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History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela

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History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 56 History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela Otto Huber and John J. Wurdack SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1984 ABSTRACT Huber, Otto, and John J. Wurdack. History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 56, 83 pages, 2 tables, 10 maps, 1984.-Detailed information is provided on botanical activities in the Territorio Federal Amazonas, southern Venezuela, during the period 1800 to 31 December 1982. Emphasis is on botanical collections, their collectors, localities, itineraries, time period, num- ber, and final deposit in the world’s herbaria. The data are arranged both chronologically and alphabetically by collectors, including cross references between main and secondary collectors. Alto ether 188 collectors are listed, 124 of them being main collectors. The totaP collected plant numbers in T. F. Amazonas is now about 50,000 (not including duplicates), representing an estimated 3000 to 5000 species. A short geographical outline at the beginning of the paper, accompanied by a ma , provides general information on main localities, rivers, mountains, and ot Fl er features often mentioned in the text and on the labels of herbarium specimens. OFFICIALPUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIESCOVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Ctrridiphyllumjaponicurn Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Huber, Otto. History of botanical exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. (Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 56) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: S1 1.2956 1. Botany-Venezuela-Amazonas (Territory)-History. 2. Amazonas (Venezuela : Ter- ritory)-Exploring expeditions. I. Wurdack, J.J. 11. Title. 111. Series. QKlS2747 no. 56 [QK273] 581s [581.987’64 83-600361 Contents Page Introduction ............................................ 1 Acknowledgments ................................... 2 Geography ............................................ 2 Physiography ........................................ 2 Mountain Systems ................................... 3 Lowlands ......................................... 4 Transportation ........................................ 5 Chronology of Botanical Exploration ......................... 6 General .............................................. 6 Geographical and Chronological Synopsis .................... 9 Annotated List of Collectors ................................ 22 List of Possible Collectors ................................ 74 Remarks on Future Explorations ............................ 74 References ............................................. 77 ... 111 History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela Otto Huber and John J. Wurdack Introduction This paper offers a synopsis of botanical explo- Among the many natural regions of South ration carried out from 1800 to the present America, the southernmost portion of Venezu- (1982) in the Venezuelan Territorio Federal ela, including the headwaters of the Orinoco Amazonas, with general information on the col- River and part of the Amazon Basin, has long lectors, collecting expeditions, and collecting sta- attracted the interest of botanists and naturalists tions, as well as on the number and final deposi- in general. Such historic expeditions as those tion of the specimens collected and related pub- undertaken to these regions by Humboldt and lications. We are well aware that this paper is Bonpland in 1800 and by Schomburgk in 1839 incomplete, because this type of research is often may well be considered as among the first high- accompanied by insufficient data. Nevertheless, lights in tropical American botany. These trips we believe that the data submitted are sufficiently were forerunners of an increasing number of accurate to serve as a basis to stimulate future explorations in the astonishing vegetation types investigation in this direction, not only in the covering Territorio Federal Amazonas. Because field but also in herbaria and libraries. of the increasing attention given in the past two The acronyms for Venezuelan government decades to the Amazon region in general, mainly agencies used in the text and lists are explained by governmental developmental agencies in Bra- in the "Annotated List of Collectors." These zil, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, it acronyms (those asterisked are directly involved also has become evident that the basic ecologic in a collection program) include "AsoVAC information on the plant life and plant geography (Asociacion Venezolana para el Avance de la of this extremely rich portion