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RECENT DISCOVERIES in TURKISH ARCHIVES Kadi Registers of Midilli

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RECENT DISCOVERIES in TURKISH ARCHIVES Kadi Registers of Midilli 9700-06_Turcica38_15_Adiyeke 5/7/07 10:14 Page 355 A. Nükhet ADIYEKE, Nuri ADIYEKE 355 RECENT DISCOVERIES IN TURKISH ARCHIVES Kadi Registers of Midilli M idilli (Lesbos) is the largest of East Sporat and East Aegean islands, both being quite close to the Saruhan coasts. The island came under the Ottoman rule in 1462. Initially, Midilli was a sanjak affiliated to Rumeli Later on, following the creation of Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefid pro- vince, it was affiliated to the latter. Since then until the end of the Otto- man rule, Midilli functioned as the provincial center of the sanjak. Apart from the central kaza, the sanjak of Midilli consisted of two kazas. Molova in the north survived under the same name throughout the period between the XVIth and the XXth century. Concerning the second kaza of Midilli called Kalonya we have records dating back to the XVIth and XVIIth centuries∞; it lost its capacity to remain a kaza in the XIXth century. It was demoted to the nahiye of Molova. The second kaza of the province at that time was the territory which has been called either Pil- mar, Milimar or Plomaric. These kazas were assigned different kadis. The district of Midilli included the nahiye of Yera, Ayasu and Man- damanda∞; the kaza of Pilmar had the nahiyes of Polihnit and Molova, and the kaza of Molova had the nahiyes of Sigri and Kalonya. The nahiye of Yunda was affiliated to the kaza of Midilli for a while.1 A. Nükhet ADIYEKE est professeur, Nuri ADIYEKE, professeur associé. Université de Mersin, Faculté des sciences sociales, Ciftlikköy Kampusu, 33 342 Mersin, Turquie. E-mail∞: [email protected] 1 Administrative structure of Midilli during the Ottoman Empire, Ali FUAD, Adalarımız, (Türkiye’den ve Anadolu’dan Ayrılamaz), Kastamonu, 1338, p. 50-60∞; Türk Hakimiyetinde Ege Adaları’nın Yönetimi (Edit∞: Cevdet Küçük), SAEMK. Publication, Ankara, 2002∞; Ege Adaları’nın Egemenlik Devri Tarihçesi (Edit∞: Cevdet Küçük), SAEMK. Publication, Ankara, 2001, p. 24 and thereafter∞; Ege Adaları’nın Idari, Mali ve Sosyal Yapısı, (Edit∞: Idris Bostan), SAEMK. Publication, Ankara, 2003, p. 9 and thereafter. Turcica, 38, 2006, p. 355-362 9700-06_Turcica38_15_Adiyeke 5/7/07 10:14 Page 356 356 A. NÜKHET ADIYEKE, NURI ADIYEKE The proportions of different nationalities in the overall population of the island vary according to the period. Muslims represented from 1/3 to 1/5 of the population at different periods.2 Most of the Greeks living in the island spoke Turkish and all the Turkish people spoke Greek as well.3 Thanks to its geographical location, the kaza of Midilli was the commercial centre of the province∞; olive, olive oil and related olive industries were of great significance for the economic wealth of the island. After Midilli Island fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1462, island kadis were appointed together with other officers,4 and these island kadis were allocated timars during the XVIth century.5 The kadi of Midilli resided in Kastro, the main city.6 As usual and as com- monly observed in the Ottoman territories in the middle of the XVIIIth century, both Muslims and Christians issued complaints concerning the kadis. It was very often claimed that kadis were generally not to be found in their offices, that trials were not properly handled, that the kadi himself and sometime his substitutes happened to take money by force from village people, that they imposed cruelty, and that all these wrong doings went on more and more. In response to these complaints, kadis were ordered several times by the central authority to reside in their offices and to perform their duties assiduously.7 A regulation concerning the position of the Midilli kadi was intro- duced at the end of the summer 1776. As there was only one clerk at the Midilli kadi courts, and as a single clerk could not catch up with all the work load, appointment of a second clerk for the kadi courts was con- templated, and the Midilli kadi asked for the second clerk to be appointed. The request was approved by the central authority and Ibrahim Halife was appointed as a second clerk to the Midilli kadi court.8 We do not know what kind of regulations were issued, and what were the judicial consequences. However, as far as we can deduce from the dates of the records, the position of the kadis was preserved on the island and on the other islands until 1924. 2 For the data of census in XVIth and XVIIth centuries, Ege Adaları’nın Idari, Mali ve Sosyal Yapısı, p. 142 and thereafter. For the data of census based on salnames of XIXth century∞: ≤engül AYOGUZ, “∞Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefit Vilayeti (XIX. Yüzyılın Son Çeyre- ginde)∞”, M.A.Thesis, Izmir, 1989, p. 67-68. 3 Ali FUAD, ibid, p. 58. 4 Ege Adaları’nın Idari, Mali ve Sosyal Yapısı, p. 9. 