175 Years: a History of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
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175 YEARS A History of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology VISIONARIES, MAVERICKS, AND COLLABORATORS Writer and Editor Researcher and Writer Editor KRISTEN GANE CHRISTOPHER GEARY JOHN KINGDOM 175 Years: A History of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology VISIONARIES, MAVERICKS, AND COLLABORATORS Writer and Editor Researcher and Writer Edited by Kristen Gane Christopher Geary John Kingdom 175 Years: A History of the Department CREDITS of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Michael Browne Visionaries, Mavericks, and Collaborators Researcher © 2018 University of Toronto Nelson Cabral All rights reserved. No part of this publiation may be Co-editor reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or database, or Kristen Gane transmitted in any form or by any means, without the Writer and Editor prior written permission of the University of Toronto. Christoper Geary Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Researcher and Writer Faculty of Medicine John Kingdom, University of Toronto Department Chair 123 Edward Street, Suite 1200 Editor Toronto, ON M5G 1E2 Canada Tel: 416-978-2216 Green Living Enterprises Fax: 416-978-8350 Design Flash Reproductions obgyn.utoronto.ca Printing /uoftobgyn @uoftobgyn #uoftobgyn Cover images: Toronto General Hospital, 92 College Street, Women’s College Hospital in 2018 Dedications & Acknowledgements This book is dedicated to the generations of Obstetricians, Gynaecologists, Nurses, and Midwives who over time have made many contributions to advance health care for women in Toronto. Perched female Empress Brilliant fighting off a male Crowned Woodnymph. Credit: Dr. Peter Hawrylyshyn, Mount Sinai Hospital, taken in Anchicaya Valley in Western Colombia Table of Contents 11 OBGYN History Timeline 45 Hendry: A Great Mentor 68 Ritchie: Recruitment Takes the Helm and Integration 17 Introduction Post WWI: Hospitals Dr. Mary Hannah: Maternal, Infant and Sister Vincentia: Still Reproductive Health 19 In the Beginning Striding Down the Halls Research Unit (MIRU) 27 Wright: The First 51 Scott: More than a 71 Bocking: Facilitating Professor of Obstetrics Wartime Caretaker Progress and Growth The Impact of WWII External Review 29 Ogden: The First The Ferguson Reflex AMPATH Professor of The Use of Radiotherapy Connections and Gynaecology Collaborations Medical School 55 Van Wyck: Bringing Mississauga Academy Integration in Toronto Breadth and Depth of Medicine & Trillium Health partners: Dr. Mathias (Matt) Gysler 35 Ross: Free from 57 Cannell: The Welcoming Midwifery into Circumlocution “Cannell Course” the Community of Practice and Ambiguity Hilliard: A Wide The Trials and Triumphs The Union of Obstetrics Spectrum of Care of Managing Fertility and Gynaecology Maloney: Paving From Women’s to Smillie Robertson: the Way Forward Sunnybrook UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Keeping the “Mischievous” Boys in Order 92 College Street MacMurchy: The 62 Paul: Lecturer Endowments Influence of Eugenics Extraordinaire Cowell: Pioneer of 83 Our 175th 39 Watson: Inaugural Paediatric Gynaecology Anniversary Year Chair of a Combined OBSTETRICS GYNAECOLOGY & 65 Harkins: Introducing Department 85 References WWI and No. 4 Canadian Transparency General Hospital 66 Hannah: Rejuvenating Research 9 Annual Research Day, May 2015 1947 1887 Geraldine Maloney is the first 1911 OBGYN History Timeline OBGYN History Dr. Adam H. Wright (1846–1930) woman appointed to permanent The Faculty of Medicine appointed as the first professor of clinical staff of a Toronto teaching consolidates the 1843 Obstetrics at the University of Toronto 1903 1921 hospital and first full-time female Departments of Obstetrics Inaugural university lecture Dr. James F.W. Watson establishes a fellowship appointed member of the Department delivered in Midwifery and Diseases Ross becomes Chair and Gynaecology in Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Women and Children by Dr. of Gynaecology at Toronto General Hospital late 1930s and the specialty’s first George S. Herrick (1789–1863) 1912 Toronto is averaging residency program Dr. Benjamin Philip 10,000 births annually 1877 Watson (1880–1976) with 75% occurring The Burnside amalgamates with appointed as the first chair of in medical centres Toronto General Hospital the combined Department of 1922 with 159 annual births Obstetrics & Gynaecology The Toronto Jewish Maternity and late 1930s Introduction of sulfa drugs Convalescent Hospital reduce risk of infection opens and later is renamed for caesarean sections 1890 as Mount Sinai Hospital Widespread use 1906 of chloroform Faculty of 1939 Hospital births during births Medicine agrees 1889 to accept female outnumber home 1942 Annual number of students and 1923 births in