1978] SELBY AN A: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 151

A B

~ 5cm

1cm

2mm

5cm

ENCYCLIA CHIMBORAZOENSIS ENCYCLIA PYGMAEA c D

5cm

ENCYCLIA VESPA ~ EPIDENDRUM ANCEPS

Plate 69 152 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Epidendrum baumannianum Schltr. Plate 70-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems erect, cane-like, to 1.5 m long, clothed with 10-15 dispersed leaves, to 10 X 2 cm. Inflorescence to 15 cm long, at the apex of the cane; flowers 7-15; sepals and petals 20 X 6 mm, orange-yellow; lip 2 X 1.5 cm, 3-lobed, yellow. Rare, in trees along the river, growing in ant nests. Flowering in September. Pollinated by hummingbirds. Guatemala to western Ecuador. This species has been erroneously reduced to synonomy with E. radicans Pavon ex Lindl. which occurs from Central America to Colombia.

Epidendrum coronanthera Lehm. & Kranzl. Plate 72-C Epiphytic; rhizome very short; stem pendent, branched toward the apex, clothed with close-set, overlappmg, broad leaves, 4 X 2 cm. Inflorescences produced at the apices of the branches, surrounded by short inflated bracts; flowers green, 3-5 in each inflorescence; sepals and petals narrow, subtrian­ gular, to 1 cm long; lip narrow, cordate at the base. Rare, on "Mate" trees (Crescentia) near the river. Flowering in July and August. Similar to E. strobiliferum Rchb.f. but the leaves are broader and the anther cap has a pair of curved horns. Colombia and Ecuador.

Epidendrum difforme (L.) Sw. Plate 70-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 45 cm long, clothed with 8-10 leaves to 8 X 1.5 cm. Inflorescence short, to 5 cm long, capitate, from the apex of the cane; flowers 10-15, green; lip 1 X 1.5 cm. Uncommon, in tall trees. Pollinated by Noctuid moths. Flowering in July. Widespread in tropi­ cal America.

Epidendrum guayasense Schltr. Plate 70-C Epiphytic; stem pendent, to 2 m long, much branched, the main stem and branches clothed with dispersed leaves, the leaf blade very narrow, to 10 X 0.3 cm. Inflorescence clothed by leaf-like bracts; flowers 1 or 2, green; sepals and petals to 15 X 3 mm; lip 15 X 4 mm wide. Uncommon, pendent from branches and trunks in the tops of tall trees. Flowering in June. Western Ecuador. Closely related to E. isomerum Schltr. of Mexico and Central America.

Epidendrum ilense Dodson Plate 277-B Epiphytic; stems canelike to 1 m long, the rhizome short, the canes clothed with 12-15 distichous leaves; leaf blade elliptic to 9 X 2 cm. Inflorescences apical or lateral from stem nodes, to 15 cm long, pendent, flowers 3 to 5, ivory-white, the lip 2 cm long, 4 cm wide, the edge clothed with thick hairs to 1.5 cm long. Infrequent, in trees across the river. Seedlings found at RIO Palenque may be of this species. Flowering sporadically throughout the year. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 153

A B

5mm

EPIDENDRUM BAUMANNIANUM EPIDENDRUM CORNANTHERA c o

5mm

10cm

EPIDENDRUM DJ FFORME 'Z EPJDENDRUM GUAYASENSE

Plate 70 154 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Epidendrum imatophyllum Lindl. Plate 71-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 1 m long, clothed with dis­ tichously arranged fleshy leaves, to 10 X 2 cm. Inflorescence terminal on the cane, the peduncle to 40 cm long; flowers capitately arranged, pink; sepals and petals to 1.5 cm long; lip fringed on the edges. Rare, in ant nests in trees along the river. Flowering from June to September. Widespread in tropical America.

Epidendrum jejunum Rchb. f. Plate 71-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, flattened, to 15 cm long, clothed with 4-6 narrow leaves, to 10 X 0.5 cm. Inflorescence terminal; flowers white, produced in succession, 2 to 3 at a time; sepals and petals to 1.2 cm long; lip cordate, to 1 X 0.8 cm. Uncommon, in trees along the river and in the canopy of mature forest. Flowering throughout the year. Western Ecuador.

Epidendrum mininocturnum Dodson Plate 71-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 30 cm long, clothed with 5-10 leaves, the blade to 6 X 2.5 cm, red on under surface. Inflorescence to 2 cm long, apical on the stem; flowers produced in succession; sepals to 2.5 mm wide, green; petals to 2.5 X 0.2 cm, pink; lip united to the column to its apex, 3-lobed, the side lobes curved downward, the apical lobe slender, to 2.5 cm long, white, the callus yellow; column pink. Uncommon, in tall trees. This species resembles E. nocturnum Jacq. but is much smaller in all its parts. True E. nocturnum has not been collected in the region. Western Ecuador.

Epidendrum platychilum Schltr. Plate 71-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems, cane-like, to 20 cm long, surrounded by leaf sheaths. Leaves 3-5, distichous, to 8 X 3 cm, fleshy. Flowers produced singly in succession from the apex of the stem, green; sepals 4 cm long, narrow, pe­ tals 4 X 1 cm; lip 2 X 3 cm, heavily ridged by numerous nerves. Rare, on the hillside across the river from the Science Center. Pollinated by the N octuiid moth, Amastus acona. Flowering throughout the year. Western Ecuador. 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 155

A B

1cm

2cm 5mm

~ 1cm

EPIDENDRUM IMATOPHYLLUM EPIDENDRUM JEJUNUM

D

'------' 1cm

'------' 5mm

EPIDENDRUM MININOCTURNUM ~ EPIDENDRUM

Plate 71 156 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Epidendrum pseudopanieulatum Dodson Plate 72-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 1 m long, clothed with 10-15 dispersed leaves to 10 X 2 cm. Inflorescence unbranched, to 30 cm long; flowers numerous; sepals 1 X 0.3 cm, green; petals 1 X 0.1 cm, green; lip 1.5 X 0.8 em, white. Rare, on the upper limbs of tall trees. Pollinated by male Ithomiid butterflies. Flowering from June to August. Known only from Rio Palen que.

Epidendrum rhizomaniaeum Rchb. f. Plate 72-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 50 cm long, surrounded by leaf sheaths. Leaves 5-10, distichous, to 10 X 4 cm. Flowers in pairs, pro­ duced in succession from the apex of the stem, white; sepals 3 cm long, narrow; petals 3 X 1 cm; lip 3 X 2 cm, concave. Rare, on the hillside across the river from the Science Center. Flowering through most of the year. Western Ecuador.

Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Plate 72-C Epiphytic; rhizome to 3 cm long; stems cane-like, to 15 cm long, clothed with 3 to 5 leaves to 5 X 2 cm. Inflorescence to 15 cm long, unbranched; flowers 8-10, green, subtended by bracts 1 cm long, 1 cm wide; sepals 4 X 3 mm; petals 4 X 1 mm; lip 4 X 3 mm. Common, in tall trees. Flowering season May to August. Widespread in tropical America.

Epidendrum williamsii Dodson Plate 72-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 30 cm tall, flattened, clothed with 5-10 eUipticalleaves to 8 X 2 cm. Inflorescence apical on the cane, the rachis very short; flowers green, produced in succession; 1 to 3 at a time sepals to 1 cm long by 4 mm wide; petals linear, narrow, to 1 cm long, 1 mm wide; lip broad, recurved, truncate at the apex, 2 cm long by 2 cm wide. Uncommon, on the hillside across the river from the Science Center. Flower­ ing most of year. Western Ecuador and eastern Peru. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 157

B

1cm [PIDENDRUM PSEUDOPANICULATUM -5;J; EPIDENDRUM RHIZOMANIACUM tI- c D

5mm

EPIDENDRUM RIGIDUM ;#-' EPIDENDRUM WILLIAMSII

Plate 72 158 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Erythrodes ecuadorensis Garay Plate 73-A Terrestrial; stem erect, cane-like, to 40 cm tall, clothed by spirally arranged leaves, congested near the base. Leaf blade to 20 X 6 cm, thin, green, mottled with red, 5-nerved, petiolate at the base. Inflorescence unbranched to 60 cm long, many flowered, the flowers white; sepals and petals to 4 X 1 mm; lip 3- lobed, the apical lobes curved upward, the base with a short spur. Uncom­ mon, on the floor of mature forest. Flowering throughout the year. Coastal Ecuador.

Erythrodes maculata (Hook.) Ames Plate 73-B Terrestrial; stem erect, cane-like, to 30 cm tall, clothed by spirally ascending leaves. Leaf blade elliptical, green spotted with white, to 20 X 3 cm, thin. Inflorescence unbranched, sessile from the apex of the stem, to 10 cm long; sepals and petals to 4 mm long, green; lip 3-lobed, flat, with a white spur about the same length as the lip. Uncommon, in mature forest. This species has been recently treated as Platythelys maculata (Hook.) Garay (Bradea 2:191-204. 1977). It was originally described in the genus Physuris but was listed as an Erythrodes by various authors. Western Ecuador.

Erythrodes weberana Garay Plate 73-C Terrestrial. Resembles E. ecuadorensis but much smaller. Stem erect, cane­ like, to 10 cm tall, clothed by spirally arranged leaves. Leaf blade to 4.5 X 2.5 cm, thin, green, with 3 prominent veins, constricted toward the base to form an obvious petiole. Inflorescence unbranched to 25 cm long; sepals and petals to 2 mm long; lip 3-lobed, flat, with a short spur; flowers cream-yel­ low. Rare, in the woods immediately behind the Dodson house. Flowering from March through August. Coastal Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands.

Gongora grossa Rchb. f. Plate 73-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs swollen, longitudinally-ribbed, to 10 cm tall, 4 cm in diameter. Leaves 2 or 3 at the apex of the pseudobulbs, thin, with obviously thickened veins, to 30 X 10 cm. Inflorescences pendent with 10-35 flowers, produced from the base of the pseudobulbs; flowers inverted; ventral sepals reflexed, to 3 cm long; petals and middle sepal small, attached to the column, light yellow, spotted with red, lip pointed toward the rachis, white for the basal half, yellow, spotted with red for the apical half, the base with an elongate, finger-like process on each side, also with an antennae-like process on each side at the mid-point, all four processes direc­ ted downward toward the anther. Uncommon, in middle story trees in ma­ ture forest. Pollinated by Euglossa sp. nov. Flowering from February to September. Coastal Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 159

A B

~...... '...... • '.') .• ' ...... ~O~ ~ ~.~~'I

~ T 5cm '---' 1mm

1mm

ERYTHRODES ECUADORENSIS dI- ERYTHRODES MACULATA c o

1mm

ERYTHRODES WEBERANA ¥fl-- GONGORA GROSSA

Plate 73 160 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Gongora quinquenervis R. & P. Plate 74-A Epiphytic; indistinguishable from G. grossa with respect to pseudobulbs, leaves and inflorescence habit. Flowers of the same size and color, or the color may be much darker red. The primary distinguishing characters are associated with the lip which is much more swollen and lacks the 2 basal, finger-like processes. Common, in the tops of tall trees and in understory trees near the creek. Pollinated by Euglossa tridentata. Flowering from February to October. Also known as G. maculata Lind!. and G. superflua Rchb. f. which may prove synonomous. Widespread in tropical America.

Hexadesmia lindeniana Rich. & Gal. Plate 74-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulb to 10 X 3 cm, slightly flattened, attached at the base to a slender stem of 4 or 5 internodes, bifoliate at the apex. Leaves to 15 cm long, 4 cm wide, blunt at apex. Inflorescences from the apex of the pseudo bulb , to 3 cm long; flowers 3 to 5, dull green, 8 mm in diameter. Rare, in the tree tops. Flowering from June through July. Cen­ tral America and northern South America.

Huntleya wallisii (Rchb. f.) Rolfe Plate 74-C Epiphytic. Internodes of the rhizome to 8 cm long; pseudo bulbs lacking. Leaves with fan-like arrangement, 8-10 per cluster, to 40 X 5 cm. Inflores­ cences with 1 very large fl0wer each, produced from the axils of the lower leaves; sepals and petals similar in shape, star-like in arrangement, orange­ red for the apical 2/3, white at the base, to 8 X 3 cm; lip to 4 X 3 cm. Rare, in tree tops. Flowering in November. Northern South America.

Ionopsis satyrioides (Sw.) Rchb. f. Plate 74-D Epiphytic; rhizome very short; pseudobulbs very small, hardly distinguish­ able from the base of the leaf. Leaves single, terete, to 12 X 0.5 cm. Inflores­ cence produced from the base of the pseudo bulbs, slender, to 15 cm long, branched; flowers pale pink with pink lines on the lip; sepals and petals to 6 X 2 mm; lip 8 X 4 mm. Common in "Mate" (Crescentia) trees near the river. Flowers are produced throughout the year. West Indies and Costa Rica to tropical South America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 161

A B

GONGORA QUINQUENERVIS # HEXADESMIA LINDENIANA c o

~ Scm 1cm

HUNTLEYA WALLISII ~! IONOPSIS SATYRIOIDES Plate 74 162 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Ionopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. Plate 75-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs inconspicuous. Leaves 2-4, thick, narrow, flat, to 15 X 1.5 cm, usually with only one at the apex of the pseudobulb, the others produced from below the pseudobulb and surround­ ing it. Inflorescence from below the pseudobulb, to 60 cm long, with branches to 10 cm long; flowers pink, sepals and petals to 6 X 2 mm, hooded over the column;1ip 1.5 cm broad, broadly 2-lobed at the apex. Uncommon, in "Mate" (Crescentia) and "Guayaba" (Psidium) trees near the river. Flow­ ering in October. Widespread in tropical America.

Kefersteinia stevensonii Dressler Plate 75-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulb lacking. Leaves 4-6, to 18 X 2.5 cm, arranged in a loose fan-shape. Inflorescences produced from the axils of the basal leaves, lax, I-flowered, 8 cm long; flowers 2.5 cm in diameter; sepals and petals yellow, elliptical, 1.2 X 0.3 cm; lip short, white, 6 X 3 mm. Rare, in understory trees in the forest; plants have been collected near Santo Domingo, but bees have been collected at RIO Palenque carrying pollinia of this orchid on their antennae. Coastal Ecuador.

Leochilus labiatus (Sw.) Kuntze Plate 75-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulbs small, ovate, flattened, to 1 X 1 cm. Unifoliate at the apex of the pseudobulb, leaves from the base of the pseudo­ bulb equaling the apical leaf, 5 X 1.5 cm, red on the underside. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulb, to 20 cm long; flowers 3-8, yellow, spotted with red; sepals and petals to 6 X 3 mm; lip to 8 X 4 mm. Common, in "Mate" (Crescentia) trees near the river. Flowering from August to May. Widespread in tropical America.

Leochilus scriptus Rchb. f. Plate 75-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs elliptic, to 3.5 X 2 cm. Leaf solitary, to 9 X 2 cm, green, at the apex of the pseudobulb. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulb, to 12 cm long; flowers 3-7, green, sparsely barred with red-brown; sepals and petals to 1 X 0.6 cm; lip to 1.5 X 1 cm. Rare, in cacao trees near the river. Flowering in March. Widespread in tropical America. 164 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Leucohyle subulata (Sw.) Rchb. f. Plate 76-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulbs small, inconspicuous, terete, to 3 cm long, unifoliate. Leaf to 20 X 0.5 cm, fleshy, subulate. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudo bulb, more or less pendulous, to 15 cm long with 2-8 flowers; flowers with spreading parts, to 3 cm in diameter; sepals and petals narrow, pale yellow, lip white with specks of red at the base. Rare, in old cacao trees in the region, not as yet found at the Science Center. Panama to Peru.

