Index

Abu Bekir Sadik, 96 establishment of joint, 44–5 Active Layered Theater Ballistic Missile and integrated security Defense (ALTBMD), 29, 42 strategy, 43–5 Adler, Emanuel, 7–9 and mutual threat perceptions, 33–5 Adriatic basin, 139–41, 142 Phased Adaptive Approach (PAA), Adriatic Charter, 11 31–2, 39 Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO), political considerations, 36–40 36, 42, 45 strategies and responses, 35–6 Afghanistan, 11, 14 technical-economic cooperation aging populations, 190–1 on, 44 Agreement on Strategic Cooperation, Ballistic Missile Defense Cooperation 69 Agreement (BMDCA), 44 Albania, 2, 4, 11, 18, 21, 91, 95, 101, Baltic Pipeline System, 121–2 103–4, 157, 181–2, 184, 203 el-Banjaluki, Ebu Zerr’, 92 Albanian National Army (ANA), 98, 101 Barnett, Michael, 7–9 Albanian separatist movement, 96, Basel Committee on Banking 98, 101 Supervision, 67 alternative energy sources, 117, 118 Bašescu, Traian, 204 Anil, Suleyman, 55–6 Belarus, 123 Anonymous, 50 Benevolence International Foundation Ansari Sharriah, 92 (BIF), 89 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, bin Laden, Osama, 89, 90, 92, 97 29, 45n1 Black Hand, 48 Arab-Israeli conflict, 48–9 Black Sea, 4 Arab Spring, 11, 14, 50 BMD, see ballistic missile defense (BMD) Arnaut, Enan, 89 BMD system (BMDS), 30 Asia, 37, 119 Bobic, Mirjana, 167, 169 Asian Development Bank, 67 border security, 12, 176–8 asset forfeiture mechanisms, 81, 83 Bosnia, 1–3, 10, 18, 21, 168–9, 198, asylum seekers, 177–8 201–2, 204, 209 Atlantic Council, 13 Islamist extremism/terrorism in, Aurora, 54 88–92 autonomization of cities, 186–7 migration model, 180–1 Avdija, Ekrem, 96–7 Bosphorus Gaz Corporation, 120 Azam, Abdulah, 89 brain drain, 155 bribe tax, 162 Balkanization, 4 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 115 Balkan route, 67, 136–7 Bulgaria, 2, 3, 157, 203 Balkan states, 3–4, 158–9 emigration from, 170–1 see also specific countries EU membership of, 12 ballistic missile defense (BMD), and Russia, 17 28–46, 205 and Turkey, 18 economic considerations, 40–2 US presence in, 15

217 218 Index

Burgas-Alexandroupoli oil pipeline, 17 cybersecurity, 47–64, 205 Bush Administration, 30 cooperative responses to, 53–6 and national security, 47–50, 54 Caucasus, 5 transformation of, 50–3 Central European Free Trade trust-building and, 56–61 Agreement (CEFTA), 12, cyberwarfare, 55, 60 158, 161–2 Czech Republic, 30 Chechnya, 47 Chemical Weapons Convention Dannreuther, Roland, 117 (CWC), 52–3 Davutoglu, Ahmed, 212 China, 33, 117, 119, 129 Dayton Agreement, 1, 174 circular migration, 187–8 defense reform, 11 city policies, 186–7 defense spending, 21, 41 civic society, 22–3 democratic institutions, 9 Clapper, James, 34 democratic transition, 2, 4, 21, coal, 119, 129 68, 155 Cold War, 5, 28, 33–5, 39 demographics, 189–91 collective defense concept, 38 denial-of-service (DOS) attacks, 48, Command Post Exercises, 44–5 49, 52 Common Aviation Area, 12 depopulation, 190–1 communities, 7 deterrence, 52 Community Assistance for Deutsch, Karl, 6–7 Reconstruction Development and development network, 158–9 Stabilization (CARDS), 11–12 discrimination, 23 comprehensive security, 38 al Dosari, Abdel Rahman, 89 Consortium of Western Balkan drug trafficking, 136–7 Security Think Tanks, 23 Duka, Dritan, 105 constructivist paradigm, 7 Dunning, John, 154 Convention on Cybercrime, 54 Cooperation in the Field of earthquakes, 5 International Information East-West nuclear confrontation, 7 Security, 57 economic development, 12, 151–65, Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of 207–8 Excellence (CCD COE), 60–1 economic dislocations, 5 cooperative security, 38 economic liberalization, 154 corruption, 65–7, 72–5, 79–84, 155 economic malaise, 203–4 Corruption Perception Index, 68 economic transition, 