DOCSLIB.ORG

Transition of the Roman Empire This Powerpoint Is Presented By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transition of the Roman Empire This Powerpoint Is Presented By When What How Where Why Transition of the Roman Empire This PowerPoint is presented by: • Tanner Maydak • Joseph Othman • Jacob Zak • Briaunna Coleman Dismemberment of Roman Empire Plague The Plague of Galen • The Plague of Galen was active from 165-180 C.E, right before the reign of Commodus. • The plague killed 1/3 of Romans during the time The Plague of Cyprian • Pandemic of an outbreak of smallpox and measles from 250-270 C.E • No one had natural immunities against these diseases • In total, around 6,000 people died at the height of the plague Third-Century Crisis: Series of Invasions • The Germanic Wars were fought between the Romans and Germanic tribes, located south of the empire. • Between 235-284 C.E, Rome had more than two dozen different rulers, most of whom died violently. • In battle, the start of the decline for the Romans was probably at Mediolanum in 259 C.E. • Since the battle, the Romans shot at winning a battle again was about 25.5% Division Into Eastern and Western Empires • In the year 285, the Roman Empire was divided into the Eastern and Western Empires. • The Eastern Roman Empire later became known as the Byzantine Empire, which fell in 1453 • Instead of the Western Empire, the Eastern still continued to fall and dwindle due to Germanic tribes plumbing in and also diseases. Eastern and Western Empires (cont.) • In the year 330 C.E., the Eastern Roman Empire declared Constantinople the capital. • By the turn of the 4th Century C.E, Rome was already in chaos and in serious need of keeping bay of northern and southern neighbors Eastern and Western Empire Comparison Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire • Capital: Rome • Capital: Constantinople • Lasted for: 285-476 C.E. • Lasted for: 285-1453 C.E. • Who conquered them: • Who conquered Germanic tribes them: Ottomans Settlement of Germans within Empire • The settlements of Germanic tribes started in the British Isles region in the 4th century C.E. • During the height on the empire, the Romans “kicked” out the Germans early on. But over time, these tribes further understood their military strategies and grew stronger while the Romans got weaker. The Sack of Rome • This incident happened on August 24, 410 C.E • The Western Romans only had about 400 soldiers, but the forces lead by Alaric I, had more than 40,000 • This was the first time since 800 years, that Rome had lost to a foreign country • This as seen as one of the most memorable moments in history of the fall 476: The Result of the End • In the year 476, the emperor at the time was Romulus Augustulus, who at the time was only 16. • A Germanic tribe lead by Odoacer conquered into Rome • On September 4, 476 Augustulus surrendered to Odoacer and Roman rule ended on behalf. CAUSES FOR THE "FALL" Military • At the same time the population of Rome and it's army rises the price of everything also rises. Inflation occurred once the population increased. • Around the time of Emperor Nero, he decided to debase the currency of the coins. He reduced the purity of the coins by reducing the amount of precious metal in them. He did this gradually, thinking that the coins would still be accepted by their original value, but instead this caused inflation. • The coin debasement became a tendency with the following emperors. During the 150 years prior Diocletian's edict, the value of silver increased 86 times and gold, 45. • While at this period, the price for wheat and other foods also increased in their trade. This became harder for them to feed soldiers and the gradual increase in population. No fixed system of imperial succession • Augustus the first roman emperor did not establish a clear imperial succession system. When it was time to replace the emperor for the throne there were may rivals. • Sometimes the potential emperor had an incentive to end the service the ruling emperor so they could have the throne to themselves. This is part of the reason behind the long history of imperial assassination. • This was a fragile system, for the past 200 years of imperial tradition, only one person, Titus ( r. AD 79-82) was the only emperor to succeed his father, Vespasian, and Commodus AD 161 was the first emperor to be born into a ruling emperor, MARCUS AURELIUS (r. AD 161-180) IT’S THE GERMANS! Of course........ <3 to anyone who sees this ;D~~ ya boy joseph :)))))))) - bre • On September 4, AD 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire was deposed of, Romulus Augustus, by Odoacer, a German chieftain. He served the Roman army for many years and received the title of general. • An emperor being deposed of by a military leader was not new in Rome. This meant that nobody else was named emperor after Romulus Augustus's deposition and that Odoacer was now king of Italy. • After Romulus's death the western empire dissolved and turned into many different and smaller political units ( kingdoms and city-states) • But the east stayed until its fall in 1453. Primary Source • St. Jerome was born around the year 340. He came to Rome and was baptized there around 360. He devoted the rest of his life to scholarly pursuits and the translation of the Bible into Latin. He died in 420. He wrote the following observations describing the devastation of the Empire