CLIMATE RISK PROFILE SERIES ADAPTING GREEN INNOVATION CENTRES TO CLIMATE CHANGE: ANALYSIS OF VALUE CHAIN ADAPTATION POTENTIAL Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire ©CIAT/NeilPalmer ©CIAT/NeilPalmer Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire ABOUT THIS REPORT
Climate change is affecting agriculture more The report begins with an extensive than any other sector. Increased frequency literature reviews of the selected value Highlights and severity of drought, flood, heat, and chains and their key challenges and unseasonable rainfall heavily impact rainfed adaptation strategies. Climate hazards and » This study focuses on three districts of Ivory Coast: Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and agriculture, ultimately resulting in production crop suitability modelling offer insights into Lagunes (Chapter 1, pg.7). losses. In that context, The Alliance of Bioversity potential future scenarios under climate change. International and the International Center for These results inform potential adaptation » Agriculture is a pillar of the economy in Ivory Coast, contributing about 20% of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) through its climate approaches, which are prioritized by in-country the gross domestic product (GDP) and employing 46% of the workforce (Chapter action lever, are developing climate risk profiles experts and stakeholders through an online 2, pg.8). for agricultural value chains in developing survey. The top-rated adaptation priorities countries at the national and subnational level. undergo a cost-benefit analysis. Finally, the » Agriculture also faces non-climatic challenges such as the low use of fertilizers, These profiles build on past work conducted results are peer-reviewed by the GIC country lack of phytosanitary products, and poor road infrastructure (Chapter 2, pg.14). by CIAT and the CGIAR Research Program on office and the Alliance scientific staff. Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security » National policies such as the National Program for Agricultural Investment (PNIA (CCAFS)in collaboration with the World Bank and II) and the National Climate Change Program support adaptation (Chapter 3, other partners, including FAO, USAID, DFID1. The Green Innovation Centres for the pg.15). Agriculture and Food Sector (GIC) founded The present report aims to provide a climate by German Federal Ministry for Economic Programs such as the West African Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) and vulnerability analysis of the Green Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and » led by the German Agency for International work with local organizations to grant actors in the value chains access to better Innovation Centres (GIC) target commodity Cooperation (GIZ) in collaboration with local inputs and the best practices to improve productivity (Chapter 4, pg.16). value chains. Herein we identify climate ministries and programmes, aims to promote change- related vulnerabilities, hazards, and agricultural innovation under the ONEWORLD opportunities for adaptation to the same. No Hunger initiative. Through the GIC, GIZ » The main climate change hazards relevant to the study area are droughts and aims to generate employment raise farmers’ Ultimately, our goal is to foster awareness of heat stress; flooding also affects the cassava and plantain value chains(Chapter income, and improve farmers’ education and 5, pg.18). risks and adaptation priorities in the selected skills by funding training in good agricultural value chains and inform climate investments practices, water management, post-harvest and planning through the recommendations on processing, and entrepreneurship. » Interventions to foster climate adaptation include technical assistance, broader priority innovations to manage climate risks. access to inputs, and better access to financial services(Chapter 6, pg.24).
» General promising adaptation strategies include changing agricultural calendars to enable late sowing and off-season production, crop association, crop rotation, Planning, data Climate risk Identification Production of and mulching (Chapter 6, pg.24-25). collection and assessment of adaptation the country stakeholder strategies climate profile » Farmers need sufficient financial support to enable operations and the adoption engagement and validation of new strategies (Chapter 6, pg.29).
» Conclusively the adaptation potential for the selected value chains is very - Literature review - Hazard analysis - Detailed review - Peer-review promising. The adoption of improved cassava varieties and multiplication of (key documents - Crop suitability - Gap analysis and and datasets) modelling identification of cuttings from improved varieties are low-risk and pay returns quickly, but the climate adaptation high cost of implementation could hinder adoption (Chapter 6, pg.28-29). - Online survey - CBA analysis
1 https://ccafs.cgiar.org/publications/csa-country-profiles
2 3 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire Contents list of figures
ABOUT THE REPORT ...... 2 Figure 1. Map of selected regions in Cote d’Ivoire ...... 9 Figure 2. Agriculture and livelihoods ...... 12 HIGHLIGHTS...... 3 Figure 3. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) for the maximum number of consecutive dry days within the year(all year) (average ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...... 7 of last 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire .....25
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 8 Figure 4. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) for the number of moisture stress days within the year(all year) (average of last 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire...... 25 2. AGRICULTURAL CONTEXT ...... 10 2.1. Economic relevance of farming 10 Figure 5. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) 2.2. People and livelihoods 10 for the total number of days with maximum temperature greater or equal to 35°C in the year (all year) (average of last 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes 2.3. Agricultural activities 11 Districts of Cote d’Ivoire ...... 26 2.4. Agriculture value chain commodities 14 2.4.1. Cassava 14 Figure 6. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) 2.4.2. Plantains 16 for the maximum 5-day running average precipitation in millimeters (average of last 2.5. Agricultural sector challenges 17 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire ...... 26 3. POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS ON CLIMATE CHANGEE...... 20 Figure 7. Historical and future (scenario RCP 8.5, periods 2030 and 2050) suitability of cassava production in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of 3.1. Cassava 20 Cote d’Ivoire...... 27 3.2. Plantains 21 Figure 8. Historical and future (scenario RCP 8.5, periods 2030 and 2050) suitability of plantain production in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of 4. GOVERNANCE, INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES AND CAPACITY ...... 22 Cote d’Ivoire...... 28
5. CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES...... 24 Figure 9. Yield for BAU versus the use of an improved variety of cassava in Ivory Coast ...... 36 5.1. Farmers’ perceptions on climate change 24 5.2. Climate change and variability: historic and future trends 24 5.3. Crop suitability analysis 26 5.4. Climate vulnerabilities across agriculture value chain commodities 29 list of tables
6. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY ...... 30 Table 1. Specific practices within each practice group relevant to the focus value chains ...... 32 6.1. On-farm adaptation strategies 30 6.2. Overall ranking of the adaptation strategies 31 Table 2. Adapting to climate: strategies across major value chain commodities...... 33 6.3. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of prioritized adaptation strategies 35 Table 3. Costs for BAU and the use of an improved cassava variety in Ivory Coast .....36 7. SYNTHESIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 38 Table 4. Profitability associated with the use of an improved cassava variety in Ivory 8. WORKS CITED ...... 42 Coast ...... 36 Table 5. Potential strategies and considerations for advancing CSA at scale ...... 40 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 46
4 5 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire Acronyms and Abbreviations
ANADER National Agency for Support of Rural Development
BAU Business as Usual
BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis
CCAFS CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture
CNRA National Center for Agronomic Research
CORAF West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development
CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture
CSRS Swiss Centre for Scientific Research
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
FIRCA Interprofessional Fund for Research and Agricultural Council
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIC Green Innovation Centres
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation)
Ha Hectare
IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
INS National Statistics Institute of Ivory Coast
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
OCPV Food Aid Marketing Office of Ivory Coast
P95 95th percentile of daily precipitation
PIP Plantain Innovation Platforms
PNIA National Plan of Agricultural Investments of Ivory Coast
SIM Market Information System
UNDP United Nations Development Program
©www.freepik.com WAAPP West African Agricultural Productivity Program
6 7 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire 1. Introduction
The agricultural sector remains a key This document presents a climate and contributor to Ivory Coast’s economy and vulnerability analysis of the cassava and employment. Cash crops such as cocoa, coffee, plantain value chains in the Bas-Sassandra, cotton, palm oil, and more recently rubber Lagunes, and Comoé districts (Figure 1). are the main products. In 2014, coffee and It aims to inform value chain stakeholders, cocoa represented approximately 19% of tax policymakers, and the private sector about revenues and 10% of budget revenues, and in the climate change risks and opportunities in 2019 cocoa production was estimated at 15% these value chains. It will also help integrate of the gross domestic product (GDP) (News climate change into the national development Abidjan, 2020). In most parts of Ivory Coast, agenda. This climate risk profile is an output of frequent and prolonged droughts, extreme a collaboration with the International Center temperatures, and extreme and irregular rainfall for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), now part of the have become common. Such climate-related Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT. hazards, in addition to structural deficiencies of We conducted a literature review, an online the agricultural sector, make farmers extremely survey, and interviews with experts from the two vulnerable. Government initiatives, alongside value chains. In addition, we carried out climate programs and projects promoted through modeling, a crop suitability analysis, and a cost- international cooperation and organizations, aim benefit analysis for the districts and value chains to improve adaptation for the agriculture sector. under study.
