A N E XO Al Aporte De Javier Giraldo a La CHCV
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LA SEGURIDAD NACIONAL a LA DERIVA Del Frente Nacional Ala Posguerra Frfa
CIENCIAS SOCIALES I LA SEGURIDAD NACIONAL A LA DERIVA Del Frente Nacional ala Posguerra Frfa FRANCISCO LEAL BUITRAGO A Alfaomega ill ~ SfOf.AC.t.DW:ADEEa.w:lOI. ·OJ .,' ~. ' ........... ':'... ~-. -.-.~ , ...>~ ~ .~-'." Primera edicion: enero de 2002 © Francisco Leal Buitrago © Universidad de los Andes © Alfaomega Colombiana S.A. ISBN: 958-682-347-4 © 2002 ALFAOMEGA GRUPO EDITOR, SA de C.V. Pitagoras 1139, Col. Del Valle, 03100 Mexico, D.F. Disefio de cubierta: Alfaomega Colombiana S.A. Edici6n y diagramacion: Alfaomega Colombiana S.A. Impreso por Editorial NomosS. A. Impreso y hecho en Colombia - Printed and made in Colombia CONTENIDO AGRADECIMIENTOS vii INTRODUCCI6N EL I I DE SEPTIEMBRE, LA SEGURIDAD NACIONAL Y LA GUERRA Y LA PAZ EN COLOMBIA IX Capitulo Uno LA DOCTRINA DE SEGURIDAD NACIONAL EN AMERICA LATINA Etapas de la Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional 3 1. Viejo militarismo 3 2. 1nfluencia politico-militar de Estados Unidos 5 3. Revolucion cubana, politica hemisferica y Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional 8 4. Declinacion de la Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional II Formulacion de la doctrina en America del Sur 12 EI modelo doctrinario en Colombia 19 Declinacion y rezagos de Ia doctrina en Colombia 27 Retos derivados de los rezagos de la Doctrina en Colombia 29 Capitulo Dos SEGURIDAD NACIONAL SIN POLITICA MILITAR DE ESTADO DEL FRENTE NACIONAL AL FIN DE LA GUERRA FRIA, 1958-1990 35 El Plan Lazo y las tentativas de definicion de una politica militar 41 Ausencia de una polftica militar de Estado 48 Los procesos de paz: sustitucion parcial de las -
Colombia's Killer Networks
COLOMBIA'S KILLER NETWORKS The Military - Paramilitary Partnership and the United States The junior and mid-level officers who tolerated, planned, directed, and even took part in paramilitary violence in Colombia in the 1980s now occupy senior positions in the Colombian military. To be sure, a few, linked to well-publicized cases, have been forced into retirement or dismissed, but many more have been awarded medals for distinguished service and lead Colombia's troops. As commanders, they have not only promoted, encouraged, and protected paramilitary groups, but have used them to provide intelligence and assassinate and massacre Colombians suspected of being guerrilla allies. In fact, many victims - community and peasant leaders, trade unionists, and human rights monitors among them - have no ties to guerrillas, but have been trapped in a conflict where few wear uniforms or admit their rank. Human Rights Watch has obtained evidence, including the heretofore secret Colombian military intelligence reorganization plan called Order 200-05/91 and eyewitness testimony, that shows that in 1991, the military made civilians a key part of its intelligence-gathering apparatus. Working under the direct orders of the military high command, paramilitary forces incorporated into intelligence networks conducted surveillance of legal opposition political figures and groups, operated with military units, then executed attacks against targets chosen by their military commanders. Human Rights Watch has also documented the disturbing role played by the United States in support of the Colombian military. Despite Colombia's disastrous human rights record, a U.S. Defense Department and Central Intelligence Agency team worked with Colombian military officers on the 1991 intelligence reorganization that resulted in the creation of killer networks that identified and killed civilians suspected of supporting guerrillas. -
Colombia 2000
COLOMBIA ASSESSMENT April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.5 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 III HISTORY Recent history 3.1 - 3.27 Current political situation 3.28 IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE Political System 4.1 Security 4.2 - 4.11 Armed forces 4.3 - 4.8 Police 4.9 - 4.11 The Judiciary 4.12 - 4.20 The Prison System 4.19 - 4.20 General Crime 4.21 - 4.32 The Drugs Trade 4.21 - 4.28 4.29 - 4.30 Extortion Kidnapping 4.31 - 4.32 V HUMAN RIGHTS A: HUMAN RIGHTS: GENERAL ASSESSMENT Introduction A.1 - A.3 Paramilitary, Guerilla and other groups A.4 - A.32 FARC A.4 - A. 12 ELN A.13 - A.18 EPL A.19 Paramilitaries A.20 - A.32 The security forces A.33 - A.50 Human rights defenders A.51 - A.59 The role of the government and the international community A.60 - A.67 The peace talks A.68 - A.89 B: HUMAN RIGHTS: SPECIFIC GROUPS B.1 - B.22 Women B.1 - B.2 Homosexuals B.3 - B.4 Religious freedom B.5 - B.6 People with disabilities B.7 Ethnic minority groups B.8 - B.15 Race B.9 - B.11 Indigenous People B.12 - B.15 Children B.16 - B.22 C: HUMAN RIGHTS: OTHER ISSUES C.1 - C.28 Freedom of political association C.1 - C.9 Union Patriotica (UP) C.2 - C.6 Other Parties C.7. - C.9 Freedom of speech and press C. 10 - C. -
