The Lepidopterists' News

THE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY P. O. Box 104, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts, U. S. A. Editor - C. L. REMINGTON • Assoc. Editor -J E. REMINGTON Volume II May 1948 Number 5

A REPORT ON THE WAR DAMAGE TO LEPIDOPTEROLOGY IN EUROPE by Sergius G. Kiriakoff Zooloeical Laboratories University of Ghent, Belgium The editor of the NEWS has asked me to very important. collections have been preserved give a short account of war losses in Europe from destruction, entirely or for the greater with reference to lepidopterists killed or part: Koenig Museum, Bonn; Senckenberg Museum, deceased during the hostilities, damage to or Frankfurt; ViE,nna Museum and Linz Museum, Aus­ loss of public or private collections, etc. tria; the Deut.sches Entomologisches Institut, As everyone knows, present conditions in Eur­ Berlin-Dalhem; Museums of Munich, Stuttgart ope are by no means normal. The whole east­ and Berlin. 'l'he premises of the last four in­ ern portion of the Continent is cut off from stitutions have been wholly or partially de­ the rest of the world by the Iron Curtain, stroyed. Fortunately, the collections were and even in the remaining parts of Europe carried to safety in time to escape destruc­ comnunications are not always easy and it is tion. difficult to get sufficient data. Among the private collections, most have The study of the Lepidoptera has always not suffered Emy damage owing to the measures been particularly well-developed in Germany, or precaution which have been taken by the and German lepidopterists, professional as owners. Dr. F'orster tells me that he knows well as amateur, have, even in the last pre­ of two of the ]a rger private collections that war years, outnumbered those of the other Eu­ have been completely lost: viz. those of Phil­ ropean countries, with the possible exception lipps, ColognE', and of Draudt, Darmstadt; in of the British Isles. As Germany has suf­ addition, the Prack collection, Frankfurt, has fered very heavily during the war, it is of been very badly damaged. particular importance to know the extent of her losses with regard to Lepidopterology. I I am writlng to another German lepidopter­ have asked Dr.W. Forster, of the Bavarian ist whose adw'ess has been kindly supplied by State Zoological Collections, Munich, to give Dr. Fors ter, and hope to be able to report la­ such information as he could gather. This ter on some r\~ther data, especially on what first part of my report comprises the infor­ regards the Russian zone. The report on loss­ mation Dr. Forster has kindly sent me. I es suffered by the West European countries thank him very much indeed and I know that will be sent in later. the readers of the NEWS will feel grateful to him for this information, the first of its Dr. Forstor writes me that although a very kind, as far as I am aware, since the end of important and valuable portion of the German the war. A report of war losses to science collections has been saved, there still is in Germany has appeared in NATURE ror 1946, great danger threatening i'urther damage or e­ but without special reference to Lepidoptera. ven destruction: there is no equipment such as boxes and ,~abinets. no preserving means; 1.- LEPIDOPTERISTS KILLED OR DECEASED.­ and as a resl.!.lt of the urgent economy measures Killed in action: Wilhelm Koehler, Munich. there are mos'tly only skeleton staffs present. Deceased (no further details are given; some Besides, many of the premises are heavily da­ may have been killed in air raids): Dr. h.c. maged without means of repair. As an example, Fr. Phillipps, Cologne; Dr. Schawerda, Vien­ the Bavarian State Museum, Munich, needs at na; Dr. Kurt von Rosen, Munich; J. Rober, least 10,000 insect boxes along with the cor­ Dresden; Dr. H. Zerny, Vienna; Dr. Przegendza, responding cabinets and there i8 no hope wh'lt­ Nfrrenberg; Dr. H. Duerck, Munich; Prof. Dr. ever for a solution, as financial possibili­ von stubenrauch, Munich; H. Freiherr von der ties are nil. Most of the cabinets, says Dr. Goltz, Coblenz; Colonel von Bartha, Budapest, Forster, have been destroyed by fire, as is Hungary; Willy Schultze, Toelz (formerly of the case with many other museums. The only Manila, Philippine Is.); Dr. C. Bosch, Heid­ hope of the G'3rman lepidopterists rests with elberg; Dr. von Sterneck, Carlsbad; Dr. Krem­ foreign aid. If I may make a plea, I think, ky, Warsaw, Poland. This list includes such that for science's sake, a campaign should be authorities as Rober, Zerny,and Von der Goltz. -launched among the American uni vez:si ties, to try to save what can be saved. It is my ear­ 2.- COLLECTIONS DAMAGED OR DESTROYED.­ nest hope that this appeal shall not remain Completely lost: Those in the Museums of Ham­ unanswered. burg, of Stettin and of Augsburg. Partially lost: That of Dresden Museum. The following

