL ScIENCE" COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

c'.,~) 'f,7/·'nG ~J ;'~~~i~"'v NEW YORK 193 1

FRONTISPIECE

The consular cliptych of Apion II. reproduced opposite. is preserved in the cathedral of Oviedo. I The inscription is: V(ir) INL(ustris) COM(es) DEVV (otissimorum) DOM1\! (esticorum) ET CONS (ul) OR(dinarius) FL(avius) STRATEGIUS APION STRATEGIUS APION

1 Description in Richard Delbrueck. Die Consuiardiptychen und ver­ tmlldle Dellktlliiirr (Richard Delbrueck and Hans Lietzmann, Stud'r!I ::lIr Spiilalllikell K'lIIst{1cschic1rte, 2), Berlin, 1929,2 vols.,·vol. i, pp. 150- 1$1; plate in vol. ii. no. 3.1. THE LARGE ESTATES OF BYZANTINE EGYPT

BY EDWARD ROCHIE HAR.DY. JR. Fellow and 7Utor. GeMral TMological Seminary Nevi York

SUBMITrED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF· TilE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THB FACULTY OF POLITICAL ScIENCE CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

e ,II sttxU.es in His tory,' EconomiOS: .t'.pd ~~3S4 in th . ily .Public ;.awW or columbia Un~vers •

NEW YORK , 193 1 X9CJ) .,61.1·11'; lit I 1~0'56 CoPYRIGHT, 1931

BY

COLVMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRllolTI!D 1101 THB VIoII'fED STATES OF AMERICA .emariae matris aptimae lIa"_ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest thanks are due to Professor W. L. Wester­ mann, under whose direction this study has been written, and to Mr. H. I. Bell, now Keeper of Manuscripts at the British Museum, whom I have had the privilege of consulting throughout. In addition, I am obligated to conversations with Professor Ulrich Wilcken of Berlin and Professor A. S. Hunt of Oxford, Professor M. Rostovtzeff of Yale, and Professor Austin P .. Evans and Assistant Professor A. Arthur Schiller of Columbia. Professor Gregor Zereteli of THUs very kindly. sent me a copy of his publication of Russian and Georgian papyri and the Very Rev. Macimili­ ano Arboleya-Martinez, D~an of Oviedo, a photograph of the consular diptych which is used for the frontispiece. GENERAL SEMINAllY, NEW YORX, MARCH, 1931. '1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGKEMTS ••••••••••••• ••••• • ••• . • •• •• • • ... • • •••• ••• ••• 7

CHAPTER J

BYZANTINE EGYPT Interest of the period...... •.. ..•...... 15 Summary of the background. . •. • ...... • ...... • ...... 16 Political organization...... •...... • ...... •. ...• 17 Taxes. ••.••. •...... •...... 19 Local Government ...... 20 The Egyptian nation: the Coptic Church...... • . 21 Social changes; patronage •...... •...... •...... • 22

The Edict of 415 .... H • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• . 23

CHAPTER II

. THE APION FAKILY Apion I ...... 25 First appearance .....•...... •. 25 Political career ....•...... ,...... •...... •. 26 Summary ...... :z8 Strategius I ...... • ...... ;...... 28 Prefect of Egypt under Justin...... 28 Count of the Sacred Largesses, 533-538 ...... • 30 Position and importance ...... ,...... 32 Apion II ...... 33 Consul, 539 ...... • ...... 33 Offices and position in Egypt...... •.•...... 33 Strategius II ...... 34 The heirs of Flavius Apion ...... 34 Apion III ...... 35 Strategius III ...... 35 Influence at the union of the oriental churches, 616 .•..•...•• 35 Family traditions...... • ...... •...... 36 9 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS

.AG~ Under the Persians; disappearance...... •...... • 37 Family tree ...... , .. " ...... '...... 38

CHAPTER III

OTHER PROPRIETORS OF THE PERIOD ...... '.. . 39 The rise of a family...... 39 Other estate owners...... • 40 The Fayum .•...... • ...... 41 The ...... ' ...... , ...... " ...... 42 Imperial property '" ...... 43 Church property ...... '" ...... '" 44 Churches...... 45 Monasteries ...... 46 Excursus: The oi"o, at Oxyrhynchus...... ~.. -t7

CHAPTER IV

FEUDALISM AND SERFDOM Collection of taxes by landowners ...... '.. 50 Count Ammonius...... 51 Apion estate ••...... •,...... 52 Estate collection from private land...... 53 Autopragia...... 54 Legal references .... ,',...... 54 Village of Aphrodito ...... 55 Apion family. • ...... 55 Were all large landownersautopract? ...... 58 Irrigation...... 60 .•...... •...... ••...... •...... • ' ...... 60 Legal references...... 61 Pay, 'equipment, etc...... • .. . 62 Other armed employees ...... 64 Use of bucellarii ...... ,...... 65 The church in time of invasion ...... 65 Defence of private claims...... 65 Disorderly habits of the time ...... 67 Private prisons.. . • . .. • ...... 67 Legal references ...... ~ ...... 67 The Apion estate prison ...... 68 Use: escaped coloni...... 6g intimidation of individuals or villages ••...... •. .... 6g TABLE OF CONTENTS II

.AGJr Approaches to private jurisdiction...... 70 Criminals in private prisons ...... 70 Private riparii ... , ...... , 71 The estate as arbitrator: individuals, villages •...... •.... ',' '12 Influence on weights and measures...... 73 The colonate ...... '...... 7S Surety bonds for coloni...... 76 Escape of coloni: asylum...... 77 Miscellaneous features...... • .. .• ...... 78 Hereditary status elsewhere...... 78 CHAPTER V

ESTATE MANAGEMENT Titles of managers ...... 80 The Apion estate ...... 81 Size ...... 81 Absentee landlords. .,...... 8i The estate house ...... 83 Higher officials ofthe estate...... , .... 84 General manager...... • ...... 84 Landlord's agents .... , ...... 8S Dioecetae ...... 87 Parallels on other estates,...... 87 Districts under pronoetae ...... '...... , ...... 88 The Serenus contract...... 88 Make-up of districts ...... 89 Duties of the pronoetes ...... ,...... 90 Salary, etc...... • ...... • ...... 92 Rent collectors for city property ...... 93 Financial organization ...... 94 Cashiers and chartularii ...... • ...... • • ...... • .. . .. 94 The rent roll...... 96 Accounts of pronoetae ...... • ...... 96 Checking of accounts...... 98 Payments and loans from the central office •••• • • .• . . . • . . .. •• • 99