Lockhartia serra Rchb. f. Plate 76-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 30 cm long, clothed with short, triangular leaves giving a braided aspect. Leaves to 2.5 cm long. Inflores­ cences from the apices of the canes, short, to 2 cm long; flowers yellow, spotted with red-brown; sepals and petals to 1 X 0.8 cm; lip to 1.2 cm long, 4-lobed, the lateral lobes slender, recurved. Rare, in "Mate" (Crescentia) trees near the river. Flowering throughout the year. Coastal Ecuador.

Macradenia brassavolae Rchb. f. Plate 76-C Epiphytic; rhizome very short; pseudobulbs cylindrical, to 6 cm long, 1.5 cm thick at the base, tapering to 5 mm thick at the apex, with a single, dark green leaf at the apex, to 15 X 2 em, the lateral leaves 2 or 3, shbrter, to 6 X 2 cm. Inflorescences from the base of the pseudo bulbs, pendent, to 15 cm long; flowers 10-16; sepals and petals 1.5 X 0.2 cm, pink with a white margin; lip 3-lobed, the mid-lobe slender, triangular, white. Uncommon, in understory trees in mature forest. Flowering March-May. Central America and northern South America.

Masdevallia thienii Dodson Plate 76-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem very short so that the leaf appears attached directly to the rhizome. Leaf slender, to 15 em long. Inflorescence from the base of the leaf, to 20 cm long; several flowers produced singly in succession from the apex of the inflorescence; sepals forming a tube to 1.5 cm long, with the free, antennae-like tips recurved; petals, lip and column short, in the base of the tube, to 4 mm long. Rare, in trees along the river. Flowering in November. Coastal Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA:FL ORAOF R IO PALENQUE 163

B

3cm

~ >om ~

2cm IONOPSIS UTRICULARIOIDES KEFERST E I N I A STEVENSONI.I ______, c

1cm

2cm ~

~ '---' 1cm 2mm ~

LABIATUS LEOCHILUS SCRIPTUS

Plate 75 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 165

A 8

4cm

4mm

4mm

~ 1cm LEUCOHYLE SUBULATA H- LOCKHARTIA SERRA c o

~ Smm 2mm

MACRADENIA BRASSAVOLAE MASDEVALLIA THIENI I

Plate 76 166 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Maxillaria alba (Hook.) Lindl. Plate 77-A M. hedyosma Schltr. Epiphytic; rhizome elongate between pseudobulbs; roots produced at the base of the plant, the stem occasionally branched. Pseudobulbs to 6 cm long, unifoliate at the apex, the bracts surrounding the stem and base not develop­ ing into leaves. Leaves to 40 cm long. Inflorescences produced from over­ lapping bracts of new growths; flowers white, to 2.5 cm in diameter. Uncom­ mon, in the tree tops. Flowering in March. Widespread in tropical America.

Maxillaria arachnitis Rchb. f. Plate 77-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs ovate, to 1 X 0.8 cm, slightly flat­ tened, with a single leaf at the apex, and 2-3 lateral leaves from the base. Leaf blades to 15 X 1.5 cm, narrowed to an obvious petiole to 4 cm long. Inflorescences from the base of the pseudobulbs, I-flowered, to 10 cm long; sepals and petals triangular, to 4 X 0.8 cm wide at base, yellow; lip to 1 cm long. Common, in tall trees. Flowering from June through December. Nicaragua to Peru.

Maxillaria brunnea Linden & Rchb. f. Plate 77-C M. ringens Rchb. f. Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs to 5 X 3 cm, flattened, unifoliate, without leaves at the base of the pseudobulb. Leaf blade to 45 X 4 cm. Inflorescences I-flowered, to 15 cm long; flowers yellow; sepals and petals blunt at the apex, 2 X 0.8 cm, rectangular; lip 1 X 0.8 cm, red at the blunt apex. Common, in the tree tops. Flowering in January. Widespread in tropi­ cal America.

Maxillaria ehartaeifolia Ames Plate 77-D Epiphytic; rhizome very abbreviated; without apparent pseudobulbs. Leaves 6 to 9, narrow, to 35 cm long, thin, flecked with black spots on the bases which overlap to form a fan shape. Inflorescences from the axils of the leaves I-flowered, to 10 em long; sepals and petals yellow-brown, 2 X 0.6 cm. Rare, only found in the top of a large tree of Guarea kunthiana Juss. along trail 6. Flowering October to January. Costa Rica to Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 167

A B

'------' Scm

~ 1cm

1cm

MAXILLARIA ALBA MAXILLARIA ARACHN ITIS c o

3cm D~ 1cm 1cm ~ ij MAXILLARIA BRUNNEA MAXILLARIA CHARTACIFOLIA

Plate 77 168 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Maxillaria conferta (Griseb.) C. Schweinf. ex Leon Plate 78-A M. purpurea (Spreng.) Ames & Correll Epiphytic; rhizome elongate, to 10 cm between pseudobulbs; pseudo bulbs to 1 cm long, unifoliate, without leaves at the base. Leaf 15 X 1 cm. Inflores­ cences 1-flowered, to 5 mm long; flowers numerous, pink; sepals and petals 6 X 2 mm; lip 3 X 2 mm. Common, in tree tops. Flowering in March. Wide- spread in tropical America. .

Maxillaria crassifolla (Lind!.) Rchb. f. Plate 78-B Epiphytic; rhizome short, inconspicuous; pseudo bulbs inconspicuous, with an apical leaf and often clothed by lateral leaves. Leaves thick and leathery, lax. Inflorescences from the axils of the lateral leaves; flowers to 2 cm in diameter; sepals and petals not spreading, greenish-yellow, some­ times spotted with purple; lip yellow, spotted with red. This species is simi­ lar to and related to M. nasuta. The leathery, somewhat lax leaves, smaller flowers of different color and less robust nature of the plant distinguishes it from M. nasuta. Uncommon, in cacao trees near Quevedo, not yet found at Rio Palenque. Widespread in tropical America.

Maxillaria densifolia (P. & E.) Rchb. f. Plate 277-C Epiphytic; erect stems, branched at the base, to 1 m tall with occasional, bifoliate pseudobulbs interspersed among the distichous clasping leaves. Leaves narrowly elliptic, to 30 X 2.5 cm, sheathing bases yellowish. Inflores­ cence a single flower in each leaf base; sepals and petals yellow, spreading, to 1.5 X 0.5 cm; lip red. Uncommon, in trees on the hillside across the river, not yet found at· Rio Palenque. Flowering sporadically throughout year. Costa Rica to Peru.

Maxillaria meridensis Lind!. Plate 78-C Epiphytic; rhizome long, cane-like. Leaves 5-8, narrowly elliptical, to 20 X 2 cm, distichously arranged along the length of the inconspicuous pseudo­ bulbs, unifoliate at the apex. Inflorescences several, 1-flowered, from the axil of each leaf. Flowers to 2 cm in diameter; sepals and petals not spread­ ing, to 2 cm long, yellow; lip yellow with 3 lobes, the side lobes red at the apex. Uncommon, in trees on the hills across the river, not yet found at Rio Palenque. Flowering in May. Northwestern South America.

Maxillaria nasuta Linden & Rchb. f. Plate 78-D Epiphytic; rhizome short, inconspicuous; pseudo bulbs, to 8 X 4 cm, with an apical leaf and surrounded by lateral leaves. Leaves 5-8, to 40 X 5 cm, in a fan-shape. Inflorescences in the axils of the basal leaves, 1-flowered, to 10 cm long; sepals and petals triangular, yellow flecked with red, 4 X 1 cm; lip 2 X 1 cm, yellow with a red callus, the sides of the anther cap dark purple. Infrequent, in tops of tall trees. Flowering from September to March. Guatemala to Peru. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 169

A B

3cm 3cm Dp UO ~

'------'--' ~~ CJ ~ 5mm ~ 5mm

MAXILLARIA CONFERTA MAXILLARIA CRASSIFOLIA c D

4cm

M A X IL L A R I A MER IDE N S IS MAXILLARIA NASUTA

Plate 78 170 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Maxillaria neophylla Rchb. f. Plate 79-A Epiphytic; rhizomes short; pseudobulbs ovate, to 1 X 1 cm, without leaves below. Leaf solitary, at the apex of the pseudobulb, to 15 X 1.5 cm, nar­ rowed to an obvious petiole, to 3 cm long. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulb, 1-flowered, to 3 mm long; sepals and petals narrow, to 1 X 0.3 cm, triangular, red-brown; lip narrowly triangular to 8 mm long. Uncom­ mon, high on the trunks of tall trees. Flowering in March. This species seems identical in every feature to M. desvauxiana Rchb. f. of the Amazon drainage of Ecuador but is much smaller in all its parts. Coastal Colombia and Ecuador.

