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Special Section: the Human Response to Climate Change: Ideas from Behavior Analysis The BEHAVIOR ANALYST SPECIAL EDITION THE HUMAN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE: IDEAS FROM BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS William L. Heward and Paul Chance, Co-Editors CONTENTS Heward, William L., and Chance, Paul. Introduction: Dealing with what is 145 Thompson, Lonnie G. Climate change: The evidence and our options 153 Keller, J. Jacob. The recycling solution: How I increased recycling on Dilworth Road 171 Layng, T. V. Joe. Buying green 175 Malott, Richard W. I’ll save the world from global warming—Tomorrow: Using procrastination management to combat global warming 179 Neuringer, Allen, and Oleson, Kathryn C. Helping for change 181 Pritchard, Josh. Virtual rewards for driving green 185 Nevin, John A. The power of cooperation 189 Twyman, Janet S. TerraKids: An interactive Web site where kids learn about saving the environment 193 Chance, Paul, and Heward, William L. Climate change: Meeting the challenge 197 This Special Edition should be referenced as: Heward, W. L., & Chance, P. (Guest Eds.). (2010). Special section: The human response to climate change: Ideas from behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 33, 145–206. #29991_Cover.indd 1 12/1/10 10:33 AM The Behavior Analyst (ISSN: 0738-6729) is the official publication of the Association THE ASSOCIATION FOR for Behavior Analysis International® (ABAI). BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS INTERNATIONAL® EDITOR Henry D. Schlinger EXECUTIVE COUNCIL California State University, Los Angeles Patrick C. Friman, President Richard W. Malott, President-Elect ASSOCIATE EDITORS MANAGING EDITOR Raymond G. Miltenberger, Past President James E. Carr Kathy Hill Auburn University University of Kansas COUNCIL MEMBERS Matthew Normand Michael J. Dougher Gregory J. Madden University of the Pacific Sarah Dunkel-Jackson Josh Pritchard Antonio M. Harrison Kathryn Saunders EDITORIAL BOARD Maria Martha Hübner Timothy R. Vollmer Cynthia Anderson, University of Oregon Marc Branch, University of Florida Eric Carlson, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Deisy G. de Souza, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Michael Dougher, University of New Mexico Maria E. Malott Simon Dymond, Swansea University Timothy Hackenberg, Reed College Per Holth, Akershus University College Carl Hughes, Bangor University JOURNAL PUBLICATION BOARD Christine E. Hughes, University of North Carolina, Wilmington Barbara Kohlenberg, University of Nevada, Reno Marc Branch, Board Coordinator Linda LeBlanc, Auburn University Gregory P. Hanley M. Carmen Luciano, Universidad de Almeria Caio Miguel, California State University, Sacramento Caio Miguel Edward K. Morris, University of Kansas Henry D. Schlinger, Jr. Oliver Mudford, The University of Auckland, New Zealand David C. Palmer, Smith College Anna Petursdottir, Texas Christian University Copyright 2010 by the Association for Behavior Analysis International. Cynthia J. Pietras, Western Michigan University Jonathan Pinkston, University of Texas at San Antonio, Health Science Center Information on reproduction for scientific and scholarly purposes of any material Kathryn J. Saunders, Life Span Institute at Parsons, University of Kansas published in the journal can be obtained by writing to ABAI, 550 West Centre Susan Schneider, University of the Pacific Ian Stewart, National University of Ireland, Galway Avenue, Suite 1, Portage, MI 49024. Janet Twyman, Headsprout, Inc. Manish Vaidya, University of North Texas The Behavior Analyst is listed in Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, Timothy R. Vollmer, University of Florida David P. Wacker, Children's Hospital of Iowa Social Sciences Citation Index, Psychological Abstracts, Education Resources Information Center, and PubMed Central. The Behavior Analyst is a biannual publication of the Association for Behavior ANNOUNC E M E NT S Analysis International. Institutional, individual, and student subscription rates are Reviewers for Special Section.............................................. 152 available. Please see the subscription form in this issue. ABAI Autism Conference..................................................... 174 ABAI Behavioral Economics Conference............................ 178 ABAI 2011 Annual Convention............................................ 188 Statements contained in The Behavior Analyst are the personal views of the authors Membership Information...................................................... 192 and do not constitute ABAI policy or endorsement unless so indicated. ABAI Guest Reviewers.................................................................... 230 The Analysis of Verbal Behavior .......................................... 