Blood Supplementary Materials

Home , African fish eagle, Apalharpactes, Augur buzzard, Crested quetzal, Gabar goshawk, Galapagos hawk

Appendix 2

TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species Hemato-crit Hemo- Erythro- Leukocyte or Packed Cell globin cyte count Thrombocyte Species Volume (%) g/dL 106/mm3 103/mm3 103/mm3 References

Palaeognathae

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 44.15 11.2 1.95 10.0 25.85 Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Emu (Dromaius novahol- 37.0 11.8 1.6 15.7 Patodkar et al., landiae) 2008

Greater Rhea (Rhea 49.4 8.9 Uhart et al., 2006 americana)

Lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia 48 17.8 2.2 14.1 Reissig et al., 2002 pennata)

Red-legged Tinamou 34.3 22.0 1.87 9.55 Smith, 2003 (Crypturellus erythropus)

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

African Fish Eagle 43.2 22.3 2.04 Mean: Hollamby (Haliaeetus vocifer) et al., 2004

African Harrier Hawk 46.7 24.2 2.29 Cooper, 1975 (Polyboroides typus)

African Hawk-Eagle 40.1 21.9 2.31 Cooper, 1975 (Aquila spilogaster)

African White-backed 44.3 19.7 2.5 16.7 Naidoo et al., 2008 Vulture (Gyps africanus)

Augur Buzzard (Buteo 30.8 18.4 1.74 Cooper, 1975 augur)

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 47.5 15.3 3 11.3 Mean: Elliot et al., leucocephalus) 1974; Hoffman et al., 1981

(Continued)

15 16 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d

Hemato-crit Hemo- Erythro- Leukocyte or Packed Cell globin cyte count Thrombocyte Species Volume (%) g/dL 106/mm3 103/mm3 103/mm3 References

Bearded Vulture 47 16.4 2.9 9.7 Hernández and (Gypaetus barbatus) Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 42.5 20.3 1.93 19.0 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Ferrer et al., 1987; Powers et al., 1994

Black-shouldered Kite 48.5 19.6 2.00 Cooper, 1975 (Elanus axillaris)

Black Sparrowhawk 41.8 24.4 2.33 Cooper, 1975 (Accipiter melanoleucus)

Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus 43 Ferrer et al., 1987 pennatus)

Cape Vulture 46 2.8 44.5 Van Heerden et al., (Gyps coprotheres) 1987

Common Buzzard (Buteo 41 31.5 Ferrer et al., 1987; buteo) Powers et al., 1994

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter 49.9 3.75 Gessaman et al., cooperi) 1986

Crested Serpent Eagle 47.5 2.6 22.0 Elliot et al., 1974 (Spilornis cheela)

Eastern Imperial Eagle 40 Ferrer et al., 1987 (Aquila heliaca)

Egyptian Vulture 42.5 13.7 2.3 16.0 Polo et al., 1992 (Neophron percnopterus)

Eurasian Griffon 45 15.1 2.6 13.2 Polo et al., 1992 (Gyps fulvus)

European Honey Buzzard 10.5 Cited in Powers (Pernis apivorus) et al., 1994

Gabar Goshawk (Microni- 32.8 16.4 1.72 Cooper, 1975 sus gabar)

Galapagos Hawk (Buteo 43 Dem et al., 2012 galapagoensis)

Golden Eagle (Aquila 39.0 13.8 2.1 19.7 Mean: Elliot et al., chrysaetos) 1974; Polo et al., 1992

Griffon Vulture 45 15.1 2.6 13.2 Polo et al., 1992 (Gyps fulvus)

Harris’ Hawk 13.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Hooded Vulture 41.45 20.4 2.37 22.4 Mean: Elliot et al., (Necrosyrtes monachus) 1974; Cooper, 1975

Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco 44.7 24.8 2.69 Cooper, 1975 monogrammicus) Blood Supplementary Materials 17

TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d Hemato-crit Hemo- Erythro- Leukocyte or Packed Cell globin cyte count Thrombocyte Species Volume (%) g/dL 106/mm3 103/mm3 103/mm3 References

Long-crested Eagle 41.0 13.2 4.01 Cooper, 1975 (Lophaetus occipitalis)

Marsh Harrier (Circus 34.7 21.0 Lavin et al., 1992; aeruginosus) Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Montagu’s Harrier (Circus 51 13.5 3.1 12.3 Lavin et al., 1993 pygargus)

Northern Goshawk 8.7 Hanauska-Brown (Accipiter gentilis) et al., 2003

Ornate Hawk-Eagle 40.0 1.8 33.0 Elliot et al., 1974 (Spizaetus ornatus)

Pale Chanting Goshawk 32.0 16.4 1.59 Cooper, 1975 (Melierax canorus)

Red Kite (Milvus milvus) 12.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo 39.4 2.45 Rehder et al., 1982 jamaicensis)

Savanna Hawk 52.5 3.0 31.0 Elliot et al., 1974 (Buteogallus meridionalis)

Sharp-shinned Hawk 49.1 12.9 Mean: Gessaman (Accipiter striatus) et al., 1986; Powers et al., 1994

Spanish Imperial Eagle 43.5 14.2 2.29 15.1 Polo et al., 1992 (Aquila adalberti)

South American Snail Kite 42 14.0 2.8 Gee et al., 1981 (Rostrhamus sociabilis)

Steppe Eagle (Aquila 35.0 17.8 2.12 Cooper, 1975 nipalensis)

Swamp Harrier (Circus 39 20.7 Calculated from approximans) Youl, 2009

Tawny Eagle (Aquila 38.1 15.1 2.30 Mean: Cooper, rapax) 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Wahlberg’s Eagle (Aquila 32.5 16.9 1.53 Cooper, 1975 wahlbergi)

White-bellied Sea Eagle 55 3.2 22.0 Elliot et al., 1974 (Haliaeetus leucogaster)

White-tailed Sea-eagle 19.5 Cited in Powers (Haliaeetus albicilla) et al., 1994

Family Cathartidae

Andean Condor (Vultur 42 13.5 2.4 Gee et al., 1981 gryphus)

California Condor (Gym- 44 15.7 Dujowich et al., nogyps californianus) 2005

(Continued) 18 Blood Supplementary Materials

King Vulture (Sarcoram- 43 3.8 41.8 Elliot et al., 1974 phus papa)

Secretary Bird (Sagittarius 37.5 22.3 1.51 Cooper, 1975 serpentarius)

Anseriformes

Black duck (Anas 40.2 13.0 2.8 19.7 Mulley, 1979 superciliosa)

Buffiehead (Bucephala 54.3 2.64 Kocan, 1972 albeola)

Canvasback Duck (Aythya 52.2 2.56 Kocan, 1972 valisineria)

Common Pochard (Aythya 43.7 14.6 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974 ferina)

Lesser Scaup (Aythya 57.1 2.45 Kocan, 1972 affinis)

Maccoa Duck (Oxyura 37.9 15.1 3.1 Fourie and maccoa) Hattingh, 1983

Mallard (Anas 45.75 13.875 2.89 Shave and Howard, platyrhynchos) 1971

Maned Duck or Australian 45.5 14.9 2.79 23.6 Mulley, 1980 Wood duck (Chenonetta jubata)

Red-billed Teal (Anas 44.6 14.0 3.5 Fourie and erythrorhyncha) Hattingh, 1983

Ring-neck Duck (Aythya 49.1 2.50 Kocan, 1972 collaris)

Yellow-billed Duck (Anas 40.7 13.4 3.2 Fourie and undulata) Hattingh, 1983

Wood Duck (Chenonetta 45.5 14.9 2.79 23.6 Mulley, 1980 jubata)

Aleutian Canada Goose 42 13.2 2.6 Gee et al., 1981 (Branta canadensis leuco- parea)

Egyptian Goose (Alopo- 43.7 14.9 3.2 Fourie and chen aegyptiacus) Hattingh, 1983

Embden Goose(Anser 38 11.4 2.6 Gee et al., 1981 anser)

Nene Goose (Branta 46 15.5 2.6 Gee et al., 1981 sandvicensis)

Snow Goose (Anser 45.8 14.2 2.24 19.7 Williams and caerulescens) Trainer, 1971

Spur-winged Goose (Plec- 42.2 13.4 2.8 Fourie and tropterus gambensis) Hattingh, 1983 Blood Supplementary Materials 19

Tule White-fronted Goose 43 15.0 2.9 Gee et al., 1981 (Anser albifrons)

Black-necked Swan 35.5 12.0 1.75 11.75 Norambuena and (Cygnus melanocoryphus) Bozinovic, 2009

Mute swan (Cygnus olor) 34.5 12.7 2.07 16.2 Dolka et al., 2014

Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus 45 12.65 Olsen et al., 2002 buccinators)

Tundra Swan (Cygnus - - - 19.1 Milani et al., 2012 columbianus)

Apodiformes

Alpine swift (Apus melba) 51.1 18.6 4.0 Palomeque et al., 1980

Pallid swift (Apus pallidus) 54.5 18.3 5.3 Palomeque et al., 1980

Swift (Apus apus) 50 17.8 4.7 Palomeque et al., 1980

Anna’s Hummingbird 55.3 18.2 6.1 Carey and Morton, (Calypte anna) 1976

Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth (Podar- 41 2.26 12.87 McCracken, 2003 gus strigoides)

Charadriiformes

Family Alcidae

Ancient Murrelet (Synthli- 40 4.1 Newman et al., boramphus antiquus) 1997

Cassin’s auklet (Ptychor- 34 9.2 Newman et al., amphus aleuticus) 1997

Common Murre or 39 9.3 Newman et al., common guillemot (Uria 1997 aalge)

Crested Auklet (Aethia 40 2.5 Newman et al., cristatella) 1997

Horned puffin (Fratercula 44 4.3 Newman et al., corniculata) 1997

Little Auk (Plautus alle) 56.8 17.0 3.5 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987

Marbled murrelet (Brachy- 41 5.7 Newman et al., ramphus marmoratus) 1997

Parakeet Auklet (Aethia 42 5.0 Newman et al., psittacula) 1997

Pigeon Guillemot 47 4.0 Newman et al., (Cepphus columba) 1997

(Continued) 20 Blood Supplementary Materials

Rhinoceros Auklet 44.6 12.3 Newman et al., (Cerrorhinca monocerata) 1999

Tufted Puffin (Fratercula 41 4.0 Newman et al., cirrhata) 1997

Family Burhinidae

Double-striped Thick-knee 49.3 13.6 3.57 9.543 Ball, 2003 (Burhinus bistriatus)

Stone curlew (Burhinus 47 14.45 2.86 7.88 Samour et al., 1998 oedicnemus)

Spotted Thick-knee 46 13.3 2.06 13.57 Samour et al., 1998 (Burhinus capensis)

Family Charadriidae

Killdeer (Charadrius 46.6 14.0 4.0 8.16 Ball, 2003 vociferus)

Piping Plover (Charadrius 49.1 3.80 Ball, 2003 melodus)

Family (Haematopodidae) Newman et al., 1997

American Oystercatcher 45.2 8.7 Carlson-Bremer (Haematopus palliates) et al., 2010

Family Jacanidae

Wattled Jacana (Jacana 48.7 5.088 Ball, 2003 jacana)

Family Laridae

Black-headed Gull 43.9 15.9 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974 (Chroicocephalus ridibundus or Larus ridibundus)

Black legged Kittiwake 41 4.2 Newman et al., (Rissa tridactyla) 1997

European Herring Gull 42.1 14.45 2.5 15.50 Balasch et al., 1974 (Larus argentatus)

Glaucous-winged Gull 38 5.1 Newman et al., (Larus glaucescens) 1997

Great Black-backed Gull 41 12.9 2.1 15.7 Averbeck, 1992 (Larus marinus)

Kelp Gull (Larus domini- 39.0 12.6 3.6 Myrcha and canus) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Family Recurvirostridae

American Avocet (Recurvi- 46.2 13.4 3.48 8.258 Ball, 2003 rostra americana)

Black-winged Stilt 50.3 15.0 3.45 7.78 Ball, 2003 (Himantopus himantopus) Blood Supplementary Materials 21

Family Scolopacidae

Red knot (Calidris canutus 51 - - - - D’Amico et al., rufa) 2010

Family Stercorariidae

Brown Skua (Stercorarius 42.3 14.0 3.4 Myrcha and antarcticus) or S. lönnbergi Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Great Skua (Stercorarius 44 Bearhop et al., skua) 1999

Family Sternidae

Antarctic Tern (Sterna 47.9 14.4 3.8 Myrcha and vittata) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Arctic Tern (Sterna para- 46.0 14.4 3.1 Kostelecka-Myrcha, disaea) 1987

Common Tern (Sterna 48.1 10 Fiorello et al., 2009 hirundo)

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 47 21.2 Work, 1996

Ciconiiformes

Family Ardeidae

Black-crowned Night 44.8 13.6 2.86 8.31 Celdrán et al., 1994 Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)

Grey Heron (Ardea 40.0 13.2 2.5 Fourie and cinerea) Hattingh, 1983

Purple Heron (Ardea 43.9 12.9 2.49 9.44 Celdrán et al., 1994 purpurea)

Little Egret (Egretta gar- 47.7 11.3 2.80 6.11 Fontenelle, 2001 zetta)

Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) 45.6 12.6 2.75 6.43 Celdrán et al., 1994

Family Ciconiidae

Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) 42 11.5 2.2 64.7 90.9 Puerta et al., 1989

Greater Adjutant (Leptopti- 38.0 13.6 1.63 8.72 Salakij et al., 2004 los dubius)

Lesser Adjutant (Leptopti- 41.3 13.9 1.89 9.422 Salakij et al., 2004 los javanicus)

Maguari Stork (Ciconia 46 16.1 2.30 9.8 Fontenelle, 2001 maguari)

Painted Stork (Mycteria 42.4 17.7 3.24 3.88 12.9 Aengwanich et al., leucocephala) 2002

(Continued) 22 Blood Supplementary Materials

White stork (Ciconia 36 11.1 1.9 62.1 66.6 Puerta et al., 1989 ciconia)

Family Threskiornithidae

Black-faced Spoonbill 45.1 2.5 15.0 Chou et al., 2008 (Platalea minor)

Eurasian Spoonbill (Plata- 46.4 15.9 2.97 9.39 Celdrán et al., 1994 lea leucorodia)

Glossy Ibis (Plegadis 49.0 17.1 3.53 9.08 Celdrán et al., 1994 falcinellus)

Northern Bald Ibis 44 3.1 3.4 Dutton et al., 2002 (Geronticus ermita)

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridg- 42 16.8 3.0 3.9 Coke et al., 2004 wayi)

Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus 46 16.1 2.30 9.8 Fontenelle, 2001 ruber)

Black-headed Ibis 46 18.7 2.8 14.9 16.2 Aengwanich and (Threskiouris melano- Tanomtong, 2004 cephalus)

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird 53.1 18.8 4.52 12.85 Calculated from (Urocolius macrourus) Pye, 2003

Speckled Mousebird 42.4 13.2 2.37 8.66 Pye, 2003 (Colius striatus)

Columbiformes

African-collared Dove 15 5.5 35 32 Lashev et al., 2009 (Streptopelia roseogrisea)

Collared Dove (Streptope- 13 5.3 23 30 Lashev et al., 2009 lia decaocto)