Checks...... u .. • ...... • ..... 100 Principles of accounting, etc ...... 100 Administration of income in ki'nd ...... • .. • ...... 101 Grain ...... _...... 101 Wine ...... 101 Oil ...... 104 'the "tt,6T.po, on the Apion estate .. ;. • ...... 104 Lawyers ...... , ...... '" .: ; ...... lOS 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS

UG. Transportation...... ••. • ...... • •••. • ...... 106 Estate stables...... 106 Boats ...... 109 Messengers ...... ;...... I II Minor employees ...... III Slaves ...... 112

CHAPTER VI

THE ESTATES IN THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LI~E OF EGYPT Connection of the estates with agriculture. • • • •• •. . • • . • • • • • • • • • • •• 113 Irrigation...... 113 Dikes and cisterns ...... :...... • ...... • • • ... 113 Irrigation machines ...... 114 Advance of seed ...... 115 Fruits and vegetables .... '" ...... • ...... 116 Direct estate cultivation...... • ...... 117 Animals ...... 117 Vineyards ...... 118 Organization ...... 119 Issue of reeds...... 120 Provision of jars...... • ..... 121 Contacts of the estates with trades ...... 122 Building trades ...... 122 Construction of estate building~ ...... 123 Relation of the workers to the estate...... 124 Potters ...... 126 Repair and construction of machinery ..•. . . • • • • • • • • • . . • •. ••.• 127 Minor trades ...... J28 Estate services ...... 129 Baths ..... ·· ...... 129 Oil presses ...... 130 Mills and bakeries.... • ...... 131 The estates and the villages...... • ...... 132 Distinction between Ilri}paTa and property in autonomous villages...... • ...... 133 Domination of villages by estates ...... 134 Estate owners in the province...... 135 The Apions at Oxyrhynchus ...... 135 The nobles of the Thebaid...... 136 Estate owners and the church...... 139 Pious phraseology...... ••• 139 The clergy on the estates ...... 140 TABLE OF CONTENTS 13 .,..,. Donations to churches and monasteries ••••...... •..... 140 Regular donations, perhaps dues payable on the' land ••.•. · 140 nptHl~pat, often mortuary endowments.... •... .•.. •.•. .•• 142 Control of church institutions by estate owners...... •... •... 144

CHAPTER VII

EPILOGUE Disappearance of the estates in the Mohammedan peri~d... 146 A few possible exceptions...... • ...... • ... 146 What shall we say about them? • .. •• ...... • ...... • ... 147 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 149 INDICES ...... ISS I. Greek ...... ISS II. EnJClish ...... ; ...... ISS III. List of Documents of which the Date or Reading is Dis- cussed ...... 162 BIBLIOGRAPfIY

I. PAPYRI AND INSCRIPTIONS BGU, Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Komglichen Museen au Berlin.. Berlin (Weidmann), 1895-1926, 7 vols • .. Greek-Coptic Glossary." H. I. Bell and W. E. Crum, .. A Greek­ Coptic Glossary" in Aegyptus, vol. vi, Milan, 1925, pp. 177-226. Ostraca, Ulrich Wilcken, Griechische Ostraka aus Aegypten und Nubien, Leipzig (Giesecke and Devrient), 1899,2 vols. P. Amherst, Bernard P. Grenfell, Arthur S. Hunt, The Amherst Papyri, London (Oxford University Press), 1900-1901, 2 vols. P. Baden, Friedrich Bilabel, Griechische Papyri (Vero!fentlichungen aus den badischen Papyrus-Sammlungen, hft. 4), Heidelberg, 1924, ISo pp. P. Basel, E. Rabel, and others, Papyrusurkunden de,- o!fentlichen Bib­ liothek der Uni'Ve1'sitat au Basel (Abhandlungen der KoniglichenGes­ ellschaft de,- Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, N. F. XVI, 3), Berlin (Weidmann), 1917, 100 pp. P. Berlin Moller, Sigurd Moller, Griechische Papyri au.r dem Berliner Museum, Gothenberg (Elander), 1929, viii-95 pp. P. Cairo, Jean Maspero, Papyrus grecs d'epoque byzantine (Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du musee du Caire), Cairo (In­ stitut fran~is d'archeologie orientale), 19II-1916, 3 vols. P. Cairo Zenon, C. C. Edgar, Zenon Papyri (Catalogue general des anti­ quites egyptiennes du musee du Caire), Cairo (Institut franc;ais d'archeologie orientale), 1925-1928, 3 vols. P. Flor., Girolamo Vitelli, Domenico Comparetti, Papiri Fiorentim (Domenico Comparetti and Girolamo Vitelli, Papiri Grecoegizii) , Milan (Hoepli), 1906-1915, 3 vo1s. P. Giessen, Ernst Kornemann, Paul M: Meyer, Griechische Papyri im Museum der oberhessichen Geschichtsvereins zu Giessen, Leipzig (Teubner), 1910-1912, xiii-91-104-I68 pp. P. Grenfell II, Bernard P. Grenfell, Arthur S. Hunt, New Classical Fragments and other Greek and Latin Papyri (Greek Papyri, Series II), Oxford (Clarendon Press), 1897. xii-2I7 pp. P. Hamburg, Paul M. Meyer, Griechische Papyrusurkunden der Ham­ burg~ Staats-una Universitatsbibliothek, Leipzig (Teubner), 1924. vol. I, 26g pp. 149 ISO BIBLIOGRAPHY P. land., C. Kalbfleisch, and others, PaPYri landal'lM, Leipzig (Teubner), 1912-1914. 4 fasc. P. Klein. Form., C. Wessely, Griechische PGpYnlS1lrkundm klemum FoNlllJts (c. Wessely, ed., Studim 81W PalOt!Ographie WId PaPYf'US­ kunde, vols. iii and viii), Leipzig (Avenar), 19(>4-1!)08, 2 vols. P. Leipzig, Ludwig Mitteis, Griechische Urkundm dllf' Papynusamm­ lung BU Leipsig, Leipzig (Teubner), 1906, xii, 380 pp. P. Lond., F. G. Kenyon, H. I. Bell, Greek Papyri ;" the British Museum, London (British Museum), 1893-19£7, 5 vols. P. Munich, August Heisenberg, Leopold Wenger, Byzanti"ische PGpyri in der Koniglkhm Hof-tmd Staatsbibliothek su Munehm, Leipzig (Teubner), 1914 (ix), 203 Pp. P: Ox., Bernard P. Grenfell, Arthur S. Hunt, H. Idris Bell, The Oxy­ rhyne/illS Papyri, London (Egypt Exploration Fund), 1l!g8-1927, xvii vols. P. Rainer, Jakob KroIl, Corpus PapyronMfl Raineri, vol. ii, Koptische Texte, Vienna (K. K. Hof-und Staatsdruckerei), 1895, viii, 225 pp. P. Ross.-Georg., Peter Jemstedt, Die Kome-Aphrodito Papyri der Sammlu"g Lichacov (Gregor Zereteli, ed., PGPyri Russischer tmd Georgischer SGmmlu"gm, vol. ii), Tiflis (University), 1927, viii, 130 pp. P. Ryl., Arthur S. Hunt, Catalogue of the Greek Papyri ill th, Joh" Rylands Library, Manchester, Manchester (University Press), 19I1- 1915, 2 vols. PSI, G. Vitelli, Papin Gret:i e Lati"i (Pubblkazio"i della soneta italiOlla per la ricerca dlli lap;,; greci t! latini in Egitto), Florence (Ariani), 1912-1929, 9 vols. P. Strassburg, Friedrich Preisigke, Gnechische PaPlorus der kaiserlichm U.. iversiwts-und LGndesbibliothek BU Strassburg, Leipzig (Hin­ richs), 1912-1920, 2 vols. P. Stud. Pal. X, Carl Wessely, Griechische Texte sur Topogrophie Agyptt!KS (Carl Wessely, ed., Studim sur PallJt!ographie tmd PaPll­ ruskUKde, vol. x), Leipzig (Avenar), 1910 (iV)-I83 pp. P. Stud. Pal. Xx. Carl Wessely, Textu.s Graeci papyrorum qui in libro «Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer-Fuhrer durch die Ausstellung Wien, 1894" descripti sunt (Car! Wessely, ed., Studim sur Paleeogrophie und PaPYrllSkUKde, vol. xx), Leipzig (Haessel), 1921 (iV)-I63 pp. Rec. ehret, Gustave Lefebvre, Recueil de$ irsscriptiorss gr"qtll$ chrltiell- 1It!$ d'£gYPte, Cairo (lnstitut fran~s d'archeologie orientale), 1907, xl, 173 pp., and "~gypte chretienne, iv, Inscriptions coptes et gree­ ques" in AMalu du sertlict! des aKtiquitls d, r£gyptl, vol. xi, IgIl, pp. 2,38-250. BiBLIOGRAPHY

