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Èíòåãðàöèîííûå Ïðîåêòû Ñî Ðàí Âûï. 7 Sb Ras Integrate Перейти на страницу с полной версией» Âûï. 7 SB RAS INTEGRATE PROJECTS INTEGRATE RAS SB ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÏÐÎÅÊÒÛ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ ÑÎ ÏÐÎÅÊÒÛ ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ Issue 7 Перейти на страницу с полной версией» Перейти на страницу с полной версией» RUSSIAN ÀCÀDEMY O SCIENCES SIBERIAN BRANCH BIODIVERSITY and Dinamic of Ecosystems: Computationl Approaches and Modelling Executive editors: Academician of RAS V.K. Shumny, Yu.I. Shokin Corresponding member of RAS N.A. Kolchanov, A.M. edotov NOVOSIBIRSK PUBLISHING HAUSE O THE SIBERIAN BRANCH O THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY O SCIENCES 2006 Перейти на страницу с полной версией» Перейти на страницу с полной версией» ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÀß ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈß ÍÀÓÊ ÑÈÁÈÐÑÊÎÅ ÎÒÄÅËÅÍÈÅ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÖÈÒÎËÎÃÈÈ È ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÂÛ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÉ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ËÅÑÀ èì. Â.Í. ÑÓÊÀ×ÅÂÀ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÒÈÊÈ È ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÈ ÆÈÂÎÒÍÛÕ ÖÅÍÒÐÀËÜÍÛÉ ÑÈÁÈÐÑÊÈÉ ÁÎÒÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÀÄ ÍÎÂÎÑÈÁÈÐÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ ÁÈÎÐÀÇÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÈÅ È ÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÀ ÝÊÎÑÈÑÒÅÌ: ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ È ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ Îòâåòñòâåííûå ðåäàêòîðû: àêàäåìèêè ÐÀÍ Â.Ê. Øóìíûé, Þ.È. Øîêèí ÷ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû ÐÀÍ Í.À. Êîë÷àíîâ, À.Ì. Ôåäîòîâ ÍÎÂÎÑÈÁÈÐÑÊ ÈÇÄÀÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ ÑÈÁÈÐÑÊÎÃÎ ÎÒÄÅËÅÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈÈ ÍÀÓÊ 2006 Перейти на страницу с полной версией» Перейти на страницу с полной версией» ÓÄÊ 574:004.9 ÁÁÊ 28.0+32.97 Á63 Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ ñåðèè: àêàäåìèê Â.Ì. Òèòîâ (ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð), àêàäåìèê Þ.È. Øîêèí, ÷ëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò ÐÀÍ Â.È. Åâñèêîâ, ÷ëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò ÐÀÍ Â.Í. Îïàðèí, ÷ëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò ÐÀÍ Â.À. Ëàìèí, êàíä. ãåîë.-ìèí. íàóê Â.Ä. Åðìèêîâ (îòâåòñòâåííûé ñåêðåòàðü) Ñåðèÿ îñíîâàíà â 2003 ã. Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå è äèíàìèêà ýêîñèñòåì: èíôîðìàöèîííûå òåõíîëî- Á63 ãèè è ìîäåëèðîâàíèå / îòâ. ðåä. Â.Ê. Øóìíûé, Þ.È. Øîêèí, Í.À. Êîë- ÷àíîâ, À.Ì. Ôåäîòîâ; Ðîñ. àêàä. íàóê, Ñèá. îòä-íèå, Èí-ò öèòîëîãèè è ãåíåòèêè [è äð.]. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçä-âî ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, 2006. 