Domestic Pigeon 50.5 16.7 4.0 24 34 Mean: Balasch (Columba livia) et al., 1974; Kalomenopoulou and Koliakos, 1989; Lashev et al., 2009

Laughing dove (Spilopelia 38.9 13.8 2.3 Fourie and senegalensis) Hattingh, 1983

Mourning Dove (Zenaida 49 Harms and Harms, macroura) 2012

Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas 50.7 17.0 3.4 4.3 Peinado et al., nicobarica) 1992a

Pheasant Pigeon (Otidip- 41.7 13.9 2.6 6.9 Peinado et al., haps nobilis) 1992a

Pink-headed Fruit Dove 46.8 13.8 2.54 9.96 Schultz, 2003 (Ptilinopus porphyreus) Blood Supplementary Materials 23

Rock Pigeon (Columba 47 15 2.5 12.3 Gayathri et al., livia) 2004

Speckled Pigeon 50.0 19.4 3.9 Fourie and (Columba guinea) Hattingh, 1983

Southern Crowned or 42.0 12.7 2.3 19.4 Peinado et al., Scheep Maker’s crowned 1992a pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)

Tambourine Dove (Turtur 35.6 14.6 2.3 Fourie and tympanistria) Hattingh, 1983

Victoria crowned pigeon 37.6 12.3 2.3 10.8 Peinado et al., (Goura victoria) 1992a

Western or Common 34.3 10.8 2.2 17.7 Peinado et al., crowned pigeon (Goura 1992a cristata)

White-winged Dove 16.05 Small et al., 2005 (Zenaida asiatica)

Coraciiformes

Northern Ground Hornbill 45.9 13.8 2.42 15.84 Dutton, 2003 (Bucorvus abyssinicus)

Blue-crowned Motmot 40.7 12.7 4.05 13.34 Dutton, 2003 (Momotus momota)

Great Hornbill (Buceros 47.9 16.1 2.53 11.65 Dutton, 2003 bicornis)

Green Wood Hoopoe 54.2 16.5 4.13 6.58 Dutton, 2003 (Phoeniculus purpureus)

Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 46.6 16.2 3.7 10.03 Dutton, 2003

Lilac-breasted Roller 47.4 14.7 3.42 9.87 Dutton, 2003 (Coracias caudatus)

Micronesian Kingfisher 47 16.1 3.34 8.19 Dutton, 2003 (Todiramphus cinnamominus)

Southern Carmine 51.1 15.9 6.30 Dutton, 2003 Bee-eater (Merops nubicoides)

Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geo- 40.7 11.5 2.36 12.7 Abou-Madi, 2003 coccyx californianus)

Guira Cuckoo (Guira 48.7 16.6 3.23 6.77 Abou-Madi, 2003 guira)

Falconiformes

Family Falconidae

American Kestrel (Falco 43.0 9.8 Franson et al., 1983; sparverius) Dressen et al., 1999

(Continued) 24 Blood Supplementary Materials

Crested Caracara (Poly- 48 3.1 24.1 Elliot et al., 1974 borus plancus)

Collared Forest Falcon 35.5 2.4 26.4 Elliot et al., 1974 (Micrastur semitorquatus)

Common Kestrel (Falco 24.7 2.47 6.02 Shen et al., 2008 tinnunculus)

Greater Kestrel (Falco 44.2 14.1 2.8 Fourie and rupicoloides) Hattingh, 1983

Lanner Falcon (Falco 46.75 19.2 2.96 Mean: Cooper, biarmicusis) 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Peregrine Falcon (Falco 41 14.6 2.8 12.6 Mean: Gee et al., perigrinus) 1981; Samour et al., 1996

Saker Falcon (Falco 47 15.9 2.65 5.7 Samour et al., 1996 cherrug)

Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie Chickens 44.8 13.7 West and Haines, (Tympanuchus cupido 2002 attwateri)

Black-fronted piping-guan 38.4 12.9 2.2 8.5 6.4 Motta et al., 2013 (Aburria jacutinga)

Bobwhite quail (Colinus 37.0 12.5 3.05 20.1 Mean: Bond and virginianus) Gilbert, 1958; Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007

Chicken (Gallus gallus) 31.0 13.5 3.0 Mean: Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 Borges et al., 2004 Andretta et al., 2012

Common Quail (Coturnix 38.0 13.2 3.59 Pages and Planas, coturnix) 1983

Greater sage grouse (Cen- 53 5.1 Mean: Dunbar trocercus urophasianus) et al., 2005; Dyer et al., 2009

Helmeted Guineafowl 40.9 16.1 3.0 Mean: Balasch (Numida meleagris) et al., 1973; Fallaw et al., 1976; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Japanese Quail (Coturnix 33.0 14.3 4.1 30 65 Mean: Belleville japonica) et al., 1982; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Schindler et al., 1987; Nirmalan and Robinson, 1971 Blood Supplementary Materials 25

Natal Spurfowl or Natal 31.7 11.4 3.3 Fourie and Hat- Francolin (Pternistis tingh, 1983 natalensis or Francolinus natalensis)

Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 36.9 12 2.1 Balasch et al., 1973

Pheasant (Phasianus 37.2 11.1 2.6 Balasch et al., 1973 colchicus)

Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 40.2 12.2 2.6 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007

Red Grouse (Lagopus 46.7 14.4 3.7 6.7 Wilson and Wilson, lagopus) 1978

Red-necked Spurfowl or 32.5 12.2 3.2 Fourie and Red-necked Francolin Hattingh, 1983 (Pternistis afer or Francolinus afer)

Rock partridge (Alectoris 43 14.9 2.8 Balasch et al., 1973 graeca)

Turkey (Meleagris gal- 36.5 17.4 1.0 7.8 Schmidt et al., lopavo) 2009a

Gaviiformes

Common Loon (Gavia 47 17 Haefele et al., 2005 immer)

Red-throated Loon (Gavia 54 20.7 3.1 Bond and Gilbert, stellata) 1958

Gruiformes

Cranes

Blue Crane (Anthropoides 34.0 14.7 2.1 Fourie and paradiseus) Hattingh, 1983

Common Crane (Grus 42.7 14.6 2.4 21.9 10.6 Puerta et al., 1990 grus)

Florida Sandhill Crane 44 12.6 2.2 Gee et al., 1981 (Grus canadensis pratensis)

Greater sandhill crane 41 14.5 2.6 Gee et al., 1981 (Grus canadensis tabida)

Mississippi sandhill crane 44 13.7 2.5 Gee et al., 1981 (Grus canadensis pulla)

Siberian Crane (Grus 45 10.8 Carpenter, 2003 leucogeranus)

(Continued) 26 Blood Supplementary Materials

Wattled Crane (Bugeranus 45 12.7 Carpenter, 2003 carunculatus)

Whooping Crane (Grus 42 2.2 18.2 Carpenter, 2003 americana)

Coot (Fulica americana) 43.5 17.0 Mean: Bond and Gilbert, 1958; Rubio et al., 2012

Guam Rail (Gallirallus 45 2.7 3.9 Fontenot et al., owstoni) 2006

Red-knobbed Coot or 37.4 Rubio et al., 2012 Crested Coot (Fulica cristata)

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 51 13.0 3.0 33 Jimenez et al., 1991

Houbara Bustard (Chlamy- 43 13.6 1.9 7.9 4.1 Howlett et al., 2002 dotis undulate)

Heuglin’s Bustard (Neotis 43 12.5 2.2 4.2 5.11 D’Aloia et al., 1996 heuglinii)

Kori Bustard (Ardeotis 47 14.1 2.3 7.3 5.5 Howlett et al., 1995 kori)

Little Black Bustard (Eupo- 44 14.6 2.7 7.85 10.5 D’Aloia et al., 1996 dotis afra)

Red-crested Bustard 50 14.2 2.9 10.7 9.2 Howlett et al., 2002 (Lophotis ruficrista)

White-bellied Bustard 45.5 14.7 2.4 12.3 7.6 Mean: D’Aloia (Eupodotis senegalensis) et al., 1996; Howlett et al., 2002

Purple Swamphen (Por- 47.6 15.9 2.81 5.21 Celdrán et al., 1994 phyrio porphyrio)

Passeriformes

Family Acanthizidae

Brown Thornbill (Acan- 44.8 16.3 3.0 Breuer et al., 1995 thiza pusilla)

Family Corvidae

American Crow (Corvus 12.7 Nemeth et al., 2011 brachyrhynchos)

Blue Jay (Cyanocitta 45.7 15.3 3.51 Mean: Carey and cristata) Morton, 1976; Garvin et al., 2003

Clark’s Nutcracker (Nuci- 49.3 14.8 4.46 Carey and Morton, fraga columbiana) 1976

Fish Crow (Corvus ossi- 18 Nemeth et al., 2011 fragus) Blood Supplementary Materials 27

Indian House Crow 29.5 11.1 1.78 Cooper, 1996. (Corvus splendens)

Pied Crow (Corvus albus) 40.9 14.49 2.87 26.04 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Ihedioha et al., 2011

Raven (Corvus corax) 40.7 16.1 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974

Family Estrildidae

Canyon Towhee 44.1 15.1 3.81 Carey and Morton, (Melozone fusca) 1976

Chipping Sparrow 53.1 16.2 5.12 Carey and Morton, (Spizella passerina) 1976

Dark-eyed Junco (Junco 51.9 16.2 4.37 Carey and Morton, hyemalis) 1976

Green-tailed Towhee 50.0 15.6 3.29 Carey and Morton, (Pipilo chlorurus) 1976

Gouldean Finch (Chloebia 52.8 7.51 Gentz, 2003 gouldi)

Grey-headed Junco (Junco 49.7 16.6 4.20 Carey and Morton, caniceps) 1976

Field Sparrow (Spizella 51.0 16.1 3.30 Carey and Morton, pusilla) 1976

Lincoln’s Sparrow 50.9 15.8 3.71 Carey and Morton, (Melospiza lincolnii) 1976

Red-browed firetail (Neo- 49.9 12.6 2.9 Breuer et al., 1995 chmia temporalis)

Red-headed Finch 41.2 15.9 3.4 Fourie and (Amadina erythrocephala) Hattingh, 1983

Rock Bunting (Emberiza 49.9 14.8 5.2 8.6 Llacuna et al., 1996 cia)

Song Sparrow (Melospiza 53.3 16.6 3.31 Carey and Morton, melodia) 1976

White-throated Sparrow 47.2 12.8 3.40 Carey and Morton, (Zonotrichia albicollis) 1976

White-crowned Sparrow 51.3 16.4 3.84 Carey and Morton, (Zonotrichia leucophrys) 1976

Family Eurylamiidae

Green Broadbill (Calypto- 49.4 3.9 5.955 Gentz, 2003 mena viridis)

Family Fringillidae

American Goldfinch (Car- 56.35 17.05 4.24 Carey and Morton, duelis tristis) 1976

European Greenfinch 51.0 14.0 Sepp et al., 2010 (Carduelis chloris)

(Continued) 28 Blood Supplementary Materials

Lesser Goldfinch (Cardu- 52.5 17.0 Carey and Morton, elis psaltria) 1976

Pine Siskin (Carduelis 53.5 17.85 4.35 Carey and Morton, pinus) 1976

Cassin’s Finch 56.0 20.9 3.54 Carey and Morton, (Haemorhous cassinii) 1976

House Finch 50.8 18.4 Carey and Morton, (Haemorhous mexicanus) 1976

Purple Finch 51.9 17.0 Carey and Morton, (Haemorhous purpureus) 1976

Family Icteridae

Boat-tailed grackle (Quis- 46 Harms and Harms, calus major) 2012

Family Mimidae

Gray Catbird (Dumetella 48.0 Hatch et al., 2010 carolinensis)

Floreana Mockingbird 44.5 18.8 Deem et al., 2011 or Charles Mockingbird (Nesomimus trifasciatus)

Family Maluridae

Superb Fairy-wren 44.9 14.5 2.9 Breuer et al., 1995 (Malurus cyaneus)

Family Paridae

Great Tit (Parus major) 52.3 14.1 5.0 4.5 Llacuna et al., 1996

Black-capped Chickadee 48.1 12.6 3.29 Carey and Morton, (Poecile atricapillus) 1976

Mountain Chickadee 51.4 15.75 4.105 Carey and Morton, (Poecile gambeli) 1976

Siberian Tit (Poecile 14.3 Krams et al., 2010 cinctus)

Family Parulidae

American Yellow Warbler 50.2 13.5 3.53 Carey and Morton, (Setophaga petechialia) 1976

Orange-crowned Warbler 57.2 17.7 5.32 Carey and Morton, (Oreothlypis celata) 1976

MacGillivray’s Warbler 58.45 19.4 3.54 Carey and Morton, (Geothlypis tolmiei) 1976

Magnolia Warbler - 14.9 3.31 Carey and Morton, (Setophaga magnolia) 1976

Nashville Warbler 43.1 12.7 3.35 Carey and Morton, (Oreothlypis ruficapilla) 1976 Blood Supplementary Materials 29

Townsend’s Warbler 50.8 18.4 4.92 Carey and Morton, (Setophaga townsendi) 1976

Wilson’s Warbler (Cardel- 54.1 16.7 4.80 Carey and Morton, lina pusilla) 1976

Yellow-rumped Warbler 50.64 16.6 4.47 Carey and Morton, (Setophaga coronata) 1976

Family Passeridae

Cape Sparrow (Passer 39.1 12.5 3.2 Fourie and melanurus) Hattingh, 1983

House Sparrow (Passer 45.15 12.3 4.1 18.9 Mean Puerta et al., domesticus) 1995; Harms and Harms, 2012

Family Petroicidae

Eastern Yellow Robin 45.3 15.3 2.4 Breuer et al., 1995 (Eopsaltria australis)

Family Pycnonotidae

Common Bulbul (Pyc- 45.0 14.3 3.0 Fourie and nonotus barbatus) Hattingh, 1983

Family Sturnidae

Common Starling (Sturnus 46.6 14.2 4.4 Pages and Planas, vulgaris) 1983

Common Hill Mynah 47.1 12.3 3.46 23.9 Archawaranon, (Gracula religiosa) 2005

Superb Starling (Lamprot- 49.4 15.7 4.18 9.333 ornis superbus)

Family Turdidae

American Robin (Turdus 51.5 16.2 3.45 Carey and Morton, migratorius) 1976

Blackbird (Turdus merula) 47.6 13.7 4.3 14.8 Llacuna et al., 1996

Hermit Thrush (Catharus 51.2 15.7 5.04 Carey and Morton, guttatus) 1976

Swainson’s Thrush (Catha- 58.4 18.0 3.32 Carey and Morton, rus ustulatus) 1976

Pelecaniformes

Family Pelecanidae

Black-faced Spoonbill 45.1 2.5 15.0 Chou et al., 2008 (Platalea minor)

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus 41.9 14.2 2.7 Balasch et al., 1974 occidentalis)

Grey Heron (Ardea 40.0 13.2 2.5 Fourie and cinerea) Hattingh, 1983

(Continued) 30 Blood Supplementary Materials

Pink-backed Pelican (Pele- 43 18.5 Weber, 2003 canus rufescens)

Family Frigatidae

Great Frigatebird (Fregata 50.5 10.4 Work, 1996 minor)