234 reserves the right to edit all copy. The publication of any advertisement in The Instructions for Contributors ................................................ 243 Behavior Analyst does not constitute an endorsement of the advertiser or of the Autism Conference DV Ds............................................ 245, 246 products and/or services advertised. Behavior Analysis in Practice............... ................................ 247 CodeMetro ............................................................................ 248 a This pa pe r me ets the require ments of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Pe rma ne nc e of Pa per). ©2010 Association for Behavior Analysis International The Behavior Analyst 2010, 33, 145–151 No. 2 (Fall) Introduction: Dealing With What Is William L. Heward The Ohio State University Paul Chance Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies For a long time, we ignored the report claimed that human-influ- warnings. At first, even most climate enced climate change, mainly by scientists couldn’t believe the evi- increasing flooding and draught, is dence, but it kept rolling in. Gradu- causing more than 300,000 deaths ally, more and more of them were and $125 billion in economic losses won over and started trying to each year (Whiteman, 2009). This persuade the rest of us, but most of report also claimed that climate us ignored the warnings. Now, virtu- change is seriously affecting the lives ally all the legitimate climate scien- of 325 million people, a number tists are convinced that the Earth is projected to double by 2030, and sick, and we gave it the disease. that more than 90% of the human Here are the basic facts: Climate and economic losses from climate scientists have published many peer- change are occurring in poor coun- reviewed papers reporting evidence tries. Although the report has been that the mean temperature of the criticized for its methods and its planet is higher than at any time in author acknowledges that the num- recorded history; that it is rising at an bers are rough estimates, he contends unprecedented rate; and that the that ‘‘the suffering documented in rising temperature is largely the result this report is only the beginning’’ of human activity, primarily the (p. 1). burning of coal and oil to power Despite the steady stream of scien- electric generating plants and fuel our tific facts and scary warnings, many cars and trucks. These scientific people remain unmoved. Disbelief in findings have occasioned numerous global warming is a common reason reports that predict a variety of dire for inaction and is usually the prod- outcomes that society will face if the uct of one of the following perspec- global emissions of heat-trapping tives: ‘‘How could anything we tiny greenhouse gases are not curbed. humans do affect a system so vast as Beyond predictions of future calam- the Earth’s climate?’’ or ‘‘I under- ities, there is evidence that climate stand there’s a great deal of disagree- change is already wreaking havoc in ment among scientists on whether parts of the world. For example, one global warming is real.’’ A commonly voiced reason for inaction among We thank Michael Dougher, the previous editor of The Behavior Analyst, for approving people who accept the fact of global the proposal for this special section and warming yet are making no changes encouraging us to pursue it. Henry D. in their behavior to reduce their Schlinger, Jr., the current editor, provided contribution to it is: ‘‘I realize that much appreciated support and assistance. We are especially indebted to Lonnie Thompson, if rate of greenhouse gas emissions is the authors of the essays, and the more than left unchecked, it will lead to terrible 40 behavior analysts whose reviews helped consequences. But I’m confident that strengthen the content. scientists will come up with a solution Correspondence concerning this paper and the special section can be directed to Bill in time to save us.’’ Heward (e-mail: [email protected]) or Paul Technological breakthroughs have Chance (e-mail: [email protected]). saved us in the past (e.g., pasteuriza- 145 The Behavior Analyst bhan-33-02-01.3d 28/10/10 09:02:59 145 Cust # 10-01 146 WILLIAM L. HEWARD & PAUL CHANCE tion, polio vaccine), and they might Applied behavior analysis has de- save us from climate change. Many veloped at least partial solutions to ideas are on the table (catching many problems faced by society, carbon before it is released, recaptur- including the prevention of AIDS ing it afterwards and storing it, and (DeVries, Burnette, & Redmon, 1991), discovering and harnessing totally helping people to achieve healthier new forms of nonpolluting energy), lifestyles (McKenzie et al., 1991), but no technological solutions to enhancing the quality of life for global warming are available now people with autism and other devel- and none are on the horizon. A good opmental disabilities (Eikeseth, 2009; example is
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