49 50 Vol.II. no.5 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY - III. DEFINITIONS OF COMMON LATIN TERMS After the new impetus to taxonomic biolo­ Lepidopterists who use taxonomic litera­ gy resulting from Darwin's explanation of ev­ ture regularly encounter many latin expres­ olution in the 1850's there remained a need sions which have become the specific short­ for an understanding of the mechanism of the hand for certain meanings in papers in all inheritance of physical characters, before languages. In continuation ot our series of the full explanation of the evolutionary pro­ brief aids to the untrained worker, we present cess was possible. Early workers wrote that here, with definitions, some common terms. the germ plasm of the individual was modified by the environment ana' that this modification 1. species ~ (sing.) The deSignation to was fixed and was passed on to the offspring. be placed immediately arter the name given For example, a dark Catocala living in white in the original paper for a previously un­ birch surroundings would become slightly described(unnamed) species. Correctly ab­ lighter and transfer the paleness to its off­ breviated !E. •.nQ.Y. or A2 •.n. (not .n •.m.) spring, which-would, in turn, become slightly 2. genus ~ (sing.). The designation for paler, and so on until a white species would a new genus, abbreviated ~.~. result arter numerous generations. 3. ~~. The designation for a new name for a previously described (named) Gregor Mendel, a monk, was probably the species, genus, etc., usual~y used when first to discover some of the basic princi­ the former name is found to be a homonym; ples of heredity now known as the science of often abbreviated B2m • .!l2X. or .n •.n. GENETICS. However, Mendel's work is only of 4. ~~. A specific name without a historical interest, since he published his recognizable original description or a ge­ results in such an obscure way that the dis­ neric name without an included species coveries were made independently and almost which can be type. (nom.~.) simultaneously by three outstanding biolo­ 5. nomen conservandum. A name, which would gists who immediately placed their work be­ rarr-into synonymy according to the Law of fore the field, some time before Mendel's un­ Priority, but which has become universally known papers were found. These real fathers used and whose abandonment would cause too of genetics were De Vries, Correns, and von great confusion, may be preserved by a ru­ Tschermak. Even these men did not reveal the ling of the International Commission on physical site of hereditary events. It was Zoological Nomenclature and receives this T.H. Morgan and his stUdents who showed that designation. (plural - nomina conseryapda) the hereditary units ("genes") are located in 6. ~ inguirendum. "Questionable name"; structures known as chromosomes occurring in a name w ose status is uncertain. the nucleus of all the living cells of the 7. auctorum. Li terally, "of authors"; a term body and that slight changes ("mutations") in used following a specific or generiC name one of these genes will change the physical to designate previous usage (not believed character controlled by that gene. For exam­ correct) of that name. (Nearly always ple, one gene controls the presence of the written auct.) white ground-color so common in females of 8. lapsus cSIami. Literally, a "slip of the the genus Colias. If a stray X-ray strikes pen"; refers to an accidental misspelling, the gene in a dividing sex cell of an adult especially of a scientific name. It has yellow ~ Colias. it may modify that gene so been claimed that modern usage should be that some or all of the ~ offspring of the "lapsus digiti"("slip of tho fingertt).since X-rayed * will be white females. modern manuscripts are typed. but this view does unnecessary violence to a firmly es­ However, most of these gene mutations are tablished, universally understood term. not so radical. Instead, with the dark Q!!2- 9. in statu nascendi. "In the state of being cala moving to a birch region, a mutation oorn"; referred to a species which is so iII! appear giving