648 c. (Èíòåãðàöèîííûå ïðîåêòû ÑÎ ÐÀÍ; âûï. 7). Ìîíîãðàôèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ðåçóëüòàòû ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñòðóê- òóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñîâðåìåí- íûõ èíôîðìàöèîííûõ òåõíîëîãèé. Êîëëåêòèâîì àâòîðîâ, ñîñòîÿùèì èç ñïåöèàëèñ- òîâ â ðàçëè÷íûõ îáëàñòÿõ áèîëîãèè è èíôîðìàòèêè, àíàëèçèðóþòñÿ êîíöåïòóàëüíûå âîçìîæíîñòè ñâÿçûâàíèÿ ðàçíîðîäíîé èíôîðìàöèè î ðàñòèòåëüíîì è æèâîòíîì ìèðå, ïî÷âåííîì ïîêðîâå ñ öåëüþ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ìàêñèìàëüíî ïîëíîãî ïðåäñòàâëå- íèÿ îá ýêîñèñòåìå êàê îá îäíîì èç íàèáîëåå ñëîæíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ îáúåêòîâ. Ðàññìàò- ðèâàþòñÿ ïðîáëåìû ìåòàîïèñàíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ àñïåêòîâ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ: îò ãåíåòè- ÷åñêèõ ìàêðîìîëåêóë äî áèîñôåðû íà îñíîâå ðåàëèçîâàííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé îá óðîâ- íÿõ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ: ãåíåòè÷åñêîì, ïîïóëÿöèîííî-âèäîâîì è ýêîñèñòåìíîì. Îïè- ñûâàåòñÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ ñîçäàíèÿ òåìàòè÷åñêè ñâÿçàííûõ èíôîðìàöèîííûõ ñèñòåì, ýëåê- òðîííûõ áèáëèîòåê è áàç äàííûõ. Ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû êîìïüþòåðíîãî àíàëèçà è ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ íà ðàçíûõ óðîâíÿõ åãî îðãàíèçàöèè. Êíèãà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, ýêîëîãèè, èíôîðìàòèêè, áîòàíèêè, çîîëîãèè, ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Óòâåðæäåíî ê ïå÷àòè Ó÷åíûì ñîâåòîì Èíñòèòóòà öèòîëîãèè è ãåíåòèêè ÑÎ ÐÀÍ Ðåöåíçåíòû: äîêòîðà áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê Â.Í. Ñòåãíèé, À.Þ. Õàðèòîíîâ, Â.Ê. Âîéíèêîâ Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà â ðàìêàõ èíòåãðàöèîííûõ ïðîåêòîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ ¹ 66 «Ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è äèíàìèêè ýêîñèñòåì», ¹ 145 «Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå è äèíàìèêà ýêîñèñòåì: Èíôîðìàöèîííûå òåõíîëîãèè è ìîäåëèðîâàíèå» ISBN 5769208805 (âûï. 7) © Êîëëåêòèâ àâòîðîâ, 2006 ISBN 5769206691 © Èíñòèòóò öèòîëîãèè è ãåíåòèêè, 2006 © Èíñòèòóò âû÷èñëèòåëüíûõ òåõíîëîãèé, 2006 © Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà, 2006 © Èíñòèòóò ñèñòåìàòèêè è ýêîëîãèè æèâîòíûõ, 2006 © Öåíòðàëüíûé ñèáèðñêèé áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä, 2006 © Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, 2006 © Îôîðìëåíèå. Èçäàòåëüñòâî ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, 2006 Перейти на страницу с полной версией» Перейти на страницу с полной версией» ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ Òàê ñâÿçàí, ñúåäèíåí îò âåêà Ñîþçîì êðîâíîãî ðîäñòâà Ðàçóìíûé ãåíèé ÷åëîâåêà Ñ òâîðÿùåé ñèëîé åñòåñòâà Ñêàæè çàâåòíîå îí ñëîâî È ìèðîì íîâûì åñòåñòâî Âñåãäà îòêëèêíóòüñÿ ãîòîâî ÏÐÎÅÊÒÛ ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ Íà ãîëîñ ðîäñòâåííûé åãî. Ô.