Bedoya Will Resist Pressure for Pact with Colombia's Narco-Terrorists
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 24, Number 38, September 19, 1997 Bedoya will resist pressure for pact with Colombia’s narco-terrorists by Valerie Rush One-worldist plans to dismember the nation-state of Colom- assassinations in Colombia on the Armed Forces’ so-called bia, and to distribute its bleeding parts to the narco-terrorist “dirty war,” and claims it is the military, and not narco- armies of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia terrorism, which runs amok and “is the greatest threat to (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN), have hit a Colombia, its neighbors, and the interests of the United snag, in the form of the Presidential campaign of former States.” The conclusion of these authors is that the United Armed Forces commander Gen. Harold Bedoya Pizarro. His States must not lend its support to General Bedoya, who is unexpected election challenge has driven both the FARC and described as “a leading proponent of military solutions to the ELN terrorists, and their drug legalization and “human the problems of narcotics and insurgency,” and must instead rights” defenders, into a rage, while the United Nations and focus on shackling the Armed Forces through a single- other one-worldist agencies of the British Empire are pushing minded focus on their supposed violations of the human frantically to lock in an internationally mediated pact with rights of narco-terrorists. the terrorists, before Bedoya’s civil-military alliance for a A similar viewpoint was offered by Edgar Dosman, pro- national recovery becomes unstoppable. fessor at Toronto’s York University and the former executive Bedoya was fired in late July by the country’s drug-traf- director of the semi-official Canadian Foundation for Latin ficker-financed President Ernesto Samper, when the general America (FOCAL). -
Colombia=S Killer Networks
COLOMBIA===S KILLER NETWORKS The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States Human Rights Watch/Americas Human Rights Watch Arms Project Human Rights Watch New York AAA Washington AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 November 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-203-3 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 96-77749 Human Rights Watch/Americas Human Rights Watch/Americas was established in 1981 to monitor human rights in Latin America and the Caribbean. José Miguel Vivanco is executive director; Anne Manuel is deputy director; James Cavallaro is the Brazil director; Joel Solomon is the research director; Jennifer Bailey, Sebastian Brett, Sarah DeCosse, and Robin Kirk are research associates; Steve Hernández and Paul Paz y Miño are associates. Stephen L. Kass is the chair of the advisory committee; Marina Pinto Kaufman and David E. Nachman are vice chairs. Human Rights Watch Arms Project The Human Rights Watch Arms Project was established in 1992 to monitor and prevent arms transfers to governments or organizations that commit gross violations of internationally recognized human rights and the rules of war and promote freedom of information regarding arms transfers worldwide. Joost R. Hiltermann is the director; Stephen D. Goose is the program director; Zahabia Adalamy, Andrew Cooper, and Ernst Jan Hogendoorn are research assistants; Rebecca Bell is the associate; William M. Arkin, Kathi L. Austin, Ann Peters, Monica Schurtman, and Frank Smyth are consultants. -
Violencia Y Transformación Social, Política Y Económica En Colombia BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA Ciencias Sociales Y Humanidades
Paramilitarismo Violencia y transformación social, política y económica en Colombia BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Temas para el diálogo y el debate Paramilitarismo Violencia y transformación social, política y económica en Colombia Raul Zelik Edición ampliada y actualizada Zelik, Raul Paramilitarismo: violencia y transformación social, política y económica en Colombia / Raul Zelik; traductora Nelly Castro. – Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores, Fescol, Goethe Institut, 2015. 416 páginas; 24 cm. Incluye bibliografía. Título original: Die kolumbianischen Paramilitärs. 