DOCSLIB.ORG

Making Sense of the Arctic: U.S.-Canadian Foreign and Defense Relations and the Establishment of JAWS and the DEW Line, 1944-1957

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Making Sense of the Arctic: U.S.-Canadian Foreign and Defense Relations and the Establishment of JAWS and the DEW Line, 1944-1957 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-04-10 Making Sense of the Arctic: U.S.-Canadian Foreign and Defense Relations and the Establishment of JAWS and the DEW Line, 1944-1957 Woitkowitz, John Woitkowitz, J. (2018). Making Sense of the Arctic: U.S.-Canadian Foreign and Defense Relations and the Establishment of JAWS and the DEW Line, 1944-1957 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/31798 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/106511 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Making Sense of the Arctic: U.S.-Canadian Foreign and Defense Relations and the Establishment of JAWS and the DEW Line, 1944-1957 by John Woitkowitz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA April, 2018 © John Woitkowitz 2018 Abstract This dissertation examines the diplomatic history of U.S.-Canadian foreign and defense relations in the Arctic from 1944 to 1957. World War II and the emerging Cold War transformed the Northern and Arctic regions of North America from a peripheral region of international politics to a frontline of military planning. The Cold War confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States, the advent of the nuclear age, and the advancements in the field of long-range aviation fixed foreign policy and continental defense planners’ attention on Northern and Arctic Canada, devising plans for the establishment of the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS) in 1947 and the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line in 1955. This study analyzes the origins, negotiations, and the construction of these Northern defense projects at the intersection of an emerging Cold War security crisis, an evolving legal landscape for Arctic sovereignty, and conceptions of the Arctic as a symbolic marker in the construction of Northern nationalisms. Existing studies of the JAWS and DEW Line talks by historians Shelagh Grant, Whitney Lackenbauer, Alexander Herd, and Peter Kikkert discuss these defense projects within the framework of sovereignty and security. More recent studies have adopted epistemological perspectives, exploring the construction of Arctic knowledge. This dissertation builds on this literature and contributes an analysis of the ideas and perceptions that guided key decision makers in Ottawa and Washington during the bilateral talks. By exploring unpublished personal papers and re-examining the ministerial records of Canada and the United States with a new research focus, this thesis explores how global and national conceptions of Arctic defense interacted with bureaucratic cultures within the Canadian and American foreign and defense establishments. Moreover, this study sheds new light on the relationship between non- governmental actors such as explorers, artists, novelists, and scientists and the realm of ii diplomacy and foreign policy-making. At the intersection of security, sovereignty, and nationalism, this dissertation, therefore, provides a fresh perspective on the way foreign and defense officials in Ottawa and Washington made sense of a rapidly changing international security situation and managed a yet nascent defense relationship in Northern and Arctic Canada. Keywords: International History, Northern and Arctic History, U.S. Foreign Policy, Canadian Foreign Policy, World War II, Cold War iii Acknowledgements I owe a great debt to my supervisor Stephen Randall. His guidance, support, and trust were always at hand throughout the years of researching and writing this thesis. His constant probing and helpful advice, moreover, pushed me to sharpen my arguments and rethink seemingly established truths. I also would like to thank Rob Huebert and John Ferris for serving on my supervisory committee. Our conversations over Arctic affairs and the history of international relations has importantly stimulated my own thoughts about the history of American-Canadian relations in the Northern and Arctic reaches of the North American continent. I am, furthermore, grateful to Petra Dolata, James Keeley, Whitney Lackenbauer, and Frank Towers for serving on my examination committee and for reading this thesis. I would like to acknowledge the financial support by the University of Calgary’s Department of History, the Faculty of Graduate Studies, the German Historical Institute in Washington D.C., and the Association for Canadian Studies in German-Speaking Countries. Their generous assistance enabled me to conduct archival work in Canada and the United States and to present portions of this research in Canada, England, Germany, and Italy. Over the years, many friends and colleagues have become traveling companions in this project for portions of the way, some for the entire journey. I am particularly grateful to Erna Kurbegovic, Stefanie Land-Hilbert, and Ryan McMahon