Maxillaria ramosa R. & P. I Plate 79-B I Epiphytic; rhizome elongate, to 15 em between pseudo bulbs; usually dicho­ tomously branched at the base of a pseudobulb. Pseudobulb to 1.5 cm long, with an apical leaf and 1-2 leaves at the base. Leaves to 15 X 2 cm. Inflores­ cences 1-flowered, to 1 cm long; flowers yellow; sepals and petals 6 X 2 mm; lip 3 X 2 mm. Uncommon, in treetops. Flowering in March. Central and northern South America.

Maxillaria reichenheimiana Rchb. f. Plate 79-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulbs flattened, ovate, to 4 cm long, uni­ foliate at the apex, surrounded by. 2-3 basal leaves. Leaves elliptic, blunt at the apex, green above with whi~e spots, reddish below, to 30 X 6 cm. Inflorescence 1-flowered, from the b~se of the pseudobulb, 5-20 produced at a time; sepals and petals to 2.5 cm long, slender, cream to brownish; lip yellow. Uncommon, in trees on the hills across the river from the Science Center. Flowering from September to March. Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru.

Maxillaria rufescens Lindl. Plate 79-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs unifoliate, without basal leaves. Leaves to 25 X 2 cm. Inflorescences 2-5, 1-flowered, to 3 cm long; sepals and petals blunt, 1.5 X 0.6 cm, pink to yellowish pink; lip yellow, 1 cm long, 3-1obed, the side lobes erect. Rare, in tall trees. Flowering in September. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] . FLORA OF RIO PAI,ENQUE 171 SELBYANA. ______

B

3cm ~ ~o 1cm 0 ~"0 2cm

NEOPHYLLA RAMOSA 0

~ 2cm

1cm

~~--MAXILLARIA RUFESlC~E~N~S______Plate 79 172 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Miltoniopsis santanaei Garay & Dunsterv. Plate SO-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulbs conspicuous, bifoliate at the apex, surrounded by basal leaves. Leaves to 35 X 3 em, grey. Inflorescences race­ mose, from the axils of the leaves, to 40 cm long; flowers 3-7, to 5 cm in diameter, pink, very flat, the lip marked with darker pink at the base. Rare in the region. A flowering plant was collected along the river 10 km to the north, and a seedling, as yet not flowered, which appears to be of this spec­ ies, was collected at RIo Palenque. Venezuela to eastern and western Ecua­ dor.

Mormodes buccinator Lindl. Plate SO-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs of several segments, fleshy, to 25 cm long. Leaves 5 to 9 per pseudo bulb, with conspicuous veins, to 30 X Scm. Inflorescences from the base or near the base of the pseudo bulbs, to 35 cm long; flowers 3-S, pale pink; sepals and petals fleshy, to 3 X 2 cm; lip fleshy, the sides recurved, spatulate, 3 X 2 cm; column twisted in the male phase, erect in the female phase. Infrequent, usually on dead limbs. Flow­ ering from February to September. Widespread in tropical America.

Notylia replicata Rchb. f. Plate SO-C N. rimbachii Schltr. Epiphytic, rhizome short; pseudobulbs 2 X 1 cm, clothed by sheathing bracts at the base, unifoliate. Leaf blade broad, to 12 X 3 cm, narrowed to a 2 cm long petiole at the base. Inflorescence pendent, to 15 cm long, from the base of the pseudobulbs; flowers 15-45; sepals green, 6 X 2 mm; petals white with 2 orange bars at the base, 5 X 1 mm; lip triangular, white, with an orange base. Rare, in "Mate" (Crescentia) trees near the river. Flow­ ering in October. Coastal Ecuador.

Oncidium cardiochilum Lindl. Plate SO-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulb thick, narrowly ovoid, not compres­ sed, 30 cm long, S cm thick at the base, bifoliate at the apex, sheathed by 2-5 large leaves from the base. Leaf blade to 70 X 4 cm. Inflorescence to 3 m long, branched with 10-12 flowers per branch, from the base of the pseudobulb; sepals yellow, barred with brown, 2 X 0.4 cm; petals light yel­ low with brown at the base, 2 X O.S cm; lip 4-lobed, light pink, blotched with pink; column and callus yellow. Uncommon, in tall trees. Flowering from June to September. This species is closely allied to O. ochmatochilum Rchb. f. but the column has quadrate wings while that of O. ochmatochilum is wingless. Coastal Ecuador and Colombia. 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 173

A B

~ 2cm

1cm

5mm

f-11 LTON I OPS IS SANTANAE I r-10RMODES BUCCINATOR c D

~ 4cm

'-----' 2mm ~ 5mm 5cm

NOTYLIA REPLICATA ONCIDIUM CARDIOCHILUM

Plate 80 174 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Oncidium globuliferum HBK Plate 81-A Epiphytic; pseudo bulbs dispersed along a vining stem, ovate, compressed, uni­ foliate at the apex, bracts at the base leaf-like. Leaf blades to 6 X 2.5 cm, ovate. Inflorescence to several meters long, with plantlets produced at some of the nodes; flowers 2-3, produced in succession; sepals and petals to 1 cm long, yellow, barred with brown; lip large, to 2 X 2 cm, blotched with brown around the callus. Uncommon, in tree tops, throughout the region. Flower­ ing from May to July. Costa Rica to northern South America.

Oncidium kramerianum Rchb. f. Plate 81-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs ovate, laterally compressed, 4 cm long, 5 cm broad, unifoliate. Leaf blade rectangular, to 30 X 5 cm, dark green, marked and blotched with red. Inflorescence erect, to 70 cm long, from the base of the pseudobulb; flowers produced singly in succession; dorsal sepals and petals to 8 X 0.4 cm, orange, the ventral sepals 7 X 0.6 cm, ruffled on the edges, yellow, spotted with brown; lip spatulate, 5 X 6 cm, ruffled on the edges, brown-spotted around the margins, the center yellow-orange. Rare, in tall trees. Flowering throughout the year. Costa Rica to Ecuador.

Oncidium obryzatum Rchb. f. Plate 81-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs flattened, ovate, to 6 X 3 cm, uni­ foliate, marked with 2 to 3 bands of red-brown spots, the bracts at the base of the pseudobulbs leaf-like. Leaf blades to 20 X 3 cm. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulbs, to 1 m long, branched; sepals to 2 cm long, yellow, recurved; petals to 2 X 1 cm, yellow, barred with red-brown at the base. Uncommon, on the hills across the river from the Science Center. Flowering from March to May. Costa Rica to Peru.

Oncidium planilabre Lindl. Plate 81-D

Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs rectangular, thin, 12 X 4 cm, bi­ foliate, clothed at the base by foliar bracts to 10 X 4 cm. Leaf blade quad­ rangular, to 40 cm long, 4 cm wide. Inflorescence erect, to 2 m long, from the base of the pseudobulb; flowers 25-100; sepals and petals brown with a yellow margin; sepals 1 X 0.4 cm; petals 1 X 0.6 cm; lip 4-lobed, the lateral lobes small, the basal half of the lip brown, the apical lobe yellow, the callus spotted, the apical lobe of the callus hooked downward; stigma divided. Infrequent, in tall trees. Flowering from November to February. Not yet collected at Rio Palenque. Western Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 175

A B

4cm

ONCIDIUM GLOBULIFERUM ONCIDIUM KRAMERIANUM c o

ONCIDIUM OBRYZATUM ONCIDIUM PLANILABRE

Plate 81 176 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Oncidium stenotis Rchb. f. Plate 82-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulb compressed, rectangular, 20 X 8 cm, unifoliate at the apex, with foliar bracts at the base. Leaf blade to 30 X 8 cm. Inflorescence to 2 m long, branched, with 2-4 flowers per branch, from the base of the pseudobulb; sepals and petals brown with yellow margins, 1.5 X 0.8 cm; lip 4-lobed, the apical lobes yellow, the callus red-brown, the apical lobe of the callus entire; stigma undivided. Infrequent, in tall trees. Flowering in October. Nicaragua to Ecuador.

