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U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination: Proceedings of the Third Technical Meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987

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U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination: Proceedings of the Third Technical Meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROGRAM ON TOXIC WASTE GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION: PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD TECHNICAL MEETING, PENSACOLA, FLORIDA, MARCH 23-27, 1987 By Bernard J. Franks, Editor U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 87-109 Tallahassee, Florida 1987 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: Coordinator, Toxic Waste U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Contamination Books and Open-File Reports Section Program Federal Center U.S. Geological Survey Box 25425 410 National Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Reston, Virginia 22092 FOREWORD This is the third technical meeting of the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program since the program's incep­ tion in fiscal year 1982. Over these years the meetings (in Tucson, Ariz., in March 1984; in Cape Cod, Mass., in October 1985; and now here in Pensacola, Fla., in 1987) serve to mirror the development of the program as a technical strategy for studying the effect of human activity on the Nation's ground-water resources. It was perceived at the beginning of the program that no single scien­ tific discipline or approach would succeed in the study of the interaction between mixtures of manmade organic and inorganic chemicals and the multi­ phase and multicomponent systems found in nature. The strategy that was formulated to address so complex an issue was to provide the opportunity for researchers from a variety of scientific disciplines to work at field sites where ground-water contamination had occurred. Three field sites were initially selected to study ground-water contamination: the infiltration of sewage-treatment effluent on Cape Cod, Mass.; a crude-oil pipeline break near Bemidji, Minn,; and the infiltration of creosote/pentachloraphenol through waste-disposal ponds near Pensacola, Fla. To implement the strat­ egy, workplans were prepared in order to integrate and focus the studies of the individual researchers. Hypotheses were developed about the fate and transport of selected compounds in the plumes of contaminated ground water in order to better direct the research initiatives at the sites. The Tucson meeting provided the opportunity to bring the researchers together to dis­ cuss and evaluate the workplans. As such the meeting formalized and initiated the Toxic Waste Program. The intensive fieldwork following the Tucson meeting provided much information about the hydrological and geochemical systems under study and the distribution of the contaminants in the subsurface. Many of the origi­ nal hypotheses about the movement of contaminants through the subsurface were not supported by the new knowledge. Sampling and analytical methods of study were found wanting and in need of improvement. It is probably safe to say that the only notions not affected by the early work were that ground- water systems are complex and that plumes of contaminants are not easily characterized. Another kind of experiment conducted at the field sites dealt with our ability to implement truly interdisciplinary studies. The experiment tested the resolve of scientists in the U.S. Geological Survey, from both the Water Resources Division and the Geologic Division, and from universities to work together and on problems of mutual interest. The Cape Cod meeting demon­ strated that these experiments were proceeding successfully. Interdiscipli­ nary research was found to be alive and thriving at the research sites. The Cape Cod meeting provided the opportunity for researchers to ex­ change information gathered over the previous 18 months and to compare notes. Unlike the usual technical meeting, the Cape Cod meeting provided an integrated understanding of the research knowledge gained from work that focused on a particular earth-science problem. As a result of the meeting, additional investigations were integrated into the overall research program of the field sites. Foreword III The Pensacola meeting, the proceedings of which are the subject of this volume, demonstrates how well the technical strategy has developed. Much interdisciplinary research knowledge has been presented cooperatively by researchers in the U.S. Geological Survey, other Federal agencies, and from many universities. The results being presented are much more detailed than those presented at the two previous meetings. The extended abstracts repre­ sent the more detailed findings being reported in the literature as indi­ cated in the bibliography at the end of this volume. As the proceedings indicate, much study continues at the field sites. New initiatives have begun