for the innumerable conversations about our work, their generous assistance, and the endless ruminations about it all. Their time and perseverance were a great inspiration throughout and helped to sustain me throughout the solitary months of writing. I continue to be thankful for the enduring collegiality and friendship of fellow Ohio State alumni David Dennis, Robyn Rodriguez, Ryan Shaughnessy, Oscar Vargas- Rodriguez, and Matt Yates. During my travels in the United States, their kind hospitality was a iv wonderful reward after a long day in the archives. Beau Cleland, Mikkel Dack, David Gallant, Glenn Iceton, and Shannon Murray have greatly helped me navigate my time at the Department of History in Calgary. Finally, I would like to thank Helen Gibson, Nadja Klopprogge, Thomas Lindner, and Marvin Menniken of the Doctoral Lab in North American History at the Freie Universität Berlin for their excellent comments on draft chapters of this thesis. My wife, Anke, who has had a frontrow seat in this undertaking and who agreed to move halfway around the world from Berlin to Calgary, for me to pursue this journey, to her I owe the greatest debt and gratitude. I gratefully acknowledge permission by the Zeitschrift für Kanada-Studien to use material from my article “The Northern Education of Lester B. Pearson” (Vol. 37, no. 1, 2017) in this thesis. v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Figures and Illustrations ....................................................................................... viii Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1 Historiography and Contribution ..................................................................................13 Concepts and Terminology ...........................................................................................36 Overview of Chapters ...................................................................................................41 CHAPTER I: U.S.-Canadian Northern and Arctic Relations, 1867-1945..................45 Introduction ...................................................................................................................45 Ideas ..............................................................................................................................46 Claims ...........................................................................................................................57 War ................................................................................................................................71 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................82 CHAPTER II: The Joint Arctic Weather Stations and the Cold War, 1944-1950 ....85 Introduction ...................................................................................................................85 The Expansion of Northern Defense Research and Operations, 1944-1950 ................93 Canadian Northern Nationalism and the Cold War ....................................................102 The Origins of the Joint Arctic Weather Stations, 1944-1946 ....................................107 Negotiating Nationalism, Defense, and Arctic Weather Stations, 1946-1947 ............115 The Implementation of JAWS, 1947-1950 .................................................................157 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................162 CHAPTER III: The Distant Early Warning Line: 1950-1955 ..................................168 Introduction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Our Arctic Nation a U.S
    Connecting the United States to the Arctic OUR ARCTIC NATION A U.S. Arctic Council Chairmanship Initiative Cover Photo: Cover Photo: Hosting Arctic Council meetings during the U.S. Chairmanship gave the United States an opportunity to share the beauty of America’s Arctic state, Alaska—including this glacier ice cave near Juneau—with thousands of international visitors. Photo: David Lienemann, www. davidlienemann.com OUR ARCTIC NATION Connecting the United States to the Arctic A U.S. Arctic Council Chairmanship Initiative TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 Alabama . .2 14 Illinois . 32 02 Alaska . .4 15 Indiana . 34 03 Arizona. 10 16 Iowa . 36 04 Arkansas . 12 17 Kansas . 38 05 California. 14 18 Kentucky . 40 06 Colorado . 16 19 Louisiana. 42 07 Connecticut. 18 20 Maine . 44 08 Delaware . 20 21 Maryland. 46 09 District of Columbia . 22 22 Massachusetts . 48 10 Florida . 24 23 Michigan . 50 11 Georgia. 26 24 Minnesota . 52 12 Hawai‘i. 28 25 Mississippi . 54 Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Photo: iStock.com 13 Idaho . 30 26 Missouri . 56 27 Montana . 58 40 Rhode Island . 84 28 Nebraska . 60 41 South Carolina . 86 29 Nevada. 62 42 South Dakota . 88 30 New Hampshire . 64 43 Tennessee . 90 31 New Jersey . 66 44 Texas. 92 32 New Mexico . 68 45 Utah . 94 33 New York . 70 46 Vermont . 96 34 North Carolina . 72 47 Virginia . 98 35 North Dakota . 74 48 Washington. .100 36 Ohio . 76 49 West Virginia . .102 37 Oklahoma . 78 50 Wisconsin . .104 38 Oregon. 80 51 Wyoming. .106 39 Pennsylvania . 82 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE AN ARCTIC NATION? oday, the Arctic region commands the world’s attention as never before.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Penguins and Polar Bears Shapero Rare Books 93