Ornithocephalus bryostachyus Schltr. Plate 82-B Epiphytic; rhizome short. Leaves to 8 X 1 cm, triangular, arranged in a rigid fan shape, abscising 3 cm from the base. Inflorescences from the axils of the leaves, pendent, to 6 cm long, unbranched; sepals and petals green, 4 X 2 mm, the back of the sepals and inflorescences thickly pubescent; lip white, slender, the callus green; column with an elongate, twisted apex. Rare, in understory trees in the forest. Flowering July to August. Widespread in tro­ pical America.

Pescatorea wallisii Linden & Rchb. f. Plate 82-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulb lacking. Leaves 5-9, to 45 X 4 cm, ar­ ranged in a fan-shape. Inflorescences from the axils of the basal leaves, 1- flowered, 12 cm long; sepals and petals white at the base, purple at the apex, elliptical, 3.5 X 2.5 cm; lip 3-lobed, to 3 cm long, the apical lobe purple, rectangular, the lateral lobes erect, the callus ridged, white; column white. Rare, in understory trees of the forest. Pollinated by Eulaema polychroma. Flowering from February to May. Coastal Ecuador.

Pleurothallis acostaei Schltr. Plate 82-D Epiphytic; rhizome short. Secondary stem to 10 cm long, unifoliate. Leaf blade cordate, to 7 cm long. Inflorescences I-flowered, several, emerging from a small sheath at the base of the leaf blade; flowers yellow; sepals to 4 mm long; petals to 4 mm long, 1 mm wide at the base; column very short. Uncommon, in trees overhanging the river and in the tree tops in mature for­ est. Flowering from January to March. Northern South America and Central America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 177

B

2mm

'---' 5cm

2mm

5mm ONCIDIUM STENOTIS -,p- ORNITHOCEPHALUS BRYOSTACHYUS -rJ# c

4cm

Smm

~ 1mm

PESCATOREA WALLISI I tP- PLEUROTHALLIS ACOSTAEA

Plate 82 178 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Pleurothallis congruens C. Luer Plate 83-A Epiphytic; rhizome short. Compressed secondary stem to 10 cm long, unifo­ liate. Leaf blade cordate, to 7 cm long. Inflorescences short racemes, several, emerging from a small sheath at the base of the leaf blade; flowers yellow or yellow-brown; sepals to 8 mm long; petals to 4 X 2 mm; column very short. Rare, in trees on the hills across the river from the Science Center. Flowering from January to March. Northern South America and Central America.

Pleurothallis costaricensis Rolfe Plate 83-B Epiphytic; rhizome short. Secondary stems very short, to 3 mm long, the single leaf oblanceolate, 6 X 0.8 cm. Inflorescence a raceme to 20 cm long; peduncle compressed; flowers 5-15, yellow; sepals 7 mm long; petals 2 mm long. Common, in the Santo Domingo area, not yet found at Rio Palenque. Flowering from November to March. Coastal Ecuador to Costa Rica.

Pleurothallis deregularis (Barb.-Rodr.) C. Luer Plate 83-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulb lacking; secondary stem to 8 cm long, 1.5 mm thick, topped by a single leaf. Leaf blade rectangular, 10 cm long, 1 cm wide. Inflorescence solitary, racemose, many flowered, 10-20 cm long, from the base of the leaf, surrounded by a sheath to 1 cm long at the base; flowers small, yellow-white; sepals united toward the base, 2-3 mm long; pe­ tals and lip minute. Common, in tall trees throughout the forest. Flowering in June. Widespread in tropical America.

Pleurothallis dibolia C. Luer Plate 83-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stems to 15 cm long. Leaf solitary, slender, 10 X 1.5 cm, cordate at the base. Inflorescences very short, in a fas­ cicle at the base of the leaf; flowers single, yellow; sepals 2 mm long. Com­ mon, in the Santo Domingo area, not yet found at Rio Palenque. Flowering throughout the year. Coastal Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA.. FLORA OF It IO PALENQUE 179

A B

~

'" (\1'> I...... ! ) 1 \~I I.. ): I ;1 \, I) '\ ~ I : I ~~

5mm

~~ 3mm

CON G R E U N S

Plate 83 180 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Pleurothallis geminicaulina Ames Plate 84-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stems to 5 cm long. Leaf solitary, fleshy, elliptic, 5 X 2 cm. Inflorescence racemose, to 2 cm long, appressed to the leaf; flowers 2-4; sepals red, 9 X 3 mm; petals white, serrate on the edges; lip 4 mm long, red. Uncommon, in trees of Ficus peroblonga; common, in the Santo Domingo area. Flowering throughout the year. Humid forest of coastal Ecuador and Costa Rica.

Pleurothallis helleri L. O. Wms. Plate 84-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulb lacking; secondary stem to 15 cm long, 5 mm thick, topped by a single leaf. Leaf rhombic, 15 X 10 cm. Inflo­ rescence from the base of leaf, surrounded by a sheath to 5 mm long at the base, composed of 3 to 6 racemes to 7 cm long; flowers yellow; sepals and petals spreading, to 7 mm long; lip to 4 mm long. Infrequent, in tall trees. Flowering in January. Nicaragua and Ecuador.

Pleurothallis luctuosa Rchb. f. Plate 84-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem unifoliate, to 4 cm long. Leaf nar­ rowly elliptical, to 8 cm long, acutely tapered at the base and apex. Inflores­ cences 1 or 2 from the base of the leaf, racemose, 3- to 5-flowered, surround­ ed by a short sheath at the base, to 12 cm long; flowers maroon; sepals to 2.5 cm long, 3 mm wide at the base; petals to 8 mm long, curved downward; lip to 3 mm long; column very short. Rare, in trees overhanging the river. Flowering season January to August. Costa Rica to Ecuador.

Pleurothallis peduncularis Lindl. Plate 84-D Epiphytic; rhizome short, secondary stem unifoliate, to 30 cm long, sur­ rounded with dry, pubescent sheaths. Leaf blade elliptical to 30 cm long, acutely tapered at the base and apex. Inflorescences short, 1-flowered, ar­ ranged in a fascicle surrounding the base of the leaf; flowers yellow; sepals slender, to 2 cm long; petals to 2 cm long. Rare, in tops of trees in mature forest; common, near Santo Domingo. Flowering from January to March. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FL O RAOF R IO PALENQUE 181

PLEUROT HALLlS GEMl N 1 CAULl NA HELLERl c o

\A / ~{',JJf:'j' #I~~ V \;~;1/.

r~ ! ';~

~ 5mm

I

:·.l'!, i· ~., ...... "\;;':"'1 (.~ ~\I '1: 1mm .; . J 'J' . . (~,I.: 2mm LUCTUOSA PLEUROTH ALL 1 S PEDUNCULARlS

Plate 84 182 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Pleurothallis prolaticollaris C. Luer Plate 85-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem unifoliate, to 10 cm tall. Leaf blade cordate, to 7 cm long. Inflorescences 1-flowered, several, emerging on 1 cm long peduncles from an erect sheath at the base of the leaf blade; flowers yellow or yellow-brown; sepals to 4 mm long; petals to 4 X 3.5 mm, broad at the base; column very short. Rare, in trees overhanging the river. Flowering from January to March. Western Ecuador.