II. LttBllARY AND LEGAL SOURCES -"_. -, ChfOnicon Paschale (j. P. Migne, ed., Pdtrologid CrMcd, vdl. 92, Paris, 1865, cols. 70-(028). (c. T.), Theodosiam Librl xPt (ed.Th. Mortunsen), I1erlin (Weid- mann), 1905, :a vols. --, Corpus tum Civilis', Bettin (w'e.!dmaliri), :r vol9; (c. 1.), vol. ii, "Codex Iu9tinianus" (ed. P. Krueger), gth ed., 1915. (Nov., Edicts" vol. iii, Novellae (R. Schoell and W. Krolt, ed.), 4th ed.,192O; , Innocent of Maronia, Letter' in 1. D. Mansi, ed., Sacl'MUffl Coticiliorum Nova ei Amplissima Collectio, vol. viii, Florence, 1762, cots. 817-834- John of Nikiou, Chronicle (M. H. Zotenberg, Chronique dt lean, eveque de Nikiou, in Notices eI estraits des manuscrits de la bibliotheque nationale, vol. 24, Paris, 1883, pp. 125-608). Leontius of Neapolis, Life of lohn thl! Almaner (Heinrich Gelter, ed., Leontios' 'lion Neopolis Leben des heiligen Iohanl'les des BllNhher­ lligm, Erzbischofs 'lion Atesandrien (G. Kruger ed., Sammlung alii­ gewiihlter kirchen-und dogmmgeschichtlichen Quellensthriftm, hft. 5), Freiburg (Mohr), 1893, xlviii-202 pp; John Malalas, Chrollographia (]. P. Migne, ed., Patrolo{jia CriJeca; vol. 97, Paris, 1860, cols. 65-7(8). Michael Syrus, Chronicle (]. B. Chabot, ed., Chronique de Michel Ie Syrien, Paris, 190t-I924. 4 vols.). Procopius, De Bello Persico (]. Haury, ed., Procopii Caesariensis Opera Omnia), Leipzig (Teubner), 1905-1913, 3 vols. Theophanes, Chronographia (]. P. Migne, Patrologia GraecIJ, vol. 108, Paris, 1863, cols. 55-1010).

III. MODERN BOOKS AND ARTIa.ES H. I. Bell, "The Byzantine Servile State in Egypt" iii The I ournal of Egyptian Archaelogy, vol. iv, London, 1917, pp. 86-106. --, "The Decay of a Civilization" in Thl! lournal 0/ Egyptian Arch­ aelogy, vol. XI London, 1924, pp. 207-216. --, "An Epoch in the Agrarian History of Egypt" in Recueil d'etudes egyptologiques dediees a la memoire de I ean-PraKfois Champollion (Bibliotheque de /'ecole des hautes etudes, sciences historiques et philologiques; fasc. 234), Paris (Champion), 1922, iV-78B pp., pp. 261-271. A. E. R. Boak, .. The Master of the Offices in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires" in A. E. R. Boak and James Dunlap Two Studies in Later Roman and Byzantine Administration NeV: York (Macmillan), 1924. x-324 pp., pp. vii-I60. ' J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, London (Macmillan), 1923, 2 vols. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Luigi Cantarelli, "La serie dei prefetti de Egitto: III Dalla morte di TeodoMO I alIa conqui&ta araba," in At" della R. AccodemiG deS Lincei, serie quinta, memorie della c1assa ~ scienze morali, storiche, e filologiche, vol. xiv, Rome, 1913, pp. 385-440- Roth Clausing, The Roman ColonoJe, New York, 1925,333 pp. Richard Delbrueck, Dk Consulardiptychen und 'IIerwandte Denkmiiler (Richard Delbrueek and Hans Lietzmarm, Studim sur Spiitantiken Kunstgeschichle, 2), Berlin (De Gruyter), 1929, 2 vols. . Charles Diehl, "Une crise monetaire au VIe siec1e" in Revue des P.tudes Grecques, vol. 33, Paris, 1921, pp. 158-166. Matthias Gelzer, "Altes und Neues aus der byzantinisch-ligyptischen Verwaltungsmisere' in Archi'll lur Papyruslorschung, vol. v, Leipzig 1913, pp. 346-377. --, Studien BIll' Bysantinischen Verwaltung Agyptens (Leipsiger His­ lorische Abha.ndl"ngen, hft. 13), Leipzig (QueUe and Meyer), 1909. 107 pp. --, "Zum ain-67t'pdICTIW axilJl4 der P. Aphrodito Cairo" in Archi'll IUr Papyruslorschung. vol. v, Leipzig, 1913, pp. 1SS-18g. Robert Grosse, Romische Militarwesen von Galljenus bis 814m Beginn der bysantinischen Themen'llerlass"ng, Berlin (Weidmann), 1920, xvi- 346 pp. Edward Rochie Hardy, Jr., "New Light on the Persian OCCUpatioD of