    OF PENGUINS AND POLAR BEARS Shapero Rare Books 93 OF PENGUINS AND POLAR BEARS EXPLORATION AT THE ENDS OF THE EARTH 32 Saint George Street London W1S 2EA +44 20 7493 0876 [email protected] shapero.com CONTENTS Antarctica 03 The Arctic 43 2 Shapero Rare Books ANTARCTIca Shapero Rare Books 3 1. AMUNDSEN, ROALD. The South Pole. An account of “Amundsen’s legendary dash to the Pole, which he reached the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the “Fram”, 1910-1912. before Scott’s ill-fated expedition by over a month. His John Murray, London, 1912. success over Scott was due to his highly disciplined dogsled teams, more accomplished skiers, a shorter distance to the A CORNERSTONE OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION; THE ACCOUNT OF THE Pole, better clothing and equipment, well planned supply FIRST EXPEDITION TO REACH THE SOUTH POLE. depots on the way, fortunate weather, and a modicum of luck”(Books on Ice). A handsomely produced book containing ten full-page photographic images not found in the Norwegian original, First English edition. 2 volumes, 8vo., xxxv, [i], 392; x, 449pp., 3 folding maps, folding plan, 138 photographic illustrations on 103 plates, original maroon and all full-page images being reproduced to a higher cloth gilt, vignettes to upper covers, top edges gilt, others uncut, usual fading standard. to spine flags, an excellent fresh example. Taurus 71; Rosove 9.A1; Books on Ice 7.1. £3,750 [ref: 96754] 4 Shapero Rare Books 2. [BELGIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION]. Grande 3. BELLINGSHAUSEN, FABIAN G. VON. The Voyage of Fete Venitienne au Parc de 6 a 11 heurs du soir en faveur de Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819-1821.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5. Evelyn Briggs Baldwin and Operti Bay21
    48 Chapter 5. Evelyn Briggs Baldwin and Operti Bay21 Amanda Lockerby Abstract During the second Wellman polar expedition, to Franz Josef Land in 1898, Wellman’s second- in-command, Evelyn Briggs Baldwin, gave the waters south of Cape Heller on the northwest of Wilczek Land the name ‘Operti Bay.’ Proof of this is found in Baldwin’s journal around the time of 16 September 1898. Current research indicates that Operti Bay was named after an Italian artist, Albert Operti. Operti’s membership in a New York City masonic fraternity named Kane Lodge, as well as correspondence between Baldwin and Rudolf Kersting, confirm that Baldwin and Operti engaged in a friendly relationship that resulted in the naming of the bay. Keywords Franz Josef Land, historic place names, historical geography, Evelyn Briggs Baldwin, Walter Wellman, Albert Operti, Operti Bay, polar exploration, Oslo NSF workshop DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/5.3582 Background Albert Operti was born in Turin Italy and educated in Ireland and Scotland and graduated from the Portsmouth Naval School before entering the British Marine Service. He soon returned to school to study art (see Freemasons, n.d.). He came to the United States where he served as a correspondent for the New York Herald in the 1890s who accompanied Robert Peary on two expeditions to Greenland. Artwork Operti was known for his depictions of the Arctic which included scenes from the history of exploration and the ships used in this exploration in the 19th century. He painted scenes from the search for Sir John Franklin, including one of the Royal Navy vessels Erebus and Terror under sail, as well as the abandonment of the American vessel Advance during Elisha Kent Kane’s Second Grinnell expedition.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Antarctic Exploration by Lesser Known Heroic Era Photographers
    Filtering ‘ways of seeing’ through their lenses: representations of Antarctic exploration by lesser known Heroic Era photographers. Patricia Margaret Millar B.A. (1972), B.Ed. (Hons) (1999), Ph.D. (Ed.) (2005), B.Ant.Stud. (Hons) (2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science – Social Sciences. University of Tasmania 2013 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date ii Abstract Photographers made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known photographers were the professionals, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of photographs were also taken on Belgian, German, Swedish, French, Norwegian and Japanese expeditions. These were taken by amateurs, sometimes designated official photographers, often scientists recording their research. Apart from a few Pole-reaching images from the Norwegian expedition, these lesser known expedition photographers and their work seldom feature in the scholarly literature on the Heroic Era, but they, too, have their importance. They played a vital role in the growing understanding and advancement of Antarctic science; they provided visual evidence of their nation’s determination to penetrate the polar unknown; and they played a formative role in public perceptions of Antarctic geopolitics.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011-12 Annual Report
