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URBAN DEVELOPMENT in OIC COUNTRIES Towards Sustainable Urbanization

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT in OIC COUNTRIES Towards Sustainable Urbanization URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN OIC COUNTRIES Towards Sustainable Urbanization ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES © December 2019 | Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC) Kudüs Cad. No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey Telephone +90 312 468 6172 Internet www.sesric.org E-mail [email protected] All intellectual property rights for the publication belong to the SESRIC. The SESRIC gives the permission to view, copy, download and print the material presented provided that these materials are not going to be reused, on whatsoever condition, for commercial purposes. For permission to reproduce or reprint any part of this publication, please send a request with complete information to the Publication Department of SESRIC. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publication Department, SESRIC, at the aforementioned address. This work is a product of the SESRIC staff. The responsibility for the content, the views, interpretations and conditions expressed herein rests solely with the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the SESRIC or its Member States, partners, or of the OIC. The document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The final version of the report is available at the SESRIC website. Please cite the work as follows: SESRIC (2019). Urban Development in OIC Countries: Towards Sustainable Urbanization. Infrastructure Development Studies. The Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries. Ankara. ISBN: 978-975-6427-93-4 Cover design by Savaş Pehlivan, Publication Department, SESRIC. For additional information, please contact the Economic and Social Research Department of SESRIC through: [email protected] Contents Acronyms ..................................................................................................................... iii Preface ......................................................................................................................... iv Foreword ..................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 1 Understanding the Drivers of Urbanization .......................................................... 6 1.1 The Birth of Urban Areas ............................................................................................. 7 1.2 Characteristics of Urban Development in Contemporary Times ............................. 11 1.3 Key Drivers of Urbanization in the Developing Countries ........................................ 14 1.4 Islamic Perspectives on City and Urbanization ......................................................... 17 2 Urbanization in OIC Countries: Current State and Trend Analysis ..................... 28 2.1 Trends in Urbanization ............................................................................................... 29 2.2 Change in Dynamics of Cities ..................................................................................... 33 2.3 The Growth of Slums .................................................................................................. 35 2.4 Measuring City Development through Nightlights ................................................... 37 3 Sustainable Urbanization and the New Urban Agenda ....................................... 40 3.1 What Makes an Urban Area Sustainable? ................................................................ 41 3.2 Global Commitments for Sustainable Urban Development .................................... 47 i 4 Economic Performance and Liveability of OIC Cities ........................................... 53 4.1 Economic Performance .............................................................................................. 55 4.2 Attractiveness ............................................................................................................. 63 4.3 Sustainability............................................................................................................... 68 5 Social Impacts of Urbanization ........................................................................... 74 5.1 Housing and Informal Settlements ............................................................................ 75 5.2 Informal Economy and Inequality ............................................................................. 79 5.3 Migrations and Humanitarian Challenges ................................................................. 81 5.4 Socioeconomic Priorities of OIC Cities ...................................................................... 86 6 Environmental Pressures and Urban Resilience .................................................. 91 6.1 Environmental Performance...................................................................................... 92 6.2 Cities and Climate Change ......................................................................................... 94 6.3 Disaster Vulnerability and Preparedness ............................................................... 106 6.4 Strengthening Urban Resilience in OIC Cities ........................................................ 111 7 Urban Governance and Legislation ................................................................... 115 7.1 National Urban Policies ........................................................................................... 116 7.2 Urban Legislation and Decentralization ................................................................. 121 7.3 Finance of Subnational Governments .................................................................... 127 8 Planning for Making Cities More Sustainable .................................................... 131 8.1 Integrated Urban Development ............................................................................. 132 8.2 Managing Expansion of Cities through Efficient Land Use ................................... 135 9 Policy Issues for Sustainable Urban Development in OIC Countries ................ 144 References ................................................................................................................................. 150 ii Acronyms BCE Before Common Era CCFLA Cities Climate Finance Alliance CIMI Cities in Motion Index CO2 Carbon Dioxide CSO Civil Society Organization EIU Economist Intelligence Unit EU European Union GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GPCI Global Power City Index HLPF High Level Political Forum ILO International Labour Organization IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MENA Middle East and North Africa NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NUA New Urban Agenda NUP National Urban Policy OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OIC Organization of Islamic Cooperation PIRI Prime International Residential Index PPP Purchasing Power Parity SDG Sustainable Development Goal UAE United Arab Emirates UCLG United Cities and Local Governments UN United Nations UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNISDER United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNU-EHS United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security US United States WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene iii Preface The urban population of the OIC Member States is growing at a rapid pace. According to United Nations projections, more than 68% of the total OIC population will live in urban areas by 2050. Rapid urbanization means that many OIC cities are becoming megacities in terms of population and their size is constantly increasing. Cities are also becoming increasingly important in terms of national income generation, employment opportunities and the accumulation of skills, capital and technology. These facts indicate the need to approach urbanization as a tool to help grow the economies of OIC countries, as well as to provide an economically efficient, socially equitable, eco-friendly and safe life for urban dwellers. In OIC countries, cities vary considerably in terms of resource allocation, socio-economic performance and urban development. Increasing urbanization can give rise to new development challenges, including poverty, social inequalities and climate change, among others, particularly in those cities which are already facing financial and institutional constraints. In addition, in some OIC regions, urbanization is more often disorganized, informality becomes more common over time and cities expand their territories faster than their population – suggesting that many OIC countries will need more and more land to build cities and fuel urban consumption as the urban population continues to grow. This report explores urbanization trends in OIC countries, and examines what their urban landscape looks like today. It is useful to highlight the many challenges of urbanization but also the opportunities that abound in the OIC countries.
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