a few more white scales on close to its fellow species as to be consi­ the wings. Even a slight paleness will give dered either a race or a distinct species, some protection from enemies, so that the pa­ the decision being arbitrary; the assump­ ler individuals survive and have offspring tion is that it is becoming distinct. more often than the darker moths. This pro­ lO.emendatus. "Amended"; placed arter a name cess continuing for very /many generations when the original spelling has been correc­ eventually produces whiteness in the species. ted. (emend. ) It is generally accepted among biologists ll.sensu lato. "In the broad sense"; example­ that the mutation for paleness is merely a papIri0-36ns.lat. would mean the broadest random accident and that others for redness, current interpretation of the genus (see blackness, etc. occur just as often but are below). (a.lat., s.l.) discriminated against by "Natural Selection", 12.sensu strictO:-"In-the narrow sense"; ex­ since these do not contribute to a better ample- Papilio sens.strict. (or ~.etrict •• chance for survival. Modern geneticists be­ a.s.) would mean the restricted group of lieve that evolution is the result of an accu­ species of the genus, not Bat tus, !phicl1- mulation of these beneficial "micromutations" djs. or o.ther genera separated by "spli t­ and that a species divides when different t ng" authors. populations become separated by barriers so l}.ex-ovo. "From egg"; reared from the egg. that interbreeding ceases and then each popu­ llj..ex-larva. "From larva"; reared from a larva. lation goes its own diverging, random way in l5.ex-pupa. "From pupa"; reared from the pupa. changing according to its environment. These three expressions should be used on C.L.R. the labels of reared specimens. C.L.R. May 1948 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 51 NOTES ON THE GENUS EUREMA (PIERIDAE) IN THE UNI'l.'ED STATES by· Alexander B. Klots College of the City of New York Eurema is one of the more imperfectly zona. The writer would like to study all known of our butterfly genera, as a result of available specimens. Life history data are which misidentifications and misapprehensions very badly needed. are particularly rife concerning many of the species, In part this stems from several er­ Eurema nicippe. (Cramer) is a well known,wide­ rors made by Holland in the Butterfly Book; ly distributed species which presents no spe­ some arises from the as yet little understood cial problems, although more detailed lire relationships of the forms in the jucunda - history data are needed. Some noticelible ab­ ~ complex; and one widely followed error errations are known, such as the yellow one in the nomenclature must be attributed to the (II~") that has been confused with E. bois­ present writer. duvaliana. A fHirly frequent variation-has the underside of the hindwing brown to red-brown. The purpose of this shQrt paper is two­ fold. First, it may help to clarify some of Eurema lis6. (Bc)isduval &: Leconte), like nicip­ the puzzling points; and second it may, by lU!., presents no special problems, although pointing out some of the major gaps in our much detailed work remains to be done on the knowledge, stimUlate work to fill those gaps. life history and the number and variation of In this respect the writer would like to en­ the broods in various localities. ter a plea for the loan of study material and for information. Ever since his revision of Eurema ~ ~.phe (Felder) has frequently the Eurema of the New World in 1929 (Entomo­ been misidentified and misnamed. It is 1'i£­ logica Americana Vol. IX (n.ser.) pp.99-l7l, ured as ~. ~~ perimede Prittwitz in Klots, 4 pl.) he has maintained a particular inter­ 1929 (P1.IV, f i g.93-94). The name perimede est in this [enus. He hopes to be able some was there unfol'tunately applied to this race day to prepare a thoroughgoing revision of at of nise by a misprint, so that this name, least the North American species. whiCIlIs really based on South American speo­ imens and is not at all applicable here, has Eurema mexicana (Boisduval) presents no major crept into the literature. Edwards gave the problems. We need more data about the north­ name .l!!!!!!! to specimens of this species taken ern and western limits of its range. I have in Mexico near the Arizona border. Unless the taken it in southern Wyoming, and in central contrary can bl3 demonstrated by good series Colorado at 10,000 ft. breeding and well es­ of specimens WI! should use the racial