    / / 2011 / 2012 MESSAGE FROM MESSAGE FROM OUR DIRECTOR OUR CHAIR When the school year came to a close in May I embarked on a On behalf of the Board of Trustees, I thank our donors for your gifts. / mini-sabbatical cycling trek. I pen this note en route. It is a 10,000-km You have been particularly generous this year. The tremendous response personal challenge in celebration of UWC’s 50th anniversary—but it to the matching challenge issued by an anonymous donor in early has also turned out to be a powerful affirmation for me of how truly 2012 resulted in an extraordinary $1,490,088 raised through the connected our Pearson College community is to each other and the match! Along with other donations throughout the fiscal year, a total of world. Alumni and friends of the College have welcomed me into their $4,289,012 was fundraised in support of Pearson College and its homes and hearts during this journey, and have shared stories of the mission for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2012. powerful impact Pearson College has had on their lives. I am so grateful for your generosity. It is only through your support and When students are together on campus, the College is abuzz with the continued efforts of our remarkable academic and administrative energy and a sense of global community. At the end of this two-year staff that we are able to offer an educational experience that will provide transformative educational experience, they leave committed to apply our scholars with the ability to help make the world a better place.
    [Show full text]
  • Technoscientific Citizenship and Ecological Domesticity in an Age of Limits
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 5-2021 Making Earth, Making Home: Technoscientific Citizenship and Ecological Domesticity in an Age of Limits Emma Schroeder University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, History of Gender Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Oral History Commons, Social History Commons, United States History Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Schroeder, Emma, "Making Earth, Making Home: Technoscientific Citizenship and Ecological Domesticity in an Age of Limits" (2021). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3360. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3360 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MAKING EARTH, MAKING HOME: TECHNOSCIENTIFIC CITIZENSHIP AND ECOLOGICAL DOMESTICITY IN AN AGE OF LIMITS By Emma Schroeder B.A. Swarthmore College, 2006 M.S. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2011 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2021 Advisory Committee: Richard Judd, Professor Emeritus of History, Co-Advisor Mark McLaughlin, Assistant Professor of History and Canadian Studies, Co-Advisor Naomi Jacobs, Professor Emerita of English Anne Kelly Knowles, Professor of History Michael Lang, Associate Professor of History Copyright 2021 Emma Schroeder ii MAKING EARTH, MAKING HOME: TECHNOSCIENTIFIC CITIZENSHIP AND ECOLOGICAL DOMESTICITY IN AN AGE OF LIMITS By Emma Schroeder Dissertation Advisors: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/06/2021 12:07:02PM Via Free Access 332 Th E Dream of the North Science, Technology, Progress, Urbanity, Industry, and Even Perfectibility
    5. Th e Northern Heyday: 1830–1880 Tipping the Scales In Europe, the mid-nineteenth century witnessed a decisive change in the relative strength of North and South, confi rming a long-term trend that had been visible for a hundred years, and that had accelerated since the fall of Bonaparte. Great Britain was clearly the main driving force behind this development, but by no means the only one. Such key statistical indicators as population growth and GDP show an unquestionable strengthening in several of the northern nations. A comparison between, for instance, Britain, Germany and the Nordic countries, on the one hand, and France, Spain and Italy, on the other, shows that in 1830, the population of the former group was signifi cantly lower than that of the latter, i.e. 58 vs. 67 million.1 By 1880, the balance had shifted decisively in favour of the North, with 90 vs. 82 million. With regard to GDP, the trend is even more explicit. Available estimates from 1820 show that the above group of northern countries together had a GDP of approximately 67 billion dollars, as compared to 69 billion for the southern countries. In 1870, the GDP of the South had risen to 132 billion (a 91 percent increase), but that of the North to 187 billion (179 percent increase).2 During the 1830–1880 period, the Russian population similarly grew from 56 to 98 million, representing by far the biggest nation in the West, whereas the United States was rapidly climbing from only 13 to 50 million, and Canada from 1 to 4 million (“Population Statistics”, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Core 1..158 Hansard (PRISM::Advent3b2 6.50.00)