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridg- 42 16.8 3.0 3.9 Coke et al., 2004 wayi)

Southern Giant Petrel 47 4.0 Uhart et al., 2003 (Macronectes giganteus)

White Ibis (Threskiouris 46 18.7 2.8 14.9 16.2 Aengwanich and melanocephalus) Tanomtong, 2004

Family Sulidae

Black-faced Cormorant 43.4 14.5 2.2 1.8 Melrose and Nicol, (Leucocarbo fuscescens) 1992

Brown Booby (Sula leuco- 45 10.3 Work, 1999 gaster)

Great Cormorant (Phala- 43.5 13.8 2.9 Balasch et al., 1974 crocorax carbo)

Flightless Cormorant 49.2 - - 8.0 - Travis et al., 2006a (Phalacrocorax harrisi)

Guanay Cormorant (Phala- 45 12.1 Weber, 2003 crocorax bougainvillii)

Imperial Cormorant 49.9 3.73 12.1 Gallo et al., 2013 (Phalacrocorax actriceps)

Northern Gannet (Sula 41 14.0 2.6 Balasch et al., 1974 bassanus)

Pelagic Cormorant (Phala- 30 3.1 Newman et al., crocorax pelagicus) 1997

Red-footed Booby (Sula 48 9.9 Work, 1996 sula)

Phaethontiformes

Red-tailed tropicbird 50 6.8 Work, 1996 (Phaeton rubricauda)

Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoe- 46 16.9 2.8 6.6 Peinado et al., nicopterus chiliensis) 1992b

Greater flamingo (Phoe- 49 18.0 2.9 6.2 Peinado et al., nicopterus tuber roseus) 1992b

Rosy flamingo (Phoe- 45 15.4 2.4 10.1 Peinado et al., nicopterus ruber ruber) 1992b

Lesser flamingo (Phoeni- 46 15.4 2.2 11.9 Peinado et al., conais minor) 1992b Blood Supplementary Materials 31

Procellariiformes

Cory’s Shearwater, (Calo- 47.6 33.8 63.8 Bried et al., 2011 nectris diomedia)

Galápagos Petrel (Ptero- 49 10.9 Work, 1996 droma phaeopygia)

Hawaiian Dark Rumped 49 10.9 Work, 1996 petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia)

Laysan Albatross (Diome- 38 22.4 Work, 1996 dea immutabilis)

Manx Shearwater (Puffinus 48 14.8 2.87 5.4 Stoskopf, 2003 puffinus)

Northern Fulmar (Fulma- 32 3.4 Newman et al., rus glacialis) 1997

Waved Albatross (Phoe- 38.2 5.9 Padilla et al., 2003 bastria irrorata)

Wedge-tailed Shearwater 48 18.2 Work, 1996 (Puffinus pacificus)

Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites 50.0 17.0 4.0 Mean: Myrcha and oceanicus) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980; Quillfeldt et al., 2004

Psittaciformes

Amazon parrot (Amazona 38.7 13.2 Valéria et al., 2008 aestiva)

Blue-Fronted Amazon 50 26.9 Deem et al., 2005 Parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Budgerigar (Melopsittacus 47.6 16.3 5.1 5.5 Harper and Lowe, undulatus) 1998

Cuban Amazon parrot 56 22 3.1 6.6 - Tell and Citino, (Amazona leucocephala 1992 leucocephala)

Golden conures or arara- 46 12.8 3.6 11.9 26.3 Prioste et al., 2012 juba (Guaruba guarouba)

Hispaniolan Amazon 51.6 10.6 Guzman et al., Parrot (Amazona Ventralis) 2008

Hyacinth Macaw (Anodo- 50 13.5 Calle and Stewart, rhynchus hyacinthinus) 1987

Kakapo (Strigops habrop- 40.5 14.0 18.4 Low et al., 2006 tilus)

Kea (Nestor notabilis) 49.8 11.3 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 49.5 12.0 3.6 10.1 García del Campo et al., 1991

(Continued) 32 Blood Supplementary Materials

Monk parakeet or quaker 50 14.7 3.35 6.0 Godwin et al., 1982 parrot (Myopsitta monachus)

Red-Capped Parrot (Pion- 46.7 15.8 2.1 8.7 Schmidt et al., opsitta pileata) 2009b

Spix’s macaw (Cyanopsitta 46.8 2.9 9.2 Foldenauer et al., spixii) 2007

St Vincent parrot (Ama- 40 1.9 8.7 Deem et al., 2008 zona guildingii)

Vinaceous Amazon Parrot 45.5 15.4 2.3 9.2 Schmidt et al., (Amazona vinacea) 2009b

Sphenisciformes

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygos- 46.3 16.6 1.9 Myrcha and celis antarctica) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Galápagos Penguin (Sphe- 43.5 31.5 Travis et al., 2006b niscus mendiculus)

Gentoo penguin (Pygosce- 45 17.2 2.24 Hawkey et al., lis papua) 1989

Humboldt Penguin (Sphe- 49.4 23.2 Wallace et al., niscus humboldti) 1995

Jackass Penguin (Sphenis- 47 15.4 1.6 11.6 Stoskopf et al., cus demersus) 1980

King Penguin (Apteno- 47.8 16.7 1.49 14.35 Cranfield, 2003 dytes patagonicus)

Little Penguin (Eudyptula 41 8.7 1.7 - - Nicol et al., 1988 minor)

Magellanic Penguin 42 13.9 1.99 Hawkey et al., (Spheniscus magellanicus) 1989

Rockhopper Penguin 45 16.4 2.36 Hawkey et al., (Eudyptes chrysocome) 1989

Strigiformes

African Grass Owl (Tyto 39.6 12.7 2.2 Fourie and capensis) Hattingh, 1983

African Wood Owl (Strix 31.0 1.75 Cooper, 1975 woodfordii)

Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 41.5 15.3 2.63 23.2 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Barred owl (Strix varia) 39.7 17.2 2.9 17.7 Elliot et al., 1974

Burrowing Owl (Athene 45.1 15.9 2.23 8.9 Aguilar, 2003 cunicularia) Blood Supplementary Materials 33

Eastern Screech Owl 49.1 12.2 4.2 18.1 Elliot et al., 1974 or (Otus asio) Aguilar, 2003

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 37.8 11.2 1.89 14.6 Aguilar, 2003

Great Grey Owl (Strix 42.2 7.9 14.96 Aguilar, 2003 nebulosa)

Great Horned Owl (Bubo 32 7.7 2.2 Bond and Gilbert, virginianus) 1958

Malay fishing owl (Ketupa 47.5 2.6 13.2 Elliot et al., 1974 ketupu)

Nepal brown wood owl 37.5 2.1 39.6 Elliot et al., 1974 (Strix leptogrammica)

Short eared owl (Asio 42 12.0 3.0 14.3 Elliot et al., 1974 or flammeus) Aguilar, 2003

Snowy owl (Nyctea 38.2 12.6 2.8 28.1 Elliot et al., 1974 or scandiaca) Aguilar, 2003

Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix 38.9 12.7 1.48 11.36 Aguilar, 2003 perspicillata)

Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo 36.85 16.4 1.925 Mean: Cooper, africanus) 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Striped owl (Rhinoptynx 47.0 2.6 26.9 Elliot et al., 1974 clamator)

Verreaux’s Eagle Owl 36.0 17.9 1.26 Cooper, 1975 (Bubo lacteus)

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharo- 40 12.9 1.41 8.8 Neiffer, 2003 machrus antisianus)

Golden-headed Quetzal 52.3 17.1 3.53 5.48 Neiffer, 2003 (Pharomachrus auriceps)

Javan Trogon (Apal- 50 12.48 Neiffer, 2003 harpactes reinwardtii)

White-tailed Trogon 47.5 2.49 3.82 Neiffer, 2003 (Trogon chionurus)

Classification based on the del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. eds (1992–2013) Handbook of the Birds of the World. 17 Volumes, Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona but with families Accipitridae and Cathartidae placed into a separate Order Accipitriformes following the Tree of Life. 34 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Emu (Dromaius novahol- 226 Calculated from Mushi landiae) et al., 1999;Bonadiman et al., 2009

Greater Rhea (Rhea ameri- 220 Calculated from Uhart cana) et al., 2006

Lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia 217 Reissig et al., 2002 pennata)

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 229 16.2 11.3 5.4 3.6 Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Red-legged Tinamou (Cryp- 183 Calculated from Smith, turellus erythropus) 2003

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

African Fish Eagle (Haliaee- 203.4 Calculated from Cooper, tus vocifer) 1975

African Harrier Hawk (Poly- 203.9 Calculated from Cooper, boroides typus) 1975

African Hawk-Eagle (Aquila 173.6 Calculated from Cooper, spilogaster) 1975

African White-backed 197 Naidoo et al., 2008 Vulture (Gyps africanus)

Augur Buzzard (Buteo 177.0 Calculated from Cooper, augur) 1975

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 167 Elliot et al., 1974 leucocephalus)

Bearded vulture (Gypaetus 160.6 Hernández and Margalida, barbatus) 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 209.8 Calculated from Cooper, 1975

Black Sparrowhawk 179.4 Calculated from Cooper, (Accipiter melanoleucus) 1975

Black-shouldered Kite (Ela- 242.5 Calculated from Cooper, nus axillaris) 1975

Cape Vulture (Gyps copro- 164.3 Van Heerden et al., 1987 theres)

Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter 133.1 Calculated from Gessaman cooperi) et al., 1986

Crested Serpent Eagle 181 Elliot et al., 1974 (Spilornis cheela)

Egyptian Vulture (Neophron 188 15.1 7.9 6.7 2.4 Polo et al., 1992 percnopterus)

Eurasian Griffon (Gyps 170 14.1 7.7 6.8 2.5 Polo et al., 1992 fulvus)

Gabar Goshawk 190.7 Calculated from Cooper, (Micronisus gabar) 1975 Blood Supplementary Materials 35

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d

Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Golden Eagle (Aquila chry- 184 14.7 8.2 6.8 2.7 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; saetos) Polo et al., 1992

Griffon Vulture (Gyps 170 14.1 7.7 6.8 2.5 Polo et al., 1992 fulvus)

Hooded Vulture (Necrosy- 180.4 Elliot et al., 1974; Calcu- rtes monachus) lated from Cooper, 1975

Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco 166.2 Calculated from Cooper, monogrammicus) 1975

Long-crested Eagle (Lopha- 102.2 Calculated from Cooper, etus occipitalis) 1975

Montagu’s Harrier (Circus 13.4 7.8 6.5 2.3 Lavin et al., 1993 pygargus)

Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spiza- 222 Elliot et al., 1974 etus ornatus)

Pale Chanting Goshawk 210.3 Calculated from Cooper, (Melierax canorus) 1975

Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo 160.8 Calculated from Rehder jamaicensis) et al., 1982

Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus 173 Elliot et al., 1974 meridionalis)

South American Snail Kite 150 Calculated from Gee et al., (Rostrhamus sociabilis) 1981

Spanish Imperial Eagle 190 14.9 8.0 7.4 2.6 García-Montijano et al., (Aquila adalberti) 2002; Polo et al., 1992

Steppe Eagle (Aquila 165.1 Calculated from Cooper, nipalensis) 1975

Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) 166.2 14.3 7.6 Mean: Calculated from Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983;

Wahlberg’s Eagle (Aquila 212.4 wahlbergi)

White-bellied Sea Eagle 171 Elliot et al., 1974 (Haliaeetus leucogaster)

Family Cathartidae

Andean Condor (Vultur 175 Calculated from Gee et al., gryphus) 1981

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus 123 Elliot et al., 1974 papa)

Secretary Bird (Sagittarius 248.3 Calculated from Cooper, serpentarius) 1975

Anseriformes

Common Pochard (Aythya 134 Balasch et al., 1974 ferina)

Black duck (Anas 145 Mulley, 1979 superciliosa)

(Continued) 36 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Buffiehead (Bucephala 205.7 Calculated from Kocan, albeola) 1972

Canvasback Duck (Aythya 203.9 Calculated from Kocan, valisineria) 1972

Maccoa Duck (Oxyura 121 12.2 6.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 maccoa)

Mallard (Anas platyrhyn- 167.5 Shave and Howard, 1971 chos)

Maned Duck (Chenonetta 163.1 Calculated from Mulley, jubata) 1980

Red-billed Teal (Anas eryth- 127 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 rorhyncha)

Ring-neck Duck (Aythya 196.4 Calculated from Kocan, collaris) 1972

Red-billed Teal (Anas eryth- 127 12.5 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 rorhyncha)

Wood duck (Chenonetta 164.2 Mulley, 1980 jubata)

Yellow-billed Duck (Anas 128 12.5 7.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 undulata)

Canada Goose (Branta 161.5 Calculated from Gee et al., Canadensis) 1981

Egyptian Goose (Alopochen 138 13.1 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 aegyptiacus)

Embden Goose (Anser 146.2 Calculated from Gee et al., anser) 1981

Nene Goose (Branta sand- 176.9 Calculated from Gee et al., vicensis) 1981

Snow Goose (Anser caer- 204.5 Calculated from Williams ulescens) and Trainer, 1971

Spur-winged Goose (Plec- 153 12.9 7.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 tropterus gambensis)

Tule White-fronted Goose 148.3 Calculated from Williams (Anser albifrons) and Trainer, 1971

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 169.8 Dolka et al., 2014

Black-necked Swan (Cygnus 208 Norambuena and melanocoryphus) Bozinovic, 2009

Apodiformes

Alpine swift (Apus melba) 126 13.8 7.0 6.3 2.4 Palomeque et al., 1980

Anna’s Hummingbird 90.7 Calculated from Carey and (Calypte anna) Morton, 1976

Pallid swift (Apus pallidus) 104 13.4 6.8 6.2 2.5 Palomeque et al., 1980

Swift (Apus apus) 109 13.6 6.9 6.2 2.2 Palomeque et al., 1980 Blood Supplementary Materials 37

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d

Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus 181.4 Calculated from strigoides) McCracken, 2003

Charadriiformes

Family Alcidae

Antarctic Tern (Sterna 127.1 12.05 6.57 Myrcha and vittata) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Arctic Tern (Sterna paradi- 152 12.7 6.6 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987 saea)

Little Auk (Plautus alle) 167 12.8 6.8 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987

Family Burhinidae

Double-striped Thick-knee 154.2 Ball, 2003 (Burhinus bistriatus)

Stone Curlew (Burhinus 167.3 Samour et al., 1998 oedicnemus)

Spotted Thick-knee (Burhi- 174.8 Samour et al., 1998 nus capensis)

Family Charadriidae

Killdeer (Charadrius 116.9 Ball, 2003 vociferus)

Family Laridae

Black-headed Gull (Larus 144 Balasch et al., 1974 ridibundus)

European Herring Gull 172.8 12.2 7.0 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; (Larus argentatus) Averbeck, 1992

Great Black-backed Gull 200.3 12.4 7.1 Averbeck, 1992 (Larus marinus)

Kelp Gull (Larus domini- 107.2 12.59 6.60 Myrcha and canus) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Family Recurvirostridae

American Avocet (Recurvi- 135.3 Ball, 2003 rostra americana)

Black-winged Stilt (Himan- 148.8 Ball, 2003 topus himantopus)