name tablished in the Canadian Zone. There is sane nelphe, based on Mexican specimens, for our ground for suspicion that the North American North American~, with ~ as a synonym. popUlation constitutes a valid, though not ve­ This species has been frequently misidentified ry distinct race. Life history work is needed. as lisa; and I have seen £emales misnamed Juciinda. It i:l well established in southern Etwema proterpia (Fabricius) occurs widely in Florida where at least three, and possibly southern Arizona. I have a few Texas records, four, broods OI~Cur annually. Life history but none from New Mexico. It is well known work is badly needed. I would like the oppor­ from Cuba and Mexico, so that it may well oc­ tunity of stud;ying all specimens. cur along the Texas gulf coast and in Florida. There is a suspicion that proterpia and the Eurema dina weatwoodi (Boisduval), figured by next species, gundlachia, may really be con­ Holland-rPI.XXXVI, fig.ll) is supposed to oc­ specific. Life history work is needed. cur in the United States. Since it is a com­ mon species in Mexico this is not unlikely. Eurema gundlachia (poey) occurs in Arizona,as I have not, however, seen authentic specimens. well as in Mexico and Cuba. Perhaps it will The nymotypical race, !. ~ dina (Poey) is be found in New Mexico, Texas and the South­ Antillean; thia might occur in Florida. east. Holland (Butterfly Book) figured a ~ gundlachia (Pl. LXXIII, fig.25) and a ~ as Eurema messalina (Fabricius), figured in Klots, longicauda Bates (Pl. XXXVII, fig.25), a syno­ 1929 (Pl.II, flg.4l-42) is a small, white nymous name. Life history work needed. species common in Cuba and the Bahamas. It has been recorded from Florida on the basis of Eurema salome limoneus(Felder) figured by Hol­ an old record of Maynard's from Sanford, Oct. land (Pl.XXXVII, fig.9-l0) as E. damaris(Fel­ 1, 1887, and o:f some specimens of very dubious der) is the Mexican race of a widespread and authentici ty ll!l.belled "Chokoloskee II by a deal­ common tropical species. I have seen speci­ er. Unless some absolutely authentic North mens labelled "Texas" but none with trust­ American records turn up the species should be worthy data. There is one apparently authen­ dropped from the North American list. Blakei tic record from Garces, Ariz., June. It may (Maynard) apnlles to a Bahaman race. Gnathene occur widely along our scuthern border. Any (Boisduval) and gnatheme auct. are synonyms of life history data would be extremely valuable. messalina.

Eurema boisduvaliana (Felder)fi~ured by Klots, Eurema daira (Godart) [delia (Cramer)] and 1929 (loc.cit. Pl.II, fig.5l-52), not uncom­ Jucunda-rBOIsduval &: Leconte) are the chie!' mon in Mexico and known from Cuba, is known United States members of Ii cOr.1plex which pre­ to occur sparingly in Florida, Texas and Ari- sents an extr~nely puzzling situation. In- 52 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS V01.II, nc.S KLOTS: NOTES ON EUBEMA IN THE U.S.A. volved are also tr.e Antillean E. palmfra (Po­ 1. Males; usually wi tb clea.r cut, dark bar ey) and the Central American ~: lydia Felder) along inner margin of fore wing above ••••• 2 which resembled jucunda in being white or ve­ ry lightly marked beneath but have the hind 1. Females; usually without this bar, or wines of the male and both wings of the fe­ with the bar diffuse ••••••••••••••••••••• 12 male white above; and the Antillean E. ebrio- 1& (Poey) and the Central American ~: eugenIa TWallengren) which resemble ~ in being 2. Bar deep grey, usuelly wide ••••••••••••••• ~ marked or tinted with brown or reddish undp.r­ neath but, like palmyra and lydia, have the 2. Bar true black, usually narrower •••• elathca hind wings of the male and both wings of the female white above. In some 10calities(ch1ef­ ly southward) one finds nearly every possible ~. Both fore and hind wine s above ye110w ••••• 4 intergradation and combination of these char­ acters in such a way as to show that there ~. Hind wings above white •••••••••••••••••••• 9 can be no definite species lines. In other localities (chiefly northward) the lucunda and daira "types" appear to keep quite con­ l~. Marginal border of hind wings above sistently separate. Haskin (Ent. News, 19~~, largely confined to an apic al patch ••••••• 5 vol.W~, p.121) published the results of some rearing work in Auburndale, Fla. This strong­ 4. Marginal border of hind wines above ex­ ly suggests the likelihood of iucunda being a tending broadly well helow apical patch, hot season form and daira a cold season form sometimes solid to anal angle ••••••••••••• 7 of the same species.