C+ra~n~rlaris a11 espei~irnei~ti~lliriowlt~dge ;i:c:!:~ii/i ot' t.l!~' IIS:~.::~S of 1t~11g11age:LS generally cu~xr~t,:L~OII~ ~)oel.~ :illd PI-osr:n~.itctrs.Itisdivitlt~dinlosixpu~~fs: 1". 'I'rai~letLrclatiing with clrie rt)gai.tl 1-0 L'ro::c~cly.:~ 2". 43s~)~ariatio11awoldif~gto poclic'al iigurcs. :!'. H.ratly ;.;tatt~rnelltof cli;~!ecli;*;tl~wciili:ii,itit~si:~tlct;11 l I LS~OI~S(Imolr~inr). 4". 1)isc:ovei.yof fi; t,yrriologv. o .I- . Ail :~vcuratc;~cc~ountof :~n;ilogic:s.:j:
" I'rohiod~ (T/IOC~.~~II~).in the Greck ic~;.c, incl~id~ic:r crything (1tesi::n:ltcd h,v diacriti<.al mil:-ks-aipir:i:io~i, acrentr~:iti~in,i11i:intity. :inst m~-rirtin~c.:p:~rl-c<. \.id. l
f \-id. IVaitz, Lli,isfofeLi.c GY~~ICZ,~111.i. ~)LI.:2,$ :-(I. 4 Grammar of Dionysios Tlzrax. 6". Criticism" of poetical productions, which is the no- blest part of grammatic art. 2. ON READING(civdyvoal;). Reading is the rendering of poetic or prose productions with- out stumbling or hesitancy. It must be done with due regard to expression, prosody, and pauses. Through the expression+ we learn the merit (ripar7j') of tlie piece ; from the prosody, tlie art of the reader; and from the pauses, the meaning intended to be conveyed. In this way we read tragedy heroically, comedy c~onversationally,elegiacs thrillingly, epics sustain- edly, lyric poetry musically, itnd dirges softly and plain- tively. Any reading done without due observance of these rules degrades the merits of the poets and makes the habits of readers ridiculous. 3. ON TONE(rcivo;). Tone* is the resonance of a voice endowed with harmony. It, is heightened in the acute, balanced in the grave, and broken in the ciraumflex. 4. ON PUNCTUATION(arylr$).$ There are three punctuation marks: the full stop, the semi- cdon, and the cornma.// The full stop denotes that the sense is complete ; the semicoloii is a sign of where to take breath ; the comma shows that the sense is riot yet complete, but that something further ir~ustbe added.
In time. At the full stop the pause is long, at the comma, very short.
~ -- -- .- ~ * Such Criticism apparently did not include a discussion of the poetical mer-
its of'a piece (~pbii(!? rd m~~j,~in:noilx irL id6 ~TLVjj ~rwb.roirjmlj ?;l,o hv ~jlj;b ii,~<,im~v.) t Expression (iah~piiii!.)is defined as being equivalent to /I~/IWTI
I I u 1Y 11' 1 -1)~iill~lil~-ll,Jfil~! -1 ,\Of >,\till 11, -1 I< . They are also called elements (rr~or~G~)fl*om being in a cer- tain series (oroc~6~)or arrangement. Of these letters, seven are Vo~ocls:(1, E, 7, c O, 11, and (0. They are called vowels ((FWY+YT(J)I)~c';LIIs~ thy form ;I com- plete sound (ywvj) by themselves. OF the vowels, two are
ZO~UJ, 7 and (1,; two are short, E arid o; arid thre~are d01~7)t- ful, a, r, v. They are called donbtfi~l].because they may be either lengthened or shortened. Fire of the vowels are prepositiw, a, E, 7, o, o. They are called prepositive be- cause, when plared before r or o, t1lc.y form a syllable, as ar, au. Two are subj,j'7~?/rtiae,r :~ndu. 1' is sometimes yreposi- tive to c, as in p&n, (jlpmu, ulk, and the like. There are six diphthongs, ac, uv, Er, EU, oc, ou. The remaining seventeen letters are Cvontsn~~a?~ts,P, 7, 6, 6, 79, X, A, p, v, i,x, p, a, .r, (F, X, $11. They are called consonants because by thenlselves they have no sound, but produce a sound only when they are combined with vowels.$ Of the