to make the scope of the research more comprehen­ sive. Other studies have moved to the laboratory or to the computer. In some cases, other fieldwork has been initiated in order to expand the types of contaminants being investigated or to understand the transfer value of the information for similar compounds. The technical strategy developed for the Toxic Waste Program seems to have merit. The knowledge and experiences gained and reported at these meetings should help us as we continue to resolve the earth-science issues critical to the problems of ground-water contamination in our Nation. Stephen E. Ragone Coordinator, Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program IV Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program Third Technical Meeting CONTENTS Page Foreword CHAPTER A. MOVEMENT AND FATE OF CREOSOTE WASTE IN GROUND WATER NEAR AN ABANDONED WOOD-PRESERVING PLANT NEAR PENSACOLA, FLORIDA Introduction, by B. J. Franks --------------------------------------- A-3 Authigenic nontronitic smectite associated with the creosote waste plume, Pensacola, Florida, by M. W. Bodine, Jr. ------------------- A-ll Evaluation of reproducibility of organic contaminant concentrations in ground water contaminated by wood-preserving wastes at Pensacola, Florida, by B. J. Franks, D. F. Goerlitz, and J. B. Pruitt ------------------------------------------------------------ A-13 Effects of creosote products on the aqueous geochemistry of unstable constituents in a surficial aquifer, by I. M. Cozzarelli, M. J. Baedecker, and J. A. Hopple --------------------------------------- A-15 Anaerobic biodegradation of creosote contaminants in natural and simulated ground-water ecosystems, by E. M. Godsy, D. F. Goerlitz, and D. Grbic-Galic ------------------------------------------------ A-17 CHAPTER B. FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS IN SEWAGE-CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER ON CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS Introduction, by D. R. LeBlanc -------------------------------------- fi-3 Natural-gradient tracer test in sand and gravel: Objective, approach, and overview of tracer movement, by D. R. LeBlanc, S. P. Garabedian,- W. W. Wood, K. M. Hess, and R. D. Quadri -------------- B-9 Natural-gradient tracer test in sand and gravel: Results of spatial moments analysis, by S. P. Garabedian, D. R. LeBlanc, K. M. Hess, and R. D. Quadri -------------------------------------------------- B-13 Natural-gradient tracer test in sand and gravel: Nonconservative transport of molybdenum, by K. G. Stollenwerk and D. B. Grove ----- B-17 Natural-gradient tracer test in sand and gravel: Preliminary results of laboratory and field measurements of hydraulic conductivity, by K. M. Hess, S. H. Wolf, D. R. LeBlanc, S. P. Garabedian, and M. A. Celia ------------------------------------------------------------- B-23 Development of techniques to measure in situ rates of microbial processes in a contaminated aquifer, by R. L. Smith, J. H. Duff, and B. L. Howes --------------------------------------------------- B-25 Transport of bacteria through a contaminated freshwater aquifer, by R. W. Harvey, L. H. George, R. L. Smith, D. R. LeBlanc, S. P. Garabedian, and B. L. Howes --------------------------------------- B-29 Importance of close-interval vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in ground-water studies, by R. L. Smith, R. W. Harvey, J. H. Duff, and D. R. LeBlanc ---------- B-33 A conceptual chemical process model for sewage contamination of a sand and gravel aquifer, by E. M. Thurman ------------------------- B-37 Preliminary one-dimensional simulation of ammonium and nitrate in the Cape Cod sewage plume, by K. L. Kipp ------------------------------ B-43 Contents V Influence of geochemical heterogeneity in a sand and gravel aquifer on the transport of nonionic organic solutes: Methods of sediment characterization, by L. B. Barber, II ----------------------------- B-45 The role of cation exchange in the transport of ammonium and nitrate in a sewage-contaminated aquifer, by M. L. Ceazan, E. M. Thurman, and R. L. Smith --------------------------------------------------- B-53 CHAPTER C. MOVEMENT AND FATE OF CRUDE OIL CONTAMINANTS IN THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT AT BEMIDJI, MINNESOTA Introduction, by M. F. Hult ----------------------------------------- c-3 Sedimentary and post-depositional processes related to aquifer properties at the Bemidji research site, north-central Minnesota, by D. A. Franzi --------------------------------------------------- C-7 Effects of local hydraulic discontinuities on the transport of crude-oil residuals in ground water, Bemidji, Minnesota, research site, by R. T. Miller --------------------------------------------- C-9 Bulk and distributed parameter mass-transfer models for determination of the source strength at an oil spill/ground-water interface, by H.-O. Pfannkuch --------------------------------------------------- C-ll
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