È. Òþò÷åâ Ðàçíîîáðàçèå æèâûõ ñóùåñòâ îãðîìíî. Äàæå â íà÷àëå XXI â. ìû íå ðàñïîëàãàåì òî÷íûìè îöåíêàìè ÷èñëà âèäîâ, íûíå îáèòàþùèõ íà Çåì- ëå, à òåì áîëåå âèäîâ, îáèòàâøèõ íà íåé â ìèíóâøèå ýïîõè. Ïî-âèäè- ìîìó, ïîòåíöèàë ðîñòà áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ äàëåêî íå èñ÷åðïàí: â êàéíîçîå åùå íåò ïðèçíàêîâ âûõîäà áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ (îöåíèâàåìîãî â äàííîì ñëó- ÷àå ïî ÷èñëó îäíîâðåìåííî ñóùåñòâóþùèõ òàêñîíîâ ñðåäíåãî ðàíãà ñåìåéñòâ, îòðÿäîâ) íà ïëàòî, ïîäîáíîå ïàëåîçîéñêîìó, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïå- ðèîäè÷åñêîå ïîëíîå âûìèðàíèå ðÿäà êðóïíûõ òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï, ñìåíû êëèìàòà, èñ÷åçíîâåíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ áèîòîïîâ è äàæå ìíîãîëåòíþþ òåõíîãåííóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà [Sepkoski, 1994; 1996, Àëåêñååâ, 1998, Ìàðêîâ, 2001]. Åùå ñëîæíåå îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü âíóòðèâèäîâîå ìíî- ãîîáðàçèå è ðàçíîîáðàçèå ñîîáùåñòâ æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ. Ìîæíî ëèøü óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî ðàçíîîáðàçèå ñîîáùåñòâ è òàêñîíîìè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðà- çèå âçàèìîñâÿçàíû, ÷åì è îáóñëîâëèâàåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ýêîñèñòåì, â òîì ÷èñëå è áèîñôåðû â öåëîì [Óîëëåñ, 1956; Äàæî, 1976; Ðàçóìîâñêèé, 1981; Æåðèõèí, 1986]. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ èñòîðèÿ âèäà ôèêñèðóåòñÿ â åãî ãåíîìå, íî ðåàëè- çîâàòüñÿ ìîæåò òîëüêî ÷åðåç ôåíîòèï. Èìåííî ôåíîòèï âçàèìîäåéñòâóåò ñ âíåøíåé ñðåäîé è, â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå, òåñòèðóåòñÿ îòáîðîì [Êàìøè- ëîâ, 1940à; 1974]. Ðàçâèòèå æå îïòèìàëüíîãî, ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ æèçíå- ñïîñîáíîñòè âèäà, ôåíîòèïà òðåáóåò îïðåäåëåííîé óñòîé÷èâîé ñðåäû. Ñðåäîâûå âîçäåéñòâèÿ íåñïîñîáíû íàïðàâëåííî èçìåíèòü ãåíåòè÷åñ- êóþ ïðîãðàììó, íî ìîãóò îáåñïå÷èòü âîçìîæíîñòü ðåàëèçàöèè òîãî èëè èíîãî èç óæå ñóùåñòâóþùèõ âàðèàíòîâ åå ïðî÷òåíèÿ [Êàìøèëîâ, 1939, 1940á, 1974; Ìàðãàëåô, 1992] êàê ïðÿìî (èçìåíèâ ðåãóëÿöèþ ýêñïðåñ- ñèè ãåíîâ ñèãíàëüíûì âîçäåéñòâèåì ÷åðåç ðåöåïòîðû ãåííûõ ñåòåé [Êîë- ÷àíîâ è äð., 2005] èëè ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ ýïèãåíåòè÷åñêîé ðåãóëÿöèè ãåíîìà [Srinivasan et al., 2003; Vadlamudi et al., 1995]), òàê è êîñâåííî (ñíèçèâ èëè óñèëèâ óðîâåíü «îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîãî øóìà» òåìè æå ìåõà- íèçìàìè [Còðóííèêîâ, Âûøèíñêèé, 1991]). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè ðåà- ëèçàöèè îïòèìàëüíîãî ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòè ôåíîòèïà âèä ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòü òðè æèçíåííûå ñòðàòåãèè: 1) ïàññèâíî æäàòü íà- ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ 5 Перейти на страницу с полной версией» Перейти на страницу с полной версией» ñòóïëåíèÿ îïòèìàëüíûõ óñëîâèé (ñòðàòåãèÿ «õîëîäíîãî ðåçåðâà»); 2) àâòîíîìèçèðîâàòüñÿ îò âëèÿíèé âíåøíåé ñðåäû; 3) êîíòðîëèðîâàòü ôîð- ìèðîâàíèå