Brown Skua (Stercorarius 124.4 Myrcha and antarcticus) or S. lönnbergi Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Great Skua (Stercorarius 169 Bearhop et al., 1999 skua)

Family Sternidae

Antarctic Tern (Sterna vit- 127.1 12.05 6.57 Myrcha and tata) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Arctic Tern (Sterna paradi- 152 12.7 6.6 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987 saea)

(Continued) 38 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Order Ciconiiformes

Family Ciconiidae

Painted Stork (Mycteria 139.5 Aengwanich et al., 2002 leucocephala)

Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) 190.9 Calculated from Puerta et al., 1989

White Stork (Ciconia 189.5 Calculated from Puerta ciconia) et al., 1989

Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos 222.8 15.55 7.35 Salakij et al., 2004 javanicus)

Greater Adjutant (Leptopti- 233.1 16.4 8.8 Salakij et al., 2004 los dubius)

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird 117.5 Calculated from Pye, 2003 (Urocolius macrourus)

Speckled Mousebird (Colius 178.9 Calculated from Pye, 2003 striatus)

White-backed Mousebird 127.3 Calculated from Pye, 2003 (Colius colius)

Columbiformes

Laughing Dove (Spilopelia 162 12.5 6.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 senegalensis)

Nicobar pigeon (Caloenas 150 13.9 7.3 6.6 2.5 Peinado et al., 1992a nicobarica)

Pheasant pigeon (Otidip- 159 13.5 7.6 6.3 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a haps nobilis)

Pink-headed Fruit Pigeon 140.5 Schultz, 2003 (Ptilinopus porphyreus)

Rock pigeon (Columba livia) 135 11.7 6.6 6.8 3.3 Balasch et al., 1974; Gayathri et al., 2004

Pigeon domestic 147 11.9 6.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Southern Crowned 183 13.3 8.1 5.8 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)

Speckled Pigeon (Columba 125 12.5 7.6 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 guinea)

Tambourine Dove (Turtur 108 12.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 tympanistria)

Victoria crowned pigeon 169 13.6 8.1 5.8 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a (Goura victoria)

Western or Common 159 14.1 6.1 6.1 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a crowned pigeon (Goura cristata) Blood Supplementary Materials 39

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geo- 188.3 Abou-Madi, 2003 coccyx californianus)

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 150.7 Abou-Madi, 2003

Coraciiformes

Northern Ground Hornbill 198.8 Dutton, 2003 (Bucorvus abyssinicus)

Blue-crowned Motmot 130 Dutton, 2003 (Momotus momota)

Great Hornbill (Buceros 194.2 Dutton, 2003 bicornis)

Green Wood Hoopoe 155.4 Dutton, 2003 (Phoeniculus purpureus)

Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 130.9 Dutton, 2003

Lilac-breasted Roller (Cora- 131.7 Dutton, 2003 cias caudatus)

Micronesian Kingfisher 147.4 Dutton, 2003 (Todiramphus cinnamominus)

Falconiformes

Family Falconidae

Collared forest falcon 146 Elliot et al., 1974 (Micrastur semitorquatus)

Common Kestrel (Falco tin- 169.1 Shen et al., 2008 nunculus)

Greater Kestrel or White- 158 13.1 7.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 eyed Kestrel (Falco rupicoloides)

Lanner Falcon (Falco biar- 151.5 12.8 7.8 Mean: Cooper, 1975; micusis) Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Peregrine Falcon (Falco 150 Calculated from Gee et al., perigrinus) 1981

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) 183.2 Samour et al., 1996

Southern Crested Caracara 155 Elliot et al., 1974 (Polyborus plancus)

Galliformes

Black-fronted piping-guan 174.5 Calculated from Motta (Penelope jacutinga) et al., 2013

Bobwhite quail (Colinus 121.3 Calculated from Bond and virginianus) Gilbert, 1958; Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007

Chicken (Gallus gallus) 127 12.5 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Common Quail (Coturnix 66 12.5 6.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 coturnix)

(Continued) 40 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Grouse (Lagopus lagopus) 126.2 Calculated from Wilson and Wilson, 1978

Helmeted Guineafowl 140 14.5 8.0 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 (Numida meleagris)

Horned guan (Oreophasis 166 Cornejo et al., 2014 derbianus)

Japanese quail (Coturnix 80.5 Calculated from Belleville japonica) et al., 1982; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Schindler et al., 1987; Nirmalan and Robinson, 1971

Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 154.6 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973;Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007

Natal Spurfowl or Natal 95 12.5 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 Francolin (Pternistis natalensis or Francolinus natalensis)

Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 175.7 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973

Pheasant (Phasianus col- 143.1 Calculated from Balasch chicus) et al., 1973

Red-necked Spurfowl or 100 12.6 7.6 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer or Francoli- nus afer)

Rock Partridge (Alectoris 153.6 Balasch et al., 1973 graeca)

Gruiformes

Blue Crane (Anthropoides 160 13.9 8.7 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 paradiseus)

Sandhill Crane (Grus 180 Carpenter, 2003 canadensis)

Whooping Crane (Grus 204.5 Carpenter, 2003 americana)

Guam Rail (Gallirallus 166.7 Calculated from Fontenot owstoni) et al., 2006

Purple Swamphen (Porphy- 170 Celdrán et al., 1994 rio porphyrio)

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 178.7 Jimenez et al., 1991

Heuglin’s Bustard (Neotis 198.1 D’Aloia et al., 1996 heuglinii)

Houbara bustard (Chlamy- 232 Howlett et al., 2002 dotis undulata) Blood Supplementary Materials 41

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 208.5 13.5 6.4 Howlett et al., 1995

Little Black Bustard (Eupo- 170.2 D’Aloia et al., 1996 dotis afra)

Red-crested Bustard (Lopho- 176 Howlett et al., 2002 tis ruficrasta)

Rufous-crested bustard 176 Howlett et al., 2002 (Eupodotis ruficrista)

White bellied bustard 171 Howlett et al., 2002 (Eupodotis senegalensis)

Passeriformes

Family Acanthizidae

Brown Thornbill (Acanthiza 156.3 Breuer et al., 1995 pusilla)

Family Corvidae

American Crow (Corvus 120 Gentz, 2003 brachyrhynchos)

Blue Jay (Cyanocitta 130.2 Calculated from Carey cristata) and Morton, 1976; Garvin et al., 2003

Clark’s Nutcracker (Nuci- 110.5 Calculated from Carey and fraga columbiana) Morton, 1976

Indian House Crow (Corvus 165.7 Calculated from Cooper, splendens) 1996.

Pied Crow (Corvus albus) 152 12.5 6.9 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Raven (Corvus corax) 128 Balasch et al., 1974

Family Emberizidae

Red-crested Cardinal 134.3 Calculated from Carey and (Paroaria coronata) Morton, 1976

Family Eurylamidae

Green Broadbill (Calyptom- 122.3 Calculated from Carey and ena viridis) Morton, 1976

Family Estrildidae

Canyon Towhee (Melozone 115.7 Calculated from Carey and fusca) Morton, 1976

Chipping Sparrow (Spizella 103.7 Calculated from Carey and oronate) Morton, 1976

Dark-eyed Junco (Junco 118.8 Calculated from Carey and hyemalis) Morton, 1976

Green-tailed Towhee (Pipilo 152.0 Calculated from Carey and chlorurus) Morton, 1976

Grey-headed Junco (Junco 118.3 Calculated from Carey and caniceps) Morton, 1976

(Continued) 42 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Field Sparrow (Spizella 154.5 Calculated from Carey and pusilla) Morton, 1976

Lincoln’s Sparrow 137.2 Calculated from Carey and (Melospiza lincolnii) Morton, 1976

Red-browed Firetail (Neo- 182.1 Breuer et al., 1995 chmia temporalis)

Red-headed Finch (Ama- 119 11.6 6.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 dina erythrocephala)

Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia) 96.7 Llacuna et al., 1996

Song Sparrow (Melospiza 161.0 Calculated from Carey and melodia) Morton, 1976

White-throated Sparrow 138.8 Calculated from Carey and (Zonotrichia albicollis) Morton, 1976

White-crowned Sparrow 133.6 Calculated from Carey and (Zonotrichia leucophrys) Morton, 1976

Family Fringillidae

American Goldfinch (Car- 132.9 Calculated from Carey and duelis tristis) Morton, 1976

Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus) 123.0 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976

Cassin’s Finch (Haemorhous 158.2 Calculated from Carey and cassinii) Morton, 1976

Family Icteridae

Venezuelan Troupial 154.3 Gentz, 2003 (Icterus icterus)

Family Irenidae

Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena 118 Gentz, 2003 puella)

Family Maluridae

Superb Fairy Wren (Malurus 172.3 Breuer et al., 1995 cyaneus)

Family Meliphagidae

Blue-faced Honeyeater 117 Gentz, 2003 (Entomyzon cyanotis)

Family Muscicapidae

Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix 185.6 Gentz, 2003 argentauris)

Family Paridae

Great Tit (Parus major) 105.6 Llacuna et al., 1996

Black-capped Chickadee 146.2 Calculated from Carey and (Poecile atricapillus) Morton, 1976

Mountain Chickadee (Poe- 125.2 Calculated from Carey and cile gambeli) Morton, 1976 Blood Supplementary Materials 43

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Family Parulidae

American Yellow Warbler 142.2 Calculated from Carey and (Setophaga petechialia) Morton, 1976

Orange-crowned Warbler 107.5 Calculated from Carey and (Oreothlypis celata) Morton, 1976

MacGillivray’s Warbler 165.1 Calculated from Carey and (Geothlypis tolmiei) Morton, 1976

Nashville Warbler 128.7 Calculated from Carey and (Oreothlypis ruficapilla) Morton, 1976

Townsend’s Warbler 103.3 Calculated from Carey and (Setophaga townsendi) Morton, 1976

Wilson’s Warbler 112.7 Calculated from Carey and (Cardellina pusilla) Morton, 1976

Yellow-rumped Warbler 113.3 Calculated from Carey and (Setophaga oronate) Morton, 1976

Family Passeridae

Cape Sparrow (Passer 121 11.3 5.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 melanurus)

House Sparrow (Passer 110.1 Calculated from Puerta domesticus) et al., 1995; Harms and Harms, 2012

Family Petroicidae

Eastern yellow robin 201.2 Breuer et al., 1995 (Eopsaltria australis)

Family Pittidae

Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 114.3 Gentz, 2003

Family Ploceidae

Southern Red Bishop 133.5 Gentz, 2003 (Euplectes orix)

Family Pycnonotidae

Common Bulbul (Pycnono- 150 12.5 6.9 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 tus barbatus)

Family Sturnidae

Common Hill Mynah 125.1 Archawaranon, 2005 (Gracula religiosa)

Common Starling (Sturnus 105.9 Calculated from Pages and vulgaris) Planas, 1983

Superb Starling (Lamprotor- 126.6 Gentz, 2003 nis superbus)

Family Turdidae

American Robin (Turdus 149.3 Calculated from Carey and migratorius) Morton, 1976

Blackbird (Turdus merula) 110. 7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976

(Continued) 44 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d

Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Hermit Thrush (Catharus 101.6 Calculated from Carey and guttatus) Morton, 1976

Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus 175.9 Calculated from Carey and ustulatus) Morton, 1976

Pelecaniformes

Black-headed Ibis (Threski- 174 Aengwanich and ouris melanocephalus) Tanomtong, 2004

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus 160 Balasch et al., 1974 occidentalis)

Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) 160 12.6 7.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridg- 140 Coke et al., 2004 wayi)

White ibis (Threskiouris 174 Aengwanich and melanocephalus) Tanomtong, 2004

Black-faced Cormorant 198 Melrose and Nicoll, 1992 (Leucocarbo fuscescens)

Imperial Cormorant (Phala- 133.9 Calculated from Gallo crocorax actriceps) et al., 2013

Great Cormorant (Phalacro- 151 Balasch et al., 1974 corax carbo)

Northern Gannet (Sula 156 Balasch et al., 1974 bassanus)

Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoe- 164.3 15.2 8.0 6.8 2.7 Peinado et al., 1992b or nicopterus chiliensis) calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b

Greater flamingo (Phoe- 169.0 15.1 8.3 5.9 2.6 Peinado et al., 1992b or nicopterus tuber roseus) calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b

Rosy flamingo (Phoenicop- 187.5 14.8 8.2 6.7 2.6 Peinado et al., 1992b or terus ruber ruber) calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b

Lesser flamingo (Phoeni- 209.1 15.1 8.1 7.1 2.6 Peinado et al., 1992b or conais minor) calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b

Procellariiformes

Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites 124.6 11.81 6.41 Myrcha and oceanicus) Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980

Manx Shearwater (Puffinus 167.2 Stoskopf, 2003 puffinus)

Psittaciformes

Budgerigar (Melopsittacus 95.2 Harper and Lowe, 1998 undulatus)

Cuban Amazon parrot 180.6 Calculated from Tell and (Amazona leucocephala Citino, 1992 leucocephala) Blood Supplementary Materials 45

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Golden conures or arara- 132 Prioste et al., 2012 jubas (Guaruba guarouba)

Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 137.5 Calculated from García del Campo et al., 1991

Monk parakeet or quaker 150 Godwin et al., 1982 parrot (Myopsitta monachus)

Red-Capped Parrot (Pionop- 222.4 Calculated from Schmidt sitta pileata) et al., 2009b

Spix’s macaw (Cyanopsitta 161.4 Calculated from spixii) Foldenauer et al., 2007

St Vincent parrot (Amazona 210.5 Calculated from Deem guildingii) et al., 2008

Vinaceous Amazon Parrot 197.8 Schmidt et al., 2009b (Amazona vinacea)

Sphenisciformes

Adélie Penguin (PygoscBlis 14.9 10.8 Bonatto et al., 2008 adeliae)

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygos- 243.7 15.5 11.4 Calculated from Myrcha celis antarcticus) and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980 or Bonatto et al., 2008

Galápagos Penguin (Sphe- 195 Travis et al., 2006 niscus mendiculus)

Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis 206 15.3 10.9 Hawkey et al., 1989; papua) Bonatto et al., 2008

Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus 249.2 Cranfield, 2003 demersus)

King Penguin (Aptenodytes 241.2 Cranfield, 2003 patagonicus)

Little Penguin (Eudyptula 229 18.8 9.2 - - Nicol et al., 1988 minor)

Magellanic Penguin (Sphe- 215 Hawkey et al., 1989 niscus magellanicus)

Rockhopper Penguin 195 Hawkey et al., 1989 (Eudyptes chrysocome)

Strigiformes

African Grass Owl (Tyto 183 12.5 7.6 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 capensis)

African Wood Owl (Strix 177.1 Cooper, 1975 woodfordii)

Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 186.1 15.0 7.5 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Barred owl (Strix varia) 139 Elliot et al., 1974

Burrowing Owl (Athene 199.9 Aguilar, 2003 cunicularia)

(Continued) 46 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d Volume fl Cell Nucleus References

Common Barn Owl (Tyto 152 Elliot et al., 1974 alba)

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 232.8 Aguilar, 2003

Eastern Screech Owl (Otus 117 Elliot et al., 1974 asio)

Great Horned Owl (Bubo 212.8 Aguilar, 2003 virginianus)

Malay Fishing Owl (Ketupa 188 Elliot et al., 1974 ketupu)