4 Costa Concordia, 139 education, 22, 155, 162–3, 191 Council of Europe (CoE), 10, 67, 68 Edwards-Baldwin, Martin, 167 counterterrorism, 106–9 El Mallakh, Dorothea H., 117 crime, see cybercrime; organized crime emigration, see migration Croatia, 2, 3, 10, 11, 204 energy cooperation, 12 energy resources, 118 energy corridors, 121–4, 126–31 EU membership of, 12, 210 energy demand, 117, 119, 128 and Turkey, 18 energy resources, 118, 119, 123, cultural exchanges, 20–1 129–30 cybercrime, 6, 55, 58 energy security, 114–33, 206–7 cyber defense exercise (CDX), 61 defined, 114–16 Cyber Defense Policy, 56 and need for cooperation, 130–1 Index 219 energy security – continued Islamist extremism/terrorism in, pipelines, 120–4 100–2 and Russia, 120–6 France, 33, 171 and Turkey, 126–31 free market, 2, 4 in twenty-first century, 116–19 free trade agreements, 12, 158, enlargement fatigue, 3 161–2 Estonia, 49, 54, 55–6 FRONTEX, 176 ethnic conflicts, 3, 155, 175–80, 208 ethnic homogenization, 168–9 Gazprom Neft, 121 ethnic identity, 4 Germany, 31, 104–5 ethnic migrations, 170–1, 187 global financial crisis, 21, 156–8 Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, 11 Global Forum on Fighting Euro-Atlantic Security Initiative Corruption, 67 (EASI), 19 Global Integrity Index, 74 EUROJUST, 68 Global Integrity Report, 74 European Center for the Development globalization, 6, 36–7, 116, 147, 154 of Vocational Training global security community, 6, 38 (CEDEFOP), 159 Goldstein, Donald J., 116 European identity, 4, 13 Greece, 2, 3, 4, 15, 17, 21, 31, 88, 129, European integration, 10 157, 176, 202, 203, 204 European Neighbourhood Policy greenhouse gases, 119 (ENP), 68 Group of States Against Corruption European Phased Adaptive Approach (GRECO), 67 (EPAA), 39 European Rule of Law Mission in Hackerz Club, 48–9 Kosovo (EULEX), 209 Halilovic, Nezim, 92 European Union (EU), 2, 6, 10, 24–5, Hamad, Ali, 91 55, 68, 1116 Hamza, Abu, 90 and economic cooperation, 158 Al Haramain & Al Masjed Al Aqsa homegrown terrorism in, 103–6 Charity Foundation, 90 integration into, 157, 209–10 Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, 90 migration issues, 176–8 Hasanenin, Fatih el, 89 role of, 208–10 Hatzpoulos, Pavlos, 4 EUROPOL, 68–9, 179 Helsinki Committee, 13 euro zone crisis, 3, 15–16, 21 Herzegovina, 1–3, 10, 18, 21, 198, extremism, 87–113, 206 201–2, 204, 209 Islamist extremism/terrorism in, Fadl, Sayyed Imam, 96 88–92 FBKSH, see National Front for the migration model, 180–1 Reunification of Albanians (FBKSH) Herzo, 168–9 financial security, 152 Hezbollag, 48–9 fishing, 135–6 homegrown terrorism, 103–6, 107 forced migrations, 167–70, 187 Horsnell, Paul, 117 foreign direct investment (FDI), human capital, 179–80, 191 152–6, 159, 161, 163 human rights, 209 Former Yugoslav Republic of human security, 145–7, 166–7 Macedonia (FYROM), 2, 3, 11–13, human trafficking, 136–7, 171–3, 18, 21, 157, 202–3 175–80, 192, 208 see also Macedonia al Huseini, Arman Ahmet, 90 220 Index

IEDN, see Interoperable European Islambouli, Khaled, 96 Development Network (IEDN) Islambouli, Mohammed, 96 Igman Initiative, 13 Islamic Youth Forum, 102 illegal fishing, 135–6 Islamist extremism/terrorism, illegal migration, 5, 175–80, 208 87–113, 206 immigrants approaches to counter, 106–9 age and financial status of, 189–90 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 88–92 integration of, 186–7 in FYROM, 100–2 immigration, see migration and homegrown terrorism in US India, 33, 117 and EU, 103–6 influence, 66 in Kosovo, 93–7 information security, 54 in Montenegro, 102–3 information technology, 51, 57–8 in Serbia, 97–100 infrastructure, 155 Israel, 33, 129 innovation, 154 Istanbul Declaration, 18 institutional capacity building, IT professionals, 59 12, 162 Ivanov, Igor, 19 Interconnector-Turkey-Greece-Italy (ITGI), 127–8 Jamaat Tebligh, 101–2 interdependence, 37 Jašaarevic, Mevlid, 99–100 internally displaced persons (IDPs), Jasovic, Sead, 103 169, 192 joint common radar picture International Atomic Energy Agency (JCOP), 142 (IAEA), 34 International Organization for Kaplan, Robert D., 4 Migration (IOM), 181 Kay, Sean, 116 international relations theory, 5, 7 Kennan, George, 4 International Security Assistance Ki-moon, Ban, 144 Force (ISAF), 11 King, Neil, Jr., 123 international security environment, Kosovo, 1, 3, 10, 16–18, 24, 78, 5–10 168, 198, 200–1 International Summer School, 22–3 Islamist extremism/terrorism international trade, 154, 161–2 in, 93–7 Internet, 9 US presence in, 15 cybersecurity, 47–64 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 93–4, management of the, 54 95, 97, 98 Internet Corporation for Assigned Kosovo National Front (KNF), 93 Names and Numbers (ICANN), 54 Kosovo War, 48 Internet hacking, 5, 37, 48–9, 52 Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), 51 94, 129 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), Kurds, 129 50–1 Interoperable European Development labor migration, 174–5, 187, 189 Network (IEDN), 152, 159–61, lawmaking coordination efforts, 71–3 163, 207 liberal democracies, 9 interstate conflict, 5 Liberation Army of Presevo, Iran, 14–15, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 45, 52 Bujanovac and Medveda Iraq, 14, 29, 33, 128–9 (UCPMB), 98 Ischinger, Wolfgang, 19 Libya, 33 Index 221 liquefied natural gas, 122 ethnic, 170–1, 187 Lisbon Strategic Concept, 115 forced, 167–70, 187 Lisbon Treaty, 55 illegal, 5, 175–80, 208 littorals, 134, 147, 207 integration of immigrants, 186–7 local engagement, 22–3 labor, 174–5, 187, 189 Lukoil, 120–1 national models, 180–4 Lynch, Michael, 117 principles of action and recommendations, 190–3 Maastricht Treaty, 68 Romania, 182–3 Macedonia, 2, 202–4, 210 to SES, 184–6 see also Former Yugoslav Republic of Slovenia, 183–4 Macedonia (FYROM) trafficking, 171–3, 175–80, 192, 208 MafiaBoy, 52 transit, 175–80, 191 marine pollution, 138–9 trends, 187–8, 208 maritime security, 134–50, 207 typology of, 167–73 and illegal fishing and military cooperation, 14 overexploitation, 135–6 Military Technological Revolution and illegal trafficking, 136–7 (MTR), 54 integration and cooperation, 142–4 military threats, 5 and marine pollution, 138–9 Miloševic, Slobodan, 2, 98 in Montenegro, 139–41 minorities, 23 and natural disasters, 138–9 missile defense, see ballistic missile and piracy, 137 defense (BMD) policy paradigms for, 141–8 Mitrovica, 3 and port security, 138 al-Moayad, Mohammed Ali preventative dimension of, 144–7 Hassan, 89 and terrorism, 137–8 Montenegro, 2, 3, 17, 142, 157, 203 maritime terrorism, 137–8 Islamist extremism/terrorism in, market economy, 4, 9 102–3 al-Mazri, Abu Hamza, 92 maritime security in, 139–41 Mediterranean, 4 Morgenthau, Hans, 49 Medium Extended Air Defense System Mubarak, Hosni, 96 (MEADS), 41 mujahideen, 90, 96–7 Medvedev, Dmitry, 125 Mullins, Sam, 103 Membership Action Plans (MAPs), al-Muntesiba, Abu Abdel Aziz, 89 2, 159 Muslim Brotherhood, 89 Middle East, 4, 5, 11, 29, 118 Mutschke, Ralf, 96 migrants mutual assured destruction (MAD), demographics of, 189–90 7, 33 human rights of, 192 Mutual Security Pact, 43 return of, 191 Muvafak, 89 migration, 166–96 Albania, 181–2, 184 National Front for the Reunification Bosnia and Herzegovina, 180–1 of Albanians (FBKSH), 101 challenges, 175–80 national identity, 4, 13 chronology of, 173–5 nationalism, 5 circular, 187–8 national security, 47–50, 54, 166–7 and city policy, 186–7 NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty demographics, 189–90 Organization (NATO) 222 Index