Egypt II in the lo"rnal of the Society 01 Oriental Research, voL xiii, New York, 1929, pp. 185-lSg. Johannes Leipoldt; Schenute von Atripe "nd die Entsteh"nu des national iigyptischen Christent"ms (O.v. Gebhardt and A. Harnack, Teste find Untersuchungen BIll' Geschjchte der altchrnt/ichen Literat"r, vol. xxv, 1), Leipzig (Hinrichs), 1903, X-214 pp. Willy Liebenam, Fasti Consulares Imperii Roma",i (Hans Lietzmann, ed., Kleine Teste IUr Theologische V orlesungen und Obungen, 41- 43), Bonn (Marcus and Weber), 1909, 128 pp. Jean Maspero, "Un dernier poete gree d'~gypte, Dioscore fils d'Apollos" in Revue des P.tudes Grecques, vol. xxiv, Paris, 1911, pp. 426-0481. -. Histowe de Patriarches tfAlesandrie depuis la morle de (emp/re"r Anastase ;usqlia la reconciliation des Iulises Jacobites (518-616). (Bibliothiq"e de l'tcole des Mutes etudes, sciences historiques eI philologiques, fasc. 237), Paris (Champion), 1923, ix-429 pp. --, Organisation m4iitaire de l'£gy1't bY8antine (Bibliotheque d, I' ecole des hautes etudes, sciences historiques et philologiques, fasc. 201), Paris (Champion), 1912, 158 pp. --, .. Les papyrus Beauge" in Bulletin de (institut Ira",ois d'iircheologk orientale, vol. X, Cairo, 1912, pp. 131-157. J. Grafton Milne, .. Egyptian Nationalism under Greek and Roman Rule" in The loumal 01 Egyptian Archaeology, vol. xiv, London, 1928, pp. 226-2340 BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 _ A Histrwy of Egypt Under Rommi Rule (Flinders Petrie, ed., A History of Egypt, vol. v), 3rd eeL, London (Methuen) (1924), xxiv- 331 pp. --, .. The Currency of Egypt in the Fifth Century" in the Numismatic Ch,.onicle, series v, vol. vi, London, 1926, pp. 43-92. --, .. Feudal Currency in " in Ancient Egypt, London, March, 1926,pp. 5-~ Friedrich' Preisigke, Wii,.terbuch de,. griechischen Papy,.usurkunden (Emil Kiessling, ed.), vols. i-iii, Berlin, 19Z5-1929. Theodor Reil, Beit,.age 81,1,. Kenntnis des Gewe,.bes im hellenistischen )fgypten, Leipzig (Noske), 1913 (8)-212 pp. M. Rostowzew, .. Die Domanenpolizei in dem romischen Kaiserreiche" in Philologus, vol. 54 (N. F. vol. xviii), Leipzig, 1905, pp. 297-307. --, Studien 8ur Geschichte des ,.iimischen Kolonates (Archiv fu,. Papyrusfo,.schung, Beiheft I), Leipzig (Teubner), 1910, xii-432 pp. Germaine Rouillard, L'administ,.ation civile de rt.gypte bY8antine, 2nd ed., Paris (Geuthner),· 1928, xvi-zoS pp. Michael Schnebel, .. An Agricultural Ledger in P. Bad. 96" in The lournal of Egyptian A,.chaeology, vol. xiv, London, 1928, pp. 34-45. --, Die Landwi,.tschaft im hellenistischen )fgypten (Leopold Wenger, ed. Munchene,. Beit,.age su,. Papy,.usfo,.schung und antiken Rechts­ gcschichte, hft. 7), vol. i, Munich (Beck), 1925, xviii-379 pp. Otto Seeck, Die Briefe des Libanius (O.v. Gebhardt and Adolf Harnack, Texte und Unte,.suchungen 81,1" Geschichte der altchrntlichen Lite,.a­ tu,., vol. 30), Leipzig (Hinrichs), 1906 (vi)-496 pp. Leopold Wenger, Volk und Staat in )fgypten am Ausgang der Riimer­ her,.schaft, Munich (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften), 1922, 58 pp. L Mitteis and V. Wilcken, GrundsUge und CMestomathie de,. PaP'JIf'US­ kunde, Leipzig (Teubner), 1912,4 vols. Friedrich von Woess, Das Asylwesen )fgyptens in der Ptolemae,.seit und die spatere Entwicklung (Leopold Wenger, Munchene,. Beitrage 8ur Papyrusfo,.schung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte, hft. 5), Munich (Beck), 1923, xii-28z pp. Francis de Zulueta, Pat,.onage in the Late,. Empi,.e (in Paul Vinogradoff, Oxfo,.d Studies in Social and Legal History, vol. i, 2), Oxford (Qarendon Press), 1909, 78 pp. INDICES