* Cf. Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 141, note; Wolf. Proleg., pp. $3 sqq. (Edit. Calvary); I<. 0.Miiller, zz?:~t.oj'Lit. uf'rlacied Greece,, pp. 33 sqq. t On Sr~iiyti~ii:,vid. Aristotle, MctnpA. I. I (1026, b. 12); Bonitz, Ari.stoLcZt:F MeLaYA. pp. 225 sq. ; Schmidt. Bez'trG'yc, 1'1). SO sqq., 126. Aristotle's definition of rr:oi,yriov, as meaning a sound, is : "An elclncnt is an indivisible sound, not applicable, how-ever, to every such so~~ntl,h11t only to those which are capable of entering into the formation of intelligible spcec11."-Poet. cap. sx. Cf. Stein- ttial, Gesci. rEEr S$~acfiz~l.Bei den Gr. n~tdR~m.,pp. 248 sq. :A~X~IVOI= of twofold timc. Cf. Rosshach und Westpllai, Mcfrik n'c~Griech., vol. ii. pp. 66 sqq. $ Aristotle, Poetics, cap. ss.,makes three divisions of SOIII~~S-6 :t QL~I'@I) elt:t;ic>nis or xtw:~!ij:~~~;o~I~I:.~ in 1 !!I> j~o1~1in;~:iv~~ (b:)us~A, si11g11-
12r llllnh2t~,:l?o ?~:o] P? ;~y, ~,,F,L:!(~!. :/:wt~ft>, :/,L;- ;)tq;,:PI&!:. j,,h+; of
Cl\ ,I 11t~11!-ers,six, (L, (, >, {I. 17. 11; :i;:Gofl:~~( 8 ,ii
~t'~~~IIYLL~,~, f~il:., . (L* < , ;:.; . 20!., " j;x:o/)::, ,?dij,il~,,?2).7.
iI S~l~;~ljl::i:: Lr>i't)~\s.il;; 1 f!3tx ~~oI~I~~~?;!:I~o~::I, TO~,~V~;]$ ~1;itIl;,,
- ~ --- -~ ~ ------~- ~- f/iflo4r:.r. :;,/I. . :),I, 5 { :.,q,!" ~tj(z.,:ir~:c.':~:.i ill.. ~;~~y~~(~z;i,<~p(/I,,.,q~,iccbE() I?LOZ,~-
,<';('* lli>~::,<>~j,\.;17;tx ?l\il',,:. j7,,c.t!:,r<.~., 1,c~t.111.
cl.. l\ri,\tlitlc. ,?!d!r15h. .\ i, (yj!51, ' 6 (:cj~,{'~ :o) ; KLI~,II<,F.,,111.!fiih~. C>,ff712. I?/ F GI,.st,,.. ,111. i, ;,, j,<.
? Cf'. L'riktotlc)J',IP!.'~.~.r:111. \.x, : :i,?.mi .~$~nrhx.hr; dr/i (;I,. ut~dZ 1%. ON TIIE WORD(Xr;). A MTodis the smallest part of an ordered sentence." 13. ON '1'11~SE:NTE:NCE(26j'o;).t d Sentence is cornbi~iat~ionof words, either in prose or ill verse, rnaking conlplt~tesense. There are eight parts of speech : Noun, Verb, Participle, Article, Pronoun, Preposi- tion, Adverb, and Conjunction. The proper noun, as a spe. cies, is subordinate to the noun.: A Noun is a declinable part of speech, signifying some- thing either concrete or abstract (concrete, as stone; abstract, as educatiou); common or proper (common, as man, horse ; proper, as Socrates, Plate).$ It llas five accidents : genders, species, forms, numbers, and cases. There are three Genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter. Some add to these two more, the comlnon and the epicene -common, as man, horse ; epicene, as swallow, eagle. There are two Species of nouns, the primitive and the de- rivative. A primitive noun is one which is said according to origiilal imposition, as 75 (earth); a derivative noun is one which derives its origin from another noun, as yuritoc (earth- born). There are seven classes of derivatives: Patronymics, Possessives, Corr~paratives,Diminutives, Noniinals, Superla- tives, arid Verbals. A .Patror~ywicis properly a noun formed from the name of a father, ini1)roperly a noun formed from the name of another anoestol~,e.g., Achilleus is called both -- * CS. Aristotlc, Poetics, capp. xi~.-xsii.; Waita, Aristotelis Organoz, vol. i. pp. '$23 sq. ; Steinthal, Gesch. des S$ruckwiss., pp. 285 sqq. ; J. Vahlen, Aristo- feles Leh~evon der Rungrfolg-e (ley Theile der Tru~cedie,in Symbols Philologo- rum Bonnensiu?