(Rodentia, Muridae, Mus) : Rôle Des Remaniements Chromosomiques Dans La Spéciation Et Évolution Des Systèmes De Déterminisme Du Sexe

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(Rodentia, Muridae, Mus) : Rôle Des Remaniements Chromosomiques Dans La Spéciation Et Évolution Des Systèmes De Déterminisme Du Sexe UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES & TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline: Biologie des Populations & Écologie Formation Doctorale: Biologie de l’Évolution & Écologie École Doctorale: Biologie Intégrative Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Frédéric VEYRUNES Le 12 décembre 2005 Radiation évolutive des souris naines Africaines, Nannomys (Rodentia, Muridae, Mus) : rôle des remaniements chromosomiques dans la spéciation et évolution des systèmes de déterminisme du sexe. -Approches phylogénétiques, cytogénétiques et cytogénomiques- JURY: Mme. BRITTON-DAVIDIAN Janice, Dir. de Recherche CNRS, Univ. Montpellier II Directrice de thèse M. CAPANNA Ernesto, Professeur, Université « La Sapienza », Rome (Italie) Rapporteur Mme. CHEVRET Pascale, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Université Montpellier II Invitée M. FREDGA Karl, Professeur émérite, Université d’Uppsala (Suède) Rapporteur M. MITCHELL Michael, Directeur de Recherche INSERM, Marseille Examinateur Mme. OLIVIERI Isabelle, Professeur, Université Montpellier II Présidente Mme. RICHARD Florence, Maître de Conférences, MNHN Paris Examinatrice . UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES & TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline: Biologie des Populations & Écologie Formation Doctorale: Biologie de l’Évolution & Écologie École Doctorale: Biologie Intégrative Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Frédéric VEYRUNES Le 12 décembre 2005 Radiation évolutive des souris naines Africaines, Nannomys (Rodentia, Muridae, Mus) : rôle des remaniements chromosomiques dans la spéciation et évolution des systèmes de déterminisme du sexe. - Approches phylogénétiques, cytogénétiques et cytogénomiques - Rattus rattus Apodemus sylvaticus Mus (P.) platythrix Mus (M.)cervicolor Mus (M.) musculus Mus (M.) spretus Mus (C.) pahari Mus (C.) crociduroides Mus (N.) sp. Mus (N.) minutoides Mus (N.) musculoides Mus (N.) indutus Mus (N.) mattheyi Mus (N.) a haussa Mus (N.) 0.1 setulosus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 X Y JURY: Mme. BRITTON-DAVIDIAN Janice, Dir. de Recherche CNRS, Univ. Montpellier II Directrice de thèse M. CAPANNA Ernesto, Professeur, Université « La Sapienza », Rome (Italie) Rapporteur Mme. CHEVRET Pascale, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Université Montpellier II Invitée M. FREDGA Karl, Professeur émérite, Université d’Uppsala (Suède) Rapporteur M. MITCHELL Michael, Directeur de Recherche INSERM, Marseille Examinateur Mme. OLIVIERI Isabelle, Professeur, Université Montpellier II Présidente Mme. RICHARD Florence, Maître de Conférences, MNHN Paris Examinatrice SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION p.1 1. EVOLUTION CHROMOSOMIQUE p.3 A. Les différents types de réarrangements p.3 B. Moteur de spéciation p.6 a) Modèles de « disfonctionnement hybride » p.9 b) Modèles de « supression de la recombinaison » p.11 c) Les critiques des modèles de spéciation chromosomique p.12 2. LES CHROMOSOMES SEXUELS p.14 A. Evolution des chromosomes sexuels p.14 B. Inactivation du chromosome X p.18 C. Remaniements impliquant les chromosomes sexuels p.19 a) Chromosomes sexuels asynaptiques p.19 b) Translocations chromosome sexuel-autosome p.22 c) Modifications du déterminisme du sexe p.29 3. PRESENTATION DU MODELE BIOLOGIQUE NANNOMYS p.38 A. Etat des connaissances p.39 B. Systématique morphologique et chromosomique p.43 C. Le genre Mus,Phylogénie & place des Nannomys au sein du genre p.44 4. PROBLEMATIQUE – APPROCHE MULTIDISCIPLINAIRE p.45 5. LES METHODES p.47 RESULTATS & DISCUSSION p.57 1ère partie : PHYLOGENIE DU GENRE MUS p.59 Article 1 : Molecular phylogeny of the genus Mus (Rodentia: Murinae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear data. p.61 Article 2 Extensive genome repatterning in the genus Mus (Rodentia; Muridae) inferred from multidirectional cross-species chromosome painting. When chromosomes come to the help of molecular phylogeny and vice versa. p.63 2ème partie: HISTOIRE EVOLUTIVE DES NANNOMYS ET EVOLUTION CHROMOSOMIQUE p.99 A. Diversité chromosomique p.99 Article 3 : Autosome and sex chromosome diversity among the African pygmy mice, subgenus Nannomys (Muridae; Mus). p.101 B. Phylogénie moléculaire p.103 Article 4 : Molecular phylogeny of the African pygmy mice, subgenus Nannomys (Rodentia, Murinae, Mus): implications for chromosomal evolution. p.105 C. Localisation des séquences télomériques (TTAGGG)n p.107 D. Etude de la méiose p.113 E. Présence d’un WART à l’état hétérozygote p.117 F. Evolution chromosomique p.121 a) Les réarrangements chromosomiques, confrontations avec les données moléculaires p.121 b) Les fusions