Nepal Brown Wood Owl 181 Elliot et al., 1974 (Strix leptogrammica)

Short Eared Owl (Asio flam- 140 Elliot et al., 1974 meus)

Snowy Owl (Nyctea scan- 136 Elliot et al., 1974 diaca)

Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix 260.4 Aguilar, 2003 perspicillata)

Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo 188.5 12.5 10.0 Mean: Cooper, 1975; africanus) Fourie and Hattingh, 1983

Striped owl (Rhinoptynx 157 Elliot et al., 1974 clamator)

Verreaux’s Eagle Owl (Bubo 285.7 Cooper, 1975 lacteus)

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharoma- 284.7 Neiffer, 2003 chrus antisianus)

Golden-headed Quetzal 152.5 Neiffer, 2003 (Pharomachrus auriceps)

White-tailed Trogon (Trogon 193 Neiffer, 2003 chionurus) Blood Supplementary Materials 47

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Emu (Dromaius novahollandiae) 63.2 32.1 1.2 2.5 0.8 Patodkar et al., 2008

Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) 65.2 18.9 7.1 7.7 0 Uhart et al., 2006

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 66.76 27 1.65 1.4 3.03 Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Red-legged Tinamou (Crypturel- 57.4 39.4 2.9 <0.4 <0.4 Smith, 2003 lus erythropus)

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

African White-backed Vulture 82.0 7.4 11.5 5.5 0 Naidoo et al., 2008 (Gyps africanus)

Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus 70.4 23.7 2.7 2.8 0.6 Hernández and barbatus) Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 32.0 40.0 1.0 24.1 2.9 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) 30.1 50.2 2.0 12.2 4.1 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Egyptian Vulture (Neophron 69.7 27.2 0.5 2.0 0.4 Polo et al., 1992 percnopterus)

Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus) 57.8 40.7 0.5 0.9 0 Polo et al., 1992

European Honey Buzzard 29.8 55.3 1.25 9.0 4.8 Cited in Powers et al., (Pernis apivorus) 1994

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) 58.8 34.2 4.3 2.3 0 Polo et al., 1992

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) 57.8 40.7 0.5 0.9 0 Polo et al., 1992

Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) 44 40.3 1.3 11.8 2.3 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Marsh Harrier (Circus aerugi- 33 53.7 6.5 4.0 4.0 Cited in Powers et al., nosus) 1994

Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) 70.7 16.6 2.5 12.3 0 Lavin et al., 1993

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter 37.15 42.5 3.8 16.6 Hanauska-Brown gentilis) et al., 2003

Red Kite (Milvus milvus) 19.5 48.8 0.75 28.3 2.8 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiters 27 63.5 1.6 7.7 0.4 Powers et al., 1994 triatus)

Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila 60.05 33.15 3.15 4.8 0 Mean: Polo et al., adalberti) 1992; García- Montijano et al., 2002

Swamp Harrier (Circus approxi- 86.5 5.25 3.25 4.25 0.5 Calculated from Youl, mans) 2009

Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) 57.3 30 0.8 10 2 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

White-tailed Sea-eagle (Haliaee- 32.3 55.0 2.0 9.5 3.3 Cited in Powers et al., tus albicilla) 1994

(Continued) 48 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Family Cathartidae

Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) 42.8 42 1.8 11 2.5 Cited in Powers et al., 1994

California Condor (Gymnogyps 68.1 22.9 3.2 5.1 1.3 Dujowich et al., 2005 californianus)

Anseriformes

Black Duck (Anas superciliosa) 24.7 66.1 7.4 1.1 0.8 Mulley, 1979

Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata) 84.5 13.28 1.65 0.51 0.41 Mulley, 1980

Canada Goose (Branta 39 46 6 7 2 Cited in Sturkie, 1986 canadensis)

Snow Goose (Anser caerules- 34.9 61.0 0.8 0.6 2.5 Williams and Trainer, cens) 1971

Upland geese (Chloephaga 28.5 66.3 Gladbach et al., 2010 picta)

Black-necked Swan (Cygnus 26.6 61.2 2.1 8.9 1.27 Norambuena and melanocoryphus) Bozinovic, 2009

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 39.0 55.3 2.2 1.1 2.4 Dolka et al., 2014

Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus 26.6 61.2 2.1 8.9 1.26 Olsen et al., 2002 buccinators)

Tundra Swan (Cygnus colum- 67.2 28.0 0.4 3.2 1.2 Milani et al., 2012 bianus)

Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus 41.1 45.5 3.8 7.2 2.47 McCracken, 2003 strigoides)

Charadriiformes

Family Burhinidae

Double-striped Thick-knee 51.4 32.6 7.8 4.5 3.7 Calculated from Ball, (Burhinus bistriatus) 2003

Spotted Thick-knee (Burhinus 43.8 35.2 5.6 11.8 3.55 Samour et al., 1998 capensis)

Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedic- 76.2 6.9 5.9 8.7 2.41 Samour et al., 1998 nemus)

Family Charadriidae

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) 35.9 48.4 8.2 2.2 3.1 Calculated from Ball, 2003

Piping Plover (Charadrius 37.8 39 14.6 4.5 3.4 Calculated from Ball, melodus) 2003

Family Haematopodidae

American Oystercatchers 46.1 36.0 1.6 13.9 2.5 Carlson-Bremer et al., (Haematopus palliates) 2010

Family Jacanidae

Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana) 62.1 20.9 1.1 4.1 11.8 Calculated from Ball, 2003 Blood Supplementary Materials 49

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Family Laridae

European Herring Gull (Larus 35.5 60.9 1.3 0.9 2.0 Averbeck, 1992 argentatus)

Great Black-backed Gull (Larus 35.2 61.0 1.4 0.7 2.0 Averbeck, 1992 marinus)

Family Recurvirostridae

American Avocet (Recurvirostra 65.5 30.4 1.1 1.7 1.3 Calculated from Ball, americana) 2003

Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus 41.6 47.8 5 2.9 2.6 Calculated from Ball, himantopus) 2003

Family Scolopacidae

Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa)† 40.6 49.8 6.4 0.4 2.5 D’Amico et al., 2010

Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) 38 51 5.6 9.1 0.1 Fiorello et al., 2009

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 24.7 67.3 0.8 5.8 1.3 Work, 1996

Ciconiiformes

Family Ardeidae

Black-crowned Night Heron 68.9 29.4 0.8 0.8 0.0 Celdrán et al., 1994 (Nycticorax nycticorax)

Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) 56.2 41.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 Fontenelle, 2001

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) 65.1 31.8 1.8 0.6 0.5 Celdrán et al., 1994

Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) 55.5 40.3 2.5 1.2 0.5 Celdrán et al., 1994

Family Ciconiidae

Painted Stork (Mycteria leuco- 10.6 76.1 0 12 1 Aengwanich et al., cephala) 2002

Greater Adjutant (Leptoptilos 47.5 31.5 1.0 13.5 6.5 Salakij et al., 2004 dubius)

Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos 54.8 34.0 0.3 8.3 2.4 Salakij et al., 2004 javanicus)

Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) 55.1 24.3 3.3 13.6 3.7 Fontenelle, 2001

Family Threskiornithidae

Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea 57.5 39.3 2.1 0.8 0.3 Celdrán et al., 1994 leucorodia)

Black-headed Ibis (Threskiouris 8.5 89.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 Aengwanich and melanocephalus) Tanomtong, 2004

Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) 57.2 40.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 Celdrán et al., 1994

Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus 63.2 30.9 2.9 0 3.0 Dutton et al., 2002 ermita)

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 21 62 7 1 12 Coke et al., 2004

Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber) 62.1 27.6 0 5.5 4.8 Fontenelle, 2001

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird (Uroco- 48.7 37.2 3.4 6.5 4.2 Calculated from Pye, lius macrourus) 2003

(Continued) 50 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Speckled Mousebird (Colius 39.2 43.6 6.2 6.5 4.5 Calculated from Pye, striatus) 2003

White-backed Mousebird (Colius 23.8 58 3.2 10.2 4.8 Calculated from Pye, colius) 2003

Columbiformes

African Collared Dove (Strepto- 44.5 47.7 1.2 3.5 2.4 Lashev et al., 2009 pelia roseogrisea)

Collared doves (Streptopelia 41.7 53.5 0.5 2.1 1.5 Lashev et al., 2009 decaocto)

Domestic pigeon (Columba livia) 38.8 57.8 0.7 1.5 0.9 Lashev et al., 2009

Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas 52.2 37.4 2.1 2.7 0 Peinado et al., 1992a nicobarica)

Pheasant pPigeon (Otidiphaps 54.1 42.5 1.6 0.6 1.2 Peinado et al., 1992a nobilis)

Pink-headed Fruit Pigeon (Ptili- 29.7 57.5 5.5 5.3 2.1 Schultz, 2003 nopus porphyreus)

Southern Crowned or Scheep 56 37 2 3 2 Peinado et al., 1992a Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)

Victoria Crowned pigeon (Goura 52.8 44.6 0.7 2.5 0.3 Peinado et al., 1992a victoria)

Western or Common crowned 66.0 30.3 1.0 2.4 0.25 Peinado et al., 1992a pigeon (Goura cristata)

White-winged Dove (Zenaida 27.2 64.9 2.5 3.2 2.28 Small et al., 2005 asiatica)

Coraciiformes

Northern Ground Hornbill 51.4 28.5 6.6 11.6 1.9 Calculated from (Bucorvus abyssinicus) Dutton, 2003

Blue-crowned Motmot (Momo- 39 36 7.4 14.4 3.17 Calculated from tus momota) Dutton, 2003

Great Hornbill (Buceros 51.5 36 6.7 3.2 2.61 Calculated from bicornis) Dutton, 2003

Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoe- 37.1 35.7 3.7 5.3 18.2 Calculated from niculus purpureus) Dutton, 2003

Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 43.2 41.8 8.2 4 2.72 Calculated from Dutton, 2003

Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias 47.5 36.5 9.4 3.6 3.04 Calculated from caudatus) Dutton, 2003

Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir- 30.7 45.9 10.9 5.7 6.8 Calculated from amphus cinnamominus) Dutton, 2003

Southern Carmine Bee-eater 39.9 43.7 7.1 5.2 4.24 Calculated from (Merops nubicoides) Dutton, 2003 Blood Supplementary Materials 51

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx 45.3 31.7 6.1 14.2 2.7 Calculated from californianus) Abou-Madi, 2003

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 41.9 19.6 14.4 14.4 9.8 Calculated from Abou-Madi, 2003

Falconiformes

American Kestrel (Falco 47.9 46.9 2.1 1.0 2.08 Dressen et al., 1999 sparverius)

Common Falcon (Falco 22.1 40.7 1.6 34 2.6 Cited in Powers et al., tinnunculus) 1994

Peregrine falcon (Falco pereg- 35.9 43.8 2 18.3 0 Samour et al., 1996 rinus)

Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) 73.1 22.1 3.5 0 1.32 Samour et al., 1996

Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie Chickens (Tym- 53.1 40.2 2.4 1.5 2.6 West and Haines, panuchus cupido attwateri) 2002

Black-fronted Piping-guan 19.4 73.2 1.7 5.1 0.6 Motta et al., 2013 (Aburria jacutinga)

Common or ringneck Pheasant 48 34 8 1 10 Cited in Sturkie, 1986 (Phasianus colchicus)

Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocer- 36 62 1 0.2 1 Dunbar et al., 2005 cus urophasianus)

Horned Guan (Oreophasis 57 37 3.0 3.2 0 Cornejo et al., 2014 derbianus)

Japanese Quail (Coturnix 22 72 4 2.6 0.1 Schindler et al., 1987 japonica)

Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) 36.4 52.9 5.3 3.9 3.1 Mean: Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007

Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca) 33 57.5 4.7 2.2 2.7 Dönmez and Sur, 2008

Red grouse (Lagopus lagopus) 31.4 62.4 3.0 2.0 1.3 Wilson and Wilson, 1978

Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 36.4 51.1 4.4 1.3 6.7 Schmidt et al., 2009a

Gaviiformes

Common Loon (Gavia immer) 32 0 Haefele, et al., 2005

Gruiformes

Family Gruidae

Common Crane (Grus grus) 55.4 35.8 3.4 3.7 1.9 Puerta et al., 1990

Red-crowned Crane (Grus 41 48 6 5 0 Carpenter, 2003 japonensis)

Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) 37 58 2.3 2.0 2.6 Carpenter, 2003

Siberian Crane (Grus 53 39 3 5 0 Carpenter, 2003 leucogeranus)

(Continued) 52 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Wattled Crane (Bugeranus 48 39 5 8 0 Carpenter, 2003 carunculatus)

Whooping Crane (Grus ameri- 56 41 2 1 0 Carpenter, 2003 cana)

Family Rallidae

Common Coot (Fulica atra) 26.7 67.8 2.2 1.95 0.55 Rubeo et al., 2012

Red-knobbed Coot (Fulica 18.1 78.5 2.2 0.79 0.75 Rubeo et al., 2012 cristata)

Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni) 32.8 50.0 6.1 8.6 2.3 Fontenot et al., 2006

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 68.2 18.2 5.5 8.2 0 Jimenez et al., 1991

Heuglin’s Bustard (Neotis 37.5 46.3 9.9 2.9 3.3 D’Aloia et al., 1996 heuglinii)

Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis 40.9 52.5 4.1 0.5 2.1 Howlett et al., 2002 undulata)

Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 54.2 30.1 8.2 4.8 2.7 Howlett et al., 1995

Little Black Bustard (Eupodotis 37.3 46.7 8.7 2.2 5.1 D’Aloia et al., 1996 afra)

Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio 61.2 36.2 1.6 1.0 0.2 Celdrán et al., 1994 porphyrio)

Red-crested bustard (Lophotis 25.9 58.5 9.3 5.0 1.2 Howlett et al., 2002 ruficrasta)

Rufous-crested Bustard 25.9 58.5 9.3 5.0 1.2 Howlett et al., 2002 (Eupodotis ruficrista)

White bellied Bustard 40.0 46.1 7.9 1.1 4.6 Howlett et al., 2002 (Eupodotis senegalensis)

Passeriformes

African Pied Crow (Corvus 67.9 28.5 1.28 1.59 0.36 Ihedioha et al., 2011 albus)

Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena 23.7 52.7 5.5 5.6 12.5 Gentz, 2003 puella)

Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) 30 55 8.0 3.0 2.5 From Sturkie, 1986

Blue-faced Honeyeater 41.3 49.8 4.4 1.2 3.3 Gentz, 2003 (Entomyzon cyanotis)

Captive Hill Mynah (Gracula 43.6 48.4 4.45 3.9 0.53 Archawaranon, 2005 religiosa)

Common Crow (Corvus brachy- 27.5 34.4 2.1 24.0 12.0 Gentz, 2003 rhynchos)

European Greenfinch (Carduelis 21 55 Sepp et al., 2010 chloris)

Floreana Mockingbird (Mimus 16.9 72.2 2.5 8.8 0.2 Deem et al., 2011 trifasciatus) Blood Supplementary Materials 53

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Gouldean Finch (Chloebia 16.5 52.4 3.4 17.8 10 Gentz, 2003 gouldi)

Green Broadbill (Calyptomena 35.1 49.4 5.1 4.8 5.6 Gentz, 2003 viridis)

Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 27 44.1 12.2 11.9 4.8 Gentz, 2003

Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria 31.7 48.6 8.5 3.9 7.3 Gentz, 2003 coronata)

Rufous-collared sparrows (Zono- 23.1 76.1 2.5 1.0 2.4 Ruiz et al., 2002 trichia capensis)

Siberian Tit (Poecile cinctus) 6.9 81.3 0 8.9 0 Krams et al., 2010

Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix 20.5 46.7 4 17.6 11.2 Gentz, 2003 argentauris)

Southern Red Bishop (Euplectes 22.3 60.1 7.1 2.5 8 Gentz, 2003 orix)

Superb Starling (Lamprotornis 17.2 59.9 6.1 8.1 8.8 Gentz, 2003 superbus)

Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus 23.3 52.1 5.8 1.2 17.5 Gentz, 2003 icterus)

Pelecaniformes

Family Pelecanidae

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occi- 60.9 23.6 4.2 7.4 4 Calculated from dentalis) Weber, 2003

Pink-backed Pelican (Pelecanus 66.9 19.5 5.3 5.1 3.1 Calculated from rufescens) Weber, 2003

Family Frigatidae

Great Frigatebird (Fregata 68.0 11.5 0.4 13.6 0.5 Work, 1996 minor)

Family Phaethontidaes

Red-tailed tropicbird (Phaeton 49.4 30.6 1.8 17.3 1.0 Work, 1996 rubricauda)

Family Phalacrocoracidae

Black-faced Cormorant (Leuco- 33 49 12 4 0.1 Melrose and Nicol, carbo fuscescens) 1992

Flightless Cormorant (Phalacro- 36.6 40.0 2.2 20.8 0.5 Travis et al., 2006a corax harrisi)

Guanay Cormorant (Phalacroco- 64.4 25.2 7.3 3.1 0 Weber, 2003 rax bougainvillii)

Imperial Cormorant (Phalacroco- 48.6 43.6 3.4 8.7 0.04 Gallo et al., 2013 rax actriceps)

Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacroco- 61 27 2 8 2 Newman et al., 1997 rax pelagicus)

(Continued) 54 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Family Sulidae

Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) 70.2 11.8 3.7 12.4 2.1 Work, 1999

Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) 57.8 32.8 1.9 5.8 1.6 Work, 1996

Phaethontiformes

Red-tailed tropicbird (Phaeton 49.4 30.6 1.8 17.3 1.0 Work, 1996 rubricauda)

Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoenicop- 31.4 65.3 1.7 1.2 0 Peinado et al., 1992b terus chiliensis)

Greater flamingo (Phoenicop- 37.6 59.5 0.3 1.9 0.7 Peinado et al., 1992b terus tuber roseus)

Rosy flamingo (Phoenicopterus 36.0 61.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 Peinado et al., 1992b ruber ruber)

Lesser flamingo (Phoeniconais 26.7 67.4 0.6 5.8 0.2 Peinado et al., 1992b minor)

Procellariiformes

Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris 37.9 17.0 1.8 43.6 0 Bried et al., 2011 diomedia)

Hawaiian Dark rumped petrel 31.1 39.8 0.9 18.1 10.1 Work, 1996 (Pterodroma phaeopygia)

Laysan Albatross (Diomedea 47.9 21.9 0.1 25.0 5.0 Work, 1996 immutabilis)

Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus 29 56 2 13 0 Newman et al., 1997 glacialis)

Southern Giant Petrel (Macro- 52.4 32.5 5.0 10.0 0.15 Uhart et al., 2003 nectes giganteus)

Waved Albatross (Phoebastria 66.1 30.5 1.7 1.7 0 Padilla et al., 2003 irrorata)

Wedge-tailed Shearwater 22.0 71.1 2.5 2.6 1.7 Work, 1996 (Puffinus pacificus)

Psittaciformes

Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots 89.8 7.1 0.9 1.7 0.1 Deem et al., 2005 (Amazona aestiva)

Budgerigar (Melopsittacus 39.7 48.0 9.1 0.6 2.7 Harper and Lowe, undulatus) 1998

Cuban Amazon Parrot (Amazona 16 84 0 1 0 Tell and Citino, 1992 leucocephala leucocephala)

Golden Conure or ararajubas 52.8 46.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 Prioste et al., 2012 (Guaruba guarouba)

Hispaniolan Amazon Parrot 48.1 37.7 9.4 0.9 1.4 Guzman et al., 2008 (Amazona Ventralis) Blood Supplementary Materials 55

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhyn- 75 22.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 Calle and Stewart, chus hyacinthinus) 1987

Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) 80.1 16.3 0.8 1.6 0.9 Low et al., 2006

Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 42.2 49.9 4.5 0.8 2.4 García del Campo et al., 1991

Monk Parakeet or quaker parrot 11.5 82 2.5 0.5 1.5 Godwin et al., 1982 (Myopsitta monachus)

Red-Capped Parrot (Pionopsitta 45.7 44.7 2.5 1.5 1.5 Schmidt et al., 2009b pileata)

St Vincent Parrot (Amazona 58.9 41.1 1.1 0 0 Deem et al., 2008 guildingii)

Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta 56.4 41.1 3.1 0.6 0 Foldenauer et al., spixii) 2007

Vinaceous Amazon Parrot 39.3 56.8 1.0 1.7 1.2 Schmidt et al., 2009b (Amazona vinacea)

Sphenisciformes

Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis 65.3 23.9 3.9 4.5 2.5 Paris Zinsmeister and adeliae) Van der Heyden, 1987

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis 61.6 37.1 2.3 0 0.3 Paris Zinsmeister and antarctica) Van der Heyden, 1987

Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus 57.6 31.5 2.4 8.0 0.4 Travis et al., 2006b mendiculus)

Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis 41 54 0.9 4.5 0.0 Hawkey et al., 1989 papua)

Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus 63.8 32.5 2.9 0.8 0 Stoskopf et al., 1980 demersus)

Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus 52.6 34.9 3.4 0 1.7 Wallace et al., 1995 humboldti)

King Penguin (Aptenodytes 39.5 48.9 4.6 1.6 5.4 Canfield, 2003 patagonicus)

Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus 31 60 1.2 6.4 0.12 Hawkey et al., 1989 magellanicus)

Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes 29 63 1.8 6.4 0.6 Hawkey et al., 1989 chrysocome)

Strigiformes

Barred Owl (Strix varia) 43.7 37.9 4.6 6.8 6.9 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicu- 42.4 36.3 5.3 10.3 5.6 Calculated from laria) Aguilar, 2003

Common Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 51.3 33.7 3.7 8.5 2.8 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

(Continued) 56 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d Hetero- Lympho- Mono- Eosino- Baso- phils % cytes % cytes % phils % phils % References

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 50 38.1 5.3 10.4 5.6 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Eastern Screech Owl (Otis asio) 37.3 35.9 6.6 15.4 4.7 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa) 25.2 63.4 4.1 5.9 1.3 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Great Horned Owl (Bubo 50.4 29.7 6.5 10.6 2.9 Calculated from virginianus) Aguilar, 2003

Short-eared Owl (Asio 53.3 34.9 8.7 1 2.1 Calculated from flammeus) Aguilar, 2003

Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiacus) 47.9 39.3 4.9 4.9 3 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003

Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix per- 41.1 39.7 3.7 11.5 4.1 Calculated from spicillata) Aguilar, 2003

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharomachrus 70 26 4 0 0 Neiffer, 2003 antisianus)

Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharo- 33.2 52.2 8.6 5.1 1.1 Neiffer, 2003 machrus auriceps)

Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes 59.9 21.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 Neiffer, 2003 reinwardtii)

White-tailed Trogon (Trogon 19.1 35 0.4 0 48.7 Neiffer, 2003 chionurus) Blood Supplementary Materials 57

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter) Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 144.4 - 3.6 - - Bonadiman et al., 2009

Greater Rhea (Rhea ameri- 161.7 4.5 3.8 2.0 Uhart et al., 2006 cana)

Lesser rRea (Pterocnemia 3.2 Reissig et al., 2002 pennata)

Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

African Fish eagle (Haliaeetus 153 115 1.6 2.4 0.74 Hollamby et al., vocifer) 2004

African White-backed Vulture 153.7 1.4 1.7 Naidoo et al., 2008 (Gyps africanus)

Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus 2.4 0.9 Hernández and barbatus) Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 2.32 Ferrer et al., 1987

Cape Vulture (Gyps copro- 157 117 1.2 2.7 0.8 Van Heerden et al., theres) 1987

Common Buzzard (Buteo 2.35 Ferrer et al., 1987 buteo)

Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila 2.35 Ferrer et al., 1987 heliaca)

Egyptian Vulture (Neophron 152 100 1.6 2.7 2.35 Polo et al., 1992 percnopterus)

Galapagos Hawk (Buteo 152 121 2.0 1.97 0.8 Deem et al., 2012 galapagoensis)

Golden Eagle (Aquila chry- 162 107 2.2 2.7 1.5 Polo et al., 1992 saetos)

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) 155 98 2.1 3.5 1.5 Polo et al., 1992

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter 158.6 3.0 1.2 1.19 Hanauska-Brown gentilis) et al., 2003

South American Snail Kite 154 115 2.8 2.3 1.5 Gee et al., 1981 (Rostrhamus sociabilis)

Spanish Imperial Eagle 156.5 104 2.6 2.6 1.5 Mean: Polo et al., (Aquila adalberti) 1992; García- Montijano et al., 2002

Swamp Harrier (Circus 156.7 124 2.83 2.46 Calculated from approximans) Youl, 2009

Family Cathartidae

Andean Condor (Vultur 147 111 2.9 2.2 0.7 Gee et al., 1981 gryphus)

California Condor 146 115 3.0 2.9 0.7 Dujowich et al., (Gymnogyps californianus) 2005

(Continued) 58 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d

Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

Anseriformes

Common Pochard (Aythya 150 120 2.1 Balasch et al., ferina) 1974

Black Duck (Anas 1.4 Mulley, 1979 superciliosa)

Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus 2.7 2.3 Stoskopf et al., histrionicus) 2010

Geese

Aleutian Canada Goose 147 105 3.4 2.6 0.9 Gee et al., 1981 (Branta canadensis leuco- parea)

Embden Goose (Anser anser) 140 101 3.1 2.6 1.2 Gee et al., 1981

Emperor Geese (Chen 1.1 Franson et al., canagica) 2009

Nene Goose (Branta sandvi- 166 99 2.5 2.6 0.8 Gee et al., 1981 censis)

Tule White-fronted Goose 146 112 3.3 2.5 1.2 Gee et al., 1981 (Anser albifrons)

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 144.3 6.8 2.7 1.6 Dolka et al., 2014

Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus 155 111 2.8 2.32 1.35 McCracken, 2003 strigoides)

Charadriiformes

American Avocet 155 115 3.2 2.17 0.81 Ball, 2003 (Recurvirostra americana)

American Oystercatcher 150.7 3.2 2.1 0.8 Carlson-Bremer (Haematopus palliates) et al., 2010

Black-headed Gull (Larus 160 119 1.6 Balasch et al., ridibundus 1974

Black-winged Stilt (Himanto- 147 113 2.22 0.74 Ball, 2003 pus himantopus)

Common Black-headed Gull 160.1 119 1.6 Balasch et al., (Larus ridibundus) 1974

Common Murre (Uria aalge) 155.0 114 3.6 Frankfurter et al., 2012

Double-striped Thick-knee 153 121 2.7 2.25 1.94 Ball, 2003 (Burhinus bistriatus)

European Herring Gull (Larus 157 121 1.8 Balasch et al., argentatus) 1974

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) 2.35 0.77 Ball, 2003

Piping Plover (Charadrius 2.75 Ball, 2003 melodus)

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 2.3 1.3 Work, 1996 Blood Supplementary Materials 59

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d

Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

South Polar Skua (Stercorarius 121 Deguirmendjian maccormicki) Rosa et al., 1992

Wattled Jacana (Jacana 3.3 1.10 Ball, 2003 jacana)

Ciconiiformes

Northern Bald Ibis 2.3 Dutton et al., 2002 (Geronticus ermita)

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 143 115 3.5 2.3 1.0 Coke et al., 2004

Coliiformes

Blue-naped Mousebird (Uro- 187.3 124.3 1.9 2.0 1.5 Calculated from colius macrourus) Pye, 2003

Speckled Mousebird (Colius 2.2 1.7 Calculated from striatus) Pye, 2003

White-backed Mousebird 4.45 Calculated from (Colius colius) Pye, 2003

Columbiformes

Pigeon (Columba livia) 160 117 2.1 Balasch et al., 1974

Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas 150 107.5 2.4 2.5 4.4 Mean: Peinado nicobarica) et al., 1992a; Schultz, 2003

Pheasant Pigeon (Otidiphaps 130 4.0 4.4 Peinado et al., nobilis) 1992a

Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptili- 162 120 2.6 2.5 1.81 Schultz, 2003 nopus porphyreus)

Western or Common 101 2.2 2.2 Peinado et al., crowned pigeon (Goura 1992a cristata)

Victoria crowned pigeon 105 2.4 1.8 Peinado et al., (Goura victoria) 1992a

Southern Crowned or Scheep 100 Peinado et al., Maker’s crowned pigeon 1992a (Goura scheepmakeri)

Coraciiformes

Northern Ground Hornbill 154 117 3.1 2.3 1.16 Calculated from (Bucorvus abyssinicus) Dutton, 2003

Blue-crowned Motmot 158 120 2 2.5 1.71 Calculated from (Momotus momota) Dutton, 2003

Great Hornbill (Buceros 153 111 4.5 2.17 1.52 Calculated from bicornis) Dutton, 2003

Green Wood Hoopoe 159 111 1.9 2.275 1.19 Calculated from (Phoeniculus purpureus) Dutton, 2003

Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 183 125 2.9 2.1 2.65 Calculated from Dutton, 2003

(Continued) 60 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d

Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

Lilac-breasted Roller (Cora- 158 118 2.9 2.25 0.90 Calculated from cias caudatus) Dutton, 2003

Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir- 160 127 3.1 2.22 0.81 Calculated from amphus cinnamominus) Dutton, 2003

Southern Carmine Bee-eater 157 111 4.4 1.87 0.71 Calculated from (Merops nubicoides) Dutton, 2003

Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner (Geococ- 157 121 2.7 2.5 1.2 Abou-Madi, 2003 cyx californianus)

Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 2.4 2.9 Abou-Madi, 2003

Falconiformes

American Kestrel (Falco 158 108 2.2 1.8 3.0 Dressen et al., sparverius) 1999

Artic Peregrine Falcon (Falco - - - 1.8 0.9 Gee et al., 1981 perigrinus tundrius)

Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie Chicken 3.4 5.5 West and Haines, (Tympanuchus cupido 2002 attwateri)

Black-fronted Piping-guan 2.7 2.7 Moota et al., 2013 (Aburria jacutinga)

Bobwhite Quail (Colinus 161 115 3.9 2.6 1.6 Mean: Gee et al., virginianus) 1981; Johnson et al., 2007

Chukar Partridge (Alectoris 155 117 9.1 2.1 2.1 Ozek and chukar) Bahtiyarca, 2004

Greater sage grouse (Centro- 5.3 2.3 Dunbar et al., 2005 cercus urophasianus)

Guinea fowl (Numida melea- 160.6 122.5 2.2 Mean: Balasch gris) et al., 1973; Drew, 2003

Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 158.6 114.0 3.6 Balasch et al., 1973

Pheasant (Phasianus 154.8 120.4 3.3 Balasch et al., colchicus) 1973

Rock Partridge (Alectoris 153.9 112.8 3.2 Balasch et al., graeca) 1973

Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus 156.7 119.0 3.5 Balasch et al., bankivas) (Java) 1973

Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 2.0 Drew, 2003

Wattled Curassow (Crax 161 4.3 2.9 Drew, 2003 globulosa) Blood Supplementary Materials 61

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d

Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

Gruiformes

Family Gruidae

Florida sandhill crane (Grus 149 109 3.4 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981 canadensis pratensis)

Greater sandhill crane (Grus 147 107 3.5 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981 canadensis tabid

Mississippi sandhill crane 147 103 3.6 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981 (Grus canadensis pulla)

Red-crowned Crane (Grus 148 107 2.8 2.7 1.1 Carpenter, 2003 japonensis)

Siberian Crane (Grus leuco- 149 109 2.9 2.6 1.2 Carpenter, 2003 geranus)

Wattled Crane (Bugeranus 146 108 3.2 2.7 0.9 Carpenter, 2003 carunculatus)

Whooping Crane (Grus 147 107 3.4 2.3 0.9 Gee et al., 1981 americana)

Family Rallidae

Guam Rail (Gallirallus 120 1.8 3.05* 1.13* Fontenot et al., owstoni) 2006 (* units corrected)

Takahē (Porphyrio hochstet- 145.8 108.4 4.2 2.67 Calculated from teri) Youl, 2009

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 162.2 2.7 5.0 0.94 Barrera et al., 1992

Houbara Bustard 149.0 113.5 3.7 2.46 0.77 D’Aloia et al., (Chlamydotis undulate) 1996a

Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 154.5 115.3 2.94 1.33 D’Aloia et al., 1996b

White-Bellied Bustard (Eupo- 2.42 Bailey et al., 1998 dotis senegalensis)

Passeriformes

American Crow (Corvus 152 120 4.4 2.05 1.13 Genz, 2003 brachyrhynchos)

Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena 158 121 2.3 2.075 1.61 Genz, 2003 puella)

Blue-faced Honeyeater (Ento- 2.475 2.48 Genz, 2003 myzon cyanotis)

Green Broadbill (Calyptom- 2.3 1.65 Genz, 2003 ena viridis)

Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 2.975 2.55 Genz, 2003

Raven (Corvus corax) 162 132 2.4 Balasch et al., 1974

Red-crested Cardinal 1.925 2.03 Genz, 2003 (Paroaria coronata)

(Continued) 62 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d

Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix 2.475 2.48 Genz, 2003 argentauris)

Superb Starling (Lamprotornis 122 2.025 0.71 Genz, 2003 superbus)

Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus 163 122 2.8 2.35 3.06 Genz, 2003 icterus)

Pelecaniformes

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus 151 114.5 4.15 2.2 1.3 Mean: Balasch occidentalis) et al., 1974; Wolf et al., 1985

Pink-backed Pelican 149 109 3.3 2.3 0.8 Weber, 2003 (Pelecanus rufescens)

Black-faced cormorant (Leu- 142 112.3 5.9 2.6 2.6 Melrose and Nicol, cocarbo fuscescens) 1992

Flightless cormorant (Phala- 150.4 109.0 - 2.2 4.4 Travis et al., 2006a crocorax harrisi)

Great Cormorant (Phalacro- 154 119 2.5 Balasch et al., corax carbo) 1974

Great frigatebird (Fregata 3.9 3.4 Work, 1996 minor)

Guanay Cormorant (Phalacro- 160 114 3.4 2.3 0.8 Weber, 2003 corax bougainvillii)

Imperial Shag (Phalacrocorax 2.3 1.37 Gallo et al., 2013 actriceps)

Brown Booby (Sula leuco- 2.7 1.3 Work, 1999 gaster)

Northern Gannet (Morus bas- 153 124 3.0 Balasch et al., sanus or Sula bassanus) 1974

Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 143 115 3.5 2.3 1.0 Coke et al., 2004

Phaethontiformes

Red-tailed tropicbird (Pha- 1.7 1.6 Work, 1996 eton rubricauda)

Phoenicopteriformes

Chilean flamingo (Phoenicop- 153.1 116.4 2.2 2.7 Norton, 2003 terus chiliensis)

American flamingo (Phoe- 157.5 117 3.2 2.5 1.4 Norton, 2003 nicopterus ruber)

Podicipediformes

Western Grebe (Aechmopho- 153.9 117.9 3.9 Frankfurter et al., rus occidentalis) 2012

Procellariiformes

Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel 1.7 0.3 Work, 1996 (Pterodroma phaeopygia) Blood Supplementary Materials 63

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

Laysan Albatross (Diomedea 2.7 2.0 Work, 1996 immutabilis)

Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus 153.3 4.5 Frankfurter et al., glacialis) 2012

Southern Giant Petrel (Macro- 154.5 121.3 <1.5 2.3 0.8 Uhart et al., 2003 nectes giganteus)

Waved Albatross (Phoebastria 153 118 3.7 2.5 1.1 Padilla et al., 2003 irrorata)

Wedge-tailed Shearwater 2.2 0.5 Work, 1996 (Puffinus pacificus)

Psittaciformes

Amazon Parrot (Amazona 147.1 3.5 0.8 Valéria et al., 2008 aestiva)

Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots 152 6.1 1.7 0.6 Deem et al., 2005 (Amazona aestiva)

Galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) 106.0† 10.3 1.7 6.9 McDonald et al., 2010

Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) 148 4.5 2.4 1.0 Low et al., 2006

Kea (Nestor notabilis) 145.1 112.8 4.4 2.1 Calculated from Youl, 2009

Long-billed Corella (Cacatua 108.0† 8.0 1.8 7.0 McDonald et al., tenuirostris) 2010

Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta 0.8 Foldenauer et al., spixii) 2007

St Vincent Parrot (Amazona 144 3.1 2.0 1.2 Deem et al., 2008 guildingii)

Sulphur-crested 95.4† 8.3 1.7 5.7 McDonald et al., Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) 2010

Order Pteroclidiformes

Pin-tailed Sandgrouse 147 111 2.5 2.55 0.72 Lierz and Fenske, (Pterocles alchata) 2004

Sphenisciformes

Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis 158 117 3.8 Aquilera et al., adeliae) 1974;

Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis 156 117 3.5 Aquilera et al., antarcticus) 1974; 1992

Galápagos Penguin 156.3 118.5 3.9 2.5 1.6 Travis et al., 2006 (Spheniscus mendiculus)

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis 156 117 4.1 Aquilera et al., papua) 1974

Humboldt penguin 154 3.5 3.5 1.4 Wallace et al., (Spheniscus humboldti) 1995

Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus 150 111 4.5 2.7 1.3 Cranfield, 2003 demersus)

(Continued) 64 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d

Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References

King Penguin (Aptenodytes 157 110 3.0 2.7 1.2 Cranfield, 2003 patagonicus)

Rockhopper Penguin 154.8 118.1 4.3 1.7 2.0 Mean: Karesh (Eudyptes chrysocomes) et al., 1999; Maxime and Hassani, 2014

Strigiformes

Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 153 118 2.8 2.2 1.2 Aguilar, 2003

Barred owl (Strix varia) 150 110 3.3 2.4 1.42 Aguilar, 2003

Burrowing Owl (Athene 150 111 3.2 2.18 1.36 Aguilar, 2003 cunicularia)

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 166 132 2.8 2.45 2.8 Aguilar, 2003

Great Horned Owl (Bubo 159 121 2.5 2.45 1.87 Aguilar, 2003 virginianus)

Great Grey Owl (Strix nebu- 152 119 3.5 2.37 1.91 Aguilar, 2003 losa)

Short eared Owl (Asio flam- 157 136 2.9 2.3 2.58 Aguilar, 2003 meus)

Screech Owl (Otus asio) 152 116 3.0 2.2 1.36 Aguilar, 2003

Snowy owl (Nyctea scan- 152 117 2.8 2.35 1.29 Aguilar, 2003 diaca)

Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix 156 119 2.6 3.04 1.78 Aguilar, 2003 perspicillata)

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal (Pharoma- 4.3 Neiffer, 2003 chrus antisianus)

Golden-headed Quetzal 158 121 2.4 2.3 1.1 Neiffer, 2003 (Pharomachrus auriceps)

Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes 2.9 1.2 reinwardtii)

White-tailed Trogon (Trogon 2.2 0.4 chionurus)

†Outside mean +/- 5 S.D. Blood Supplementary Materials 65

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Emu (Dromaius 40.5 17 22 0.3 0.42 Mean: novaehollandiae) Okotie-Eboh et al., 1992; Smith, 2003

Ostrich (Struthio 46.5 16.9 29.6 0.4 Mean: camelus) Smith, 2003; Bonadiman et al., 2009

Greater rhea (Rhea 48.2 25.8 22.5 0.3 Uhart et al., americana) 2006

Accipitriformes

African Fish Eagle 48 1.0 Hollamby et al., (Haliaeetus vocifer) 2004

African White- 33.5 11.7 21.8 0.65 3.21 Naidoo et al., backed Vulture 2008 (Gyps africanus)

Bald Eagle 41 Elliot et al., (Haliaeetus 1974 leucocephalus)

Bearded Vulture 40 0.2 Hernández and (Gypaetus barbatus) Margalida, 2010

Black Kite (Milvus 37 12 24 1.20 Ferrer et al., migrans) 1987

Booted Eagle 38 8 29 1.47 Ferrer et al., (Hieraaetus pen- 1987 natus)

Cape Vulture 37.8 19.2 18.6 Van Heerden (Gyps coprotheres) et al., 1987

Common Buzzard 38 10 28 0.83 3.75 Ferrer et al., (Buteo buteo) 1987; Garcia- Rodriguez et al., 1987

Crested Serpent 56 Elliot et al., Eagle (Spilornis 1974 cheela)

Eastern Imperial 33 10 22 1.67 Ferrer et al., Eagle (Aquila 1987 heliaca)

Egyptian Vulture 39 15.3 20.4 0.2 1.6 Polo et al., 1992 (Neophron percnopterus)

Galapagos Hawk 33 12.5 21 1.1 Deem et al., (Buteo galapa- 2012 goensis)

Golden Eagle 33.5 9.5 17.1 0.3 1.8 Mean: Elliot (Aquila chrysaetos) et al., 1974; Polo et al., 1992

Griffon Vulture 39 17.7 25.8 0.3 1.3 Polo et al., 1992 (Gyps fulvus)

(Continued) 66 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Hooded Vulture 42 Elliot et al., (Necrosyrtes 1974 monachus)

Marsh Harrier 34.7 Lavin et al., (Circus aeruginosus) 1992

Northern Goshawk 27 11 16 0.75 Hanauska- (Accipiter gentilis) Brown et al., 2003

Ornate Hawk- 48 Elliot et al., Eagle (Spizaetus 1974 ornatus)

South American 37 13 23 0.67 2.3 Gee et al., 1981 Snail Kite (Rostrha- mus sociabilis)

Spanish Impe- 38 10.7 19.2 0.19 1.6 Mean; Polo et al., rial Eagle (Aquila 1992; García- adalberti) Montijano et al., 2002

Swainson’s Hawk 0.39 2.45 (Buteo swainsoni)

Swamp Harrier 33 14 19 0.31 Calculated from (Circus Youl, 2009 approximans)

White-bellied Sea 50 Elliot et al., Eagle (Haliaeetus 1974 leucogaster)

Family Cathartidae

Andean Condor 37 13 23 0.53 1.7 Gee et al., 1981 (Vultur gryphus)

California Condor 30 11 22 0.30 Dujowich et al., (Gymnogyps cali- 2005 fornianus)

King Vulture (Sar- 41 Elliot et al., coramphus papa) 1974

Anseriformes

Common Pochard 17.9 8.0 7.4 0.6 Balasch et al., (Aythya ferina) 1974

Pekin or domestic 30 - - 0.17 - Zhang et al., Duck (Anas platy- 2005 rhynchos)

Harlequin Duck 34 13 21 - - Stoskopf et al., (Histrionicus histri- 2010 onicus)

Black Duck (Anas 43.2 30.4 5.4 0.09 Mulley, 1979 superciliosa)

Aleutian Canada 48 20 28 0.49 0.5 Gee et al., 1981 goose (Branta canadensis leuco- parea) Blood Supplementary Materials 67

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Embden Goose 44 17 27 0.45 0.7 Gee et al., 1981 (Anser anser)

Emperor Geese 48 - - 0.42 0.34 Franson et al., (Chen canagica) 2009

Nene Goose 44 18 26 0.48 0.3 Gee et al., 1981 (Branta sandvicensis)

Tule White-fronted 44 17 27 0.64 0.5 Gee et al., 1981 Goose (Anser albifrons)

Black-necked 55.1 21.9 33.2 0.75 0.52 Artachoa et al., Swan (Cygnus 2007 melanocoryphus)

Coscoroba Swan 0.15 Pérez Calabuig (Coscoroba et al., 2010 coscoroba)

Mute Swan 45.7 15.2 30.5 0.33 1.7 Dolka et al., (Cygnus olor) 2014

Trumpeter Swan 48 14 34 0.26 0.75 Olsen et al., (Cygnus buccina- 2002 tors)

Tundra Swan (Cyg- 35 13 22 0.48 0.5 Milani et al., nus columbianus) 2012

Caprimulgiformes

Tawny Frogmouth 35 20 15 0.47 McCracken, (Podargus strigoi- 2003 des)

Charadriiformes

American Oyster- 40 17.7 21.2 0.4 Carlson-Bremer catcher (Haemato- et al., 2010 pus palliates)

American Avocet 30 12 18 0.44 Ball, 2003 (Recurvirostra americana)

Black-headed Gull 36.7 19.6 17.1 1.9 Balasch et al., (Chroicocephalus 1974 ridibundus or Larus ridibundus)

Black-winged 36 22 13 0.42 Ball, 2003 Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)

Double-striped 35 14 18 0.44 Ball, 2003 Thick-knee (Burhi- nus bistriatus)

European Herring 30.6 16.0 14.6 1.6 Balasch et al., Gull (Larus argen- 1974 tatus)

Killdeer (Char- 29 11 16 0.45 Ball, 2003 adrius vociferus)

(Continued) 68 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d

Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Piping Plover (Cha- 45 13 32 0.30 Ball, 2003 radrius melodus)

Red Knot (Calidris 35 20 14.8 D’Amico et al., canutus rufa)† 2010

Sooty Tern (Sterna 33 15 18 0.7 Work, 1996 fuscata)

South Polar Skua 28 8.2 19.8 Deguirmendjian (Stercorarius mac- Rosa et al., 1992 cormicki)

Spotted Thick-knee 36.0 14.0 22.0 1.23 Samour et al., (Burhinus capensis) 1998

Stone Curlew 39.8 10.5 29.8 0.77 Samour et al., (Burhinus oedic- 1998 nemus)

Wattled Jacana 42 21 24 0.4 Ball, 2003 (Jacana jacana)

Ciconiiformes

Black Stork (Cico- 35 0.76 2.1 Puerta et al., nia nigra) 1989

Black-crowned 34 14.6 19.4 0.38 1.8 Fontenelle, Night Heron (Nyc- 2001 ticorax nycticorax)