NATO Computer Incident Response Orahovac, Ferid, 103 Capability (NCIRC), 56 Organisation for Economic NATO-Russia Council, 30, 38 Co-operation and Development NATO-Russia Founding Act, 38 (OECD), 67, 182 natural disasters, 138–9 Organization for Security and natural gas, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124 Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Navy Aegis BMD, 30, 31 6, 10, 38, 57 neotakfir faction, 91–2 Organization of American States Netherlands, 31 (OAS), 67 networks, 37 Organization of the Petroleum new paradigm of development (NPD), Exporting Countries (OPEC), 129 154 organized crime, 65–86, 93, 192, 9/11 attacks, 6, 106 206 nongovernmental organizations and corruption, 73–4 (NGOs), 10, 13, 67 fight against, 79–83 nonstate actors, 6 as global threat, 65–7 North Africa, 118, 129 lawmaking coordination efforts, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 71–3 (NATO), 1, 2, 5, 6, 10–11, 14, 17, in Serbia, 75–9 24, 197–8 in South Eastern European context, and cybersecurity, 55–6 67–73 and maritime security, 144 and trafficking, 136–7 missile defense, 28–46 Overgas Inc., 120 and organized crime, 69 role of, 208–9 Pakistan, 14, 33 and Russia, 18–20 pandemics, 5 and US, 21 Partnership for Peace program, 11, North Korea, 29, 33, 52 159, 209 nuclear energy, 119 Patria Case, 79–80 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, peacekeeping forces, 10–11 29, 52 Pershing missile systems, 31 nuclear threat, 28, 29, 33–6 Phased Adaptive Approach (PAA), 30, nuclear weapons, 32–4 31–2, 39 Nunn, Sam, 19 pipelines, 119, 120–4, 126–31 Nye, Joseph S., Jr., 6 piracy, 137 PKK, see Kurdistan Workers’ Party Obama Administration, 30, 31 (PKK) ocean resources, overexploitation of, Poland, 30, 31 135–6 police cooperation, 14 Office for the Suppression of Police Cooperation Convention, 12 Corruption and Organized Crime Ponta, Vicor, 204 (USKOK), 73 port security, 138 Ohrid Framework Agreement, 23 postwar transition, 1 oil resources, 117, 123, 128–30 poverty, 203 oil transport, 121–4 power, 6 Open Cities network, 186–7 professional training, 155, 162–3 Open Society, 13 Prometheus Gas, 120 Operation Balkan Warrior, 71 psychological variables, 23 Operative Agreement, 69 Putin, Vladimir, 16, 126 Index 223

Al Qaeda, 87, 89, 92, 93, 95, 96, evolving, 5–10 106–9, 138 in SES, 2–3, 14, 20–5, 198–200 twenty-first century, 212–13 Reagan, Ronald, 44 security cooperation, 7–11 realist paradigm, 7 security dilemma, 197–8 reformist faction, 92 security studies, 5–6 refugees, 168–70, 175, 177, 180–1, 192 security threats, 5, 87–113 regional cooperation, 12, 22–3 SEE Energy Community, 12 Regional Cooperation Council (RCC), Serbia, 2, 3 13, 21–2, 70–1 EU membership of, 24, 210 regional ownership, 21–2 Islamist extremism/terrorism in, Regional Transport Network, 12 97–100 Republika Srpska, 17 organized crime in, 75–9 research and development, 162–3 police forces, 77 return, of migrants, 191 and Russia, 16, 17 return, of refugees, 169–70, 180–1, and Turkey, 18 187 Serbian Armed Forces, 76–7 Riga Declaration, 114 Servia, 204 Riyasat of the Islamic Community, 92 SES, see South East Europe (SES) Rocen, Milan, 12–13 Shahab 3 ballistic missile, 34 Roma, 171 Shah Deniz, 127 Romania, 2, 3, 171, 203, 204 shale gas, 119, 129 and ballistic missile defense, 32, 45 Shea, Jamie, 48 EU membership of, 12 al Sherif, Hasan Mahmud Saad, 90 migration model, 182–3 shipping, 134, 138 and Turkey, 18 see also maritime security US presence in, 15 Simon, Julian, 117 Roudometof, Victor, 4 Skopje 2014 Project, 203 Rugova, Ibrahim, 97 Slovenia, 2, 3 rule of law, 162 EU membership of, 12 Russia, 16–20, 24, 205, 210–11 migration model, 183–4 and ballistic missile defense, 30–6, Smart Defense, 59 38–45 smuggling, 67, 69, 136–7, 178–9, cooperation between US and, 44–5 192, 206 and cybersecurity, 52, 54 social learning, 22 and energy security, 120–6 social media, 9, 50, 82 