Rb entre autosomes p.123 c) Les fusions Rb sexe-autosome p.129 3ème partie : DETERMINISME DU SEXE p.137 A. Identification de nouveaux systèmes de déterminisme du sexe p.137 a) Femelles XX – XY, Mâles XY p.137 b) Femelles XO, Mâles XY p.139 B. Recherche du gène Sry dans le génome p.141 C. Nouveaux systèmes de déterminisme du sexe : implications évolutives p.143 a) Système sexuel XX, XY / XY chez M. minutoides Kuruman p.143 b) Système sexuel XO / XY chez M. minutoides de Caledon p.147 c) Implications évolutives p.149 4ème partie : GENOME DE NANNOMYS : HOTSPOT POUR LES REARRANGEMENTS RARES IMPLIQUANT LES CHROMOSOMES SEXUELS p.155 5ème partie : CONCLUSION p.161 REFERENCES p.165 ANNEXES p.191 I. INTRODUCTION . Introduction I. INTRODUCTION Une radiation évolutive est la diversification rapide, à partir d’un ancêtre commun, de plusieurs espèces dans des niches écologiques différentes (Futuyma, 1986 ; Schluter, 1996). Les exemples les plus célèbres correspondent à la colonisation de milieux insulaires caractérisés par l’isolement géographique, l’absence de compétiteurs et l’existence de niches vacantes (e.g. drosophiles sur les îles d’Hawaï, pinsons de Darwin aux Galapagos, lézards Anolis aux Caraïbes, etc …). Cependant, c’est l’acquisition d’adaptations clés, c’est-à-dire de grandes innovations du Vivant, qui a mené aux radiations les plus spectaculaires et les plus prolifiques en terme de biodiversité. De fait, elles sont à l’origine des grands groupes taxonomiques qui représentent la très grande majorité des organismes actuels et fossiles, tels que les Angiospermes (apparition de l’organe sexuel floral), les Arthropodes (acquisition d’un exosquelette et d’un nouveau plan de développement) ou encore les Rongeurs (acquisition de la croissance continue des incisives ; Jaeger, 1996). L’ordre des rongeurs contient presque la moitié de la diversité spécifique mammalienne totale. En particulier, la famille des Muridae renferme à elle seule plus de 1390 espèces, soit presque 30% de cette diversité (Wilson & Reeder, 1993). Contrairement à certains exemples bien documentés de radiations évolutives comme celles des Angiospermes (Davies et al., 2004), ou des poissons Cichlidés des grands lacs africains (Kornfield & Smith, 2000), le succès évolutif des Rongeurs (et en particulier des Muridae) ne s’est pas accompagné de profondes modifications morphologiques. L’homogénéité morphologique a rendu la caractérisation des espèces très délicate ; cette formidable diversité est donc longtemps passée inaperçue et reste aujourd’hui largement sous-estimée. Par contre, contrastant de façon étonnante avec ces stases morphologiques, les Rongeurs ont subi et subissent encore d’importantes modifications et réorganisations de leur génome. Ainsi, c’est encore chez les Muridae que sont aujourd’hui identifiées la plupart des nouvelles espèces biologiques de mammifères (Wilson & Reeder, 1993 ; Patterson, 2000). L’essor de la cytogénétique a notamment grandement participé à la description de nouvelles espèces de Muridae, révélant une diversité caryologique inter- et intra-spécifique insoupçonnée, palliant ainsi la faible différentiation morphologique. Ainsi, un grand nombre de groupes de Muridae africains constituent des complexes d’espèces biologiquement distinctes, bien différenciées d’un point de vue génomique (contenu et organisation) alors qu’elles sont parfaitement indiscernables d’un point de vue morpho-anatomique. On les 1 appelle espèces jumelles ou cryptiques. A titre d’exemple, le genre Taterillus renferme au moins sept espèces cryptiques en Afrique de l’Ouest (Dobigny et al., 2002a, 2003a) que ni la morphologie, ni la morphométrie traditionnelle ou géométrique n’ont permis de distinguer (Dobigny et al., 2002b). Pourtant, leurs caryotypes sont extrêmement divergents et confèrent à coup sûr un isolement reproductif post-zygotique (Dobigny et al., 2002a). De même, plusieurs nouvelles espèces du genre Arvicanthis ont été décrites sur la base de l’étude de leurs caryotypes (Volobouev et al., 2002 ; Ducroz et al., 1997, 1998), alors que la morphologie géométrique ne permet pas de les discriminer (Fadda & Corti, 2001). Les études chromosomiques permettent ainsi de réévaluer et de reconsidérer la biodiversité spécifique ; ce genre d’investigations constitue une des tâches fondamentales de la systématique moderne à une époque où la biodiversité est un concept omniprésent, aussi bien au centre de nombreuses thématiques de recherche que de nombreux problèmes de société (conservation, ressources génétiques, etc…). En outre, ces espèces jumelles peuvent parfois présenter des différences biologiques importantes telles que des dynamiques de populations ou des réponses immunitaires à un agent pathogène spécifique. La connaissance de ces complexes d’espèces peut alors se révéler d’un très grand intérêt public pour définir des stratégies adéquates en terme de lutte biologique, protection des cultures contre des ravageurs ou épidémiologie
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