I. GREEK Iqp~.98 ,,",para. 76. 77. 89. 96. 103. 114. cWrl)'ooii.1'or. 80, 147. See IImdlord's 116. 117, 118. 119. 124. 132-134, lIgent 135. 141. See broha" afra.rlp.fM1P. see Apion estate, reDtootcll a"",n,rW. 58. 59 /U.I;6r.p'" (Apion), 62. 86-87.104.130 aP.1'uriJI'fIII.1'fH. see messengers /Uplder. 47-49. 88 oP.1'Wi.w_.12) P'I.1'mKJIJPYO'. see mechanics ";"'OIIn14. 117 oi«od6,..... 122 0;..".."0"",, see wine-sellers o;"".1"'P'In'"t, see butlers ;'f~ dp6por. 107 6p,,_, 127 d.tllrowuwt. 44 ""P"fr",."oI. 56 dtolroruwt. 44. 7 I fr .....a.w.. g8. 100 d"'"pa;+,20 frl.v8nmJi. U2 tJ •....,.",.."r.47 "orapl.. a.. 114 tJlKauw.45 "pOOln''''. 83-84.123. 124, 126. 130 frp"";opol. 143 U"""'nol. 130. 131 I,*""". 147 jJbtl'f. IIg. See wine hoouaoA6~o,. see rent-c:ollectOls ";'ppa.1''''' see messengers 1",.0"",.98 ~_" lee perquisites lIravl.r. 123 Ifructlpt""C, 81 ..i ....""q. 122 IlroUua. 77. 132-133. 145. 146 "P""'."""" see cashielS Ifoo_poI. 98 "P"l'1J'rutD., 121 ifr;olU1fr",. 147 i,,_dApa"". g8 ;,,,,0011C'rTJr. 81. gI Inti.. ,.., 126. See laborers 1/1)'00 ...... ",. 110 ;povrU1'f"lJi. 133; I4S mip.",. 144 Xupa ..tfra'UCNfr. 60 II_ ENGUSH Abraham of Great Parorius. potter, Aetius' Litlle Terulbis. l ..oUuo.. (Oxy. 126 rhynchus; Apion). 134 Abraham of Kl •••, 98 Aganthon of Cenembatus. oolonus. Actuariou. £"oi_II (Oxyrhynchus; u6 Apinn).lol Agriculture, B!M)I, 97. 100, II3-122 Admiral. 103. See stolarch Africa, 54 Alexander. landowner (Oxyrhyn­ Adaeus, village (Oxyrhynchus), chus). 40. 88, I~ 88, IlS Alexander, workman. 103 I5S INDICES

Alexandria, 18, 35, 46, 68, 73-74. 89, 99, 132; house at Oxyrhyn­ So 1, 105, 106, 107, log, 1'10, III, chus, 83, 103, 129-130; irrigation, 1298, 138; patriarchs of, 21; 60, 114-II5, 1I6, 123, 124, 133; church of, 24. 45, 57, 87; central­ landlord's agents and dioecetae, ization of taxes at, 18, 19, 52, 85-87,94-95, 103-108, no, I25, 130, 55-58, 86, 99. 107 '135-136, 139; lawyers, 105-106; Alite colonus, 123 II loans, 99, 134; mechanics, 99, 128; Ambious, t1roi/Uo~ (uxyrhynchus; ,.. ..Ior.po', 62, 104-105, IW; mes­ Apion), 89, 99 sengers, 64, 106, 1I0, I II; mills Ammonius, Count, 43, 144; estate and bakeries, 131-132, 133; of, 43; accounting, 97; agri­ .oil presses, 131, 133; police culture, II5; bucellarii, 62, 63; functions, 71-72; prison, 68-70, grain measure, 75; irrigation, 133; pronoetae, 82, 88-g3, 96-gS, 123, 127; manager, 51, 81, 90, 100-101, IIO, III, 125, 133, 1394 , 92, lI5, 127; purchase of reeds, 141; relation to the church, 92, 51, 120; taxes, 51, 59 97, 103, 129, 139-145; relation to Anastasius, cashier, 95, 99 trades, 123-129; rent-collectors, Anastasius, emperor, 26 93, gS; rent-roll, 52. 88, g6, II@; Animals, cattle, 70, 72, 76, 99, 137; riparii, 71; slaves, 112; stable, horses, 100, 107-108, 136; camels, So, 105, 1~loS, 117, 13g4, 143 83, log; mules, log; sheep, 83, topography, 731, 81-82, 8g, n8- II7; asses, log, 145 II9, 132; vineyards and wine, 33, Anoup, colonus, 99 82-83, 91-92, 100, 102-105, II 5, Anoup of Toe, potter, 126 II 8-122, 126 Antaeopolis, 43, 47, 55, 59, 734, 75, Apion family, 36-37, 82-83 88, 1I0, 129, 136-137, 146 Apocrisiarius, ·57 Antinoe, 46, 143 Apollos, collector, 144-145 Apelle, l1rO'/UO~ (Oxyrbynchus; Apphous. See Eulogius, family of Apion),101 Apphous, notary, 137 . Aphrodito, 16, 43, 47, 59, 64/', 75, Arabs, 31; conquest of Egypt, IS, 81, 94. II7, 122, 1327, 134. 144, 18, 37, 147; government of Egypt, 146-147; troubles at, 44. 137-138; 954, 146-147 churches of, 51; autopragia, 55, Arcadia, 18, 25, 55, 61, 66 57, 58, 137-138; tax-register, 59 . Arcadius (emperor), 18 Apion I, 25-28, 36, 38 Army, 18-19, 60-62, 63, 65-66, 67, Apion II, 26J. 31, 32, 33-34. 38, 51, 138 82, 1I9, 131S, 142 Aron (Hermopolis estate), II41 , Apion II, heirs of, 34. 76, 88, 99 1:zoB Apion III, 35, 38, 106 Arsinoe, 33, 35, 66, 734, 93, 112, Apion estate, 17, 24. 25, 28, 34. 36- 114. 126; church of, 46, 104, II7, 37, 39, 41; absentee ownership, 126, 128, 129, 144 So, 82-83; accounting, 8z, 83, 88- Arsinoite nome. See Fayum Sg, 92, 93, 94-95, g6-104, 106, log, Asclas, family of, boatmen, 52, 79, 1I5, 140-142; agriculture, 92. 100, 102 106, 1I5-1I7, 1I9; arbitration, 72- Asylum, 76, 77 73, 86, 92, 130; autopragia, Athanasius, landowner (Thebaid), 55-58, 86, 107; baths, 83 129- II I, II2, 138 130 ; boats, 52-53, 78-79, 87, 88, Augusta! dukes of Egypt, IS. :z8, 102, 105, 109-1I0, III; bucellarii, 321, 82, IJ8 62-64. 662, 671, 107, loS, IIO; Augustal prefect. See prefect of cashiers, 88, 94-95, g8-100, 101, Egypt '128, 136; chartularii, 94-95, g6, Augustamnica, 18 98. 101, 121; collection of taxes, Aurelius Ptollion, colonus, 99 51-54. 95, g6, 133; colonate, 75- Autopragia, 54-59, 86, 107, 137, 147 79, 133; districts, 41, 83-85, 87- INDICES 157 Banking, 94, 100. See cashiers Colonate, 22, 50, 6g, 70, 75-78, 132- Basil, pagarch of Aphrodito, 147 134. 147 Baths and both attendants, 83, III- Coloni, 34, 44. 51, 64, 68, 69, 70, 112, 129-130 75-78, 88, II4-JI5, 132; as ten­ Bishops, 29-30, 35-36, 462, 103\ ants 90-91, 92, 102,· II9, 121, 123, 141-142, 144 127 Blemmy~ 129 Coma, village (Oxyrhynchus), 52, Blues, 130 , 662 Boats and boatmen, 52, 57, 79, 87, , 18, 19, 27, 136; 88, 102, I09-IIO, III, 123, 12B church of. 24; Strategius I at, 129 29-33, 82-83, 136 Bricks and brickmakers, 70, 105, Consuls, 26, 32, 33, 82 . 122-123, 125, 126 Contracts, 56, 66, 75, 76, 84, 93, Bucellaril, 56, 60-67, 103, 107, loB, 102, 1I0, 121, 133 IIO, 138 Cooks and kitchens, 83 Building and builders, 92, II4, 122- Coptic church, 21, 29, 35-36, 148 126 Coptic language, 16, 21 Butlers, 102-104, 105 Cosmas, apXlTiKT(JV, 123 Cosmas, landlord's agent, 147 Cappadocia, 61, 65 Cotuleeius, t1rOi~lO" (Oxyrbyncbus; Carian boat, log Apion), JI8, 126 Carpenters, 78, 122, 124, 127 Count of the Sacred Largesses, Cashiers, 52 53, 88, 94-g6, g8-.IOO, 19,298,30, 32, 39 106, 128, 136 Crarium, t'lr'otKlOlJ (Oxyrbyncbus; C ellarica, 82 Apion),118 Cenembatus (Hermopolis estate), Crommydion, 105, 107 II42, JI6, 1208, 1205 Currency, 56-57, 73-74, 91 Cephalas, account of, 101 8 Cursus velOK, 107 Chalcedon, council of, 27 Cynopolis, 41, 68, 86, 105; Apion Charity, 43, 141, 144. See hospitals, estlte at, 64, 81-82, 83, 84-85, xenodocheia 105, 107 . Chartularii, 62, 71, 8s. 94-95, 96. Cyriacus, deacon and oil-dealer, 98, 101, 102, 106, 121, 145 10 4 Gbenetorius, i1rot~lO" (Oxyrhyncbus; Cyricus, butcher, 93 Apion), 89, JI8 ' Cyril, tribune (Arsinoe), 1I2 Chickens, II7 Cyrus, landowner (Antaeopolis), 88 Christodora, landowner (Cyno­ polis), 41 Decurions, 22, 43, 54. 68, 801, II32, Christodota, landowner (Oxyrhyn­ 135 chus),40 Defensors, 20,.33, 54, 71, 86, 135· Church, donations to, 44. 99, 103, See deputy-defensor 142-144 Deputy-defensor, 135 Church dues (?), 48, 89, 92, W, Dioecetae, 40, 43, 46, 80-81, 87.l 102, 138, 140-142 137, 144 Apion, 66, 70, 72, ~5-87, Church festivals, 68-6g, 137 94. 95, 106, 1I0, 135 Church property, 17, 44-47, 72, 104, Diogenes, Count (and dioecetes?), loB, log, '126, 127; special 87, 1018 features of, 45; collection of Diogenes property (Apion), 70, taxes, 51; papal estates, 918 101, 141 Circus, 136 Dioscorus the "poet", 16, 434, 1062, Clergy, status of, 47, 69, 78, 88, 134, 136-137, 138-139, 145 104. II 14, 123, 127, 140 Disorders, 18, 42, 61, 64-67, 71-73, Collectors, 88, 91, 144. See inro&flCT1J~ 137-138, 146 Collouthus (cleric), 130 Districting of estates, 45-46, 87-88, Collouthus, pagarch, 139 93 INDICES

