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YEN Fall/Winter 02.V1 yale environmental NEWS winter 2003 vol. 8, no. 1 1 2 3 PAGE 1 YIBS Center for Earth Observation page 2 2 ECOSAVE Center page 5 3 Center for Microbial Diversity page 15 4 Center for Field Ecology page 17 4 5 6 5 Earth System Center for Stable Isotopic Studies THE RESEARCH CENTERS OF YIBS page 19 By Karl K. Turekian, yibs Director 6 Center for the Study of The Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies (yibs) initially supported by funds from other Global Change was funded in 1991 with a gift from Edward P. resources to initiate the seminar series and page 21 Bass. One of the intentions of yibs was to visiting scholars programs. The Center for establish multi-disciplinary centers through Earth Observation received funding for its ini- which its environmental and ecological mis- tial computer needs and ecosave has received sions would be fulfilled. funds from a variety of sources. Corporate Professor Leo W. Buss, the first Director of gifts have assisted in the establishment of the yibs, issued a request for proposals for the dna laboratory in ecosave as well as funding establishment of the Centers. With the help of initial support for the Center for Biological a review committee, the many proposals that Transformation. were submitted were evaluated. As a result of There are continuing efforts to seek finan- this competition, the following Centers were cial support of some of the Centers through established: the Center for Biological corporate giving as well as other sources. Transformation; the Center for Computational As part of the establishment of the activi- Ecology; the Center for Earth Observation; the ties of the Centers it was clear that the Centers ecosave Center (Study of Ecology & would be evaluated periodically and new Systematics of Animals on the Verge of Centers would enter the competition. As the Extinction); and the Center for the Study of result of this competition, the Centers under Global Change. the yibs umbrella are now the six shown The Center for the Study of Global Change above. Descriptions of each of the active was actually established two years prior to the Centers follow. establishment of yibs and logically fell into the In addition to the yibs Centers, there are mission of the Institute. three affiliates of yibs. They are the Genocide The Centers were meant to be innovative Studies Program (http://www.yale.edu/gsp); and supportive of the educational and the Center for Solar & Space Research; and the research mission of the University. They were Center for Biodiversity & Conservation Science to be supported by funds in addition to those of the School of Forestry and Environmental available through the Institute. For example, Studies. Each of these Centers or Programs the Center for the Study of Global Change was has had relationships with yibs through finan- cial support or shared interests. 1 YALE INSTITUTE FOR BIOSPHERIC STUDIES (YIBS) RESEARCH CENTERS YIBS CENTER FOR EARTH OBSERVATION (YCEO) metamorphosis at yibs Ronald Smith, Director The pace of activity at the yibs Center for Earth Observation (yceo) is quickening again after a period of refurbishment and renewal. Beginning in the winter of 2001, Yale’s satellite remote sensing center has been undergoing a set of changes designed to pro- cially the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, vide improved facilities for the Yale environ- the Environmental Studies Program and the mental science community. Simultaneously Center for the Study of Globalization. with its move to the Class of ’54 Environmental A key annual activity at yceo is the support Science Center (esc) on Sachem Street, the of the course “Observing the Earth From Center has installed a new computer system Space”. This spring-term course is an inten- and expanded its disk archive for data storage. sive introduction to the techniques and appli- The new Center is located just off the rotunda cations of satellite remote sensing. The enroll- in the esc, a convenient location for students ment includes both undergraduates and grad- and staff from several Yale departments and uate students from a variety of academic schools. The new computer system is a sub- departments. The central theme of the course stantial expansion of previous capability, with is the detection of change in the earth’s land nearly a tripling of cpu speed of the worksta- surface, atmosphere and oceans. With the tions and servers. Updated versions of the planned expansion of the Center’s facilities, most powerful image analysis software pro- the course will be able to accommodate nearly grams have been installed on the new system. 