Development cooperation and the This climate risk profile has six sections. The private sector have collaborated with the first describes the importance of agriculture to government to supplement its efforts. people’s livelihoods in the four departments. ©afp.com/ISSOUF SANOGO Key partnerships include the German Section two highlights the policies, strategies, Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) and programs implemented in the three value and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural chains that address climate change, while the Figure 1. Map of the selected Development. In addition, locally acting non- third section discusses the governance and regions in Cote d’Ivoire governmental organizations (NGOs) support the institutional resources and capacity. The fourth implementation of Green Innovation Centres section discusses the main climatic hazards Cote d’Ivoire is located in for the agriculture and food sector under the affecting the three value chains and presents West Africa, west of Ghana, “ONEWORLD No Hunger” initiative, which climate modeling results for projected climatic east of Liberia and Guinea, focuses on selected regions in the southwest change-related hazards and crop suitability and south of Burkina Faso and southeast Ivorian cocoa belt.2 Through maps. Additionally, it offers an analysis of and Mali. The regions under these Green Innovation Centers, GIZ aims to vulnerabilities and risks posed by these hazards study are in the southern enhance farmers’ income, create employment, to the respective value chains. The ongoing on- part of the country along improve farmers’ technical and managerial farm adaptation strategies adopted by farmers the Atlantic coast. skills, and develop awareness of biodiversity and to cope with these hazards as well as the cost environmental protection. These goals entail the benefit analysis results are discussed in the fifth promotion of local processing and marketing of section. The sixth section provides a synthesis Comoé cocoa products, cassava, and plantains. and recommendations. Lagunes
2 Green Innovation Centres have also been established in other countries, targeting different value chains: namely, Ethiopia, Zambia, Bas-Sassandra Malawi, Mozambique, Cameroon, Togo, Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Mali, Tunisia, India, and Vietnam.
8 9 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
in the study area, women represent 48% of the Ivory Coast consume cereals, tubers, proteins, 2. Agricultural Context population and men 52% (INS, 2014a) (Figure 2). and leafy vegetables daily. They consume other food groups such as dairy products, fruits, and Key messages Despite its increasing economic growth legumes in lower quantities (INS, 2015). during the past 10 years, poverty rates in » Ivory Coast faces a variety of social challenges, including poverty, wasting, and Ivory Coast remain a challenge. Approximately stunting. 57% of the population lives under US$ 3.20 2.3. Agricultural activities per day (World Bank, 2020). People in extreme Agriculture is the most important economic » Agriculture is the most important economic activity in the study area; most farmers poverty are defined in the “Household standard activity in the study area. Among the three are smallholders, many of whom rely on traditional farming methods characterized of living survey” as the poorest 10% of the total districts under study, it is most important by manual labor and sub-optimal use of inputs. population in Ivory Coast (INS, 2015). At the in Lagunes, where 73% of rural households regional level, 17% of the rural population of » This study focuses on the cassava and plantain value chains because both crops there are occupied in this activity. In the three Lagunes lives in extreme poverty, along with 11% may help alleviate food insecurity. departments, stockbreeding is most important of Comoé and 9% of Bas-Sassandra (Ducroquet in Bas-Sassandra, where almost 34% of » The Ivorian agricultural sector is constrained by insufficient investment in research et al., 2017; INS, 2015). In 2018, 33% of the households are occupied in this activity (Ministry and technological innovation; low productivity, mechanization, professionalization, population in rural areas had access to electricity of Agriculture, 2017a). The most important cash and access to markets; and structural issues such as weak agricultural policies. versus 100% in urban areas, about 18% had crops are cocoa, palm oil, and coffee. Cocoa is access to safely managed drinking water versus vital to Bas-Sassandra, where it represents 91% 55% in urban areas, and in 2016, 18% had access of the volume of production of cash crops. Palm to clean fuels for cooking (World Bank, 2020). oil, meanwhile, is especially important in Comoé In 2018, the adult literacy rate for people older most important livestock products by volume (Ministry of Planning, 2015b, 2015a). 2.1. Economic relevance of farming than 15 years of age was 47%, and the youth of production are game meat and chicken meat In Ivory Coast, the primary contributor of literacy rate for people 15-24 years old was of (FAO, 2020b). added value to the GDP is the services sector 58% -- 53% for women and 64% for men (World In Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes, at about 42%, followed by industry at 26%, and Bank, 2020). In 2018, 47% of the population had subsistence farming is widespread, although agriculture, which contributed 20% of Ivory internet connectivity (World Bank, 2020). At the the number of farmers involved in export Coast’s GDP in 2018 (World Bank, 2020). As of 2.2. People and livelihoods regional level in 2014, 1.7% of households in Bas- agriculture has been increasing. Bas- Sassandra has the highest concentration of 2016, agricultural land represents 65% of the In 2018, Ivory Coast’s population was Sassandra had internet access, 3.6% in Comoé, cash crops, particularly in the Nawa and San total land area, and arable land, 9% (World Bank, 25,069,229, of which 49.5% were female and and 2.8% in Lagunes versus 19% nationally (INS, Pédro regions; in Nawa two thirds of farmers 2020). The agricultural sector employs 46% of 50.5% were male. Approximately 49% of the 2014b; World Bank, 2020). do not practice subsistence farming (FAO, the country’s workforce, and contributes 32% population lives in rural areas while 51% is of female employment (World Bank, 2020). 2019). This part of the country is characterized urban (World Bank, 2020). Since 2010, the urban In 2016, the national prevalence of under-five by export and industrial crops, and families population has grown by 31%, but nonetheless, stunting was around 22%, and the prevalence supplement their coffee-cocoa rotation with rice There are 248,441 rural agricultural the rural population remains very high/ of wasting was 6%, in both cases slightly cultivation. Lagunes and Comoé, meanwhile, households in the study area, of which considerable unlike in neighbouring countries lower that the developing country average are characterized by export and industrial 56% are in Bas-Sassandra, 26% in Lagunes, in West Africa (World Bank, 2020). In the period of 25% and 9% respectively. In rural areas, the crops, and family farms supplement their and 17% in Comoé (Ministry of Agriculture, from 2010-2018, the average annual growth rate prevalence of stunting was almost 46%, while it coffee-cocoa rotation with food crops, mainly 2017a). Most producers are men (78%), and 32% of the urban population was 3.4%, and 1.7% for was about 13% in urban areas (Global Nutrition tubers (Ducroquet et al., 2017). In Comoé, of them are between 31-40 years old. Agriculture the rural population (World Bank, 2020). Report, 2020). In Bas-Sassandra and in Sud- 52% of agricultural land is destinated to grow is most important in Bas-Sassandra District, Comoé, the prevalence of stunting is higher than cash crops, while 46% of the cultivated area is where 33% of households in rural areas are the national average (Global Nutrition Report, In the study area, the most populous district dedicated to subsistence farming of cassava, engaged in agriculture, followed by Lagunes at 2020). In rural areas, households spend 56% is Bas-Sassandra with 2,280,548 people in yams, maize, and bananas (Ministry of Planning, 24% and Comoé at 19% (Ministry of Agriculture, of their income on food. Since the main way 2014 or 10% of the national population, 2015a). 2017a). Of the plots dedicated to agriculture at followed by Lagunes with 7% and Comoé with to access food is by purchasing it, insufficient the national level, approximately 59% are for 5% (INS, 2014a). The Abidjan region, not part of income is the primary reason for food insecurity; subsistence farming. Nationwide, the main crops the study area, is the most populous district in this results in low food diversity and low The West African Cocoa Belt includes Bas- Therefore, in terms of volume of production are yams, the country with 4.3 million people. On average, frequency of food consumption. Households in Sassandra, Lagunes, and Comoé. cassava, and oil palm fruit, in that order. The in these districts, cocoa represents the main
10 11 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
Figure 2. Livelihoods and agriculture DEMOGRAPHICS FOOD SECURITY Lagunes CÔTE D’IVOIRE’s population % of household Bas-Sassandra Lagunes Comoé Population suffering income spent 7% 1,478,146 from food poverty on food 54% 19% 81% 25,069,229 inhabitants Bas-Sassandra Lagunes Comoé % of people Bas-Sassandra Lagunes Comoé 47.7% 52.3% 54% 19% 81% undernourished 7% 9% ND