" Divine house ".' See imperial Great Parorius, tIl'O/IIIOV (Oxyrhynchus; property Apion), 126, 131 Doorkeeptps, 112, 136, 142 Great Tarouthinus, ill'o/ICIIW (Oxyrhyn- Dositheus, village (Oxyrhynchus), chite; Apion), 76 89 Greens, 136 Dukes, of the Egyptian provinces, Gregory the Great (pope), 918 18, 19, 20; of the Thebaid, 33, Grooms, 107-108, 136 43, 66, I'II, 138, 146; of Egypt, Guilds, II4. 124-125 see augustal dukes Heirs. joint ownership by. 34. 41 Edict of 415 (C. Th. xi, 24, 6), Heracleopolis, 49, 61 4 , 762; Apion 23-24, 53, 134 interests at, 25, 32, 64, 662, 71, Edict xiii, 17-18, 19, 21, .28, 31-32, 82, 106, II5 55 Heraclius (emperor), 35, 1362 Egypt, 76; diocese, 18, 29, 67-68; Hermonthis, 1I32 province, 18, 29, 82; nation, 21, Hermqpolis, 46, 49, 59, 73', 76', 27, 29, 35-36, 138-139, 148 1031, 120, 128; church of, II'!', Elias, baker, 132 145; distrioting of estate, 45, 88; Embole, 19, 47, 49, 52-53, 55, 57- bucellarii, 62, 65 59, B4; embolators, 47, 57 Hermopolis estate, 42-43, 89, 92, Epimeletes, 47, 49 134-135, 148; accounting, 97, g8, Episemus, village (Oxyrhynchus), 100-101; agriculture. n6; bakery, 88 132, 135; irrigation, II 6, 125, Eulogius, family of landowners 128; oil, 104. 131, 135; pronoetes, 2 (Oxyrhynchus), 39-40, 41, 94 , 8g; relation to the church, 135, loS, 129 141-142; relation to trades, 1231, Euphemia, landowner (Oxyrhyn­ 125-129; slaves. 104. II2; taxes, chus), 40, 414. 934 58-59; vineyards and wine. 120, ' Eustochius,landowner (Fayum), 42 122; 126, 1284- Eutychlas, EII'OIlliov ~ Oxyrbynchus; Hospitals. 47, 142, 145; Abba Elias Apion}, 89, u8 (Oxyrhynchus), 143. 145 Houses, of estate owners, 83, 102, Fayum. landowners in. 41-42. 62. 1'19, 123, 129-IJO 93. 102, log, 132; Apion estate' .. Houses", 47-49 in 82, 106. 33,' 125. 126. See Sophia. Arsinoe. church of Ibion. village (Oxyrhynchus), 45, Field-guards, 20. 64. 69. 77 14()15 Fifth century, 16, 17, 24, 53, 74. Imperial property, 43-44, 48, 71-]2, 80-81 77. 80-81, 90-91, 101, 102-103, 138 Foreigners, 63. 66; Goths, 63 Indictions, 30 Foremen, see ip)'061i:ncTa, Irrigation, 148; dikes and canals. Fruit-trees. 96, u6 59-60. 91, 99, I13, 138; ma­ Fustat, 146 chines. 75', 92, 97, 1I3-1I5, 1I9, 127-128; cisterns, 92, 99. 1I3- Generals. See tribunes II4. 123, 124, I2S George. landlord's agent (Apion). 85, 86. 130, 135 James, landowner (Oxyrhynchus), Germanus, 146 90 Gerontius. lawyer, 105. 143 Jars and potters, 121-122, 126, 127 Governors. 18, 20, 60, 68. See Jeremias, chartularius, 101 dukes, praesides John, baker. 132 Grain. 74-75, 82, 88, 90, 92, 97, 100, John, cashier. 56, 95 102. log. 119, 126, 134. 140-143 John, chartularius, 101 Great Mouchis, ElI'ol/C11W (Oxyrhyochus; John, colonus, 102 Apion),118 John, Count (and dioecetes), 87 INDICES JS9