50 students. The disk capacity has been increased to 800 Research at the yceo covers many aspects analysis of land-use change in gigabytes, allowing Center users to undertake of environmental sciences in many regions the extractive reserves of larger projects with higher resolution image around the world. The following are a few of southwestern amazonia, brazil: data sets. The computer upgrades at the Center the student and faculty projects that are are small-holder rubber tappers were supported by several organizations, espe- underway at the Center. significantly contributing to deforestation? Christiane Ehringhaus, a doctoral candidate at the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (f&es), is examining the role of extrac- tive reserves as a conservation and develop- student and faculty projects that are underway at the center ment strategy in the Brazilian Amazon region. In the context of massive tropical rainforest > Analysis of Land-Use Change in the Extractive Reserves of Southwestern Amazonia, destruction, the harvest and marketing of non- Brazil timber forest products (ntfp) has been cham- > Incorporating Measures of Rainless Days and Smoke-Plume Radiation Reduction into the pioned as an alternative means of generating Risque Model of Forest Flammability in Amazonia income while maintaining forest cover intact. > Land Use Patterns in the Sacred Valley of Peru The focus of Christiane’s doctoral research is to evaluate how different conservation and > South West Asia Project (swap) development policies affect land-use choices cera > Characterization of Eco Regions in Africa ( ) within an ecological, social, and political con- > Vegetation Dynamics and Changes in the Hydrological Balance text in the Southwestern Amazonian State of Acre, Brazil. Using an interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological approach, combining political 2 yale environmental NEWS ecology, ethnobotany and land-use analysis, the ecological and human dimensions of the the research investigates different land use land use changes in the region from the Inca scenarios in which ntfp play an important period through today. The archaeological data role in order to determine the social, econom- include prehispanic landscape transforma- ic, political and ecological drivers and con- tions such as complex terracing systems and straints that influence and shape land-use irrigation canals. Historical documents from decisions and the capacity of local people to the sixteenth and seventeenth century provide market ntfp. detailed accounts of the land use patterns This study uses Landsat Thematic Mapper upon colonial arrival. The modern analysis of satellite images to determine land conversion land use is facilitated by the use of aerial doc- rates in different extractive reserves, and to umentation in the form of aerial photographs compare the rates and patterns of deforesta- beginning in 1930 through modern day satel- tion with those outside the reserves. She is lite imagery. investigating the ability of satellite imagery to Karina has already spent much time study- distinguish between agricultural and pasture ing the highlands of Peru. Now she plans to areas. Christiane will pay particular attention use the Center for Earth Observation to con- to the differentiation of the various stages of tinue her work using aerial photographs and incorporating measures of secondary succession following agricultural remote sensing imagery to detect the principle rainless days and smoke-plume activities within different forest types. agricultural patterns in the Sacred Valley. “The radiation reduction into the The Landsat tm images on page 2 show an human-environment interplay has a profound risque model of forest extractive reserve in 1986 and 1996. In this impact on how the landscape is transformed flammability in amazonia false-color image vegetation is shown as red and maintained. The objective of my research f&es and cleared regions are blue. The reserve, out- is to provide a historic and holistic under- Doug Morton, a recent graduate of the lined in yellow, is 46 km (29 mi) long by 11 km standing of how this relationship is carried out Master’s Program, has been working on meth- (7.5 mi) wide. in the highlands of Peru. The facilities and ods to improve our understanding of forest software at the ceo lab allow me to analyze fires in Amazonia. His research will augment a the human and ecologically induced transfor- predictive model of forest flammability in mations of the landscape evident in the aerial Amazonia, RisQue, by incorporating measure- documentation” said Karina. At the ceo lab, ments of the period between rain events and Karina will combine her anthropological field- the effects of smoke on radiation load and fuel work with data from the aerial photographs drying rates, and the area of forest burned by and satellite imagery to perform a spatial and escaped pasture fires. temporal analysis of the principle land use A part of this analysis involves the meas- changes in the region. urement and analysis of many 1999 Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper satellite images for the transitional forest region of the south- ern Amazon basin in the state of Mato Grosso. The correlation between burned areas and various factors of development will com- land use patterns in the sacred pliment the climatic components of flamma- valley of peru bility in this region. The goal of this project component is to assess the total area of Karina Yager, a new Ph.D.
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