Bas-Sassandra Lagunes Comoé Bas-Sassandra Lagunes Comoé % children % children 10% stunting ND 18% ND wasted ND 65% ND 421,072 Bas-Sassandra 2,280,548 households FARMING inhabitants % of women with title deeds % of cash crop farmers % of food crop farmers 24% Bas-Sassandra 10.2% Bas-Sassandra 64% Bas-Sassandra 36% 46.7% 53.3% of which are rural Lagunes 9.1% Lagunes 53% Lagunes 47%
Comoé 12.8% Comoé 59% Comoé 41% 421,072 households Comoé land use 5% 226,773 of which 1,203,052 households 33% are rural inhabitants cattle goats pigs sheep of which 48.8% 51.2% 19% are rural ACCESS TO BASIC NEEDS 36,516 34,895
Bas-Sassandra Lagunes Comoé 64,937
% of the population suffering 25,257 % of households from absolute poverty 22,461 with access to
38% % 52% 14,390 electricity 69% 73
for lighting 5,910 Bas-Sassandra 37.5% 6,134 3,724 ND ND 1,849 Lagunes 14.6% % of total households Bas-Sassandra Lagunes Comoé Comoé 6.7% with access to clean fuels for cooking 5.2% 5.2% 5.2% Comoé Comoé Comoé Comoé Lagunes Lagunes Lagunes Lagunes Bas-Sassandra 11.5% ra % of households d s n e Lagunes a n oé Youth 60.8% s u s m with access to g a o a
S C
L
-
Bas-Sassandra Bas-Sassandra Bas-Sassandra Bas-Sassandra
literacy rate
s % % %
23.8 53.7 58.5
a
potable water
B
(15-30 years) Comoé ND
ND: Not Disclosed ND: Not Disclosed
12 13 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire agricultural activity, as it also does in most of are the largest consumers of fertilizers (World farms: individual fields, collective or associative retailers, are also largely women who work the southern and middle parts of Ivory Coast. Bank, 2019). Fertilizer consumption was 18 kg/ fields, and business units, but individual units individually or in organized groups to share the Although in the southern parts of Comoé and ha in 2016, an increase compared to 2009 levels are the most common. It is mostly women who costs of logistics (Mendez del Villar et al. 2018). Lagunes, farmers report cocoa as their main of 13 kg/ha (World Bank, 2020). In the case of grow cassava in these types of units, which often activity, there are fewer cocoa farmers there food crops, only a small number of commercial range from 0.25 ha to 0.5 ha in size (Patricio Cassava can be commercialized in a variety of compared to Bas-Sassandra and the western farmers use improved planting material for Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). In the south and ways depending on the degree to which the part of Ivory Coast. Cotton is mainly produced maize, rice, and cassava. southeast of Ivory Coast, cassava is usually products are processed. Fresh cassava can be in the northern and the central-western parts of cultivated in association with rubber, palm oil, or sold in a village or local market, while pressed Ivory Coast; although it is present in almost the cacao (Patricio Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). dough and attiéké (fermented couscous made entire country, it is not produced in the southern 2.4. Agricultural value chain of cassava), which require a higher degree of parts of Lagunes and Comoé (FAO, 2019). commodities The value chain involves producers, collectors processing, are sold in urban markets with a or carriers, processors, and traders. Producers greater number of intermediaries (P. Mendez This study analyzes the cassava and plantain Most farmers are smallholders, with 42% are mainly women, but they usually hire male del Villar et al., 2018). The bargaining position value chains. Cassava is the second most of plots being 1 hectare (ha) or smaller. day laborers for intensely physical tasks such of producers depends several factors: their important crop in terms of production volume, 28% are smaller than 0.5 ha (Ducroquet et al., as clearing the land, hilling soil, and uprooting location, the local transportation network and the fourth in terms of area measured in ha 2017). 54% of plots were obtained through the tubers at harvest time (Patricio Mendez del to convey cassava roots from the fields to (FAO, 2020). Since 2014, the production of both customary law, 27% by final concession, and Villar et al., 2017). Women then take charge of distribution and processing centres, and the cassava and plantains has gradually increased. 11% are held through provisional concessions the maintenance of the crops, including tasks national road infrastructure to carry the roots In this section, we present an overview of these (Ministry of Agriculture, 2017a). Only 0.7% of such as weeding and grouping the roots at the or processed products like cassava paste and value chains. agricultural plots have land titles, of which collection point, which they accomplish with attiéké to urban centres and neighbouring approximately 89% are owned by men and 11% the help of family members or with groups of countries (Patricio Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). 2.4.1. Cassava by women. Nationwide, men hold 86% of the other women who come together to work the Women often come together in purchasing plots occupied by crops intended for industry Cassava is produced throughout Ivory land (Patricio Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). groups to pool the transport costs, which are or export, and just 14% are held by women Coast, but the main production areas are Carriers are usually men who act as collectors; high given the distances from their farms the (Ministry of Agriculture, 2017a). Certificates are the forest regions in the center and south they are service providers working at the request main roads and their poor conditions (P. Mendez the primary means of land acquisition for men; where rainfall is higher (P. Mendez del Villar of producers, processors, or wholesalers. They del Villar et al., 2018; Patricio Mendez del Villar 84% of male landowners acquired land through et al., 2018; Perrin, 2015b). In 2018, Ivory Coast typically move from village to village to collect et al., 2017; Perrin, 2015b). Producers receive these certificates. In contrast, 21 % of female produced 5,000,667 tons of cassava, which the produce (Patricio Mendez del Villar et al., approximately 35% of the income generated in landowners acquired land through customary represents an 18% increase since 2014, and the 2017). Transformation is mainly done in artisanal the cassava value chain, while processors receive law (Ministry of Agriculture, 2017a).3 45% of cultivated area was 808,671 ha (FAO, 2020). The village units that can be characterized as family- only 5%, and traders receive almost 60% of the farmers own a single plot, while 28% own 2 plots, central part of Ivory Coast is the most dynamic type or as informal associations, and rarely in income generated, including 22% for wholesalers and 15% own 3. Women represent an outsized in terms of production. The Gbèkè region near semi-industrial units that can be characterized as and 38% for retailers (P. Mendez del Villar et al., percentage of those owning only one plot the city of Bouaké is an important commercial entrepreneurial-type or as formal cooperatives 2018). Hence, female processors are the weakest (Ministry of Agriculture, 2017a). hub for cassava, supplying the cities of Abidjan (P. Mendez del Villar et al., 2018). Processors link of the value chain. The direct added value and Yamoussoukro (Patricio Mendez del Villar are normally women who lead craft units; they of the chain is estimated at CFAF 514 billion et al., 2017). In the study area, production The agricultural sector is dominated by either work together in association with other (approximately US$ 912 million), of which 56% is significantly higher in the departments of traditional farming practices, often relying women or hire day laborers paid by task (Patricio is made in the attiéké sub-sector, 37% in the Lagunes and Comoé (Patricio Mendez del on manual labour, with sub-optimal use of Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). Associations of fresh cassava sub-sector, and 7% in the export Villar et al., 2017).4 In 2013, Comoé produced modern agricultural inputs like fertilizers and female processors are a distinctive and strong sub-sector (P. Mendez del Villar et al., 2018). The improved seeds. This situation contributes to 320,172 tons of cassava, and the cultivated area characteristic of the cassava value chain (Patricio value chain employed an estimated 9 million low productivity (World Bank, 2019). Only one- was 41,595 ha. In Bas-Sassandra in 2013, the Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). The food industry workers in 2016, accounting for almost 5% of third of traditional farmers use any improved production volume was 95,628 tons, and the also plays an important role. For example, employment in the country (P. Mendez del Villar cultivated area, 5,657 ha (Ministry of Planning, agricultural inputs (World Bank, 2019). Industrial Nestlé produces 18,000 tons of cassava for the et al., 2018). crops like cotton, palm oil, bananas, and rice 2015a, 2015b). Cassava is grown on 3 types of manufacture of its Maggi cube preparations. This production is carried out under contract by The cassava value chain is characterized 4,000 producers, mainly women, organized and by low use of herbicides and fertilizers. Soil 3 Customary law refers to community standards that have been long-established in a given area. In Ivory Coast, state law and customary distributed in 65 villages in Comoé (Ducroquet law co-exist, and customary law is prevalent in rural areas. fertility is usually preserved by the practice of 4 No information was found on the cultivated area and volume of production in the Lagunes district. et al., 2017). Traders, both wholesalers and