---spEicimens intermediate between them in season showed a high percen­ tage of intergrading in appearance. This i­ 5. Hind wings beneath brown to brick red­ dea is borne out by field observations of my brown, thoroughly dusted with fuscous own in central Florida, and by the study of scales •••••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••••• dalra large series of specimens from the United states, Cuba and Central America. However, 5. Hind winhs beneath whitish, yellowish we cannot be even reasonably sure of anything or light pinkish-broVln •••••••••••••••••••• 6 until someone, preferably in Florida, rears adequate series of these forms from known pa­ rents under natural seasonal conditions; and, 6. Hind wint;s beneath whitish or yellowish­ if possible, carries out controlled breeding white, sometimes considerably dusted experiments. Such work will be of the great­ with fuscous scales ••••••••••••• "delioides" est general biological as well as entomologi­ cal value. Northern records are needed in both 6. Hind wings light pinkish or brownish­ the Eastern coastal plain and the interior. tinged below; mostly in autumn broods in U.S.A.; dominant in Mexico ...... cepio Eurema palmSra (Poey) [or~. lygia (Felder)], mentioned a ove as members of t e ~ - 1E­ ~ complex, occurs in a limited area in 7. Hind wings beneat~ pearly white, more or southern Florida. I have seen only a few less liehtly dusted with fusco~s scaling •• S specimens, not enough to determine the exact affinities. These forms are figured in Klots, 7. Hind wings beneath white heavily dusted 1929, Pl.l, fig.11-13. More material for stu­ with fuscous scales, or liGht brownish dy is badly needed; so are life history data. or pinkish-brown. Intermediate forms to ~; most common in sprinc and autumn Eurema elathea (Cramer) was recorded by Hol­ broods in southern Florida and Mexico, land as occurring in "Florida, Mexico and the rare northward. Antilles". However, the specimen figured by Holland (Butterfly Book, Pl.XXXVII, fig.12) as elathea is really~. ebriola (Poey) as the 8. Marginal borders of wings very wide; grey, not black, bar on the fore wing unmis­ Mexico •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• sldonia takably shows. I have never seen an authen­ tic North American elathea; nor have I ever 8. Marginal borders of wings narrower; seen an authentic North American specimen of Mexico and southern U.S.A •••••••••• jucunda either ebriola or of the closely related ~­ genia (Wallengren) of Central America. Appar­ ently Holland not only had a specimen wi th 9. Marginal border of hind wings above inaccurate data but also figured it under the largely confined to an apical patch; wrong name. hind wings beneath typically brown or brownlsh-red ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 For the convenience of students a short 9. Marginal border of hind wings above ex­ key to the "barred" forms follows. Be it re­ tendi~ well beyond apical patch, some­ iterated that this must be used with caution. times solid to anal angle; hind wines be­ No attempt has been made in it to evaluate the neath typically white or yellowish- specific or subspecific status of the forms. white .•.••...•.••••••••••••••••••••••.••• ll THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 53 KLOTS: NOTES ON EUREMA (cont.) 10. Antillean; bal' and border of fore wing DETERMINATION OF PARASITES OF LEPIDOPTERA and apical patch of hi:1d wing above narrower •••••••••••••..••••••••••• ebriola The exact identification of parasites is an important flspect of the biology of Lepi­ 10. Mai::lland; bar and bordor of fore wing doptera. It ~Ieems likely that nearly all and apical patch of hind wing above species are pf~asltized in SOme stage of their wider •••.••..