Ontario Geraldine Maloney birth increases to 195 1895 Ontario Medical John Gordon Gallie (1906–1985) becomes the at the Burnside as Ontario College for opens the first post- first woman to receive a hospital births gain Medical College Women closes natal clinic in the city commission as a physician in societal acceptance for Women the Royal Canadian Army established Medical Corp (RCAMC) 1843 1882 1887 1907 1915 1941 Establishment of a dedicated Re-establishment of the 1914 Several members are Discovery of oxytocin surge during Maternity care 1926 Women’s (Gynaecology) Pavillion University of Toronto’s offered at Toronto Clinical instruction commissioned with No. labour by James Ferguson, later Toronto Western at Toronto General Hospital Faculty of Medicine Western and Grace in Obstetrics & 4 Canadian General coined the “Ferguson’s reflex” amalgamates with Homeopathic Gynaecology is offered at Hospital in WW1, including 1900 Grace Hospital 1947 Hospitals Toronto Western Hospital future department chair, Dr. The Hospital for William Belfry Hendry to become the The foundational textbook, The Sick Children 1911 busiest obstetrical Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1883 and St. Michael’s Women’s College service in the city authored by W.A. Scott (Chair from Women’s Medical College Hospital become Hospital and 1935–1946) and H.B. Van Wyck opens at 227 Sumach with teaching hospitals Dispensary established (Chair from 1946–1950) is published an inaugural class of five by Drs. Jennie Smilie Robertson (left) and Jenny Gray Wildman (below) leading the Gynaecology Services 1920 Establishment 1850 of the first First affiliated teaching prenatal care maternity hospital at 1911 clinic to prevent maternal death 1939 Toronto General Dispensary Dr. Helen Waring Gerald Crosbie (1894– & Lying-in Hospital (later MacMurchy from eclampsia by John Gallie 1987) and John Robertson named “the Burnside”) 1887 (1862–1953), McArthur (1907–1964), Dr. Uzziel Ogden (1828–1910) first woman along with radiologist Gordon appointed as the first professor appointed Richards, spearheaded the use of Gynaecology at the to the of radiotherapy in treating University of Toronto Department gynaecological cancers. 1961 2013 1984 Women’s College Hospital becomes a full teaching hospital with Launch of the Junior Faculty First Gynaecologic the University, due to the tenacity of Anna Marion Hilliard Awards with matched 2016 Oncology Tumour Board (1902–1958) (pictured left) and leadership of Geraldine Maloney funding from hospitals to Launch of the Senior Merit Awards to in Canada – Barry Rosen support research initiatives support mid-career faculty members and Denny De Petrillo in their research endeavours 1970s 2013 2015 Catherine Cowell (1938–2011), pioneer The University Department The Department’s Annual Research 2000 researcher on adolescent development, 1992–1996 moves to its current home Day reaches a record of over 300 attendees First Preterm Birth Prevention establishes one of the first units in North Dr. Mary Hannah/MIRU at 123 Edward Street and over 100 abstracts submitted Clinic in Canada – Rory Windrim America of Paediatric & Adolescent publishes term PROM and Gynaecology, and later becomes the post-dates trials in NEJM 1993 2000 Department’s first female full professor Walter Hannah creates the First fetal cord occlusion for acardiac new Genesis Foundation monochorionic twin pregnancy focussed on supporting and 1972 in Canada – Greg Ryan growing clinical and basic First use of surfactant research in the Department treatment of respiratory 2014 1950 distress syndrome by First worldwide The Midwifery Act is Doug Cannell Goran Enhorning screening program passed making Ontario the (1902–1979) develops for anal dysplasia 1st province to regulate 2002 Canada’s first university- for heterosexual 1981 and fund midwifery First total laparoscopic radical based, integrated, 1969 women – Women’s College hysterectomy in Canada – Al 2008 postgraduate program Legalization of Danielle Vicus Hospital secures Canada’s Covens and Rachel Kupets First ultrasound-guided fetal in Obstetrics and contraception first Regional High- cardiac interventions in Canada Gynaecology, coined as and therapeutic Risk Perinatal Unit – Greg Ryan and Edgar Jaeggi the “Cannell Course” abortion 2016 1982 92 College Street, previous home 1962 The Cannell Annual 1988 1999 2006 to the Department for 47 years, Mount Sinai Lectureship is The Supreme Court strikes down the First Placenta Clinic First use of middle cerebral artery is demolished on August 22 becomes a fully established, endowed abortion law as unconstitutional in North America Doppler to replace amniocentesis for affiliated teaching by the Cannell Club – Rory Windrim surveillance in Fetal Hemolytic Anemia hospital with the and John Kingdom – Gareth Seaward and Greg Ryan 2018 1988 2010 University Establishment of the first medical disorders The Department