14 15 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire fallow. Plots spend 3 years in cultivation followed There are an estimated 900,000 cocoa between supply and demand, and help resolve factor is not significant in the choice of varieties by 3 to 10 years fallow (P. Mendez del Villar et al., producers in Ivory Coast, who may all organizational issues, including implementation (Perrin, 2015a). Fertilizers and phytosanitary 2018; Perrin, 2015b). A lack of financial resources produce plantains in different amounts. of planning, rotations, sorting, and repackaging products are also little-used, and producers are and access to credit may contribute to this We could infer a similar number of plantain (Perrin, 2015a). Plantain commercialization has not very interested in investing capital in non- pattern (P. Mendez del Villar et al., 2018; Perrin, producers, with commercial growers being some oligopoly characteristics; for example, commercial production with a low selling price 2015b). The use of improved varieties is sub- mainly male, since cash crops are usually operators who do not participate in the (Perrin, 2015a). Producers generally do not think optimal, but is being promoted by cooperatives reserved for men (Ministry of Agriculture, 2017a; system of supply zones are boycotted to limit phytosanitary treatments are necessary (Perrin, and organizations such as the National Agency Perrin, 2015a). On the other hand, plantain competition. Additionally, in their supply areas, 2015a). for Support of Rural Development (ANADER) crops for self-consumption are dominated by traders have significant cultural power over (Patricio Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). Access to women, who intercrop plantains with their female producers, often imposing delivery Plantains are identified in the National land is a problem common to cassava producers. cassava or vegetable crops (Perrin, 2015a). Most periods and delivery on credit (Perrin, 2015a). Program of Agricultural Investments (PNIA) In addition, many are migrants, which creates producers work through informal associations Their control over the supply chain helps them as a strategic crop to tackle issues of food conflicts with indigenous people who work on or by organizing marketing activities outside manage price volatility of this perishable product security and sovereignty. Because their perennial export crops (Patricio Mendez del Villar the cooperative to which they belong (Perrin, (Perrin, 2015a). consumption has been rising steadily since the et al., 2017). 2015a). The most important cooperatives are 1990s, plantains also play a key role in rural the National Federation of Food Operators of Plantains are distributed in local markets development (Anderson et al., 2013; Seydou et Cassava is one of the basic dietary products Côte d’Ivoire and the National Confederation of or through the supply circuits of major al., 2017). Plantains can be produced all year in Ivory Coast, and the crop is considered Food Operators of Côte d’Ivoire. Nevertheless, cities and countries in the region. They are long in a variety of environments, but the major a potential solution to food insecurity the commercialization of plantains is largely commercialized as a food product consumed harvest comes during the dry season from because cassava tubers contribute 34% of accomplished by individual operators, collectors, by the population in the center and south of November to February, when most other starchy the minimum kilocalories (kcal) needed by and traders, with the exception of the Gouro Ivory Coast, widely available in all local and rural products are unavailable or difficult to harvest, a person per day (Patricio Mendez del Villar women’s cooperative in Marahoué Region markets. This local trade is often practiced by so plantains can provide food security in food- et al., 2017). Cassava is consumed in both rural (Perrin, 2015a). The individual operators and male producers or their wives, who transport scarce months (Anderson et al., 2013). They can and urban households in many forms; common collectors, who usually work in teams of two products directly to rural markets or large cities. be prepared through a number of methods, dishes prepared from cassava include attiéké, to four people, pre-order the product two to Plantains are also sold in medium-sized cities including boiling, steaming, mashing, baking, foutou, and placali (Patricio Mendez del Villar et three days in advance. Then they either go to in the interior of Ivory Coast; in this case the drying, and pounding into fufu, a popular West al., 2017; Perrin, 2015b). the village trader tracker or directly pick up supply chain is relatively simple and small and African staple made with boiled cassava, yams, the produce at the farm (Perrin, 2015a). These quantities are relatively limited (Perrin, 2015a). or plantains that are kneaded into a dough operators may have a double role as both 2.4.2. Plantains Collectors buy produce directly from producers (Anderson et al., 2013). collectors and wholesalers, since they either and collect it themselves usually pay a small In 2018, the country produced 1,883,063 transport and sell the product semi-wholesale, advance, and the rest is paid after the sale of tons of plantains, a 12% increase from Governance and bargaining position of retail it in a secondary city, or re-group the the product, which is done semi-wholesale or 2014. Plantains are cultivated throughout producers depend on the number of actors plantains at a loading site and ship them to to retailers (Perrin, 2015a). Plantains are also the southern half of Ivory Coast (Blondel et in the value chain and their distance from Abidjan and the surrounding region, where they exported in the sub-region to countries like al., 2014; Perrin, 2015a). The area cultivated the markets. In the Abidjan sector for example, are then wholesaled. Most operators who sell Mali and Burkina Faso, in this case by wholesale where competition is higher, actors are more under plantains was 514,836 ha (FAO, 2020). plantains semi-wholesale are women organized merchant traders who send the product to vulnerable to commercial risks (Perrin, 2015a). Lagunes and Comoé are important in terms of in groups or cooperatives (Perrin, 2015a). national production (Ministry of Planning, 2015a; their wholesale customers in Bamako, Bobo Dioulasso, and Ouagadougou (Perrin, 2015a). Perrin, 2015a). Plantains are primarily farmed Each collector pre-orders the product two to in association with other crops, mainly cocoa, 2.5. Agricultural sector challenges and in crop rotation systems; their production three days in advance, from a village tracker Producers mainly use traditional varieties. The agricultural sector’s growth has in pure culture is very rare (Blondel et al., 2014; or directly from the planters, pays a small For example, Afoto (Corne 1) is the most advance, then comes to collect on the agreed- been based on the rapid colonization of Norgrove & Hauser, 2014; Perrin, 2015a; Seydou popular variety, mainly used in the south Unloading platforms, Ivory Coast’s rich natural resources, with et al., 2017). Usually plantains occupy 23 to 50% upon day (Perrin, 2015a). and southeast. Agnrin (French 2), in addition, is managed by private traders or cooperatives, play little investment in research, technology of the surface area of a cocoa farm. Plantains are used in the centre of Ivory Coast (Perrin, 2015a). a key role in the supply of perishable products development, or innovation (World Bank, also rotated with other crops such as yams, rice, Implementing improved plantain varieties entails 2019). This is particularly true for the southern maize, and peanuts (Perrin, 2015a). since they have different functions. They support significant production costs, and since plantains part of the country, where expansion has logistics such as unloading and evacuation, are not considered a commercial crop, the yield offer commercial space for negotiation occurred at the expense of the extensive natural
16 17 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire forests (World Bank, 2019). Since the previous agricultural census in 2001, the cultivated area has increased from 4.35 million ha to 7.4 million ha in 2016 (Ducroquet et al., 2017).
Other challenges facing Ivory Coast’s agricultural sector include sub- optimal productivity, mechanization, professionalization, and access to markets. As mentioned above, most producers are smallholders who rely on traditional farming practices and manual harvesting. They make little use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and improved seeds. All these tendencies constrain their productivity. Only one-third of farmers use improved agricultural inputs, and the largest consumers of fertilizers and other phytosanitary products remain industrial crops such as cotton, palm oil, and cocoa (World Bank, 2019).
The agricultural sector must also address structural challenges such as limited public investments in agriculture, weak agricultural policies, insufficient infrastructure, land tenure insecurity, and low access to financial services. In the period from 2010-2015, under the First National Agricultural Investment Plan, investment accounted for only 2.5% of total public expenditure, compared with a planned 7% (World Bank, 2019). Road infrastructure is also deficient, increasing transportation costs and limiting access to markets. Moreover, land tenure insecurity and financial services remain an issue, particularly for women, who mainly acquire land through customary law and have low access to financial services.