5 Ege Adaları’nın Egemenlik Devri Tarihçesi, p. 42. 6 Ali FUAD, ibid., p. 50∞; Joseph de TOURNEFORT, Tournefort Seyahatnamesi, (Edit by∞: Stefanos Yerasimos, translated by Ali Berktay), Kitap Yayınevi, Istanbul, 2005, p. 251. 7 Ege Adaları’nın Egemenlik Devri Tarihçesi, transliteration, p. 175-176, update in Turkish, p. 325-326. 8 CRM., (Vakıflar Genel Müdürlügü, Istanbul Bölge Müdürlügü Ar≥ivi, Midilli ≤eriye Sicileri- General Directorate of Foundations, Archive of Istanbul Regional Directorate- Court Records of Midilli), no73, p. 29. 9700-06_Turcica38_15_Adiyeke 5/7/07 10:14 Page 357 KADI REGISTERS OF MIDILLI 357 Captured by the Greek fleet at the end of 1912,9 Midilli Island was given to Greece, according to the London and Athens Agreements signed in 1913 and this was later officially recognized by the Republic of Turkey with the treaty of Lausanne.10 Within the framework of the treaty of Lausanne signed in 1923, the exchange protocol requiring that Greek people in Turkey and Muslim Turkish people in Greece exchange their residences was also put into force. In line with the 11th article of this same protocol, an international mixed Commission was set up to regulate and control the migration process. The mixed Commission and its sub-commissions which operated in Greece until the middle of 1925 collected all official records and regis- ters belonging to the Muslim population and its institutions in Greece. After their examination by the Commission, the documents were sealed and sent in chests to Istanbul by the Commission. The registers and records were delivered to the General Directorate of Foundations (Vaki- flar Genel Müdürlügü) in Istanbul upon the approval of the Commission.11 The documents remained sheltered in Nuruosmaniye Mosque for nearly half a century, and were later handed to the Archives of the Regional Directorate of Istanbul of the General directorate of Founda- tions, early in the nineteen eighties. Although we do not know for certain how many documents were col- lected around Greece, there are approximately 6000 registers and many documents in the above mentioned archives. Only 3200 volumes are classified and these classifications are far from being technical.12 Various registers among the so far classified registers belong to Salonique, Kavala, Kesriye, Crete and other islands. They include regis- ters of population, foundations books and Kadi courts records13 as well as five general indexes in which the 6000 registers are recorded together with various other books belonging to the institution of Cemaat-i Islamiye14 (Muslim Society). 9 For the official correspondance on this issue∞: Trablusgarp ve Balkan Harplerinde I≥gal Edilen Ege Adaları ve I≥gal Telgrafları, (Published by∞: Idris Bostan- Ali Kurumah- mut), SAEMK. Publication, Ankara, 2003, p. 184-214. 10 Lozan Barı≥ Konferansı, (Tutanaklar-Belgeler), (Translated by∞: Seha L. Meray), c.8, YKY. Publications, Istanbul, 2001, p. 5-6, article 12. 11 ADıYEKE A. Nükhet, ADıYEKE Nuri, “∞Newly Discovered in Turkish Archives∞: Kadi Registers and Other Documents on Crete∞”, Turcica, Revue d’études turques, tome 32, 2000, p. 453. 12 For the information on bringing this archive to Turkey and its story in Turkey∞: A. Nükhet ADıYEKE, “∞Mübadeleye Dair Gizli Kalmı≥ Bir Ar≥iv∞”, Toplumsal Tarih, issue 76, Nisan, 2000, p. 17-20. 13 The records belonging to Crete were introduced previously. ADıYEKE A. Nükhet, ADıYEKE Nuri, “∞Newly Discovered in Turkish Archives∞: Kadi Registers and Other Doc- uments on Crete∞”, op. cit., p. 447-463. 14 For information on such institutions, A. Nükhet ADıYEKE, Islamic Community Brotherhood Administration in Greece∞: Cemaat-ı Islamiye 1913-1998, SAEMK. Publi- cation, Ankara, 2004. 9700-06_Turcica38_15_Adiyeke 5/7/07 10:14 Page 358 358 A. NÜKHET ADIYEKE, NURI ADIYEKE The list of registers referring to Midilli Island is on page no132 and 133 of the number 41 of the index registers of the archives that were pre- pared during the exchange procedure. These two pages in the index vol- ume include 58 registers, entitled “∞Property books taken to the district of Ayvalık by the Muslim Society of Midilli during the exchange and migration progress∞” (Midilli Cemaat-ı Islamiye Heyeti tarafından esna- yı mübadele ve hicretde Ayvalık kasabasına getirilmiÒ olan emlak defterleri). Three of the above mentioned registers are the registers of foundations (vakf), while the remaining 55 registers are the records of kadi courts. The registers date back to H.1101 (C.1689-1690) and 1341 (C. 1922-1923). We understand from the same index register that the processed pages of the volumes vary between 18 and 431. While it is known that 55 volumes of kadi courts were received from Midilli between 1924 and 1925, there are presently 26 volumes of kadi courts in the registers of the Regional Directorate of Istanbul of the Gen- eral Directorate of Foundations. The remaining volumes may be among the 2800 non classified books, however they might also have been lost during transportation.
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