Pleurothallis pruinosa LindL Plate 85-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem unifoliate, to 2 cm long. Leaf el­ liptic, to 4 X 1 cm. Inflorescences racemose, 2 or 3, from the base of the leaf, to 6 cm long, 4-to 9-flowered; flowers light green; sepals to 5 mm long; petals to 4 X 1 mm; column short. Frequent, in tree tops near Santo Domin­ go not yet known from Rio Palenque. Flowering from June to September. Northern South America, Central America and the Antilles.

Pleurothallis quadriserrata C. Luer Plate 85-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem unifoliate, to 5 em long. Leaf el­ liptic, to 12 X 4 cm. Inflorescences racemose, 2 or 3 from the base of the leaf, to 4 cm long, 3 to 5-flowered, closely appressed to the dorsal surface of the leaf blade; flowers dark red with pink longitudinal stripes; sepals to 5 mm long; petals 4 mm long, serrate on the margin with serrate keels on the inside. Rare, in old cacao trees at RIO Palenque, but frequent near Quevedo. Western Ecuador.

Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. Plate 85-D Epiphytic; rhizome short, secondary stem unifoliate, to 10 cm long. Leaf broadly elliptic, to 12 X 8 cm, petiolate. Inflorescences short, I-flowered, forming a dense fascicle around the petiole; flowers yellow; sepals to 6 mm long; petals to 4 mm long. Uncommon, in tree tops and in citrus and cacao trees. Flowering from June to September. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 183

2mm PLEUROTHALLIS PROLATICOLLARIS PLEUROTHALLIS PRUINOSA

PLEUROTHALLIS QUADRISERRATA PLEUROTHALLIS RUSCIFOLIA

Plate 85 184 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Pleurothallis univaginata Lindl. Plate 86-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulb lacking; secondary stem to 15 cm long, 5 mm thick, surrounded by a sheath 10 em long, topped by a single leaf. Leaf elliptic, to 22 X 8 cm. Inflorescence from the base of the leaf, sur­ rounded at the base by a sheath, to 1 cm long, composed of 6 to 10 racemes to 12 cm long; flowers small; sepals and petals hooded, 4 X 1 mm, yellow; lip red. The most common Pleurothallis at RIO Palenque. Flowering on limbs of tall trees. Coastal Ecuador and the West Indies.

Pleurothallis verecunda Schltr. Plate 86-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stems slender, to 15 em long, topped by a single leaf. Leaf thick, narrowly elliptic, red, to 12 X 4 cm. Inflorescences racemose, to 5 cm long, from the junction of the leaf and stem; sepals to 7 mm long, the ventral sepals united for half their length, light red; petals and lip red. Locally common, in low trees in mature forest. Western Ecuador and Panama.

Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet Plate 86-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems elongate, swollen into pseudo bulbs at the base, clothed with leaf bases. Leaves several, narrowly elliptic, the basal leaves to 10 X 4 cm, the apical leaf to 25 X 6 cm. Inflorescence apical, to 45 cm long, branched at regular intervals, each branch to 8 em long, becoming erect; flowers yellow; sepals and petals to 5 mm long; lip to 4 mm long, covered with loose, globose cells on the inside. Uncommon, in trees on the hill across the river from the Science Center. Widespread in tropical America.

Psygmorchis pumilio (Rchb. f.) Dodson & Dressler Plate 86-D Oncidium pumilia Rchb. f. Epiphytic; rhizome lacking. Leaves arranged in a strict fan-shape to 3 X 0.5 em, nondeciduous. Inflorescences from the rudls of the lower leaves, to 7 cm long, several flowers produced in succession; flowers yellow; sepals and petals 3 X 1.5 mm; lip 4-lobed, 8 mm long, the lobes triangular, the callus fringed. Fruit without wings. Rare, in "Guayaba" (Psidium) trees near the river. Flowering from February to May. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 185

B

~ 2cm

PLEUROTHALLIS UNIVAGINATA PLEUROTHALLIS VERECUNDA c D

Smm

3mm

POLYSTACHYA CONCRETA til- PSYGMORCHIS PUMILIO

Plate 86 186 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Psygmorchis pusilla (Sw.) Dodson & Dressler Plate 87-A Oncidium pusillum Sw. Epiphytic; rhizome lacking. Leaves arranged in a strict fan-shape, to 10 X 1 cm, nondeciduous. Inflorescences produced from the rudls of the lower leaves, to 6 cm long, several flowers produced in succession; sepals yellow, 5 X 2 mm; petals yellow, barred with red-brown, 5 X 3 mm; lip 4-lobed, to 2 cm long, the lobes ovate, overlapping, yellow, the callus of 3 plates, yellow spotted with brown. Fruit winged. Uncommon, in orange and cacao trees. Flowering from February to May. Widespread in tropical America.

Reichenbachanthus reflexus Lindl. Plate 87-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems pendent, branching, internodes to 10 cm long. Leaves terete, 4 mm in diameter, to 30 cm long. Inflorescences pro­ duced singly at the base of the leaves, 1 cm long; sepals and petals light pink, 8 X 4 mm; lip pink, 8 X 6 mm. Rare. Pendent from the limbs of the tallest trees. Flowering in September. Widespread in tropical America.

Scaphyglottis modesta (Rchb. f.) Schltr. Plate 87-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, seldom branched, erect, to 15 cm long, with 2 leaves at the apex, with additional stems often produced from the apex of the previous stem, between existing leaves. Leaves 15 X 3 cm. Inflorescences short, to 3 mm long, from the apex of each stem, sepals, pe­ tals and lip dirty white; column purple. Uncommon, in tree tops. Flowering in September. Widespread in tropical America.

Scaphyglottis prolifera Cogn. Plate 87-D S. cuneata Schltr. Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, much branched, erect, to 4 cm long, with 2 leaves at the apex, with additional stems produced from the apices between leaves. Leaves 5 X 0.5 cm. Inflorescences to 2 mm long, from the apex of each stem; sepals white, 3 X 2 mm; petals white, 2 X 1 mm; lip 3 X 2 mm, white; anther purple. Common, in the tree tops. Flowering in Sep­ tember. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 187

A 8

\

~ 5cm

icm ~ Uij (r~ -:~~ '----L-J ~ ~

PSYGMORCHIS PUSILLA 1i?7- REICHENBACHANTHUS REFLEXA c o

~ ..~------~ L.....------' "<.: 3Cr:l

SCAPHYGLOTTIS MODESTA ¥:M. SCAPHYGLOTTIS PROLIFERA

Plate 87 188 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Scaphyglottis punctulata (Rchb. f.) C. Schweinf. Plate 88-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 35 cm long, often with branch­ ing or successional stems from the apex. Leaves narrow to 10 X 1 em, dis­ tichously arranged. Inflorescence to 3 cm long, flowers produced in succes­ sion; pedicel to 3 cm long; sepals to 1 X 0.6 cm, concave, light green; petals 0.8 X 0.2 cm, light green; lip green with pink veins. Rare, in trees on the hills across the river, not yet found at Rio Palenque. Flowering in August and September. This species has been treated as Hellerella punctulata (Rchb. f.) Garay & Sweet. Northwestern South America.

Sievekingia reichenbachiana (Lehm.) Rchb. f. Plate 88-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulbs thick at the base, tapering to a single leaf at apex, ridged longitudinally, dark green. Leaf elliptic, heavily veined on the underside, dark green, 15 X 6 cm. Inflorescence pendent, 8 cm long, flowers 5-8; sepals pale yellow, 1.5 X 0.8 cm; petals orange-yellow, 1.5 cm long, much fringed; lip orange, much fringed. Rare, in the trees overhanging the river. Flowering in August. Wet forests of coastal Colombia and Ecuador.

Sievekingia rhonhofiae Mansf. Plate 88-C Sterile plants indistinguishable from S. reichenbachiana. Inflorescence pen­ dant; sepals and petals 1.2 cm long, 8 mm wide, yellow, without a fringe; lip 8 mm long, cupped, without a fringe. Uncommon, in Pithecellobium trees overhanging the river. Pollinated by Euglossa tridentata. Flowering in Sep­ tember. Wet forests of coastal Ecuador in the Santo Domingo region.