~,pp. 180 sqq. t Aristotlr (De Inter$., cap. iv.) defincs AC)I,L, as "significant sound, whereof any one part is separately significant as an expression, but not as an affirma- tion." Cf: Schmidt, Beifri+, pp. 218 sqq. ; Steinthal, S$vuclrwisu. 6ei den Gr. und Rih., pp. 568 sqq.; Lcrsch, S$mch@ht'loso$hie, Pt. II., passim. :Directed against the Stoics, who made the .i;pooi/yopl'a a distinct part of speech. $ Aristotle (De Iderp., cap. ii.) says : " iZ noun is a sound significant ac- cording to convention (Oini; -=;)osition), timeless, w11el.eof no part is separately significant." CS. Schmidt, Beitrii5v, p. 227 scl+ Ciranzmar of Dionysios Thraz. 9 Peleides and Aiakides. Of masculine patrollymics there are three forms, one in dq;, one in wv, and one in d&oc-e.g. Atreion, Atreides, and the form peculiar to the Eolians, Hyrradios. (Pittakos was the son of Hyrras.) Of feminine patronymirs there are likewise three forms, one in ic, as Prianlis ; one in a<,as Pelias ; one in q,as Adrasting. From the mmes of mothers, Homer forms 110 species of patronym- ics ; later authors do. d possessioe is a noun which denotes possession and includes the possessor, as N$+ 2nii01 (Neleian nmres), 'lk6,o~o;~r~rtiv (Helitorean robe), /Ijmwvrxhv ,%62zi,iov (Platonic book). A Comparuti.ue is a noun making a com- parison of one individual with another individual of the same genus, e.g. Achilleus braver than Aias ; or of one individual with many of a different genus, e.g. Achilleus braver than the Trojans. Of comparatives there are three forms, one in TE,UO:, as dEb~opo;, /3,0a8bre,ooc; one in w~ pure, as +I,T/QY,xaj.j,/w; one in awv, as x,osioawv, $oocov. A Xuperlatiue is a noun used to express the superiority of one individual over many in a comparison. There are two forms of it, one in Taro;, as dtbraro:, ppa8bmro;; and one in a~o;, as pdyraro~, dpa~oc. A Diminutive is a noun expressing a diminution of the prirni- tive word without comparison, as avBpw?riaxoc (mannikin), Ri&xt (stonelet), ,uar,oaitbiJrov (stripling). A Nominal is a word formed alongside a noun, or as from a noun, as Theon, Try- phon. A Verbal is a noun derived from a verb, as Philemon, Noemon. There are three B'ornos of nouns, simple, compound, and super-compound- simple, as Memnon ; compound, as Aga- memnon ; super-compound, as Agamernnonides, Philippides. Of compounds there are four kinds ; lo.those conlpounded of two complete words, as Cheiiisophos; 2". those compounded of two incomplete words, as Sophokles ; 3". those cornpound- ed of an incomplete and a coulplete word, as Philoderrlos; and 4". those compounded of a complete word and an incorn- plete, as Perikl8s. There are three Nulnfirl,s, singular, dud, a11d l~l~l'al; sill- gular, as "OlqPo; (Homer); dual, :LS rB 'Opjpco (Ir~otllHorners); r'i plural, as "OPqpor (Holnrrsi. 1llrrt: are some singular desig- nations used of plural objects, as (y/;,f~o; (~)eoJ)le),XU/";< ("1")- rus); and plural (lesignatio:ls usd of singular and dual 2 10 Grammar of B~iongsiosTl~rax. objects -of singular, as 'A(y:vor, @I;Baf (Athens, Tbeb~)-of dual, as dluphpor (botll). There are five Cases, the right, the generic,"the dative, the accusative, and the vocative. The right case is called also the nolrlinative and the direct ; the generic, the possessive, and the patrial ; the dative, the injunctive ; while the sccu- sative