ñðåäû. Êàæäàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ èìååò ñâîè ïëþñû è ìèíóñû: ñòðàòåãèþ «õîëîäíîãî ðåçåðâà» èñïîëüçóþò â îñíîâíîì âèäû ñ íèçêîé ñêîðîñòüþ îáìåíà âåùåñòâ è ñëàáîé èíòåãðàöèåé (ìîäóëÿðíûå îðãà- íèçìû áåç íåðâíîé ñèñòåìû èëè ñ äèôôóçíîé íåðâíîé ñèñòåìîé) [Íî- òîâ, 1999], à ñòðàòåãèþ àâòîíîìèçàöèè íàïðîòèâ, âûñîêîèíòåãðèðî- âàííûå âèäû ñ èíòåíñèâíûì îáìåíîì âåùåñòâ [Øìàëüãàóçåí, 1968]. Êîíòðîëèðîâàòü æå ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñðåäû îäíîìó âèäó ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ïîä ñèëó1 . ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÏÐÎÅÊÒÛ ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ Â õîäå ýâîëþöèè ýòó ðîëü ñòàëè âûïîëíÿòü ìíîãîâèäîâûå ñîîáùå- ñòâà ýêîñèñòåìû [Ðàçóìîâñêèé, 1981]. Îñíîâíàÿ çàäà÷à ýêîñèñòåì (îò ãðå÷. óikos æèëèùå) îáåñïå÷èòü âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî êîìôîðòíûõ óñëî- âèé äëÿ ÷ëåíîâ ñîîáùåñòâà íà áàçå èíôîðìàöèè, çàêîäèðîâàííîé â ãå- íîìàõ îðãàíèçìîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïî ìíåíèþ Ì.Ì. Êàìøèëîâà [1974], ýêîñèñòåìû, âêëþ÷àþùèå ñîîáùåñòâà è ñîñòîÿùèå èç ñàìîâîñïðîèç- âîäÿùèõñÿ ïîäñèñòåì, ðàáîòàþò êàê ìíîãîêðàòíî äóáëèðîâàííûå èí- ôîðìàöèîííûå êàíàëû, ñâÿçûâàþùèå ïðîøëîå è áóäóùåå, ïðè÷åì ìå- òàèíôîðìàöèÿ (êîä) ïðåäñòàâëåíà â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü â âèäå âçàèìîäåé- ñòâèé ìåæäó âèäàìè [Ìàðãàëåô, 1992]. Êðîìå òîãî, âêëþ÷åíèå êàêîãî- ëèáî îáúåêòà â ñèñòåìó ýòî òàêæå ïðîöåññ ïåðåäà÷è èíôîðìàöèè [Àð- ìàíä, 1988]. Òåì ñàìûì îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ðîñò ñîâîêóïíîé ïðèñïîñîá- ëåííîñòè îðãàíèçìîâ â õîäå ýâîëþöèè, ÷òî â ñàìîé îáùåé ôîðìå ìîæ- íî ïðèíÿòü çà îïðåäåëåíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåññà. Ïàëåîáèîëîãè- ÷åñêèå äàííûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò, ÷òî òàêîé ðîñò äåéñòâèòåëüíî íàáëþ- äàåòñÿ: â ÷àñòíîñòè, ðàñòåò èíòåðâàë ìåæäó ãëîáàëüíûìè áèîöåíîòè- ÷åñêèì êðèçèñàìè [Sepkoski, 1994, 1996], âûÿâëåí ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíûé ðîñò ñóììàðíîé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ðîäîâ [Ìàðêîâ, 2002], õîòÿ è ïðåðûâàåìûé êðèçèñàìè, íî ïîñëå ïåðìñêîãî ïåðèîäà (~250 ìëí ëåò íàçàä) íàáëþäàåòñÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ñíèæåíèÿ ðàçðóøèòåëü- íîñòè êðèçèñîâ [Íåâåññêàÿ, 2004] íà ôîíå ðîñòà áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ [Ìàð- êîâ, 2001]. Òàê, ýâêàðèîòè÷åñêèå ýêîñèñòåìû, âîçíèêøèå â õîäå «êåìáðèé- ñêîé ñêåëåòíîé ðåâîëþöèè» (~540 ìëí ëåò íàçàä) ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ ñòåðëè ïðåäøåñòâóþùóþ âåíäñêóþ áèîòó [Ñîêîëîâ, Ôåäîíêèí, 1988] è, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, íåäîëãî ïðîñóùåñòâîâàâ, âûìåðëè â õîäå êåìáðèé/ îðäîâèêñêîãî áèîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî êðèçèñà (~490 ìëí ëåò íàçàä). Òåì íå ìåíåå, îáùåãî ñíèæåíèÿ òàêñîíîìè÷åñêîãî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ íå áûëî, òàê êàê â îðäîâèêå ïðîèçîøëà ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ ýâêàðèîòè÷åñêîé áèîñôåðû. Áëàãîäàðÿ îñâîåíèþ íîâîãî ãðàíäèîçíîãî áèîòîïà ìîð- 1Äàæå ÷åëîâåê äîëãîå âðåìÿ êîíòðîëèðîâàë ñðåäó ñâîåãî îáèòàíèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ äðóãèõ âèäîâ. Çàäîëãî äî íà÷àëà îäîìàøíèâàíèÿ æèâîòíûõ îí óæå ñâÿçàë ñåáÿ ñ äðåâåñíûìè ðàñòåíèÿìè, ñëóæèâøèìè òîïëèâîì äëÿ ïåðâûõ êîñòðîâ. Óæå ïîýòîìó ðîëü äåðåâà â ñòà- íîâëåíèè ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé öèâèëèçàöèè òðóäíî ïåðåîöåíèòü. Èñïîëüçóÿ åãî, êðîìå òîãî, äëÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà æèëèù è ñóäîâ ÷åëîâåê âûíóæäåí áûë ïðèíèìàòü ìåðû äëÿ âîñïðîèç- âîäñòâà ëåñîâ. 6 ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ Перейти на страницу с полной версией» Перейти на страницу с полной версией» ñêîé ïåëàãèàëè2 òåìï îáðàçîâàíèÿ íîâûõ òàêñîíîâ ïåðåêðûë èõ óáûëü âñëåäñòâèå âûìèðàíèÿ [Kanygin, 2001]. Çàòî áèîöåíîòè÷åñêèå êðèçèñû «ýïîõè ãëîáàëèçàöèè» (îðäîâèê/ñèëóð, äåâîí/êàðáîí, ïåðìü/òðèàñ, òðè- àñ/þðà, ìåë/ïàëåîãåí) õàðàêòåðèçîâàëèñü ãëóáîêèì ïàäåíèåì óðîâíÿ áèî- ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è çíà÷èòåëüíûì óïðîùåíèåì
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  • 13914444D46c0aa91d02e31218
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    Rediscovery after thirty years since the last capture of the critically endangered Okinawa spiny rat Tokudaia muenninki Title in the northern part of Okinawa Island Yamada, Fumio; Kawauchi, Norihiro; Nakata, Katsushi; Abe, Shintaro; Kotaka, Nobuhiko; Takashima, Atsushi; Author(s) Murata, Chie; Kuroiwa, Asato Mammal Study, 35(4), 243-255 Citation https://doi.org/10.3106/041.035.0404 Issue Date 2010-12 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/47531 Type article File Information MS35-4_243-255.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Mammal Study 35: 243–255 (2010) © the Mammalogical Society of Japan Rediscovery after thirty years since the last capture of the critically endangered Okinawa spiny rat Tokudaia muenninki in the northern part of Okinawa Island Fumio Yamada1,*, Norihiro Kawauchi2,**, Katsushi Nakata3, Shintaro Abe4, Nobuhiko Kotaka5, Atsushi Takashima6, Chie Murata7 and Asato Kuroiwa7,8 1 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan 2 Island Ecology Institute, Ginowan, Okinawa 901-2206, Japan 3 Yambaru Wildlife Conservation Center, Ministry of the Environment, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-1413, Japan 4 Naha Nature Conservation Office, Ministry of the Environment, Naha, Okinawa 900-0027, Japan 5 Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan 6 Yona Field, Subtropical Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-1427, Japan 7 Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan 8 Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan Abstract. The Okinawa spiny rat, Tokudaia muenninki, is a critically endangered species endemic to the northern part of Okinawa Island and may be extinct in the wild as there have been no recent sightings of the animal in its natural habitat.
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