Finally, the farming population is aging. 54% of producers are between 30-50 years old, and 36% are over 50 years old. Only 10% of farmers are younger than 30 years old (World Bank, 2019), which may lead to a shortage of agricultural workforce in the future. ©CIAT/NeilPalmer
18 19 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
market integration, and by mapping policies - Feeding cities through sustainable family 3. Policies, Strategies and and institutional arrangements affecting the farming: Promotion and marketing of Plantain local and regional trade of cassava. The project Bananas and Cassava in Côte d’Ivoire,” aims to Programs on Climate Change also aims to develop inclusive business models, strengthen the plantain sector by supporting foster sustainable intensification of market- all the operators in the value chain. To do this, Key messages oriented production, strengthen access to the project implements a Market Information financial services and climate risk management System (SIM). It offers personalized follow-up for tools. operators, in particular producer cooperatives » The National Climate Change Program (2015-2020) will directly support the cassava and plantain value chains in Ivory Coast. and traders, collectors, and wholesalers, through The National Program for Agricultural individualized advice, the dissemination of » Two initiatives benefit the cassava value chain specifically: the 2015 “Strengthening Investment I (PNIA) favored a significant business opportunities, and connecting buyers linkages between small actors and buyers in the roots and tubers sector in Africa” increase in the production of cassava, yams, with potential suppliers (Perrin, 2015a). This project, and the National Program for Agricultural Investment (PNIA). and rice (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010). PNIA program addresses the lack of information that hinders producers. » An additional three initiatives are relevant to plantains: varietal research undertaken II supports the creation of a youth cooperative by the National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA), the Market Information involved in production, processing, and System (SIM) implemented by the Food Aid Marketing Office (OCPV), and the new marketing activities. It views cassava as a product Thirdly, WAAPP also supports the plantain Plantain Innovation Platforms (PIP), which are networks grouping several categories that could facilitate increased access to land and value chain. Seven of its projects that focus of actors, institutions of the plantain value chain to introduce new varieties and other better adaptation of agricultural training, reach on research on production techniques and on innovations. a greater number of women and young people, the production and dissemination of improved create financial instruments adapted to their plant material. Two additional projects tackle the » Finally, the West African Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) holds promise to needs, and help ameliorate conditions for certain issues of plantain conservation and processing. strengthen both value chains. activities generally reserved for women (Ministry These projects involve the storage of fresh of Agriculture, 2017b). The gender focus of PNIA plantain in rural areas and the transformation II recognizes female producers and processors of of plantains into flour that is used to prepare cassava who play a key role in the development traditional Ivorian dishes such as foufou and of the supply chain. foutou (Perrin, 2015a). 3.1. Cassava cassava more efficient. WAAPP’s primary goal is to leverage climate-smart technologies to The National Climate Change Program (2015- transform the agri-food system in West Africa Finally, Plantain Innovation Platforms (PIP) 2020) has six strategic axes. Three of these are (CORAF, 2017, 2018). Moreover, the program 3.2. Plantains are a new technology implemented within as follows: to strengthen and promote actions to the framework of programs to improve the also fosters the revitalization of cassava Four programs were identified that address adapt to climate change in all sectors, to advance agricultural productivity of plantains. To technology transfer and adoption platforms. major vulnerabilities in the plantain value research and development and the transfer date, in the Nawa Region within Bas-Sassandra It supports the multiplication of cuttings from chain. Firstly, the National Center for Agronomic of technology for climate change adaptation District, there is one of these platforms in the improved cassava varieties, the production of Research (CNRA) has made efforts to increase and mitigation, and to enhance disaster risk city of Soubré (Angbo-Kouakou et al., 2016). basic cassava cuttings, and the incorporation yields and develop varieties resistant to diseases. management. These actions will directly PIP are networks grouping several categories of local flour from cassava and corn into bread Varietal research is moving towards obtaining influence the cassava and plantain value chains of actors (producers, traders, researchers) making. This initiative also includes plantains in dwarf varieties to reduce breakage due to wind, in Ivory Coast. and institutions of the plantain value chain, their agenda. and towards drought resistance, a characteristic and they aim to introduce new varieties and made necessary by the sharp decrease in Three main programs specifically address the other innovations. PIP have four components: The Food and Agricultural Organization of precipitation in Ivory Coast due to climate most pressing vulnerabilities in the cassava research, intermediation, value chain (VC) and the United Nations (FAO) also launched a change and deforestation (Perrin 2015). value chain. The West African Agricultural financing. PIPs help in the selection of cultivars project in 2015 called “Strengthening linkages Productivity Program (WAAPP) supports regional to be introduced and the cultural practices between small actors and buyers in the roots exchange schemes to facilitate the free flow of Secondly, the Food Aid Marketing Office (Angbo-Kouakou et al., 2016). and tubers sector in Africa.” In Ivory Coast, the improved cassava crop species between Ivory (OCPV) is a national public establishment project focuses on cassava. Its main objectives Coast and Ghana. The program encourages that, under the supervision of the Ministry are to support policy makers and institutions the development of new technologies and of Commerce, aims to organize different by working to align national and regional of equipment that makes the processing of sectors and food markets. The project on strategies with the development of regional “Promotion of family farming in West Africa
20 21 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire 4. Governance, institutional resources and capacity Key messages
» Key government actors in the Ivorian agricultural sector include the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Ministry of Planning and Development, the National Statistics Institute (INS), and the CNRA.
» Various international organizations also play an important role, including German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and the Swiss Centre for Scientific Research (CSRS).
» Finally, the National Agency for Support of Rural Development (ANADER) also provides crucial support to advance agricultural techniques and practices.
The primary actors at the government level Green Innovation Centres to better agricultural are the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural practices and thereby reduce hunger. IITA Development, the Ministry of Planning works with public and private-sector partners to and Development, the National Statistics improve the quality and productivity of crops, Institute (INS), and the CNRA. International especially roots and tubers, lessening the risks organizations such as the FAO and the World for producers and consumers and generating Bank are present in Ivory Coast, and through agricultural wealth. The CSRS works with the partnerships with NGOs, such as the West and Ivorian government in the cassava value chain Central African Council for Agricultural Research on the adaptation and dissemination of plant and Development (CORAF), they implement material, the improvement of cropping systems, programs and projects to support agriculture. and the quality and processing of cassava The WAAPP, which advances new technologies products. and the collection and dissemination of data to strengthen agricultural activities, is a good Other significant actors in the Ivorian example of such a program. A key partner agricultural sector include ANADER. of WAAPP is the Interprofessional Fund for ANADER offers a technical framework for Research and Agricultural Council (FIRCA), which producers through the dissemination of good brings together representatives of producers, agricultural practices in order to improve agro-food industries, professional organizations, farming techniques. ANADER is a mixed and the state. FIRCA is financed by levying a tax economy company (35% of the State and 65% on agricultural export products, and it works of professional agricultural families and related with WAAPP in the cassava value chain. private companies). It provides training and agricultural advice, and produces agricultural International cooperation is also present statistics. It also works as a service provider in Ivory Coast through agencies such as for carrying out studies and agricultural GIZ, the International Institute for Tropical development projects, and supports capacity Agriculture (IITA), and the Swiss Centre for building for Producer Organizations.
Scientific Research (CSRS). GIZ has established ©CIAT/NeilPalmer
22 23 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
that the inland, northern parts of Bas-Sassandra, Lagunes and Bas-Sassandra while it increases 5. Climate Change-Related Comoé, and Lagunes would be the most affected slightly in the north of the latter. Both indicators (FAO, 2018; Ministry of Environment, 2017). (P5D and P95) remain very variable and difficult Risks and Vulnerabilities to predict. Flooding may increase in the future in Key messages the study area. Maximum 5-day average The length of the growing season decreases precipitation (P5D), an indicator of flood risk, in all three districts. The most significant » In Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes, droughts and heat stress are the primary present an increase in all three districts (Figure impact occurs in Bas-Sassandra, where the hazards projected by climate models. 6). The risk of flood increases the most in average length of the growing season falls from Bas-Sassandra. The 95th percentile of daily an average of 145 days in 2015 to 112 days in » Cassava will remain highly suitable in all three districts even under climate change, precipitation (P95), an indicator of heavy rainfall 2060. while the suitability of plantains decreases to moderate. decreases slightly in the south of Comoé, » A survey of experts identified floods and droughts as the most pressing hazard to the cassava value chain. Figure 3. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) for the maximum » The experts also suggest that plantains are vulnerable to droughts and high winds. number of consecutive dry days within the year(all year) (average of last 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire
5.1. Farmers’ perceptions on days increases slightly in Bas-Sassandra and climate change Lagunes, whereas in Comoé the increase is more pronounced, reaching an average of 75 Farmers surveyed in Cote D’Ivoire identified consecutive dry days by 2061 (Figure 3). Another increased temperature, insufficient rain, and indicator of drought, moisture stress, reaches changes in rainfall patterns as significant an average of 225 days by 2061 in all three climate-related variations over the past 10 districts (Figure 4). In Comoé, Sud-Comoé is most years (Comoe 2012; Comoe and Siegrist 2013). affected. In Lagunes, meanwhile, the change The vast majority of these farmers indicated that is slightly more significant to the east, and in rainfall has become unpredictable (Comoe and Bas-Sassandra, the San-Pédro region is the most Siegrist 2013). They have also noted a decrease impacted. This is consistent with the literature, in the length of the rainy season, a decrease which showed that drought would constitute in the frequency of rainfall, and an increase in Figure 4. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) for the number of a hazard resulting from decreased rainfall; the the frequency and length of dry spells (Comoe moisture stress days within the year(all year) (average of last 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and number of rainy days is expected to lessen by and Siegrist 2013). These farmers mentioned Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire between 10-27 days in the rainy season along new weeds, new insect pests, and significant the coast (Ministry of Environment, 2014). changes in flowering and fruiting times as major agricultural issues related to climate change (Comoe and Siegrist 2013). Wildfire was Heat stress is also a significant hazard identified as an emerging threat by a 75% of because the number of consecutive days farmers surveyed (Kouassi et al. 2020). with maximum temperatures above 35ºC increases in all three districts, reaching an average of 100 days by 2061 (Figure 5). Northern, inland areas are worst impacted: the 5.2. Climate change and variability: Indénié-Djuablin Region in Comoé, the Agnéby- historic and future trends Tiassa Region in Lagunes, and Nawa in Bas- Climate models indicate that drought is Sassandra. These projections are consistent with a major hazard in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, the literature, which suggested that increasing and Lagunes. The number of consecutive dry temperatures constitute a major hazard, and
24 25 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
Figure 5. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) for the total suitability of cassava production was high (more the central and northern parts of Lagunes and number of days with maximum temperature greater or equal to 35°C in the year (all year) (average of than 80%) in all three districts historically, and Comoé while it was moderate along the coast last 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire this situation is projected to remain unchanged (40 to 80%) (Figure 8). In the future it will become in the future (Figure 7). The suitability of less suitable shifting from high to moderate plantains production, on the other hand, was suitability (40 to 80%) in all three districts. high (more than 80%) in Bas-Sassandra and in
Figure 7. Historical and future (scenario RCP 8.5, periods 2030 and 2050) suitability of cassava production in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire
Figure 6. Historical (left), and future projected (center) and projected change (right) for the maximum 5-day running average precipitation in millimeters (average of last 30 years) for Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire
5.3. Crop suitability analysis 2020). Monthly climate datasets are generated In our crop suitability analysis, we used the using different types of models. In this study we EcoCrop model to locate suitable areas for used global climate models, such as “MOHC_ crop production under current and future HADGEM2_ES”, named after the agency that climate scenarios (Ramirez-Villegas et al developed the model, the Met Office Hadley 2011). EcoCrop has been used to conduct Centre.we simulated daily records from the suitability assessments and understand the monthly datasets and identified various climate impacts of climate change on a large number hazard indicators (Navarro-Racines et al. (2020)). of crops. The analysis is based on WorldClim To do this, we used various models depending v1.4 data for the historical or near-current on the indicator selected; for instance, we used climate, and on an ensemble of 5 downscaled NT35 as the heat stress indicator. global climate models for the future under RCP 8.5 (Hijmans et al. 2005; Navarro-Racines et al. Based on our crop suitability analysis, the
26 27 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
Figure 8. Historical and future (scenario RCP 8.5, periods 2030 and 2050) suitability of plantain 5.4. Climate vulnerabilities across regular in quantity and frequency, at least 1000- production in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts of Cote d’Ivoire agriculture value chain 1100 mm/year. Hence, droughts may lead to low commodities yields (Perrin, 2015a). Also, strong winds above 60 km/h may break branches or cause the fruit The survey carried out in June 2020 by CIAT to break and fall, reducing yields. Winds also allowed to get information from 20 experts. The make roads difficult to transit, disrupting the results from this survey are presented below. collection process (Perrin, 2015a).