is named from cause, and the vocative is called the allocutive. The following terms, expressive of" accidents belonging to the noun, are also cdled ~~pcies: proper, :tp~:ellative,adjec- tive, relative, quasi-relativr, homonym, synonym, pheronym, dionym, eponym, national, interrogative, indelinite, anapho- ric (also called assimilative, demonstrative, and retributive), collective, distributive, inclusive, onomatopoetic, general, special, ordinal, numeral, participative, independent. A Proper noun is one signifying a peculiar substance,t as Homer, Sohrates. An Appellatiue is one that signifies a common substance, as man, liorse. An Adjecfiae noun is one that is applied homonymously$ to proper or appellative nouns, and signifies eiiher praise or Inlarna. It is derived from three sources, from the soul, the body, and external things : from the soul, as sage, Zicmtiozcs; from the body, as swift, sZow; from extemal things, ns 'I.~'c~L,poor. A Bela- tine noun is such as j'al7~cr,son, Ji-ie./~d,right (hand). A yuasi-Relaline is such as night, day, dmt7~,life. A Homo- mjm is a noun predicated hornor1yn:cusiy of xany things, as of proper nouns, e.g. (r"rlumori,innAi?.:, Oilean, A ins ;of ap- lative nouns, as sea-mou~e,7mtd-mouke. A 8y?ion?/mis a noun which, by several designations, signifies the same thing, as g.Znive, sword, blz~d~q~o7~,?il~rJ~, bmr~d. A l'h~ro'1~ymis a narne given from some accidrn:, a? 5"isttrne1zosand fKeqapm- thes. A Bionym js a couple of ri;imw applied to the same props noun, as Alexandc~~*and Paris, ~~iiholxtthere being any reciprocity in their signj livstion ; e.g., if one is Alexan- * r:w~S,on no account to be rendered by gm7itivus (genitive), as, the Romans did. Vid. Max Miiller, L~cfures,1st Series, p. 180 sq. (Eng. edit.) ; Schmidt, Beitrage, pp. 320 sqq. t Cf. Aristotle, Cafeg.,cap, v. :Cf. Aristotle, Cuteg., cap. i. : '.Things which have a common name, but whereof the notions corresponding to that nalne are ciityerent, are said to be Roinonymous." &r, it dors not follow that he is Paris. An R~~.IL~~(also called I)iorlynr) is a norm which, along wit11 another proper noun, is applied to one ob,ject, as Pos?idGn is (aalled Enosichtho~l,:trd Apolio, Pll * Aristotle (De Inter$., cap. iil.) says. "A Verb IS that which adds a time- specification,of which nnpalt separntrly signifies an)thing, and which is always asserted of something else." Cf. Schmidt, Beitrage, pp. 344 sqcl ; IIarris, Her- mes, Book I. cap. 6. 12 Grammar of Dionysios Thrax. and number, and showing activity or passivity. The verb has eight accidents : Moods, Dispositions (voices !), Species, Forms, Numbers, Tenses, Persons, Contjixgstions. There are five Moods : Indicative, Imperative. Optative, Subjunctive, and Infinitive. There are three Dispositions:': Activity, Pas- sivity, and Mediality -Activity, as rhi-o (I strike); Passivity, as r4mol~nc(I am struck); Metliality, nlalking partly activity and partly passivity, ZLS ad;ro!c?u (Itrust), GrCg8o,na (I waste), ~~Toc@~~Y(I became), 2j;ou$d,qv (i registered). There are two Species : Primitive and Deiivative -Primitive, as &,oh ; Delivative, as apGe;co. There are three Perms : Simple, Com- pound, and Snper-Coinl)o1;llid-Si1ri1)If~,as ypovc;; Compound, as xaray,.povc; ; Super-Compound, as bi-~jmi((r)(I htigonize), yri,ciriri[c~) (I Philippize). There