    CANADA House of Commons Debates VOLUME 138 Ï NUMBER 152 Ï 2nd SESSION Ï 37th PARLIAMENT OFFICIAL REPORT (HANSARD) Thursday, November 6, 2003 Speaker: The Honourable Peter Milliken CONTENTS (Table of Contents appears at back of this issue.) All parliamentary publications are available on the ``Parliamentary Internet Parlementaire´´ at the following address: http://www.parl.gc.ca 9229 HOUSE OF COMMONS Thursday, November 6, 2003 The House met at 10 a.m. First, let me deal with the suggestion that my ruling should lay out the options before the House in this matter. As hon. members know, Prayers the role of the Speaker in matters of privilege is well defined in House of Commons Procedure and Practice at page 122, which states: Ï (1000) The function of the Speaker is limited to deciding whether the matter is of such a [English] character as to entitle the Member who has raised the question to move a motion which will have priority over Orders of the Day; that is, in the Speaker's opinion, PRIVILEGE there is a prima facie question of privilege. If there is, the House must take the matter into immediate consideration. FORMER PRIVACY COMMISSIONER The Speaker: I am now prepared to rule on the question of The Speaker's ruling does not extend to deciding whether a breach of privilege privilege raised by the hon. member for Scarborough—Rouge River has in fact been committed—a question which can be decided by the House itself. on November 4, 2003 concerning the conduct of Mr. George Radwanski before the Standing Committee on Government Opera- It is clear to me that the Speaker's role in matters of privilege and tions and Estimates.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Illinois and Arctic Studies Swedish Researcher Dr
    Augustana College Augustana Digital Commons Scandinavian Studies: Faculty Scholarship & Scandinavian Studies Creative Works 5-2017 The hC anging View of the Arctic: The niU versity of Illinois and Arctic Studies Mark Safstrom Augustana College, Rock Island Illinois Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/scanfaculty Part of the Scandinavian Studies Commons Augustana Digital Commons Citation Safstrom, Mark. "The hC anging View of the Arctic: The nivU ersity of Illinois and Arctic Studies" (2017). Scandinavian Studies: Faculty Scholarship & Creative Works. http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/scanfaculty/1 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Scandinavian Studies at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scandinavian Studies: Faculty Scholarship & Creative Works by an authorized administrator of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Connecting the United States to the Arctic OUR ARCTIC NATION A U.S. Arctic Council Chairmanship Initiative Cover Photo: Cover Photo: Hosting Arctic Council meetings during the U.S. Chairmanship gave the United States an opportunity to share the beauty of America’s Arctic state, Alaska—including this glacier ice cave near Juneau—with thousands of international visitors. Photo: David Lienemann, www. davidlienemann.com OUR ARCTIC NATION Connecting the United States to the Arctic A U.S. Arctic Council Chairmanship Initiative TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 Alabama . .2 14 Illinois . 32 02 Alaska . .4 15 Indiana . 34 03 Arizona. 10 16 Iowa . 36 04 Arkansas . 12 17 Kansas . 38 05 California. 14 18 Kentucky . 40 06 Colorado . 16 19 Louisiana. 42 07 Connecticut. 18 20 Maine .
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    POLAR RESEARCH, 2017 VOL. 36, 1310805 https://doi.org/10.1080/17518369.2017.1310805 BOOK REVIEW Polaris: the chief scientist’s recollections of the American North Pole Expedition, 1871–73, trans- lated and edited by William Barr, Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary Press, 2016, 643 pp., 44.95 USD (hardback), ISBN 978-1-55238-875-4. This important translation places German scientist Emil Bessels’ own account of the ill-fated American Polaris North Pole expedition in the English language for the first time. With the publication of Chauncey Loomis’ seminal Weird and tragic shores: the story of Charles Francis Hall, explorer in 1971,Bessels assumed a status as the primary villain in an Arctic drama that resulted in the still-mysterious death of expedition leader Hall and the separate and miracu- lous retreats and rescues of the Polaris crew. Prior to Hall’s death and the dissolution of the crew, the expedition had successfully blitzed northwards through Melville Bay, Smith Sound, Kane Basin and into Robeson Channel, to a point far more northerly than any ship before. Hall, an almost mystical Arctic vagabond who, when required, could put on ‘impress- ive display[s] of chutzpah’ (pp. xix–xx), was in early September of 1871 less than 475 miles from the North Pole, a stunning achievement and one that left him in excellent position to make a brilliant strike for the Pole the following spring. Yet, as Bessels notes in his fascinating account, once Hall refused to force the Polaris’ ice-master Budington further north: ‘Fortune, which had accompanied us thus far, became ill-disposed to us and never smiled on us again’ (p.