The two main hazards identified by the Overall, stakeholders identify floods, experts for the cassava value chain are floods droughts, and strong winds as the main and droughts. Floods have a severe impact on hazards in the study area. The literature the input and on-farm stages of the value chain review and the results from the climate models and a low impact on the post-harvest stage, are consistent. Droughts and strong winds are while their impact on the marketing stage is identified as major hazards affecting cassava moderate. Droughts primarily affect the input and plantains in the study area. Flooding is little and on-farm stages with a major impact, they mentioned in the literature review however this have a moderate impact on the post-harvest is increasing according to our climate models stage, and their impact on the marketing stage is and the stakeholders assessment. low.
Finally, heat stress is not identified by Droughts may reduce yields and make stakeholders as a major hazard. Results from harvesting the crop more difficult because the climate models show, however, that it will of the compaction of the soil. In addition, lack affect the three districts significantly as the of water in the soil influences the rate of leaf number of consecutive days with maximum emission and senescence, the size of leaves, and temperature above 35ºC increases. The results the production of dry matter (UNDP & Ministry of our survey of experts sometimes agree with of Environment, 2013). Drought may also lead to the results of our literature review and climate the proliferation of pests such as termites, which modelling, but not always. eat the cuttings and make them unproductive (Lida et al., 2016). Several other hazards affect cassava production: changes in rainfall patterns render crop calendars inaccurate, late rains followed by intense precipitation may destroy plantations, and high temperatures combined with low precipitation during the lean season may significantly decrease cassava yields (Boansi, 2017; Lida et al., 2016).
For the plantain value chain, the experts identified two major hazards: droughts and strong winds. Droughts mainly affect the on- farm stage with a moderate to severe impact; their impact on all other stages is moderate. Strong winds, meanwhile, have a major impact on the on-farm and post-harvest stages, while their impact on all other stages is low. These hazards are consistent with the literature. Plantains require rains that are
28 29 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
Lagunes, adaptation strategies include planting droughts (WAAPP, 2015a, 2015b). Nevertheless, 6. Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability cassava on mounds, using rubber fertilizer, off-season production could also be hampered joining crop associations, and planting new by climate change, since irregularities in rain Key messages varieties of cassava such as Tanda, Yacé, and patterns could affect agricultural calendars BOCOU I & II (UNDP & Ministry of Environment, already arranged under off-season system. 2013). Other adaptation measures include Finally, the use of mulching can improve soil » Cassava is a highly resilient crop of primary importance to producers, who may planting fully covered cassava cuttings during moisture and prevent the hardening of the therefore be more willing to invest in adaptation; however, cassava producers the period of hot weather in January and soil and erosion (FAO & Ministry of Agriculture, are mainly women, whose adaptive capacity is often constrained by structural inequalities. February, and the use of less water in the soil 2019). Potential adaptation strategies include while the cutting is usually partially emerged and adopting drought-tolerant varieties and dwarf » Adaptation in the plantain value chain is constrained by a lack of organization and tilted (UNDP & Ministry of Environment, 2013). varieties that are less affected by strong winds, a general tendency to perceive plantains as a less important crop. Potential adaptation strategies could involve the and providing better climate information to » For cassava, the most promising adaptation strategies include adapting the adoption of improved drought-tolerant varieties, adapt agricultural calendars. 15 meteorological agricultural calendar, raising awareness about floods and coastline erosion, adaptation of agricultural calendars, or the use stations were acquired by the WAAPP to broaden creating a risk and disaster platform, and adopting improved cassava varieties. of irrigation (P. Mendez del Villar et al., 2018). the availability of data for planning agricultural » For plantains, promising adaptation strategies include the development of Cassava is cultivated without irrigation because operations. So far data has being used in the rice irrigation, adopting dwarf varieties and varieties tolerant to moisture stress, and it is less water-demanding than other crops. sector, but it aims to expand to other sectors planning agricultural calendars based on evolving climatic patterns. However, the practice of irrigation could furnish and is being tested in Bas-Sassandra (Perrin, a technical and economically viable alternative 2015a; WAAPP, 2015a). » The use of an improved variety of cassava is profitable, has a relatively short to seasonal production and supply in cassava payback period, and is low risk, but high implementation costs may be a barrier to markets. adoption. 6.2. Overall ranking of the For plantain producers, there is no collective adaptation strategies organization, so they lack information and This section presents the most promising possess weaker negotiating skills. These adaptation strategies for the two foremost in general is low at 2.7% on average in the study drawbacks result in structural overproduction of 6.1. On-farm adaptation strategies hazards for each value chain. We derived this area. Nevertheless, the fact that women are the crop, low selling prices, a dearth of reliable On-farm adaptation practices vary between information from a survey with experts, in which organized into groups or cooperatives can help outlets, and risks of non-payment (Perrin, cassava and plantains (Table 1). Because we asked them to rank the adaptation strategies increase their adaptive capacity. Through these 2015a). Given these issues, the adaptive capacity cassava is considered an important crop and for each hazard and stage of the value chain. cooperatives, they may have access to technical of plantain producers is low (Table 2). plantains are regarded as a secondary crop, assistance, improved inputs, and credit. In the cassava producers may be more willing to For cassava, several auspicious adaptation study area, organizations such as ANADER are On-going adaptation practices for plantains adapt than plantain producers (Perrin, 2015a). strategies have been identified. The most promoting the use of improved cassava varieties include crop association of, for example, Overall, studies show that cassava might be promising strategies in the case of floods (Patricio Mendez del Villar et al., 2017). Cultural cocoa, cassava, or corn; planting rows one of the most resilient crops in the face of include adapting or redefining the agricultural factors should also be taken into consideration. of teaks at the edges of each plot as climate change, better than potatoes, beans, and calendar, raising awareness about floods Cassava producers in Sud-Comoé perceive windbreaks to reduce possible damage; and bananas (Jarvis et al., 2012; P. Mendez del Villar and coastline erosion, and creating a risk and technological innovation as incompatible with engaging in off-season production (Perrin, et al., 2018). disaster platform. At the input stage, avoiding their social realities, which might explain their 2015a; RUN Network, 2016). With off-season flood-prone areas and multiplying cuttings from low adoption of long-duration cassava seeds production, plantains can be grown year- Cassava producers and processors in Ivory improved varieties are the most promising offered by research and government institutions round. The Association for the Development of Coast are mainly women, who are often adaptation strategies. At the on-farm stage, (Lida et al., 2016). Intensive Food Crops, with the support of the grouped into associations or cooperatives meanwhile, the adaptation of agricultural WAAPP, implemented off-season production (Patricio Mendez del Villar et al., 2017; Perrin, calendars and the development of early warning Current adaptation practices by cassava in Lagunes for two years. This effort led to 2015b). Their adaptive capacity may be limited systems are most promising. At the post-harvest producers include late sowing and the the generation of methods to control pests, by structural factors. For instance, women are and marketing stages, the adaptation of the replacement of dry cassava cuttings attacked regulation of the frequency of watering, and more vulnerable to land tenure insecurity, their agricultural calendars is the highest-ranked by termites with fresh cuttings (Lida et al., the use optimized fertilization techniques to literacy rate is lower than that of men at 53% strategy. In the case of droughts, the most 2016). In and around the city of Abidjan in boost the productivity of plantains during
versus 64% in rural areas, and access to internet promising adaptation strategies at all stages ©CIAT/NeilPalmer
30 31 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
Table 1. Specific practices within each practice group relevant to the focus value chains Table 2. Adapting to climate change: strategies across major value chain commodities
Cassava Plantain Value Value Practice Groups Chain Chain POST- Cassava input ON-FARM Harvest marketing Marketing • Off-season production • Off-season production Floods • Excessive rain over • Intense precipitation • High humidity in • Floods may affect Conservation • Crop rotation • Crop rotation 1.8 mm/year may may lead to the the soil may limit road infrastructure, agriculture • Crop association • Crop association cause tubers to rot destruction of standing storage, making since cassava thrives plantations increasing the risk transportation of • Mulching • Mulching in well-drained soils of tubers rotting in the produce more the soil difficult. Variety • Adoption of improved varieties • Adopting dwarf varieties improvement (e.g. drought-tolerant varieties or • Adopting varieties tolerant to Magnitude of SEVERE SEVERE MODERATE MODERATE Manihot esculenta)* moisture stress impact • Multiplication of cuttings from Promising • Adaptation or redefinition of the agricultural calendar improved varieties adaptation • Awareness of floods and coastline erosion, and creation of the risk and disaster platform strategies Water management • Use of irrigation • Development of irrigation*