Sigmatostalix adamsii Dodson Plate 88-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs flattened, to 4 X 2 cm, unifoIiate at the apex, the bracts at the base leaf-like. Leaves to 12 X 1 cm. Inflorescences from the base of the pseudo bulbs, to 30 cm long, with several large branches, the flowers produced in fascicles at nodes of the inflorescence, white; sepals and petals tiny, to 2 mm long; lip at a right angle to the column, recurved. Rare, in dense moss in trees on the hills across the river, not yet found at Rio Palenque. Flowering through most of the year. Western Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 189

B

2cm 1cm

2cm

SCAPHYGLOTTIS PUNCTULATA Z S I EVE KIN G I ARE I C HEN B A CHI A N A -tfl- c

'------' 2mm

---- ~\'l.(

L---J ~ 2cm ~ --- 2cm ~ '-----' 5mm 1mm

SIEVEKINGIA RHONHOFAE SIGMATOSTALIX ADAMSI I

Plate 88 190 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Sigmatostalix picta Schltr. Plate 89-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs flattened, to 2 X 1.5 cm, unifoliate at the apex, the bracts at the base leaf-like. Leaves to 6 X 1 cm. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulb, to 30 em long, without large branches, the flowers produced in fascicles at nodes of the inflorescence; sepals and petals strongly recurved, to 8 X 4 mm, red-brown; lip anchor-shaped, to 8 mm long, 8 mm wide across the side lobes, red-brown, yellow at the apex; column erect, slender, 1 em long. Uncommon, in trees on the hills across the river, not yet found at Rio Palenque. Flowering from February to May. Western Ecuador.

*Sobralia fenzliana Rchb. f. Plate 89-B Epiphytic or terrestrial; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 1 m long. Leaves thin, with conspicuous veins on the underside, to 18 X 10 cm. Flowers pro­ duced in succession from the apex of the stem; sepals and petals white or pale pink, to 8 em long; lip to 10 X 6 cm, varying from purple to white, lip pink or white with a yellow center. Common, on the road from Santo Do­ mingo to Quito. Cultivated at the Science Center. Flowering throughout the year. Nicaragua to Western Ecuador.

Sobralia macrophylla Rchb. f. Plate 89-C Epiphytic; rhizomes short; stems cane-like, to 90 cm long. Leaves 5-9, thin with conspicuous veins on the underside, 15 X 7 cm. Flowers produced from the apex of the stem, singly in succession; sepals and petals 7 X 2 em, pale yellow; lip 7 X 6 em, yellow. Fruits to 12 em long. Common, in the tree tops. Flowering from February to August. Costa Rica to Venezuela and Ecuador.

*Sobralia pulcherrima Garay Plate 89-D Terrestrial; rhizome short; stems cane-like, to 3 m long. Leaves thin, with conspicuous parallel veins, to 30 X 9 cm, narrowly ovate. Inflorescences to 30 em long at the apex of the stems, zig-zagged, flowers surrounded at the base by a large green bract, produced in succession; sepals and petals pink, to 10 cm long; lip to 12 X 7 em, pink with white veins. Common, on road em­ bankments at intermediate elevations. Cultivated at the Science Center. Flowering through most of the year. Colombia and Ecuador on the western slope of the Andes. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 191

A B

3mm 10cm

SIGMATOSTALIX PICTA SOBRALIA FENZLIANA c D

5cm

5cm

m 20cm ~

SOBRALIA MACROPHYLLA SOBRALIA PULCHERRIMA

Plate 89 192 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Sobralia suaveolens Rchb. f. Plate 90-A Epiphytic; rhizomes short; stems cane-like, to 30 cm long. Leaves 3-5, thin, with conspicuous veins on the underside, 10 X 2 cm. Flowers produced from the apex of the stem, singly in succession; sepals and petals to 2 cm long, yel­ low-white. Fruits to 7 cm long. Rare, in the tall trees. Nicaragua to Ecuador.

Sobralia valida Rolfe Plate 90-B Epiphytic; stems cane-like, erect, to 80 cm long. Leaves several, elliptic, strongly veined, to 15 X 8 cm. Inflorescences at the apex of the cane, surrounded by bracts to 2 cm long; peduncles very short; flowers produced singly in succession, pink; sepals to 3 X 1 cm, petals to 2.5 cm long; lip to 4 cm long, flared at the apex. Rare, in the tree tops at Rio Palenque, uncom­ mon, in trees on the hills across the river. Flowering season January to March. Panama to Ecuador.

Spiranthes cranichoides (Griseb.) Cogn. Plate 90-C Epiphytic; roots thick, fleshy; stem erect. Leaves in a basal rosette, leaf blade to 15 X 7 cm, green blotched with red and spotted with white, narrowing to a petiole 5 cm long. Inflorescence from the center of the rosette, to 20 cm tall, the apical one-third with spirally arranged, green flowers; sepals and pe­ tals 3 X 1 mm; lip 3 X 2 mm. Uncommon, in mossy understory trees. Flow­ ering from June to October. Widespread in tropical America. This species is treated as Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small in the "Flora of Ecuador - Orchidaceae" by L. Garay.

Stanhopea annulata Mansf. Plate 90-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulb swollen, ovoid, black, with a single leaf at the apex. Leaf-blade with obvious veins on the underside, to 30 X 14 cm, the base narrowed into a channeled petiole. Inflorescence pendent, 6 cm long, 2-flowered; sepals orange-yellow, 2.5 cm long, recurved; petals 2.2 cm long, reflexed at the mid-point, orange-yellow; lip fleshy, without horns, with a raised ring diagonally around the basal, saccate portion. Infrequent, in understory trees in mature forest. Flowering from January to September. Pollinated by Euglossa grantii. Wet forests of coastal Colombia and Ecuador. 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 193

A B . (10[J-u--7J ~.. ---'- {~,-::.- ") -'-

~ 5cm

F··. . . ··'····~' 2cm .,.:.' .. --; ... : .. :......

5mm

SOBRALIA SUAVEOLENS SOBRALIA VALIDA c D

~ ~----~

-4~ (J ~ ~

5cm

'------' 3cm

SPIRANTHES CRANICHOIDES #- STANHOPEA ANNULATA

Plate 90 194 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Stanhopea tricornis Lindl. Plate 91-A Epiphytic; sterile plant indistinguishable from S. annulata. Inflorescence pendent, 15 cm long, 2-flowered; sepals recurved, 6 cm long, cream to yel­ low; petals 6 cm long, held alongside the lip and column, yellow; lip with ob­ vious horns, without a ring around the saccate base. Infrequent, in under­ story trees in shady forest. Flowering throughout the year. Pollinated by Eulaema meriana. Wet forests of coastal Colombia and Ecuador.

Stelis concinna Lindl. Plate 91-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem unifoliate, to 2 cm long. Leaf to 6 cm long, elliptic, acutely tapering at the base and apex. Inflorescence from the junction of the secondary stem and leaf, the rachis zig-zag, numerous pink flowers produced in succession; sepals equal in size, opened flat; petals 2 mm long, thickened on the margin, truncate. Column short. Rare, in trees overhanging the river. Flowering in January. Venezuela to Peru.

Stelis purpurea (R. & P.) Willd. Plate 91-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem to 12 cm long, 5 mm thick, topped with a single leaf. Leaf to 15 X 7 cm. Inflorescence from the apex of the stem and base of the leaf, to 25 cm long, the sheath at the base to 2 cm long; dorsal sepal 1.2 X 0.6 cm, yellow-green for apical half, red-brown for basal half; ventral sepals united, 1.2 X 1 cm; petals very short and broad, 1 mm long; lip tiny. Rare, in the tree tops. Flowering in October. Panama to Peru.