around 406: • "Nations innumerable and most savage have invaded all Gaul. The Whole region between the Alps and the Pyrenees, the ocean andthe Rhine, has been devastated by the Quadi, the Vandals, the Sarmati, the Alani, the Gepidae, the hostile Heruli, the Saxons, the Burgundians, the Alemanni, and the Pahnonians. • Oh wretched Empire! Mayence [Mainz, Germany], formerly so noble a city, has been taken and ruined, and in the church many thousands of men have been massacred. Worms [Germans] has been destroyed after a long siege. Rheims, that powerful city, Amiens, Arras, Speyer[Germans], Strasburg, - all have seen their citizens led away captive into Germany. Aquitaine and the provinces of Lyons and Narbonne, all save a few towns, have been depopulated; and these the sword threatens without, while hunger ravages within. • I cannot speak without tears of Toulouse, which the merits of the holy Bishop Exuperius have prevailed so far to save from destruction. Spain, even, is in daily terror lest it perish, remembering the invasion of the Cimbri; and whatsoever the other provinces have suffered once, they continue to suffer in their fear. • I will keep silence concerning the rest, lest I seem to despair of the mercy of God. For a long time, from the Black Sea to the Julian Alps, those things which are ours have not been ours; and for thirty years, since the Danube boundary was broken, war has been waged in the very midst of the Roman Empire. Our tears are dried by old age. Except a few old men, all were born in captivity and siege, and do not desire the liberty they never knew. • Who could believe this? How could the whole tale be worthily told? How Rome has fought within her own bosom not for glory, but for preservation - nay, how she has not even fought, but with gold and all her precious things has ransomed her life... • Who could believe that Rome, built upon the conquest of the whole world, would fall to the ground? That the mother herself would become the tomb of her peoples? That all the regions of the East, of Africa and Egypt, once ruled by the queenly city, would be filled with troops of slaves and handmaidens? That to-day holy Bethlehem should shelter men and women of noble birth, who once abounded in wealth and are now beggars?" • References: This eyewitness account appears in Robinson, James Harvey, Readings in European History (1906); Duruy, Victor, History of Rome and of the Roman People, vol VIII (1883). SOAP • SPEAKER: St Jerome was born in the year 340 he went to Rome and was baptized in 360 he then devoted the rest of his life to scholarly so he was a priest in Rome during its fall and he wrote a few books and this came from a little part from one of his books he later died in Rome at the year 420. SOAPS: • OCASSION: How I know this is in the text he is very descriptive about the conquering and destruction of cities • St Jerome's road to writing this was because of his sins . While he was not studying, Jerome pursued pleasure especially in women. • He punished himself every Sunday at crypts pretending he was in hell even though he wasn’t Christian. • Became a Christian to change his ways. SOAPS AUDIENCE: I feel as if its mostly directed to people who lived within the areas of Rome so they knew what was going around at this time in Rome and it was also wrote for the world to see the situation that was currently happening SOAPS • PURPOSE: the reasoning behind the text is to inform about the roman empires fall. Also to show who was attacking Rome and how the people in Rome felt about the situation • He makes the audience really think asking question and answering them with a question SOAPS SUBJECT: is about the devastation of the empire and how it slowly it fell due to the Germanic tribes and plague Reasoning :Cities losing people and soldiers to plague then the Germanic tribes would sack the cities SOAPS TONE: the writer is speaking is devastation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Empire
    S1 SOCIAL SUBJECTS Home Learning Booklet Angus Lauder WHEC S1 SOCIAL SUBJECTS HOME LEARNING This workbook has been created to support you with your social subjects learning at home. Please complete work at a pace that suits you and your family. Also, we understand that you have many different subjects sending you work and need to manage your time to complete work for all subjects. We would recommend completing 1 or 2 tasks per week - some will take longer than others. As you complete a task, you can email it to your teacher (email addresses below). This will allow your teacher to give you feedback. You can attach your work as a word document or take a picture of work you have handwritten. If you have any questions, we are also working from home, and will reply to any emails you send. Our email addresses are listed below: Mr Sinclair – [email protected] Ms Oliver – [email protected] Mrs Millar – [email protected] Mr Lauder – [email protected] 1 Contents History: The Romans 1. Curriculum Links 2. History Skills 3. The Growth of Rome 4. The People of Rome 5. The Roman Empire 6. The Roman Army 7. Life in the Roman Army 8. Roman Slavery 9. Roman Food 10. Just for Fun Curriculum for Excellence Level 3 2 • I can describe the factors contributing to a major social, political, or economic change in the past and can assess the impact on people’s lives. SOC 3-05a • I can use my knowledge of a historical period to interpret the evidence and present an informed view.
