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Card Experiments \\'Ith a Special Subject. Ii. the Shuffle Method

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Card Experiments \\'Ith a Special Subject. Ii. the Shuffle Method CARD EXPERIMENTS \\'ITH A SPECIAL SUBJECT. II. THE SHUFFLE METHOD By H. KANTHAMANI and E. F. KELLY Reprinted from THE JoURNAL OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY Vol. 39, No. 3, September 1975 Card Experiment, 1l'ith n Speczal Suhjrct 207 METHOD CARD EXPERIMENTS WITH Materials The testing material was ordinary playing cards. A pool of over A SPECIAL SUBJECT two dozen decks of these cards was employed for the entire experi­ II. THE SHUFFLE METHOD ment. All decks were of the same brand, purchased locally from Eckerd's Drug Store, and all cards were blue-backed, except that in By H. KANTHAMANI AND E. F. KELLY one series (Series 6) we also used brown-backed decks. ABSTRACT: This series of experiments constitutes the second part of a two-part Procedure series of card experiments carried out with the special subject B. D. In the present The basic method was similar to the psychic-shuffle or ESP­ series the subject shuffled a deck of playing cards to match a target deck shuffled shuffle technique introduced by Rhine and others (Rhine, Smith, & earlier by the experimenter. There were, in all, six series, accounting for a total of 55 , runs. Woodruff, 1938), in which subjects shuffled decks of ESP cards to The data, analyzed by an adaptation of Fisher's method, gave significantresults in match prearranged decks or lists of targets. The early investigators all the series individually, as we!J as in the pooled data. The main effect was a massive reported very high significance using this technique with a number excess of exact hits, about four timesmean chance expectation, yielding a CR of over %%.0. The presence of such excess exact hits, together with essentially chance perfor­ of subjects. With another special subject, Lalsingh (Sean) Harri­ mance on number and suit hits, suggests that B. D. produced many more exact hits bance (L.H.), Kanthamani (1974) found this technique a suitable thai_i could be anticipated through chance association of his hits on the component starting point for a series of experiments in which the subject evi­ attributes: forthe whole body of data, the chi-square forassociation between number hits and suit hits corresponds to a CR of approximately 11.0. In this body of data,the denced a high degree of psi. The original psychic-shuffle method pattern of visual-like errors associated with the previous single-card clairvoyance was modified in various respects during the present investigations experiment was not pi·esent.-Ed. with B.D.; therefore we will merely call our method the "shuffle method." This report concerns a series of experiments carried out with the The basic procedure was as follows. Before each run, the speci�l subject BiJI Delmore (B. D.) following procedures generically experimenter, H.K., picked two decks of playing cards, in no specific descnbabJe as "shuffle methods." As will be detailed later, these con­ order, from the pool of target decks kept in the bottom drawer of sisted of various modifications of the early psychic-shuffle technique her office desk. (The subject had no access to these materials at any (Rhine, Smith, & Woodruff, I 938). time.) She randomized both decks thoroughly by several dove-tail B.D. is weJI known as a special subject from a number of recent shuffles and designated one as the call deck and the other as the reports (Kelly & Kanthamani, 1972; · Kanthamani & Kelly, 1974 a; target deck. The subject then entered the experimental room and Kanthamani & Kelly, I 974 b; Kelly, Kanthamani, Child, & Young, sat in front of the experimenter on the opposite side of the desk. I 975). In two of these previous papers (1974a, 1975) we sum­ Then the experimenter picked up the target deck and shuffled it marized B.D.'s performance in a series of experiments involving a again thoroughly with at least 10 dove-tail shuffles out of the sub­ technique called single-card dai1·voyance, using pJaying cards as ject's view and placed it face-down on her side of the desk top. The targets. As the name implies, this technique involved presenting one subject sat in his chair, listening to the sounds of the shuffles and target at a time for the subject to make a calJ. In four series, totaling sometimes engaging in light conversation. Generally B.D. was in a 46 runs, B.D. produced an overall hitting rate on the whole-card good, cheerful mood during these sessions. The subject