John, iUf

Municipal senates, 20, 22 Papsau, broi",oll (Oxyrhynchus; Municipalities, 18, 20, 59, 140, 147 Apion), 89, 118 Musaeus, landowner (Oxyrhyn- Panhenias, i ....ouuw (Oxyrhynchus; chus), 41~ Apion), 118 Patricia, landowner (Thebaid), 137 N aulage, 19, 52-53 Patronage, 22-25, 53, 138 Neon, i7l"0i"l0~ lOxyrhynchus; Apion), Paul, presbyter and carpenter, 123 JI8 Pempo, i ....olKtOll (Oxyrhynchus; im. Nesus Leucadiou, 17l"0iKIOII (Oxyrhyn. perial), 90-9', 93 chus; Apion), 141 Pera, .7I"01KtOll (Oxyrhynchus; Apion), Nicetas, augustal duke, 35, 1362 JI8 Nile, inundation of, 60, 122, 139, Perquisites, 20, 47, 57, 91, 92 148: travel by, 57, lOS, log, IlO Persian invasion, 21, 37, 83, 135 Nilopolis, 126 Persian wars, 26, 31 Nilus (,.t,~6TtpOr?), 105 Pesla, village (Hermopolis), 58-59 Nomicarii, 105 Peter, bishop of Arsinoe, 144 Nonnous, landowner (Fayum), log Petnel, village (OXYrhynchus), 8g Notaries, 106, 137, 140, 145 Petn, 17l"oUuw (Antaeopolis; Count Nubian invasions, 65, 129 Ammonius), 123, 124 Num~ri, 19, 66 Phib, Count (and dioecetes?), 87 Nurses, II2 Philoxenus, cashier, 95 Philoxenus, pronoetes of Pakerke, Oeconomi, 45, 46, 51, 69, 81, log, 92 122, 145 Phocas, emperor, 1362 Oikenwirtschaft, 124-126, 129, 145 Phocas, pronoetes, gS Oil, issue of, 43, 46, 62, 63, 104: Phoebammon, butler, 103 manufacture of, 96, loS, Ill, 130- Phoebammon, carpenter, 127 131 Phthla, village (Antaeopolis), 137· Ombos,43 Piaa, .....0''''011 (Oxyrhynchus; Alex· Ophis, village (Oxyrhynchus), 130 ander),40 Orthodox church, 21, 27, 36 • Piahoth, .71"01,"011, 145 Ostracinus, 17l"01",oll (Oxyrhynchus; Pigeons, 83, u8, 123-124 Apion): u8 . Pinuris, village (?) (OXYrhyn- Oxyrhynchus, 32-34. 47-49, 55, 61, chus), 53-54. 71 64. 66, 67, 71, 75, 76, 94. gS, log, Pious phrases, 66, 139 no, 112, 1-168, 127, 1298, 135; Pkemroch, field (?) (Apion), 127 church of, 45-46, 75, 127', 141; Police, 20, 48, 65, 71 currency at, 73-74: imperial es­ Poll.tax, S2_ See 6w),po,,, tates at, 44. 72, 77, 80-81, go, Popano, village (Oxyrhynchus), 73 102--103; landowners (besides Praejecta, mother of Apion III, Apions), at, 34. 39-41, 65, 81, 35,38 93~, H5, 123. See Alexander, Praesides, 18, 25, 55, 61, 66 Apion estate, Eulogius Praetorian prefects, 19, 26, 27-28. Oulior, tribune, 61 32 .. Prefect of the nome ". See Pagarchies, 18, 55 tribunes Pagarchs, 18, 20, 48-49, 55, 139. Prefects of Egypt, 18, 23, 28-29, 146: Estate owners as, 32, 33, 34. 68. See augustal duke 42, 54, 136-137, 147 Prisons, private, 64. 67-71, 87, 133, Painters, 103 134. 137: public, 68, 71, 6glI Pakerke, £71"000011 (Oxyrhynchu~; Pronoetae, 44. 81, &I, 88-93, g6-g8, 1 Apion), 63, 72, 73, 92 100-101, IIo-lII, I25, 139', 140 Palatini, 39. 571 Protocols, 30-31 Papirius, Count (and dioecetes?), Protocometae, 20, 70, 134 87 Provinces (of Egypt), 18 1:.. 'l)ICES 161