1. Paramilitarismo - Colombia 2. Violencia política - Colombia 3. Seguridad interior - Colombia 4. Contrain- surgencia - Colombia 5. Asistencia militar estadounidense - Aspectos políticos - Colombia 6. Conflicto armado - Colombia 7. Colombia - Política y gobierno I. Castro, Nelly, traductora II. Tít. 303.6 cd 21 ed. A1483031 CEP-Banco de la República-Biblioteca Luis-Ángel Arango Título original: “Die kolumbianischen Paramilitärs”. Editorial Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster, 2009. © De la traducción, Nelly Castro La presente edición, 2014 © Siglo del Hombre Editores Cra 31A Nº 25B-50, Bogotá D. C. PBX: (57-1) 337 77 00, Fax: (57-1) 337 76 65 www.siglodelhombre.com © Friedrich Ebert Stiftung en Colombia - Fescol www.fescol.org.co/ © Goethe Institut www.goethe.de/ins/de/esindex.htm Diseño de carátula Alejandro Ospina Armada electrónica Ángel David Reyes Durán ISBN: 978-958-665-344-2 Impresión Carvajal Soluciones de Comunicación S.A.S. Calle 17 n.º 69-85, Bogotá D. C. Impreso en Colombia-Printed in Colombia Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida ni en su todo ni en sus partes, ni regis- trada en o transmitida por un sistema de recuperación de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, sea mecánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, magnético, electroóptico, por fotocopia o cualquier otro sin el permiso previo por escrito de la Editorial. -
War Without Quarter
WAR WITHOUT QUARTER Colombia and International Humanitarian Law Human Rights Watch New York · Washington · London · Brussels Copyright © October 1998 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-187-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-88045 Cover photograph: A woman mourns family members killed in a paramilitary massacre in Barrancabermeja, Santander in 1998. © Agencia Toma Addresses for Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor, New York, NY 10118-3299 Tel: (212) 290-4700, Fax: (212) 736-1300, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail:[email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with “subscribe hrw-news” in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank). Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. -
The Equilibrium Between the Colombian Government and the Guerrilla Groups
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1996-12 State strength and guerrilla power : the equilibrium between the Colombian government and the guerrilla groups Reyes, Ruben D. Mestizo Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/32015 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS .. <!.'-')'/ "' j)' .--------------------------------.~~STATE STRENGTH AND GUERRILLA POWER: T~~ c.o EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THE COLOMBIA~~~ c.o GOVERNMENT AND THE GUERRILLA GR0'9ifs ---..1 c-, by c::T> ..........:> Ruben D. Mestizo Reyes <J..> December 1996 c-, c..n ex:> Principal Advisor: Maria Jose Moyano Associate Advisor: Thomas Bruneau Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Fonn Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of infonnation is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing insbuction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of infonnation. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 1996 Master's Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: STATE STRENGTH AND GUERRILLA POWER: THE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS EQUILIBRJUM BETWEEN THE COLOMBIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE GUERRILLA GROUPS 6. AUTHOR(S) Ruben D. Mestizo Reyes 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. -
State of War
STATE OF WAR Political Violence and Counterinsurgency in Colombia Human Rights Watch/Americas (formerly Americas Watch) Human Rights Watch New York Washington Los Angeles London Copyright 8 December 1993 by Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 93-80982 ISBN: 1-56432-118-5 Human Rights Watch/Americas Human Rights Watch/Americas, fomerly Americas Watch, was established in 1981 to monitor and promote observance of internationally recognized human rights in Latin America and the Caribbean. Peter D. Bell is chair; Stephen L. Kass and Marina Pinto Kaufman are vice chairs; Juan E. Méndez is the executive director; Cynthia Arnson and Anne Manuel are associate directors; Robin Kirk is the Andean researcher; MaryJane Camejo,and Gretta Tovar Siebentritt are research associates; Vanessa Jiménez and Ben Penglase are associates. COLOMBIA, A DREAM OF PEACE So that in the fields Today, he's a grown man the barking of dogs full of hope, at any dawn he joined the army carrying a flag, not be the sinister prowl symbol of our nation. of wandering death, Don't cut short his path let it be a hand clasp, setting ambushes let it be the warm smile because you yourself must then of an arriving friend carry the news that will part the soul and not the dark jaws of that poor mother of a threatening rifle. who lives next door. Hunger also So that soldiers and guerrillas beats the war drum not be for each other spawning weapons. grim death sniffing out Each rifle takes (in price alone) tremulous life. -
Colombia Country Assessment/Bulletins