Stelis cf. pusilla HBK Plate 91-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; secondary stem unifoliate, to 1.5 cm long. Leaf to 4 cm long, obovate, obtuse at the apex. Inflorescence from the junction of the secondary stem and leaf, 8- to 12-flowered, all open at the same time; flowers pink-brown; sepals equal in size, opened flat, hirsute, 3 mm long; petals thin, obtuse at the apex; column short. Rare, in trees overhanging the river. Flowering in January. Colombia to Amazonian Peru. 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALEN QUE 195

A B

1cm

5mm

STANHOPEA TRICORNIS STELIS CONCINNA c o

~ 2cm

1cm O.Smm 1mm

STELIS PURPUREA STELIS CF, PUSILLA

Plate 91 196 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Teuscheria integrilabia Dodson Plate 92-A Epiphytic; rhizome elongate; pseudo bulb surrounded by a papery sheath, monophyllous. Leaf heavily 5-nerved, quadrate, to 35 X 6 cm. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulb, I-flowered, to 5 cm long; sepals and petals to 2 cm long, pink. Uncommon, in trees on the hills across the river from the Science Center, not yet known from Rio Palenque. Flowering in August. Western Ecuador.

Trevoria ecuadorensis Lehm. Plate 92-B Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs round, shorter than wide, bifoliate. Leaves strongly veined on the underside, elliptic, to 20 X 15 cm. Inflores­ cence pendent, to 1 m long, densely pubescent. Mature fruits to 1 cm long, 5mm in diameter. In mature fruit in November, flowering season unknown. Extremely rare, in trees overhanging the river. Wet coastal Ecuador.

Trigonidium insigne Rchb. f. ex Benth. & Hook. Plate 92-C Epiphytic; rhizome elongate, to 50 cm between pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs to 4 cm long, 2.5 cm thick, with 1-4 leaves at the apex. Leaf blades to 25 X 4 cm. Inflorescences from the base of the pseudobulbs, to 10 cm long; flowers solitary; sepals held erect to form a tube, to 6 X 2 cm, pale orange with streaks of purple; petals 2.5 X 0.8 cm; lip 8 mm long. Rare, as a creeping epi­ phyte in trees overhanging the river. Flowering in November. Costa Rica to coastal Ecuador.

Trigonidium riopalenquense Dodson Plate 92-D Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs thick, to 3 cm long, 2 cm thick, bi­ foliate at the apex. Leaf blade to 35 X 1.4 cm. Numerous inflorescences produced from the base of the pseudobulb, to 18 cm long; flowers sOlitary; sepals to 2.5 X 1.5 cm, pinkish-grey, held erect in a tube, flared near the apex; petals 1.5 X 0.8 cm, grey with a blue-grey spot at the apex; lip to 8 X 4 mm. Common, in the tree tops. Flowering from February to May. Coastal region of Ecuador from Quevedo to Santo Domingo. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALEN QUE 197

A B

5mm

TEUSCHERIA INTEGRILABIA TREVORIA ECUADORIENSIS o

'-----.J 1cm

~ 2mm

TRIGONIDIUM INSIGNE TRIGONIDIUM RIOPALENQUENSIS

Plate 92 198 ORCHIDACEAE [VOL. 4

Trizeuxis faleata Lindl. Plate 93-A Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudo bulbs surrounded by fleshy, hard leaves in a fan-like arrangement, unifoliate at the apex. Leaf 4 X 0.8 em. Inflores­ cence from the base of the pseudo bulb , to 7 cm long, branched; flowers in dense clusters at the apex of each branch; sepals orange-green, 2 mm long; petals green, 2 mm long; lip orange, 3 mm long. Uncommon, in the tops of tall trees. Flowering in September. Pollinated by Trigona sp. Widespread in tropical America.

Vanilla planifolia Andr. Plate 93-B Epiphytic; stems vine-like, to 15 m long, to 8 mm thick, internodes to 12 cm long. Leaves to 20 X 4.5 cm; roots produced at nodes. Inflorescences from axils of leaves, to 7 cm long, with 20-30 flowers, produced 2 or 3 at a time in succession; pedicels 3 cm long; flowers green; sepals and petals 5 X 1 cm; lip 5 X 4 cm. Fruits to 10 cm long. Common, vine in the forest climbing up the tree trunks. Excellent vanilla is produced from these fruits. Flowering from October through March. Widespread in tropical America. Common name: "Vainilla"+

Xylobium elongatum (Lindl. & Paxt.) Hemsl. Plate 93-C Epiphytic; rhizome short; pseudobulbs slender, elongate, to 30 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, bifoliate at the apex. Leaves thin, the veins on the underside prominent, 30 X 6 cm, narrowing to a petiole 2 cm long at the base. Inflo­ rescence from the base of the pseudobulb, to 18 cm long; flowers 5-12, yel­ low; sepals and petals to 1.3 cm long, 5 mm wide; lip 3-lobed, 8 mm long. Rare, in the tree tops. Flowering from May to August. Northern South America.

Xylobium variegatum (R. & P.) Dunsterv. & Garay Plate 93-D Epiphytic; rhizomes short; pseudo bulbs ovate, to 8 X 6 cm, bifoliate at the apex. Leaves thin, with obvious veins on the underside, to 40 X 7 cm, the base of the leaf narrowed to a petiole 10 cm long. Inflorescence from the base of the pseudobulbs, to 20 cm long, flowers 10-20, yellow; sepals and petals to 1.5 X 0.5 cm, triangular; lip 1.3 cm long, 3-lobed. Fruits to 2.5 X 1 cm. Rare, in the tree tops at Rio Palenque; common, in the Quevedo region. Flowering in September. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 199

A B

];t

5mm

1cm =B~ 4mm

5mm 2mm

TRIZEUXIS FALCATA VANILLA PLANIFOLIA c o

~5mm

3cm

XVLOBIUM ELONGATUM XVLOBIUM VARIEGATUM

Plate 93 200 PALMAE [VOL. 4

PALMAE Woody shrubs or trees. Leaves in a terminal cluster, petioled, sheathing the trunk, the blade simple, fan-shaped, or pinnately compound (feather-shaped). Inflorescence usually compound, subtended by 1 or more large spathes. Flowers regular, bisexual or unisexual; perianth of 6 segments; stamens 6; ovary superior, 1-3 locular. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Key to the species. 1. Trunks armed with spines. 2. Trunks multiple, the spines slender, fruits red when ripe, round, 1.5 cm in diameter ...... Bactris sp. (5750) 2. Trunk single, the spines stout, fruits orange when ripe, elliptic, 3 cm in diameter ...... Astrocaryum standleyanum 1. Trunks unarmed. 3. Trunks multiple, slender (to 8 cm in diameter) ...... Synechanthus warscewiczianus 3. Trunks single, more than 10 cm in diameter (except Geonoma). 4. Leaf bases forming a crown shaft at the apex of the trunk. 5. Fruits tightly appressed to form a compound unit (10 cm in diameter, 30 cm long), separating at maturity along sutures between fruits; stilt roots prominent ...... Wettinia quinaria 5. Fruits loosely produced on inflorescence rachis; stilt roots prominent or nearly lacking. 6. Fruits round, red at maturity; stilt roots not prominent ...... Chamaedorea aff. woodsoniana 6. Fruits elongate, green or yellow at maturity; stilt roots well developed. 7. Leaflets attached to the leaf rachis in one plane; fruit pubescent when ripe ...... Catoblastus velutinus 7. Leaflets attached to the leaf rachis at different planes; fruit glabrous when ripe. 8. Inflorescence sheath to 40 cm long; trunk not swollen ...... Socratea hoppii 8. Inflorescence sheath to 1 m long; trunk swollen in the middle ...... Iriartea aff. gigantea 4. Leaf bases not joined to form a crown shaft at the apex of the trunk. 9. Small trees with the trunk diameter to 20 cm; only found as understory trees in mature forest. 10. Trunk height to 1 m; leaves entire to occasionally dissect- ed; inflorescence unbranched ...... Geonoma sodiroi 10. Trunk height to 12 m; leaves dissected many times; inflo­ rescence branched. 11. Inflorescence to 40 cm long, palmately branched ...... Pholidostachys dactyloides 11. Inflorescence to 2.5 m long, paniculate ...... Prestoea sejuncta 9. Large trees with the trunk diameter more than 40 em, often found in second growth or pasture land. 12. Fruits 20 to 40 cm in diameter; cultivated ...... Cocos nucifera