•...... ••••••••••••• eugen1a life cycle. Most insects which parasitize Lepidoptera f'nll into four groups. The two­ winged flies (Diptera) are mostly LARVAEVOR­ 11. Antillean; bar and border of fore wing IDAE (formerly Tachinidae)j the larvaevorids and border of hind wing above narrower ••• lay enormous numbers of tiny eggs scattered ••••••••••••• palmyre around the foc)d-plant of' the host butterfly or moth, thOSEI which are eaten with the leaves 11. Mainland; bar and border of fore wing hatching and nttacking the insides of' the ca­ and border of hind wing above wider •••••• terpillar. There are three common parasitic ...... •.. •• lydi a ~roups of the narrow-waisted four-winged flies (Hymenoptera). The ICHNEUMONIDAE are often very large, sometimes tiny, and have rela­ 12. Females not keyed out in detail, too much tively numerous wing veins. The BRACONIDAE information being lacking. In general, are often very small, occasionally large, and females follow the same uattern lines as differ most obviously in lacking one crcss­ the respective males. TWo important ex­ vein which is present in ichneumon-flies; the ceptions are: common swarms of tiny parasite larvae which emerge and attach white cccoons to sphinx a. In ebriola, eugenia, palmyra and lydia, larvae are brnconids. The CHALCIDOIDEA are the forms with yellOW fore wings and distinctive in being very small (some para­ white hind wings in the males, the sites of eggs are hardly visible) and in hav­ females have both pairs of wings white ing the wing venation almost entirely absent; above. many chalcids are brilliant iridescent green or blue and sc)me of the largest chalcids, dis­ b. In~, jucundfl, etc., the forms with tinctive for huge (llswollen") hind leg bases, both fore and hind wings yellow in the often emerge 1.'rom pupae of Lycaenidae. males, the females are typically simi­ larly unicQlorous. Some jucunda fe­ males, however, may have both fore and hind wings white above, or have fore i~ ~f ~ wings yellow and hind wines white above, ~ ~ ~ 0'.'.;' w;, or have fore wings white and hind wings yellow above. Some ~ females may ~~ have both fore and hind wings white or l..or-vuvo)'idQQ. lch"sumonido. BrQconicf,,& Icnne:utl1onid wine yellowish-white above. There is little value in saving these pa­ rasites unlesll the species or the lepidopte­ ran host is definitely known. If the identi­ ty of the parllsitized egg, larva, or pupa is In conclusion may I note that the working known, the pm-asites should be carefully pre­ out of the racial affinities of many of the served, with locality, emergence date, and Eurema, and particularly of the "barred" spe­ host clearly noted on the label. Medium and cies, is a very difficult task. At the Amer­ large parasitlts may be mcunted on rine insect can Museum are series of hundreds of speci­ pins. Tiny species may be kept between layers mens, including large numbers from many loca­ of cellucotton in pill boxes cr match bcxes. lities in the tropics; yet, even with such material available ror comparison we cannot At presenf. no .authority has been found to be sure of major points. It is very much to identify chalcids reared rrcm Lepidoptera, be hoped that workers will refrain from "snap but for North American specimens cf the other judgments" based on comparatively small ser­ groups, ident:Lfications wil·l be provided for ies of North American specimens and will, be­ Lep. Soc. meml)ers as follows: fore publishing local lists or similar papers, make sure of the proper identification of LARVAEVORIDAE •••••••••••••• Curtis W. Sabrosky their material. It is also hoped that work­ ICHNEUMONIDAE ••••••••••••••••• Henry K. Townes ers will take every precaution to safeguard BRACONIDAE ••••••••••••••••••• C.~.W. Muesebeck the accuracy of their data. Many inaccuracies have been recorded in the literature, and very Address for each: Div. of Insect Identifica­ many weary days have been wasted because of tion, Bureau of Entomology & Plant Quarantine, specimens from the Antilles, Central and c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington 25, D.C. South America that have been labelled "Texas", "Florida", "Chokoloskee, Fla.", etc. I have Members submitting specimens should orrer positive evidence that some of this has been to have the parasites plaoed in the National caused by dealers wilfully mislabelling ma­ Museum collections. The NEWS will publish all terial so as to sell it to collectors. Let us new records of parasites reared from Lepidop­ hope that this sort of things will not recur. tera. When extensive material has been accu­ mulated it may be possible to publish separ­ ately a systematic list of Lepidoptera and all parasites reared from them. C.L.R. 54 Vol.II, no·5 BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES. 13. PORTRAITS. On this page are portraits of four of the lepidopterists of whom biographical sketches appeared in Vol. I of the NEWS. All of these photographs were previously unpublished. Those of Edwards, Packard, and Riley were kindly loaned by Dr. A.B. Klots of New York. The Scudder portrait is from the files of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge.