COLOMBIA COUNTRY ASSESSMENT October 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.5 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.2 3. HISTORY 3.1 – 3.30 Recent history 3.1 - 3.28 3.29 - 3.30 Current political situation 4. INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE 4.1 – 4.60 Political System 4.1 Security 4.2 - 4.19 Armed forces 4.3 - 4.12 Police 4.13 - 4.19 The Judiciary 4.20 - 4.28 The Prison System 4.29 - 4.31 Key Social Issues 4.32 - 4.60 The Drugs Trade 4.32 - 4.42 Extortion 4.43 - 4.47 4.47 - 4.60 Kidnapping 5. HUMAN RIGHTS 5A: HUMAN RIGHTS: GENERAL ASSESSMENT A.1 – A.129 Introduction A.1 - A.3 Paramilitary, Guerrilla and other groups A.4 - A.32 FARC A.4 - A. 15 Demilitarized Zone around San Vicente del Caguan A.16 - A.24 ELN A.25 - A.35 EPL A.36 Paramilitaries A.37 - A.53 The security forces A.54 - A.72 Human rights defenders A.73 - A.82 The role of the government and the international community A.83 - A.93 The peace talks A.94 - A.118 Plan Colombia A.119 - A.130 5B: HUMAN RIGHTS: SPECIFIC GROUPS B.1 - B.22 Women B.1 - B.3 Homosexuals B.4 - B.5 Religious freedom B.6 - B.7 People with disabilities B.8 Ethnic minority groups B.9 - B.15 Race B.10 - B.12 Indigenous People B.13 - B.16 Children B.17 - B.23 5C: HUMAN RIGHTS: OTHER ISSUES C.1 - C.34 Freedom of political association C.1 - C.11 Union Patriotica (UP) C.2 - C.8 Other Parties C.9 - C.11 Freedom of speech and press C.12 - C.20 Freedom of assembly C.21 - C.16 Freedom of the individual C.17 - C.23 Freedom of travel/internal flight C.24 - C.26 Internal flight C.27 - C.33 Persecution within the terms of the 1951 UN Convention C.34 ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B: POLITICAL, GUERILLA & SELF-DEFENCE UNITS (PARAMILITARY) ANNEX C: BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX D: ACRONYMS 1. -
Military Aviation in Colombia Douglas Hernández the Beginning of Military Aviation in Colombia
Military Aviation in Colombia DOUGLAS HERNÁNDEZ The Beginning of Military Aviation in Colombia In the early decades of the 20th century, the exploits of aviation pioneers, as well as the feats of aviators in World War I, amazed everyone. Pilots were highly admired, and aviation in general was fantastical—attracting great interest. In Co- lombia, a group of influential men dedicated themselves to promoting the devel- opment of aviation and created the Colombian Aviation Club for this purpose. These prominent citizens managed to get the Colombian National Congress to issue Law 15 of 1916 that provided for sending study commissions abroad, including a commission focused on military aviation. The purpose of Law 15 was to study new war procedures, weapons and tactical systems, military avia- tion, the administration of the army, the use of submarines and mines for port defense, and all other technical-military issues assigned by the Ministry of War assigns.1 This law was passed by the president of the Republic, José Vicente Concha, and by the minister of war, Salvador Franco, on 7 September 1916. Specifically, the national government was empowered to send a special army commission to Europe composed of representatives of the different branches (military specialties) at that time (i.e., infantry, cavalry, artillery, train engineers) to study the new weaponry advances and military tactics evident during the Great War. Particular areas of interest for the modernization of the armed forces in Colombia included new weapons systems, new tactics and procedures, the operation of submarines, the use of marine mines, port defense, the administra- tion of armies, and military aviation. -
P P “P ”: S P C P P C C M
!"# $%&'%& ()"%%$ %* #)%&%+,)( -&' .%$,!,)-$ (),#&)# P-/-+,$,!-/0 P%1#/ -&' “P-/-.%$,!,)(”: S23&-!,%&-$ P-!!#/&( %* C/,+,&-$,4-!,%& %* P%$,!,),-&( -&' P%$,!,),4-!,%& %* C/,+,&-$( ,& C%$%+3,- M-/,-&- E()%3-/ A/-&5% A!"#(,( (23+,!!#' !% !"# D#.-/!+#&! %* G%6#/&+#&! %* !"# L%&'%& S)"%%$ %* E)%&%+,)( *%/ !"# '#5/## %* D%)!%/ %* P",$%(%."0,N%6#+3#/ 789: DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the Lon- don School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior writ- ten consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of !",#$! words. (!-!#+#&! %* 2(# %* !",/' .-/!0 *%/ #',!%/,-$ "#$. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and gram- mar by Stefan Bauchowitz. % “Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead”. G.K. Chesterton INMEMORIAM ToRogelio Martinez, a peasant leader from Sucre assassinated on the %"th of May #&%& in San Onofre, who became my greatest support and friend during my fieldwork in Sucre in #&&!. Tomy dearest friend Josué Giraldo Cardona, Unión Patriótica leader, assassinated by paramil- itaries in Meta department on the %$th of October %!!'. To Mía, my grandmother and greatest woman I have ever met.