then shuf­ targets (i.e., suit and number) which was exactlv three times MCE fled the call deck as long as he wished, with the aim of matching its 30 (138 hits in 2,392 trials, corresponding to a CR > 13.0, p < 10- ). sequence to that of the target deck. When he finished his shuffling This simply illustrates that the subject was functioning at an ex­ he also placed his deck face-down on the desk. At this point the tremely high level during this period. The present experiment was recording and checking began. c�1-ried out during the fall and winter of I 972 concurrently with the The experimenter first recorded the order of the target deck, smgle-card clairvoyance. The same methods of evaluation were and then the call deck. During the recording of the call deck the planned as in the previous experiment. subject was generally allowed to turn the cards one by one because TIU'Journal ofParaprydwlogy 208 Card Experiments with a Special Subject 209 e h enjoyed doing so, and the e p1· sence of additional experimenters three working days. He started offdoing two runs in each and other observers in many e 13 runs in s ssions rendered it extremely unlike ly o e ere nearly a apart, but then that he could at this point change of the first tw s ssions, which w month the order o f the c a1·ds. Any cor It ­ e e runs on the very next day. may be respondences betwee compI et ed th remaining nin n target cards and call cards were noted during . e ed that this is one of the charac enst1cs of B. D.-that he starts a th recording process. At the end o e not � _ _ f th run, the number of corre­ o a n ew series slowly and bmlds 1t up rather suddenly. This spondences for whole-card e task r ( xact), number, and suit hits we1·e d parallels his scoring rate also. counted and recorded. The tren data were subsequently key punched . , Series 3. The main difference between the third senes and the verified, and analyzed by FORTRAN programs written for e th IBM first two is in the recording of the call sequences. As before, the 370 computer at TUCC. experimenter first recorded the argets and then named aloud e ch Each run consisted � � of 52 t rials, and at every s ession a minimum _ of one ru target from the beginning, to which the subject responded by takmg n was completed, sometimes more. The complete _ _ experi­ h top card from his deck and placmg it face-down on the table. In ment consisted of a number of series revolving around the basic �;er words, he denied himself immediate trial-by-trial feedbac al- procedure described a bove. e � Th series varied in l ength, but e th h once the shuffling was completed, no change was permitted length of each was declare t ho ug , d before it began. N o advance limit · · was rde e recalled that m the fiirs two senes, set to the total number in the call-deck o r. It may b � of series in the experiment, as our intent was to encourage B.D. to keep the subject turned the call cards fa ce up one by one dunng the ca�l­ working as long as his own generally e so that correspondences between target chara tens­ strong motivation would permit. d ck recording, � The e xperiment ultimately con­ ed tics and the call card were known immediately after the tur ung of sist of six series carried out e e � ov r a p riod of six months. The first ch card from the call deck. However, in the present senes, the series, as a pilot, was followed by two other, confirmatory series. AH th ese three series were ::perimenter recorded the call sequences after B D. finished p�acing essentiaJly identical with regard to procedure, _. and each consisted of 13 runs. the cards one by one, face-down on the tabl e. This change was �ntro­ From the fourth series onward, vari­ ous changes in the duced by B.D. himself to break the monotony of a long series of procedure were introduced, partly at B.D.'s sug­ tests. Also, it is possible that from the first two series B.D. developed gestion, both to maintain his e int rest in the experiments and to pro­ : d the necessary confidence that he would d(. well m the test, and vi e conditions which we hoped o w uld allow fuUer expression of his . _ . _ unusual abilities without therefore was not interested m checking tnal-by-tnal correspo�­ excessive sacrifice of experimental contr ol. dences between call and target characteristics. The number of hits The three final serie e s ther fore d iffer among themselves, as well as for exacts, numbers, and suits were then counted as usual at the end from the first three, in proce dure as well as length. Sixteen add i­ o tional runs were comple d f the run.
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