    [Show full text]
  • The Barbarians Invade the Roman Empire
    THE STORY OF EUROPE FROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE REFORMATION THE STORY OF EUROPE FROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE REFORMATION BY H. E. MARSHALL CONTAINING TWELVE MAPS YESTERDAY’S CLASSICS CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA Cover and arrangement © 2006 Yesterday’s Classics. This edition, first published in 2006 by Yesterday’s Classics, is an unabridged republi- cation of the work originally published as A Short Sketch of European History from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Reformation by Frederick A. Stokes Company in 1920. For a full listing of books published by Yesterday’s Classics, please visit www.yesterdaysclassics.com. Yesterday’s Classics is the publishing arm of the Baldwin Project which presents the complete text of dozens of classic books for children at www.mainlesson.com under the editorship of Lisa M. Ripperton and T. A. Roth. ISBN-10: 1-59915-158-8 ISBN-13: 978-1-59915-158-8 Yesterday’s Classics PO Box 3418 Chapel Hill, NC 27515 CONTENTS I. THE BARBARIANS INVADE THE ROMAN 1 EMPIRE II. THE RISE OF THE FRANKS 10 III. THE BARBARIANS RULE IN ROME 15 IV. THE RISE AND FALL OF JUSTINIAN’S EMPIRE―THE ROLE OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE 21 V. GREGORY THE GREAT LAYS THE FOUNDATION OF PAPAL POWER 27 VI. THE RISE OF MOHAMMEDANISM 32 VII. THE CONQUEST OF SPAIN BY THE ARABS 39 VIII. THE DEFEAT OF THE SARACENS―THE RISE OF THE CAROLINGIANS―THE DONATION OF PEPIN 45 IX. THE REIGN OF CHARLEMAGNE―THE BEGINNING OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 53 X.
    [Show full text]
  • Bullard Eva 2013 MA.Pdf
    Marcomannia in the making. by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Eva Bullard 2013 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Marcomannia in the making by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member During the last stages of the Marcommani Wars in the late second century A.D., Roman literary sources recorded that the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was planning to annex the Germanic territory of the Marcomannic and Quadic tribes. This work will propose that Marcus Aurelius was going to create a province called Marcomannia. The thesis will be supported by archaeological data originating from excavations in the Roman installation at Mušov, Moravia, Czech Republic. The investigation will examine the history of the non-Roman region beyond the northern Danubian frontier, the character of Roman occupation and creation of other Roman provinces on the Danube, and consult primary sources and modern research on the topic of Roman expansion and empire building during the principate. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reviewso G I C a C a R P a T H I C281 a Vol
    A C T A A R C H A E O L REVIEWSO G I C A C A R P A T H I C281 A VOL. XLIX, 2014 PL ISSN 0001-5229 REVIEWS Rastko Vasic, Die Halsringe im Zentralbalkan. Vojvodina, Serbien, Kosovo und Mazedonien, Prähistorische Bronzefunde 11:7, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, 70 Seiten, 44 Tafeln; ISBN 978-3-515-09678-2. The monograph Die Halsringe im Zentralbalkan by Rastko Vasic is already his fourth scholarly contribution, published in the now respected Prähistorische Bronzefunde (PBF) series. His earlier studies addressed the subject of sickles1, brooches2 and dress pins3. Every one of them was the first monographic study of a given type of object in the central Balkans. This is true also of the study made by Rastko Vasic of neckrings from Vojvodina, Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia. Given the extremely complicated political situation in the region and the fact that the materials, even if analysed, were published in different countries and languages, the study of neckrings must have run into quite a few obstacles. If only for this reason, the great labour put in by Rastko Vasic only to assemble his materials to this and to earlier monographs is worthy of recognition. Incidentally, the study under review is the seventh to be published in the PBF series dedicated to neckrings and neck ornaments. The earlier works concerned addressed the materials from south-western Germany4, Greece5, Slovakia6 and Poland7. Still, as noted earlier, this is the first work to discuss the materials from central Balkans. It might be more accurate to stress that this is the first contribution on some regions of the Balkans which have been overlooked here so far.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo
    CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo-European and Germanic Background Indo-European Background It has already been mentioned in this course that German and English are related languages. Two languages can be related to each other in much the same way that two people can be related to each other. If two people share a common ancestor, say their mother or their great-grandfather, then they are genetically related. Similarly, German and English are genetically related because they share a common ancestor, a language which was spoken in what is now northern Germany sometime before the Angles and the Saxons migrated to England. We do not have written records of this language, unfortunately, but we have a good idea of what it must have looked and sounded like. We have arrived at our conclusions as to what it looked and sounded like by comparing the sounds of words and morphemes in earlier written stages of English and German (and Dutch) and in modern-day English and German dialects. As a result of the comparisons we are able to reconstruct what the original language, called a proto-language, must have been like. This particular proto-language is usually referred to as Proto-West Germanic. The method of reconstruction based on comparison is called the comparative method. If faced with two languages the comparative method can tell us one of three things: 1) the two languages are related in that both are descended from a common ancestor, e.g. German and English, 2) the two are related in that one is the ancestor of the other, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Principal Works of St. Jerome by St
    NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome by St. Jerome About NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome by St. Jerome Title: NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.html Author(s): Jerome, St. Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) (Editor) Freemantle, M.A., The Hon. W.H. (Translator) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Print Basis: New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892 Source: Logos Inc. Rights: Public Domain Status: This volume has been carefully proofread and corrected. CCEL Subjects: All; Proofed; Early Church; LC Call no: BR60 LC Subjects: Christianity Early Christian Literature. Fathers of the Church, etc. NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome St. Jerome Table of Contents About This Book. p. ii Title Page.. p. 1 Title Page.. p. 2 Translator©s Preface.. p. 3 Prolegomena to Jerome.. p. 4 Introductory.. p. 4 Contemporary History.. p. 4 Life of Jerome.. p. 10 The Writings of Jerome.. p. 22 Estimate of the Scope and Value of Jerome©s Writings.. p. 26 Character and Influence of Jerome.. p. 32 Chronological Tables of the Life and Times of St. Jerome A.D. 345-420.. p. 33 The Letters of St. Jerome.. p. 40 To Innocent.. p. 40 To Theodosius and the Rest of the Anchorites.. p. 44 To Rufinus the Monk.. p. 44 To Florentius.. p. 48 To Florentius.. p. 49 To Julian, a Deacon of Antioch.. p. 50 To Chromatius, Jovinus, and Eusebius.. p. 51 To Niceas, Sub-Deacon of Aquileia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lives of the Saints
    Itl 1 i ill 11 11 i 11 i I 'M^iii' I III! II lr|i^ P !| ilP i'l ill ,;''ljjJ!j|i|i !iF^"'""'""'!!!|| i! illlll!lii!liiy^ iiiiiiiiiiHi '^'''liiiiiiiiilii ;ili! liliiillliili ii- :^ I mmm(i. MwMwk: llliil! ""'''"'"'''^'iiiiHiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiii !lj!il!|iilil!i|!i!ll]!; 111 !|!|i!l';;ii! ii!iiiiiiiiiiilllj|||i|jljjjijl I ili!i||liliii!i!il;.ii: i'll III ''''''llllllllilll III "'""llllllll!!lll!lllii!i I i i ,,„, ill 111 ! !!ii! : III iiii CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY l,wj Cornell Unrversity Library BR 1710.B25 1898 V.5 Lives ot the saints. Ili'lll I 3' 1924 026 082 572 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026082572 THE ilibes? of tlje t)atnt0 REV. S. BARING-GOULD SIXTEEN VOLUMES VOLUME THE FIFTH THE ILities of tlje g)amt6 BY THE REV. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. New Edition in i6 Volumes Revised with Introduction and Additional Lives of English Martyrs, Cornish and Welsh Saints, and a full Index to the Entire Work ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 400 ENGRAVINGS VOLUME THE FIFTH LONDON JOHN C. NFMMO &-• NEW YORK . LONGMANS, GREEN. CO. MDCCCXCVIll / , >1< ^-Hi-^^'^ -^ / :S'^6 <d -^ ^' Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson &> CO. At the Ballantyne Press *- -»5< im CONTENTS PAGE Bernardine . 309 SS. Achilles and comp. 158 Boniface of Tarsus . 191 B. Alcuin 263 Boniface IV., Pope . 345 S. Aldhelm .... 346 Brendan of Clonfert 217 „ Alexander I., Pope .