Cattle Egret (Bubul- 34 16.3 17.7 0.23 1.6 Fontenelle, cus ibis) 2001

Little Egret (Egretta 33 16.5 16.5 0.47 1.6 Fontenelle, garzetta) 2001

Northern Bald Ibis 36 10 26 0.7 Dutton et al., (Geronticus ermita) 2002

Puna Ibis (Plegadis 38 15 24 0.5 0.35 Coke et al., ridgwayi) 2004

White Stork (Cico- 45 0.85 2.4 Puerta et al., nia ciconia) 1989

Coliiformes

Blue-naped 37.5 0.33 Calculated from Mousebird (Uroco- Pye, 2003 lius macrourus)

Speckled 37 12 24 0.45 Calculated from Mousebird (Colius Pye, 2003 striatus)

Columbiformes

Rock Pigeon 29.8 9 24 0.3 1.2 Mean: Balasch (Columba livia) et al., 1974; Gayathri et al., 2004

Nicobar Pigeon 32.6 14.8 6.9 0.61 1.0 Peinado et al., (Caloenas nico- 1992a barica) Blood Supplementary Materials 69

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Pheasant pigeon 32.7 15.4 13.3 0.78 0.9 Peinado et al., (Otidiphaps 1992a nobilis)

Pink-headed Fruit 36 15 18 0.54 Schultz, 2003. Dove (Ptilinopus porphyreus)

Western or 44.6 21.8 17.4 0.41 1.4 Peinado et al., Common crowned 1992a pigeon (Goura cristata)

Victoria crowned 35.8 17.4 11.9 0.41 1.7 Peinado et al., pigeon (Goura 1992a victoria)

Southern Crowned 40.5 20.4 13.3 0.31 1.6 Peinado et al., or Scheep Maker’s 1992a crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)

Coraciiformes

Northern Ground 34 19 15 0.83 0.57 Calculated from Hornbill (Bucorvus Dutton, 2003 abyssinicus)

Blue-crowned 43 23 20 1.0 0.5 Calculated from Motmot (Momotus Dutton, 2003 momota)

Great Hornbill 40 21 20 1.67 0.45 Calculated from (Buceros bicornis) Dutton, 2003

Green Wood Hoo- 30 10 15 1.167 1.10 Calculated from poe (Phoeniculus Dutton, 2003 purpureus)

Hoopoe (Upupa 36 15 7 1.33 0.89 Calculated from epops) Dutton, 2003

Lilac-breasted 33 18 15 0.50 0.43 Calculated from Roller (Coracias Dutton, 2003 caudatus)

Micronesian 36 19 19 1.33 0.65 Calculated from Kingfisher (Todir- Dutton, 2003 amphus cinnamominus)

Southern Carmine 32 23 9 0.83 0.68 Calculated from Bee-eater (Merops Dutton, 2003 nubicoides)

Cuculiformes

Greater Roadrunner 34 15 18 1.2 0.4 Abou-Madi, (Geococcyx 2003 californianus)

Guira Cuckoo 0.5 0.6 Abou-Madi, (Guira guira) 2003

(Continued) 70 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Falconiformes

American Kestrels 32 10 12 0.53 1.0 Dressen et al., (Falco sparverius) 1999

Artic Peregrine 33 9 24 0.68 1.2 Gee et al., 1981 falcon (Falco perigrinus tundrius)

Collared Forest 45 Elliot et al., Falcon (Micrastur 1974 semitorquatus)

Lesser Kestrel 0.90 4.0 Rodríguez, (Falco naumanni) 2011

Southern Crested 38 Elliot et al., Caracara (Poly- 1974 borus plancus)

Galliformes

Attwater’s Prairie 32.6 15.6 17.8 0.52 West and Chickens (Tym- Haines, 2002 panuchus cupido attwateri)

Black-fronted 0.91 1.38 Motta et al., Piping-guan (Aburria 2013 jacutinga)

Bobwhite Quail 38 20 18 0.5 0.5 Gee et al., 1981 (Colinus virginianus)

Chukar Partridge 42 0.2 Ozek and (Alectoris chukar) Bahtiyarca, 2004

Greater Sage 52.1 21 31.1 0.31 1.3 Mean: Dunbar Grouse (Centrocer- et al., 2005; cus urophasianus) Dyer et al., 2009

Grouse (Lagopus 39.4 19.7 17.9 0.36 Wilson and lagopus) Wilson, 1978; Korhonen, 1987

Guinea fowl 44.3 0.3 0.7 Balasch et al., (Numida melea- 1973 gris)

Jungle Fowl (Gallus 44.3 0.15 1.02 Mean: Balasch gallus) et al., 1973; Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985

Peacock (Pavo 43.6 0.2 2.8 Balasch et al., cristatus) 1973

Pheasant (Phasia- 49.0 0.3 0.9 Balasch et al., nus colchicus) 1973

Rock partridge 35.2 0.4 0.43 Balasch et al., (Alectoris graeca) 1973 Blood Supplementary Materials 71

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Turkey (Meleagris 46.2 16 30.2 0.60 Mean: Drew, gallopavo) 2003; Schmidt et al., 2009a

Wattled Curassow 40 0.59 Drew, 2003 (Crax globulosa)

Gruiformes

Family Gruidae

Common Crane 49 - - 0.17 1.18 Puerta et al., (Grus grus) 1981

Florida sandhill 39 14 24 0.74 0.5 Gee et al., 1981 Crane (Grus canadensis pra- tensi)

Greater sandhill 39 16 23 0.45 0.3 Gee et al., 1981 Crane (Grus canadensis tabid)

Mississippi sandhill 39 14 25 0.41 0.3 Gee et al., 1981 Crane (Grus canadensis pulla)

Red-crowned 33 12 21 0.46 Calculated from Crane (Grus japo- Carpenter, 2003 nensis)

Siberian 37 14 23 0.54 Calculated from Crane (Grus Carpenter, 2003 leucogeranus)

Wattled Crane 31 11 20 0.46 Calculated from (Bugeranus Carpenter, 2003 carunculatus)

Whooping Crane 38 15 23 0.48 0.5 Gee et al., 1981 (Grus americana)

Family Rallidae

Common Coot 0.13 1.45 Rubio et al., (Fulica atra) 2012

Red-knobbed Coot 0.44 Rubio et al., (Fulica cristata) 2012

Guam Rail (Gal- 47.5 20 21 0.34 Fontenot et al., lirallus owstoni) 2006

Takahē (Porphyrio 40.9 13.8 27.3 0.5 Calculated from hochstetteri) Youl, 2009

Family Otididae

Great Bustard (Otis 35 Barrera et al., tarda) 1992

Buff-crested 32.8 12.9 19.6 0.53 Bailey et al., bustard (Eupoditis 1998a ruficrista)

Houbara Bustard 33.3 14.8 17.9 0.58 D’Aloia et al., (Chlamydotis 1996a undulate)

(Continued) 72 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Kori Bustard 29.6 15.9 13 0.47 D’Aloia et al., (Ardeotis kori) 1996b

White-Bellied 30 12 18 0.41 Bailey et al., Bustard (Eupodotis 1998b senegalensis)

Passeriformes

Abert’s Towhee 1.8 Davis et al.,, (Melozone aberti) 2013

American Crow 37 18 18 0.5 0.7 Gentz, 2003 (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

Asian Fairy-bluebird 38 18 17 0.8 0.6 Gentz, 2003 (Irena puella)

Blackbird (Turdus 39 17 17.9 Llacuna et al., merula) 1996

Blue Jay (Cya- 41 Garvin et al., nocitta cristata) 2003

Great Tit (Parus 25 9.3 8.3 Llacuna et al., major) 1996

Green Broadbill 49 0.5 Gentz, 2003 (Calyptomena viridis)

Hooded Pitta (Pitta 43 1.0 0.7 Gentz, 2003 sordida)

House Sparrow 32 1.2 Puerta et al., (Passer domesticus) 1995

(African) Pied 31.3 13.2 18.1 1.3 1.1 Ihedioha et al., Crow (Corvus 2011 albus)

Raven (Corvus 38 18 19.1 1.0 Balasch et al., corax) 1974

Red-crested 44 16 29 0.7 Gentz, 2003 Cardinal (Paroaria coronata)

Rock Bunting 22 11 7.2 Llacuna et al., (Emberiza cia) 1996

Silver-eared Mesia 27 1.0 0.6 Gentz, 2003 (Leiothrix argentauris)

Southern Red 31 1.1 Gentz, 2003 Bishop (Euplectes orix)

Superb Starling 35 12 24 1.0 0.8 Gentz, 2003 (Lamprotornis superbus)

Venezuelan 38 20 19 0.3 0.6 Gentz, 2003 Troupial (Icterus icterus) Blood Supplementary Materials 73

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Pelecaniformes

Brown Pelican 34.2 14.1 19.4 0.4 1.4 Mean: Balasch (Pelecanus occi- et al., 1974; dentalis) Wolf et al., 1985

Pink-backed 41 14 27 0.37 Weber, 2003 Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens)

Black-faced cormo- 39 15 24 1.3 0.7 Melrose and rant (Leucocarbo Nicol, 1992 fuscescens)

Flightless cormo- 39.8 16.8 23 1.3 Travis et al., rant (Phalacrocorax 2006a harrisi)

Great Cormorant 32.2 11.5 16.7 1.5 Balasch et al., (Phalacrocorax 1974 carbo)

Imperial Cormo- 38.4 18.3 20.1 0.27 1.29 Gallo et al., rant (Phalacrocorax 2013 actriceps)

Great frigatebird 36.5 16.5 23.5 0.3 Work, 1996 (Fregata minor)

Brown booby (Sula 40 16 24 1.2 Work, 1999 leucogaster)

Red-footed booby 30 13 17 0.8 Work, 1996 (Sula sula)

Northern Gannet 45 20.1 18.5 1.6 Balasch et al., (Morus bassanus 1974 or Sula bassanus)

Black-faced Cor- 39 15 24 1.3 0.7 Melrose and morant (Leucocarbo Nicol, 1992 fuscescens)

Puna Ibis (Plegadis 38 15 24 0.5 0.35 Coke et al., ridgwayi) 2004

Phaethontiformes

Red-tailed Trop- 26.5 12.5 14 0.7 Work, 1996 icbird (Phaeton rubricauda)

Procellariiformes

Hawaiian dark 31 15 17 0.4 Work, 1996 rumped petrel (Pterodoma phaeopygia)

Laysan albatross 47 18 30 0.2 Work, 1996 (Diomedea immutabilis)

Waved Albatross 45 18 28 0.3 Padilla et al., (Phoebastria 2003 irrorata)

(Continued) 74 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Wedge-tailed 31 15 18 0.6 Work, 1996 shearwater (Puffi- nus pacificus)

Wilson’s Storm- 27 Quillfeldt et al., Petrel (Oceanites 2004 oceanicus)

Psittaciformes

Blue-Fronted 26 9 18 0.2 Deem et al., Amazon Parrot 2005 (Amazona aestiva)

Cuban Amazon 39 16 24 0.17 0.28 Tell and Citino, parrots (Amazona 1992 leucocephala leucocephala)

Kakapo (Strigops 45.8 0.2 0.9 Low et al., 2006 habroptilus)

Kea (Nestor nota- 26.3 12.4 14.1 0.1 Calculated from bilis) Youl, 2009

Macaw (Ara 32 0.3 1.0 García del rubrogenys) Campo et al., 1991

Monk parakeet 44 Godwin et al., or quaker parrot 1982 (Myopsitta monachus)

Red-Capped Parrot 36 Schmidt et al., (Pionopsitta pileata) 2009

Spix’s macaws 38.3 21 8.2 0.3 Foldenauer (Cyanopsitta spixii) et al., 2007

St Vincent parrots 33.5 17.4 10.1 Deem et al., (Amazona 2008 guildingii)

Vinaceous Amazon 40 Schmidt et al., Parrot (Amazona 2009 vinacea)

Sphenisciformes

Penguins (Sphenis- 39 21 18 Cray et al., 2011 cus genus)

Adélie Penguin 41 0.75 1.7 Aquilera et al., (Pygoscelis adeliae) 1974; 1993

Chinstrap Penguin 43 18.5 24.5 0.4 1.0 Mean: Aquilera (Pygoscelis ant- et al., 1974; arcticus) 1993; Ferrer et al., 1994; Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1992

Galápagos Penguin 56 12.2 43.8 1.1 Travis et al., (Spheniscus 2006 mendiculus) Blood Supplementary Materials 75

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Gentoo Penguin 52.5 17.6 35.1 0.7 1.3 Calculated from (Pygoscelis papua) Aquilera et al., 1974; 1993; Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1993; Cranfield, 2003

Humboldt Penguin 55.8 14.8 41.2 0.4 1.2 Wallace et al., (Spheniscus hum- 1995 boldti)

Jackass Penguin 55.5 21 34 0.67 0.67 Stoskopf et al., (Spheniscus 1980; Cranfield, demersus) 2003

King Penguin 52 18 34 0.63 0.67 Calculated from (Aptenodytes Cranfield, 2003 patagonicus)

Rockhopper 35.8 13.6 22.2 0.32 Karesh et al., Penguin (Eudyptes 1999 chrysocomes)

Pteroclidiformes

Pin-tailed Sand- 32.9 10.7 22.2 0.27 0.6 Lierz and grouse (Pterocles Fenske, 2004 alchata)

Strigiformes

Barred owl (Strix 49 20.3 25 0.65 1.5 Elliot et al., varia) 1974

Burrowing Owl 38 15.2 19 0.56 2.17 Aguilar, 2003 (Athene cunicularia)

Common Barn 36.5 16.2 16 0.47 0.84 Elliot et al., Owl 1974; Aguilar, 2003

Eagle Owl 38 17.2 21 0.73 1 Aguilar, 2003 (Bubo bubo)

Great Horned Owl 39 17.2 24 0.70 1 Aguilar, 2003 (Bubo virginianus)

Great Grey Owl 34 15.2 20 0.99 0.84 Aguilar, 2003 (Strix nebulosa)

Malay fishing owl 48 Elliot et al., (Ketupa ketupu) 1974

Nepal brown 38.5 Elliot et al., wood owl (Strix 1974 leptogrammica)

Screech Owl (Otus 37 19.2 21 0.48 1.5 Aguilar, 2003 asio)

Short-eared Owl 35.5 15.2 19 0.34 0.67 Elliot et al., (Asio flammeus) 1974; Aguilar, 2003

(Continued) 76 Blood Supplementary Materials

TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References

Snowy Owl (Nyc- 48 14.2 24 0.54 0.35 Elliot et al., tea scandiaca) 1974; Aguilar, 2003

Spectacled Owl 43 18.3 28 0.52 1 Aguilar, 2003 (Pulsatrix perspicillata)

Trogoniformes

Crested Quetzal 52 Neiffer, 2003 (Pharomachrus antisianus)

Golden-headed 29 10 18 0.3 0.7 Neiffer, 2003 Quetzal (Pharoma- chrus auriceps)

Javan Trogon 39 8 31 0.4 Neiffer, 2003 (Apalharpactes reinwardtii)

White-tailed 18 8 10 Neiffer, 2003 Trogon (Trogon chionurus)

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