art! three &um,Ders : Singu- lar, Dual, and Plural-Singular, as i-lki-w ; Dual, as TI~ETOL; Plnral, :is rbjsropav. There ale three Pes-sons: First, Second, and Third. The First is the person from whom the assertion is ; the Second, the om to whom it is ; and t,he Third, the one concerning whom it is. There are three Tenses: Present, Past, Future. Of these, the Past has four suh-syecies- Im- perfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Aorist--whjch stand in three respective relations : the Present is related to the Imperfect, the Perfect to the Pluperfect, and the Aorist to the Future. 16. ON CONJUG~TIO~Y(ciu@yicx). Conjugation is the consecutive inflection of Verbs. Of Ba- rytone Verbs there are six conjugations, of which the First is characterized by 6, y, T, or nr, :is ki6w, ypdya, rdpnw, xbmw; the Second by r, x, x,or XT, as R+w, ;r,?dxo,rpE~ro, rbrco; the Third by 8, 8,or r, as $&o, jsi.$i9m, drvfhw; the Fourth by or tru, as ypdC(w, vbuo~,dpbomo; the Fifth by the four unchangeables, R, p, v, p, as ndA'Rw, dp;and the Sixth by a pure, as im~bc~,id&, Padabw, Rxo~.Some also introd~lce a Seventh Co~i.jugation,characterized by i and $, as dRdt~~,, q (0. 17. ON CIRCUME'LEXEDVJCRI;I(7;y,ra;rc~,uevo.). Of Circurnflexed Verbs there are three Conjngations, of which the First is cllaracterized in tlrc second and third per- sons by the diphthong EC, as YO&, voalc, ~0~2;the Second by * AL~SCOLS,the word which Roman stupidity rendered by VON(yoice). - ing,%but not pronounced) ; and the Third by the diphthong I ol, as WWG, ~~ouooi;,~puoo?. Of Verbs ending in p there ure four conjugations, of which the First is cliaracterizd from the jirst of the Circrmllexed Conjug:~tions, as from .rr& conies rrBqp; the Second from the secwnd, as horn imG, IK/~,ILL;the Third from the third, as from RdG, OOLBCU~; and the Fourth from the sixth of the Bary- tone Conjugations, as from iiqph, njpupr. A 1':trticiple is a word partaking of the nature both of nouns and verbs. It has all the accidents which belong to nouns as well as those which belong to verbs, except mood and person. 20. ON THE ARTICLE(dp8p0~). An Article is a declinable part of speech prefixed or suh- joined to the various cases of nouns, taking, when prefixed, the form b, and, when subjoined, the form 5c.t It has three accidents : Gender, Nnmber, and Case. The Genders are three, as 0 no~~r+:,4 zoym~,~i)zol;lp. The Numbers are three : Singular, Dual, and Plural -Singular, as b, 4, r6; Dual, as rJ, rd; Plural, as o;, ai rd. The Cases are-b, TOG, rq, r6v, (5; 4, TC;, rfi, T~Y,d; r6, TO:, rq, ~6,d. A Pronoun is a word assumed instead of a noun, and indi- cating definite persons. It has six accidents : Person, Gen- der, Number, Case, Form, and Species. .- * It was not su6scyibed till the twelfth century of our era. Vid. Kiihner, Am- ficfiu. Gram. der Gr. Sp., vol. i. p. 59, note (zd edit.) Chceroboskos (Bekker, Anec. Grecu, vol. p. 1186) says : .'It must be understood that grammarians, whose attention is directed to pronunciatiotl, say that the 1 is unpronounced when it is found with (follows) n long, ~i,or r.i, * * * * ; but musicians, who stickle for accuracy. say that it is, pronounced, but is not disti~lctlyheard on account of the length of the [preceding] long vowels." 1. The ancient iqn'iwii, included both the article and the relative pronoun. Cf. Lersch, S$rtrcL$WiZ(,.