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 18 - the Situation in the West After the Fall of Rome
    Church History Lesson 18 - The Situation in the West After the Fall of Rome 1. Introduction - A Crumbling Empire 1.1. In the last session we looked at a number of Christological controversies which embroiled the church, and consequently the Empire, up until the council of Chalcedon in 451. 1.2. As we saw, these controversies involved both the East and the West, but there were of far greater concern in the East than in the West, and the majority of bishops attending the various councils were overwhelmingly from the East. 1.3. Although there were a number of reasons for this, one of the major reasons was the rapidly changing situation in the West. After Rome was sacked for the first time in 410 AD, it sent shockwaves through the whole empire, but especially in the West. Although the Eastern part of the Empire continued in one form or another for over 1,000 years more, the situation in the West was far different. 1.4. Today we will take a brief look at what happened in the West after the first sacking of Rome in 410, and see how this affected life and the church in the West for the next 300 years or so. 2. The Barbarian Invasions 2.1. The events that most affected life and the church in the West were a series of invasions by “barbarian” tribes. 2.2. Obviously the first major invasion was when Alaric and his band of Visigoths, who invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410. It was the shockwaves from this event that caused Augustine to write his opus City of God.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbarians Invade Rome! Questions
    But the power of Rome was weakening. By the late 400s, Rome was Name no longer the mighty power that it had once been. In 476, the Hun leader, Odoacer, seized power in the western half of the Roman Empire and declared himself king of Italy. Barbarians Invade Rome! The eastern half of the Roman Empire tried to take power back in the west by sending troops, under the leadership of King Theodoric By Sharon Fabian of the Ostrogoths, to fight Odoacer. The Ostrogoths killed Odoacer, and Theodoric became the new leader of Italy. The Roman Empire, at its height, extended across much of Europe, but even then there were other groups of people who were The Roman Empire in the east continued, but Roman rule in the not part of the Roman Empire living in Europe too. Many of these west had come to an end. Europe entered into an era of uncertainty. groups, called tribes, lived in the far north. Others lived in various Rulers changed frequently, as one leader attacked and defeated parts of Europe not occupied by the Roman Empire. another. Invasions, attacks, and feuds were commonplace. It was the beginning of the Middle Ages. The barbarian tribes, as many of them were known, didn't like the idea of settling down and farming. They preferred a roaming, Today, when we hear of Huns, we picture wild-eyed, long-haired, warlike lifestyle. Due to climate changes and other factors, many of screaming invaders. the tribes began to migrate closer to the Roman Empire and sometimes even settle within the borders of the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.
    [Show full text]
  • Cc 100: the Whole in One (The Whole Bible in One Quarter)
    CREATION TO NEW CREATION: JOURNEY THROUGH SCRIPTURE FROM GENESIS TO REVELATION CC 100: THE WHOLE IN ONE (THE WHOLE BIBLE IN ONE QUARTER) Session 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLE: WHAT IT IS, HOW WE GOT IT, HOW TO READ IT, WHAT IT SAYS, HOW TO PRAY WITH IT 0. Introduction: Dare to Dream and The Task Before Us 0.1. “Can Catholics Be Bible Christians?: Debunking Some Popular Myths”–two-part article at www.emmausinstitute.net 0.2. Let’s think of the Bible as a Catholic book (because it is) and dream of the day when Catholic Christians are known as much by their devotion and attentiveness to consuming the words of our Lord as they are by their devotion and attentiveness to consuming the Word, the Body and Blood, of our Lord (see Dei Verbum 21). 0.3. The task before us in Session 1 1. What Is the Bible?: The Question of Definition 1.1. The Bible is a written text–pages with words written on them which someone wrote. a. Three essential elements of every written text: • a written medium (how it says) . • that conveys a message (what it says) . • for a particular mission someone wanted to accomplish (why it says). b. Illustration: A STOP sign c. When we go about reading or studying the Bible, these are the questions before us: • How does this text say what it is saying? (the medium/material) • What does this text say? (the meaning/message) • Why does this text say what it is saying? (the mission/motive) 1 2 1.2.
    [Show full text]