• Avoiding flood-prone areas Drought • N/A5 • Producers do not plant • Yields may diminish cassava cuttings until • Harvesting may Climate services • Raising awareness about floods • Providing better climate rains arrive, since be difficult due to and coastline erosion information planting in dry, hot soil hardened soil may affect the cuttings • The quality of the • Creating a risk and disaster • Adapting agricultural calendars • Pests such as termites tubers may decline platform • Late sowing may proliferate because of moisture • Droughts may stress, and tubers • Development of early warning affect the rates of may become systems leaf emission and more fibrous and • Adapting agricultural calendars senescence unsuitable for processing • Late sowing
Magnitude of MAJOR MAJOR MODERATE low-MODERATE impact *Denotes that this is the highest-ranked adaptation strategy for its respective value chain. Promising • Adoption of improved cassava varieties adaptation • Multiplication of cuttings from improved varieties of the value chain are adoption of improved enable producers to meet water needs and strategies cassava varieties and the multiplication of reduce water stress. Strategies to mitigate both hazards cuttings from improved varieties. In the case of strong winds, the most Farmers’ coping • Planting fully covered cassava cuttings to protect them from excessively hot weather strategies • Planting cassava cuttings during the period of hot weather in January and February, with less water For plantains, the most promising adaptation promising adaptation strategies include first, in the soil while the cutting is usually partially emerged and tilted strategies for droughts are the development making more information available to better • Adaptation of agricultural calendars. of irrigation and the adoption of varieties plan agricultural calendars, and second, On-going • Late sowing tolerant to moisture stress. The development adopting dwarf varieties to reduce breakage adaptation • Replacement of dry cassava cuttings with fresh cuttings strategies • Planting cassava on mounds of irrigation is promising at the input and on- due to wind. Both strategies are the most • Use of rubber fertilizer farm stages of the value chain. The adoption promising along all stages of the value chain. • Crop associations. of varieties tolerant to moisture stress is the The main reasons for choosing these strategies • Use of new varieties of cassava • Use of less water in the soil while the cutting is partially emerged and tilted second-most promising strategy in those stages. are to improve production and yields, and the The adaptation of agricultural calendars is fact that dwarf varieties are less exposed to this promising at the post-harvest and marketing phenomenon. stages. The principal reasons cited for choosing these adaptation strategies include that they 5 No information for this stage. The use of inputs in cassava production in CIV is low, and producers mainly use cassava cuttings not seeds.
32 33 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
6.3. Cost benefit analysis of in Figure 9 show that the use of an improved the prioritized adaptation variety of cassava increases yields by about strategies 460% respectively when compared with BAU. POST- A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is critical when Plantains input ON-FARM Harvest marketing making investment decisions, including those The NPV associated with the use of an associated with climate-smart agriculture improved variety of cassava was US$ 24,302 per hectare (Table 4). The IRR associated with Drought • Producers may need • Plant growth may • Drought and • No information (CSA) practices. A CBA makes it possible to to use manure to be hindered if excessive heat may compare the costs and returns associated this innovation was greater than 500%. This IRR increase the organic precipitation is under cause the fruit to is higher than the prevailing discount rate of 5% matter in the soil 1000-1100 mm/year ripen quickly with a given CSA practice to the status quo, • May reduce yields also referred to as business as usual (BAU) or in the market. The use of an improved variety conventional practices (Ng’ang’a et al., 2017). of cassava could be appealing to smallholder Three CBA indicators, the Net Present Value farmers because it has a short payback period of one year (Table XXb). A longer payback period Magnitude of MODERATE MODERATE-SEVERE MODERATE MODERATE (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and payback impact period are used to show the profitability acts as a barrier for adoption and scaling up of an innovation. Promising • Development of irrigation associated with an improved practice or adaptation • Adoption of varieties tolerant to moisture stress innovation. The NPV measures the incremental strategies flow of net benefits from the innovation over its The risk associated with the use of an improved lifecycle, while the IRR is the discount rate that variety of cassava in Ivory Coast was modelled Strong winds • No information • Winds above 60 km/h • Strong winds may • Fallen trees or may break branches or also affect the debris may make equates NPV to 0. A higher IRR indicates that an using Monte Carlo Simulations (n=10,000). cause fruit to fall collection process roads difficult to innovation is profitable. The payback period is Column 6 of Table 4 summarizes the probability transit • Rainy seasons the number of years it takes to recoup the initial of making unprofitable returns after investing in marked by capital invested. this innovation. The risk associated with the use thunderstorms and strong winds disrupt of an improved cassava variety is virtually zero, the collection based on the characteristics of the cumulative process and affect In Ivory Coast, the two highest ranked prices innovations are an improved variety of cassava density function expressing the probability of (Manihot esculenta) and the development of the NPV as being less than or equal to the costs Magnitude of LOW MAJOR MAJOR LOW of implementation, maintenance, and operation impact irrigation in plantains. However, due to a lack of data, we did not compute a CBA for the costs (Table 4). In other words, the use of an Promising • Improved availability of information to better plan agricultural calendars development of irrigation in the plantain value improved variety of cassava is profitable, adaptation • Adoption of dwarf varieties to reduce breakage due to wind has a relatively short payback period, and strategies chain. In this profile, therefore, we only generated a CBA for the highest-ranked carries no risk at all. However, the high costs of installation, implementation, and operation Strategies to mitigate both hazards innovation under the cassava value chain, the use of an improved variety of cassava. may be unbearable for smallholder farmers, Farmers’ coping • Adaptation of agricultural calendars This improved variety of cassava is propagated especially before the innovation reaches the strategies through the multiplication of cuttings from break-even point. These high costs may act On-going • Crop association of, for example, cocoa, cassava, or corn improved cassava varieties. It is resistant to as a barrier to its adoption. This possibility adaptation • Planting rows of teaks at the edges of each plot as windbreaks to reduce possible damage to the drought and diseases and provides high yields. underscores the need to provide a sufficient strategies plantain trees • Off-season production The use of an improved variety of cassava had financial base to support farmers’ adoption a lifecycle of five years. The capital required of this innovation at least until they reach the for implementation is about 32% higher than break-even point. BAU, and the capital required for maintenance is about 31% higher (Table 3). This innovation There are some limitations associated with CBA needed about 460% more capital to offset methodology, such as potential inaccuracies operating costs when compared to BAU (Table when identifying and quantifying costs and 3). Its main benefit was an increase in yield per benefits for a given innovation. Nonetheless, hectare, rather than a reduction in maintenance, a CBA is critical for planning, targeting future installation, and operations costs. The results investments, and identifying potential barriers
34 35 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
Table 3. Costs for BAU and the use of an improved cassava variety in Ivory Coast to scaling up innovations. The use of an during the prioritization process in Ivory Coast. improved variety of cassava is a “no-regret This innovation is profitable and so it makes option”, implying that it will yield economic economic sense for it to be promoted for scaling Value Installation Costs Maintenance costs Operation Costs benefits now and in coming years and is, up. Yet if it is promoted, sufficient financial chain (US$/ha) (US$/ha) (US$/ha) therefore, important for strengthening future support must be provided to ensure that it household resilience. These facts may explain produces desirable outcomes for a majority (Innovation) BAU Improved % BAU Improved % BAU Improved % seed change seed change seed change why the use of an improved variety of cassava of smallholder farmers in Ivory Coast. variety in cost variety in cost variety in cost emerged as a strong choice for stakeholders
Use of improved 742 976 +32 2,700 3,550 +31 270 1,500 +460 cassava variety
Figure 9. Yield for BAU versus the use of an improved variety of cassava in Ivory Coast
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000 Yield (kg/ha) Yield 5,000
0 Business as usual Use of improved cassava
Table 4. Profitability associated with the use of an improved cassava variety in Ivory Coast Value Innovation Profitability indicators chain NPV in IRR in Payback Riskiness of investment US$ (%) period (years)
Cassava Use of an 34,302 500 (>r) 1 This innovation carries no risk improved because the probability of variety of making unprofitable returns is cassava equal to zero
NB: : >r implies that the practice is privately profitable. All computations are on a per hectare basis.