    [Show full text]
  • I AMERICAN ARCTIC EXPLORATION a SOCIAL and CULTURAL
    AMERICAN ARCTIC EXPLORATION A SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY, 1890-1930 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Robert D. Lukens May 2011 Examining Committee Members: Kenneth L. Kusmer, Advisory Chair, Department of History Andrew C. Isenberg, Department of History Susan E. Klepp, Department of History Frederick E. Nelson, External Member, University of Delaware, Department of Geography i ABSTRACT The Arctic has long held power over the American imagination as a place of otherworldly beauty, life-threatening elements, and dangerous wildlife. Nearing the end of the nineteenth century, in a time of great anxiety about the direction of American society, the region took on new significance. As a new frontier, the Arctic was a place where explorers could establish a vigorous and aggressive type of American manhood through their exploits. Publications, lectures, newspaper accounts, and other media brought the stories of these explorers to those at home. Through such accounts, the stories of brave explorers counteracted the perceived softening of men and American society in general. Women played a crucial role in this process. They challenged the perceived male-only nature of the Arctic while their depiction in publications and the press contradictorily claimed that they retained their femininity. American perceptions of the Arctic were inextricably intertwined with their perceptions of the Inuit, the indigenous peoples that called the region home. In the late-nineteenth-century, Americans generally admired the Inuit as an exceptional race that embodied characteristics that were accepted in American Society as representing ideal manhood.
    [Show full text]
  • DRONES TAKE EARTH MONITORING to NEW HEIGHTS Thank You to Our 2015 Supporters Circle Donors*
    VOL. 96 • NO. 19 • 15 OCT 2015 A Civil War–Era Painting of the Aurora Borealis What Darkens the Greenland Ice Sheet? Earth & Space Science News Dunes’ Importance on Planetary Surfaces DRONES TAKE EARTH MONITORING TO NEW HEIGHTS Thank You to Our 2015 Supporters Circle Donors* The leadership of AGU would like to thank all individuals who have made contributions of $100–$249 to AGU in 2015. Without your support many of AGU’s scholarships, grants, and other programs would not be possible. Lucy H. Adams Timothy H. Dixon Shijun Jiang Robyn M. Millan Ruth M. Skoug Thomas C. Adang James Francis Dolan Keith W. Jones Gretchen R. Miller Olav Slaymaker Jay James Ague James A. Doutt Donna M. Jurdy Ron L. Miller Rudy L. Slingerland M Joan Alexander Laurie Schuur Duncan Hiroo Kanamori Eberhard Moebius David Miles Smith Robert J. Alexander Elizabeth E. Ebert David M. Karl David W. Mogk Roger W. Smith Michael F. Allen Cynthia J. Ebinger Garry D. Karner Luisa T. Molina Joseph R. Smyth Donald E. Anderson Jr. Gary D. Egbert Peter B. Kelemen Steven Morley Adam H. Sobel James G. Anderson Anne E. Egger Michael Maier Keller L. J. Patrick Muffler Wim Spakman Karl Arnold Anderson Cheryl Enderlein Deborah S. Kelley Richard J. Murnane S. Spampinato Kenneth Argyle Sonia Esperanca Kathryn A. Kelly Craig S. Nelson Raymond C. Staley Marcelo Assumpcao Robert L. Evans Jack D. Kerns Eliza S. Nemser Rob Stoll II Roni Avissar Benjamin L. Everitt David W. Kicklighter Fred C. Newman George T. Stone Michael R. Babcock David W. Fahey Toshiaki Kikuchi Bart Nijssen Robert J.
    [Show full text]