~ojAir., 13. 11. pp. 132 sqcl.; Steitlthal, Sjrachzo. 6ei den Gr. undRiim., pp. 660 sqq. ; Harris, Hermes, Bk. II., cap. 1. : Lersch, Pt. 11. pnssi?n; Steinthal, pp. 663 sqq.; IIarris. ITermes, Bli. I. cap. v. A Preposition is a word placed before any of the parts of speech, both in Composition and in Syntax. The number of Prepositions is eighteen, wliereof six are monosyllabic, 2u. EL'<, EF, ;r,oti, ;r,oci;, oh-which are incapable of anastrophb- and twelve are dissyllabic, uvd, xard, ded, p~d,zapn', duri, 2ni, I 1 An Adverb is an indeclinable part of speech, said of a verb or added to a verb. Of the Adverbs, some are Simple, and others Compound-Simple, as zdRnc; Compound, as np6xnRac. Some are indicative of time, as Yv, T~TE,~681:: to these we ------* Lersch, passim, Steinthal, 671 sqq. ; Harris, Nennev, Bh. 11. cap. iii. t Lerwh, pas~im; Steinthal, 672 ; Harris, Hermes, Bk. I. cap. ri. ; Schmidt, Beitrn'ge, pp. 485 sqq. must subordinate as species those that connote particular times or seasons, as aujpe,oov, o?pov, rbypcr, riw:, iiqvixa. Some indicate manner, as xaRtr?c, 00@;, &~rxr(Z;; sonle, quality, as xu<,IF RdE, l?or~)u86v,dyeRqci'6u ; sorne, quantity, as xoi.jdxrc, diryd- xr;, /LU~C~ACC; some, number, as dr:, rpic, rsrpdnc; ; some, place, as dvw, xdrto-of these there are three kinds, those signi- fying in a place, those signifying to a place, and those sig- nifying from a place, as ohm, oLIx&, oYx08ev. Some Adverbs signify a wish, as &&Ye, ui'de, dBaie ; some express horror, as zaxai, ?oh, PEG ; some, denial or negation, as 06, o@, 02 o'fra, ob8apdc ; some, agreement, as uai, uaixc ; some, prohibition, as pj, pj A'j"rn, /q8n,urZ:; some, ~owpariqonor similarity, as &, &crxep, (h,dhf, xaBdrep ; some, surpr.is~,as ,?aRar ; some, prohahilitj-, as Yaw;, rd~a,.rulciv ; sonirJ, order., as E?:, 2&:, XOJ,~!; ; sume. vongrc~gation,as 8,119+v,B,uu, /j/,otYrr ; borne, com- in:~rid,as EL,a~&,y6,oc; some, coniparison, as //r7i,Rov, ;lrrov; sonie, interroption, as j;68ev, m5, xqui~cl,ii6; ; some, vehe- mence, as oybci'px, dycrv, xdvu, pd/rarcr; somp, coincidence, as Bpu, op5, dj~~dr~;some are deprecative, as pu' ; some aye assev- erative, as v/j ; some are positivr, as Gyutoarkov, rpuarbov, zjsu- crrdov; some express ratification, as BqRaG$; and sorne enthu- siasm, as EGO?, eljdv. A Coqjunction is a word bindiiig together a thought in or- der and filling 1113 the histustls of speech. Of conjunctions, some are copulalivc, some disjunctiv e, sonie cori,junctive, some pr:~~te~-coqjnnctivc.,some causali~e,some dubitativt), wme coricl~isive,and some expletive. Copz~Zdi?;eCouJunc- tions are those wliic~hbind together a discourse wliicli flows on indefinitely : they are these, pkv, &, rk, xu/, (idd, ;ipiu, $ad, cirdp, aljrdp, yjm. Yisjmctiac Gori,junctions are those which hind 1he phrase more firmly together, and disjoin the facts expressed : they are these, 4, +or, $6. Corybnctiw Conjunc- tions are those which do ikot inciic8:lte any itctual existence, hut signify sequence: they are these, ei, ehep, er&, ~idqrep. ri1 he I'wtcr-con j~~/~,cfiwsartAthosr wliic.h, along with avt 4 existeni:e, show also order: they ;ire tlirst., ,?xi,2scizc,o, ?red$, - * Aristottc, Poct., cap. xx. ; I,cr.,ch, fnssiur ; Steinthnl, pp. 673 ~lil.; 1I:irris. flermes, Bli. IT. cap. ii.