36 37 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire 7. Synthesis and Recommendations
The main hazards expected to affect the implemented through programs as WAAPP, • International Institute for Tropical Agriculture tendency to view plantains as a secondary study area are droughts and heat stress. in partnership with local associations, or (IITA) crop, which can discourage investment. A Data from the climate models showed that through agencies as the CNRA. Nevertheless, • Swiss Centre for Scientific Research (CSRS) lack of value chain organization is systematic moisture stress is projected to increase in all there are cultural factors to consider. For and particularly visible in the plantain value • National Agency for Support of Rural chain. Gender inequity remains a major issue three districts, with Sud-Comoé being the most example, women play a very important role in Development (ANADER) impacted region of Comoé. The number of the cassava value chain, but have limited access throughout all phases of all value chains. Finally, consecutive days with a maximum temperature to land, education, information, and financial public investment in agriculture in terms of its above 35ºC is also expected to increase in all services. Addressing these issues is key for Further, several barriers challenge the contribution to GDP remains low, particularly three districts, reaching an average of 100 days transformations in the value chain to succeed. general implementation of climate-aware investments in research, technology, and by 2061. R northern, inland regions are most Plantains, meanwhile, are widely regarded as programming in Cote d’Ivoire. There is a innovation. impacted. These hazards affect both the cassava a secondary crop, so many producers are not and plantain value chains. willing to invest in improving their productivity through, for instance, better inputs and the Droughts and floods were identified through development of irrigation. the survey as the main hazards affecting the cassava value chain.6 Their impacts are more Going forward, a variety of opportunities for severe during the input and on-farm stages. collaboration, funding, and synergies exist for The most promising adaptation strategies these practices (Table 5). Several organizations in the case of floods are the redefinition of are well positioned to offer general support agricultural calendars and the creation of early across all potential activities, including: warning systems for disaster. In the case of droughts, the most promising strategies are the • Ministry of Agriculture and Rural adoption of improved varieties of cassava and Development the multiplication of cuttings from improved • Ministry of Planning and Development varieties. • National Statistics Institute (INS) • National Center for Agronomic Research For plantains, major hazards include (CNRA) droughts and strong winds. Droughts primarily impact the input and on-farm stages, • Food and Agricultural Organization of the while strong winds affect on-farm and post- United Nations (FAO) harvest stages. The most promising adaptation • World Bank strategies for droughts are the development of • West and Central African Council for irrigation and the adoption of varieties tolerant Agricultural Research and Development to moisture stress. The adoption of dwarf (CORAF) varieties and the adaptation of agricultural • Interprofessional Fund for Research and calendars are the most effective strategies for Agricultural Council (FIRCA) strong winds. • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Some of these strategies are being
1. 5 6 Although the literature and the climate models do not suggest that floods are an issue, it is possible that prolonged drought followed by heavy rains might cause flooding and erosion. ©CIAT/NeilPalmer
38 39 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire
Table 5. Potential strategies and considerations for advancing CSA at scale Practice Practice Group Partnerships Barriers Funding Synergies Practice Group Partnerships Barriers Funding Synergies
• Food and Agricultural Farm level barriers:** • High potential • Reliable storage • West African Agricultural Farm level barriers: • International • Climate-resilient Organization of the • Poor connectivity to for private and processing Productivity Program • Negative perceptions research varieties help United Nations (FAO) markets sector systems support (WAAPP) of technological funding stabilize harvest • National Program for • Dearth of long-term investing market stability • National Agency for innovation offers robust quantities, thus Agricultural Investment contracts and consumer Support of Rural • Considerable capital support; supporting (PNIA) confidence Development (ANADER) requirements diversification stable markets • Food Aid Marketing Office Institutional barriers: • National Center for toward local (OCPV) • Deficient Agronomic Research Institutional barriers: and culturally • Association for the infrastructure (CNRA) • Land tenure important Marketing Development of Intensive • Hazards posed by • Plantain Innovation insecurity crops needed Food Crops changing climate Platforms (PIP) • Low access to finance • Tendency to • Ministry of Agriculture Farm level barriers:** • Blended • Investments consider plantains a Variety improvement • Environmental Institute • Poor land tenure finance, using in soil health secondary crop for Agricultural Research • Limited plot size public funds support (INERA) • Knowledge gaps as a de-risking improved Farm level barriers: • Public and • Effective water • West and Central • Financial constraints instrument, water retention • Capital requirements private management African Coucil for delivered and climate interests with reduces erosion Agricultural Research and Institutional through resiliency Institutional barriers: good blended and flooding to Development (CORAF) barriers:** cooperatives • Tendency to finance support land • The Institute for Research • Inconsistent to support consider plantains a potential restoration in Applied Science and extension services farmer- secondary crop efforts Technology (IRSAT) • Scattered input initiated • Land tenure • Albert Schweitzer provision investments insecurity Ecological Center (CEAS) in long- • Low access to • University of term land finance Ouagadougou (UO) productivity • Inconsistent
• Africa Rice Research Water management extension Center • Food and Agriculture ** based on the literature
Conservation agriculture Conservation Organization (FAO) • GIZ • The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) In addition, structural issues need to be like the internet, phones, and radio; and road addressed. These include improving access networks. Itwould allow them better knowledge • West African Agricultural Farm level barriers: • Public and • Supports to basic needs such as water; electricity; of markets and prices, and to better connect with Productivity Program • Confidence in private efficiency and information and communication technologies possible buyers, improving their governance. (WAAPP) weather forecasting interests with planning in • Food and Agricultural good blended input provision, Organization of the Institutional barriers: finance production, United Nations (FAO) Infrastructure potential postharvest • Human resources transport and Climate services • Data production and processing, and utility marketing
40 41 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire 8. Works Cited
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44 45 Adapting Green Innovation Centres to climate change: analysis of value chain adaptation potential Cassava and plantain value chains in Bas-Sassandra, Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire 9. AcknowledgmentS
This study was conducted by the Alliance of Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), under the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS), supported by the Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector (GIC) implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) under the framework of the special initiative “ONE WORLD – No Hunger” on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
The document has been developed by Helga Lahmann under the technical leadership of Stephanie Jaquet, Caroline Mwongera, Stanley Karanja and Evan Girvetz and with contributions from the climate modelling team: Harold A.E. Achicanoy, Alejandra Esquivel, Aniruddha Ghosh, Julian Ramirez-Villegas and the agricultural economics team: Devinia Akinyi, Dorcas Jalango, George Kanyenji, Bwema Ombati.
We acknowledge the contribution of the project manager for GIZ: Bjoern Hecht, Heike Herden and of the GIC team in Cote d’Ivoire: Sander Muilerman, Célestin Lasme, Achille Assa.
Technical review and editing: Annalese Duprey, Stephanie Pentz, Mehrey Vaghti, and Megan Mayzelle
Infographics and layout: Katya Kuzi
This document should be cited as: Bioversity International & CIAT, CGIAR CCAFS, and GIZ. 2020. Adapting Green Innovation Centres to Climate Change: Analysis of value chain adaptation potential. Cassava and Plantain Value Chains in Bas-Sassandra,
Comoé, and Lagunes Districts, Cote D’Ivoire ©CIAT/NeilPalmer
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