1'lCkes, i"oIfIUW (Antaeopulis), 132' Strategius, praeses of the Thebllid, Psempekle, i"oil(_ (Oxyrhyncbus; 251 Apinn),118 Strategius I, 25, 28-33, 36-37, 38, Psineuri., i"o'IUtnI (F"yum), 132 82-83. 136 , Strategius II. 34-35, 36-37, 3B. 142 Receipts. 52, gil, 101, lIS, 125, 12'1 Strategius III, 35-37, 38, 126 Rent-colJectors, 40, 93-94, 98, 101 Supervisors, see fU'(frrepo. Rhetor.l05 SuretYship, 64. 692, 76. 77. 78, 88, Riparii, 20, 48. 49. 67, 71 125 . .. Rivermen," see 7roTtI!liTtlt Syene, 65, 73· Syrians, 2'1. 29, 35-36 St. Thecla's, (a), 122; (b), church Syrians, village of (Fayum), B4 at ArsillOe, 123 Tacona, village (Oxyrhynchus). Salaries, 82, 92. 97, gil. 99 102, 130, 134 Sam.cion, i"o,,",,,, lOxyrhynchus; Tarousebt, f1foil(U1ll(Oxyrhynchl1s; Apion),89, 118 Apion),60, If7, n8, 126 Sambas, carpenter, 124 Taronthinus, £"oUcwv (Oxythynchl1s; Sarapion of Cenembatus, colonus, Apion), 114, 126,142,145 12aG Taxes, 19, 20, 41, 55-57, 59. 106, Sarmates, landlord's agent, 85, 86, 143; annonae (military), 66-67; 105 collection by landowners, 50-54- Scholastici, 105 87,95,96. See embole S criniarii, 19-20 Tentyra.45 Sf'Cretaries. Se~ chartularii Teruthis, village (Oxyrhynchus), Senocomis, village (Oxyrhynchite), 6g, 89, u8, 134 40 . Textile industry, 129 Serapion. landowner (?), 129 Thaesis, i1foUuw (Oxyrhynchus; Serenus, butler, 105 Apion), 77,89 Serenus, cashier, 130 Thalmoon, '''OUcU1ll (Hermopolis ? lOS· Serenus, deacon and pronoetes, 88, late), 89, 116", 1:zoS, 5, 122, 131, go, 91• 92' c;3. 102 132, 134-135, 141·142 Serenas, landowner (Oxyrhyn- Theagenes, i1fv (Oxyrhynchl1s: chus) , See Eulogius family Apion),89. 118 Serenus, landowner (Thebaid), 137 Thebaid, 18, 33. 42-43, 51, 55, 66, Serenus, stableman, loS 78. 106, lIO, Ill, II 2, 138, 146 Shepherds, etc., II 7, 129 Theodoracius, landowner (Faynm), Sinaru, village (Oxyrhynchus), 65 , 42,93 . Skytalitis, i"o'law (Oxyrhynchus; Theodore of Cynopohs, lawyer, 105 Apion), 1I8 Theodore, landlord's agent. 62 Theodore, landowner (Antae- Slaves, 63, 66, 104, 112 opolis), 110 Smiths, 12'1, 129 Theodore, l'Z"frr£fJOf. 105 Sophia, landowner (Fayum), 41- 42, 84, 107, 122, 123 Theodore, son of Gratianus, lawyer, 105 Sourou~ of Harpocras, potter, 126 Theodosius I (emperor), 67-68 South Trigeus, f"OUclOV (Oxyrhynchus; Theon, Count (and dioecetes?), 87 Apion), 124 Theon, landowner (Oxyrhynchus), Spania, village (Oxyrhynchus), family and estate, of, 41.; 73., 126' .. house" of. 47-49, 71 Stables and horses. So, 105, 106- Thesauri, 102 109. 147, hay, 101, loS, I17, 142, Thinis, 137 145 Thmoinepsobthis. village (Ox­ Stolarch, 109 yrhynchus), 71-72 Stone-cutters, 103. 123. 124-125 Tholthis, village (Oxyrhynchus), Storekeepers, see 1'Z.,frr .pOt 134 • INDIC~S

Timagenes. "house" of, 47-49 140 • 141, 147: disputes, 72-73: Titles of honor. 25, 33, 34. 40. 41, industries, 123-126, 128: officials, 85-86, 87, 135, 137. 145: patri­ 20. 69, 71, 73. 104, lOS. 134 cian. 33. 66. 123, 126. 132. 142 Vineyards. 91, 104. 118-119. 143: Travel, 35, 57. 83. 86-87, 104, lOS, vintage. 95. 121-122: provision of 106-107, 109-110, III reeds, 5 I, 92, II 9- 1 20 Tribunes, 18-19. 33, 40, 42, 67, 93, 112, 136, 138, 144 I \Vatchmen, 20 Trigeus, village (Oxyrhynchus) , \Veights and measures, 74-75. 91, 124 119 Wills. 35.~. 143 Vegetable Island, EfroiK'11V (Oxyrhyn. "'ine, 33. i5~, 83. 91, 100; making, chus: Aplon), 116 121-1U. 126: Issne. 62-64, ()lS-Of), Vegetables, 86-87, 104-105, 116 82-83, 103-105, 136. 140-143; sale, Vesobtbis. £lrOUUI1V (Oxyrhynchus; 44. 46, 102-104 Apion). 118 Wine-sellers, 44. 102 Victor, bucellarius, 65 Woolcarders, tfruiKUl1J of lOx)'.II)'n­ Victor, landlord's agent, 71. 85, 86- chus; Apion). 118, 126 87, 98, 100, 104-105, 107. loB, 136 Victor, presbyter and pronoetes, 88 Xenodocheia. 47. 103. 141 Victor-George correspondence, 85 Villages, 20, 24. 59. 64. 66, 67. 73, Zacharias. mechanic, 128 102, liS, 126, 131, 132. 134-135, Zeno (emperor), 68 III. LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF WHICH THE DATE OR READING IS DISCUSSED PAGE BGU 836 •...... •...•. .•.....•..•.. .•.....•. ....• 671 Edict XIII ••••...... •..•...... ••.••••••• 31 Innocent of Maronia, letter ...... 291 Michael Syrus. Chronicle, vol. ii, pp. 385-393 ••••.••.•• 35. P. Bad. 95, 323 .•....••....•..•..•.•.....••••••••••••• 1251 3gB ...... 978 p, Lond. 1876 ...•...••••••.••••••.••...•.•••••..•..• 402 P. Ox. 1911.76-77 ••••••••••.•.•.•..••...••••••••••••• 531 1928...... 30 2020...... 41 2040 ...... 41 PSI 953 ...... 33. 831 • 35. 43-44 ...... 625 VIT~

"EDWARD ROeHIE HARDY, JR., was born in New York on June 17, 1908, the son of Edward Rochie Hardy, Ph. B., and Sarah Belcher Hardy, M. D. After attending Horace Mann School and Friends' Seminary, New York, he entered ·Colombia College in 1920, graduating with the degree of B. A. in 1923. Admitted as a graduate student under the Faculty of Political Science, he took the M. A. degree in 1924, with a master's essay on the subject" Apollonius, Dio­ cetes of Egypt." From then until 1929 he took further courses in the department of History, attending the seminar in ancient history under Professors Westermann, Moore, and Knapp, in modern history under Professor Schuyler, and in mediaeval history under Professor Thorndike. In 1926 he entered the General Theological Seminary of the· Protes­ tant Episcopal Church, graduating with the diploma of the seminary in 1929; on graduation he was elected to the posi­ tion of fellow and tutor. On December 21, 1929, he was ordained to the diaconate by the Rt. Rev. A.S. Lloyd. At the seminary he took seminars in Old Testament under Dean Fosbroke, in New Testament under Professor Easton, in philosophy under Professor Hodgson, and in church history under Professor Gavin, and has qualified for the degree of S. T. M. He is the author of an article, "New Light on the Persian Conquest of Egypt," published in the Journal of the Society of Oriental Research, vol.. xiii, pp. 185-189. 163