of the American Ciencia), *CASUB (Centro de Actividades Su- tropics is still poorly known and still more poorly bacuaticas de la Universidad de Oriente, Cu- understood (Goodland and Irwin, 1975). mani), "CODESUR (Comision para el Desar- rollo del Sur de Venezuela), CONICIT (Consejo Otto Huber, formerly Ministerio del Ambiente y de 10s Recursos Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tech- Naturales Renovables (MARNR), now The New York Botanical nologicas), "INPARQUES (Instituto Nacional de Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. John J. Wurdack, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Parques), * IVIC (Instituto Venezolano de Inves- Institution, Washington, D.C.20560. tigaciones Cientificas), MAB (Man and Biosphere 1 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Program, UNESCO), * MARNR (Ministerio del Maroa), and Departamento Rio Negro (capital, Ambiente y de 10s Recursos Naturales Renova- San Carlos de Rio Negro). Since 1924 Puerto bles), *MOP (Ministerio de Obras Publicas), Ayacucho has been the capital of the Territorio. *UCV (Universidad Central de Venezuela), It currently has approximately 20,000 inhabit- *ULA (Universidad de Los Andes), and UNEL- ants and is the seat of the Governor and other LEZ (Universidad Experimental de 10s Llanos public regional institutions. Other major towns “Ezequiel Zamora”). For herbaria, the abbrevia- and settlements are San Fernando de Atabapo, tions are from Index Herbariorum, seventh edition San Carlos de Rio Negro, Maroa, San Juan de (Holmgren et al., 1981). Manapiare, Yavita, Santa Barbara, San Antonio, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.-This research has been Esmeralda, Victorino, Santa Rosa de Amana- sponsored by the Fundacion “Explora,” Caracas, dona, Guarinuma, Macuruco, and Cacuri (see directed by Charles Brewer-Carias. The Funda- Map 1, at back of book). cion’s substantial funding is greatly appreciated. The Territorio Federal Amazonas is limited The authors wish to express their gratitude to on the north by the District0 Cedeno of the the curators of the following herbaria for per- adjoining Venezuelan Estado Bolivar; on the east mission to consult specimens and archives: MER, by the Territorio Federal Roraima of Brazil; on MERF, MY, MYF, NY, US, VEN. Also, we are the south by the Estado do Amazonas, Brazil; grateful to colleagues and friends all over the and on the west by the Comisarias Vichada and world who have provided us with the necessary Vaupes of Colombia. These boundaries are information about their collecting activities in formed in most cases by natural watersheds at Territorio Federal Amazonas. We wish to thank the tops of mountains and mountain ranges (in especially Maria Huber, Julian A. Steyermark, the northern, eastern, and southern frontiers); Stephen Tillett, Markus Colchester, and Sarah the western boundaries are formed by the K. Eichhorn for their great help during the prep- courses of the Rios Orinoco, Atabapo, Guainia, aration of the manuscript. J.L. Zarucchi contrib- and Negro. In only two cases has the frontier uted, from a paper in preparation, information been delimited artificially: in the southwestern on Spruce’s collections. portion (Venezuelan-Brazilian frontier) by a line The maps were drawn by Tomas Rodriguez, drawn between Piedra de Cocuy on the Rio Caracas, Venezuela, and their inclusion in this Negro and the Salto Hua on Cano Maturaca at study is made possible by the gracious permission the western base of Sierra Neblina, and in the of the Direccion General de Informacion e In- GuainiarAtabapo region (Venezuelan-Colombian vestigacion del Ambiente, Ministerio del Am- frontier), where an artificial boundary line is biente y de 10s Recursos Naturales Renovables, drawn approximately from the confluence of the Republica de Venezuela. three rivers Atacavi, Temi, and Guasacavi to the west of the village of Victorino on the Rio GEOGRAPHY Guainia. The Territorio Federal Amazonas occupies Physiography the southernmost portion of the Republic of Venezuela. It is located between 0’40”- The Territorio Federal Amazonas has two 6’15” and 63”2O’W-67”50’W; the area is main physiographical regions, the vast peneplain 178,095 km2 (CODESUR, 1979). It is subdi- of the Casiquiare in the central and southwestern vided into four administrative departments: De- section and the huge mountain systems embrac- partamento Atures (capital, Puerto Ayacucho); ing the Territorio to the north, east, and south. Departamento Atabapo (capital, San Fernando Between these generally level lowlands and the de Atabapo); Departamento Casiquiare (capital, different mountain systems, several piedmont NUMBER 56 3 landscapes of variable width and altitude are main level is between 1100 and 1600 m. The strongly developed; in these, the frequent,
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