space exploration, 40–1 social power, 66–7 Russo-Georgian war, 50 soft security challenges, 115–16, 206–7 Sabani, Damir, 97 South East Europe (SES) Šaric, Darko, 71 borders of, 4–5 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 171 countries of, 3–4 Schengen Convention, 12 economic development in, 151–65 Schengen zone, 12 economy of, 203–4 search and rescue (SAR), 143 energy security in, 114–33 Second League of Prizren, 94 FDI in, 152–6, 159, 161, 163 security communities human security in, 166–7 defined, 6–7 impact of global economic development of, 7–9 downturn in, 156–8 224 Index

South East Europe – continued Theater Missile Defense Cooperation Islamist extremism/terrorism in, Agreement, 30–1 87–113 Third Pillar, 68 maritime security challenges in, 134–50 Third World Relief Agency (TWRA), 89 and migration, 166–96 time tax, 162 organized crime and corruption in, Todorova, Maria, 4 67–73 trade, 20 regional security in, 2–3 trade liberalization, 154, 158, 161–2 security community in, 2–3, 14, trafficking, 69, 136–7, 171–3, 175–80, 20–5, 198–200, 212–13 192, 206, 208 security dilemma in, 197–8 transaction costs, 162 South East European Cooperation Trans-Anatolia Gas Pipeline (TANAP), Process (SEECP), 22, 68 127, 128 Southeast European Cooperative Trans-Atlantic Pipeline (TAP), 128 Initiative (SECI), 69–70 transit migration, 175–80, 191 South East European Initiative (SEEI), transnational crime, 5, 6, 65–86 10–11 transnational migration, 166–96 Southeast European Law Enforcement transnational partnerships, 5 Center (SELEC), 70 transparency, 82, 162 South East Europe Cooperation Transparency International, 67, 68 Initiative (SECI), 158 Trevi Group, 177 South Western Europe (SWE), 166 trigger mechanisms, 8 sovereign debt crisis, 210 Turkey, 4, 16–20, 24, 209, 211–12 Soviet Union, 1, 16, 28, 34 and ballistic missile defense, 32, 45 Al-Sowayegh, Abdulaziz H., 118 and energy security, 126–31 space exploration, 40–1 and irregular migration, 176–7 Spain, 31 Twitter, 9 Stability Pact, 11, 13, 158 Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe Uka, Arid, 105 (SPSEE), 158 Ukraine, 123 Stabilization and Association UN Convention against Transnational Agreements (SAAs), 12 Organized Crime, 66 Stabilization and Association Process unemployment, 203, 204 (SAP), 4, 11–12, 209 United Kingdom, 33, 34 Standard Missile-3 (SM-3), 31 United Nations, 10, 38, 55 Stiglitz, Joseph, 154 United Nations Human Development Strategic Concept 2010 (NATO), 5, 49, Report (UNHDR), 145 55–6, 59, 145 United States, 10, 20, 25 strategic planning, 159–60 and ballistic missile defense, 29–45 Stuxnet worm, 50, 54 budget deficit, 15 Sun Tzu, 51 challenges facing, 14–15 Syria, 33 cooperation between Russia and, 44–5 tariffs, 162 counterterrorism measures by, 108 Technical Assistance Information defense spending, 41 Exchange Program (TAIEX), 69 homegrown terrorism in, 103–6, 107 terrorism, 6, 87–113, 137–8, 206 military presence, 15, 21, 32 see also Islamist extremism/ space exploration, 40–1 terrorism strategic priorities of, 209 Index 225

UN Security Council, 17 weapons trafficking, 136–7 US Cyber Command, 51 Western Balkans, 4, 158–9, 169 USS Monterey, 31 WikiLeaks, 50, 54 Wolfers, Arnold, 115 Valasek, Tomas, 41 workforce, 155 Vessel Traffic Management System World Bank, 67 (VTMIS), 140 World Summit on the Information violent extremism, 5 Society (WSIS), 55 visa-free travel, 12 visa regime, 68, 176–7 Yeltsin, Boris, 16 VKO, see Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) Young Muslims, 89 Yugoslavia, 1–2, 10, 89, 168, 171, 174 Wahhabism, 92, 98–9, 102, 103 Yugoslav wars, 13, 67–8, 198, 200, Warsaw Treaty Organization, 28 208 Washington Summit (1999), 10–11 weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), al-Zawahiri, Mohammed, 96 5, 52, 137 al-Zumor, Abud, 96