William Henry Edwards (1822-1909)

Charles Valentine Riley (1843-1895)

Samuel Hubbard Scudder (1837-1911) A1pheu8 Spring Packard, Jr. (1839-1905) THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 55 BOOK REVIEYIS NOTES ON COLLECTION & LIBRARY CARE 8. The Butterflies of the Eastern United Dr. E.P. Meiners, for decades one of the states by G. ~F::,ench * most constructive amateur entomologists in America, spedalizes in Lepidoptera and Coleo­ Previous to the last decade of the nine­ ptera and the history of entomology. He has a teenth century the North American lepidopter­ very extensivE' library and large collection of ist had few reference works with which he original lettE,rs from great and lesser Ameri­ could identify the speci~ens in his collec­ can entomolog:l.sts. He recently sent several tion. There were no manuals like Holland's, useful comments on material in the March NEWS, Comstock's and the many others which we today which we are quoting.-- consider indispensable. He may have had a co­ py of Emmon's Insects of New York, the miser­ The creosote method of fumigation "was able plates of which would have helped to i­ first advocatE,d by Dr.George Bock of St.Louis dentify some of the commoner species. Or, .he and you will find it written up in Ent. News may have had Harris' Insects In lurious Ji..2 :i.!1- Vol.lS, p.lJ.43., 1907. Dr. Bock usedthimOIeS, eetation,the third emtion of which contained to which he hud soldered short pins so that a few illustrations of butterflies and moths. he could pin them in his boxes, as containers for the creosote. I saw his collection some Prof. French realized the need of a mode­ years ago and thought it looked rather messy rately priced manual for the identification since, whenevE,r the fluid spilled out it of our butterflies. For a number of years he stained the Ilning of the trays. • • • • • • had been using analytical tables of the but­ A few years ~·ter Bock announced his method terflies of Illinois which he had prepared the Kny-Scherer Co., who were then one of the for the use of his classes. Encouraged by foremost suppliers of entomological needs, the popular demand for these tables he elabo­ manufactured u small,globular, glass container rated upon them and,with additional material, into which a ~Itrong pin was fused. This had issued them in book form in 1885 under the ti­ some advantagEl over the thimbles in that the tle"Butterflies of the Eastern United States". opening at thE! top was necessarily smaller The book is a small octavo volume of 408 pag­ than the body of the container and therefore, es containing some 93 text figures of butter­ prevented spilling to some extent. • • • flies or their preparatory stages. The text I always add n little PDB in my relaxing box begins with a brief account of the anatomy and am never 1;roubled by mold, even when spe­ and metamorphosis of the butterflies. An "ac­ cimens are left for an unduly long time. Se­ centuated list of the butterflies of the Eas­ veral years ago I had a correspondent who tern United States" shows 201 species recog­ sent me specimens in tight tin containers. nized as occurring within the territory cov­ These specimens were usually still fresh when ered. The "Analytical Key for the Determina­ sent and not thoroughly dry. The first box I tion of the Butterflies of the Eastern United received I found all of the specimens had de­ States", which takes up about 25 pages, is veloped mold. Thereafter, at my request, my followed by a brief account of the butterflies, correspondent placed a little naphthalene in their varieties and life histories as far as the box and this never again happened, al­ known. This occ~pies the balance of the book though the papers were sometimes quite damp. with the exception of a brief glossary. • • • • • On the othet hand, PDB draws out re­ sin from the wood of some boxes, especially Holland said of this book, "It is an ad­ when such wood as cypress is used, causing mirable little work, with the help of which unsightly stalning of the paper lining. Ap­ the student may learn much in relation to the parently we hElve not yet found an ideal pre­ subject; but it greatly lacks in illustration, servative. • • • • without which all such publications are not attractive or thoroughly useful to the stu­ "Another (:omment on the preservation of dent". Colored plates, at the time of the books. As fox' protecting leather bindings- I first appearance of this book, were produced usually treat leather bindings once a year or either by lithography or hand coloring, the two with a prE'paration of equal parts of lano­ expense of which would have detracted from lin and neat's foot oil. This should be ap­ the usefulness of the book at which Prof. plied until the leather no longer soaks up the French aimed. According to the subtitle the oil and then wiped dry with a clean cloth. Us­ work was published "for the use of classes in ing this methc,d I have brought back a fair de­ zoology and private students". The author gree of pliabHity to old and dry bindings if undoubtedly expected his students to study there has not been much damage to the leather. their specimens for descriptive characters, which would be of more value than to depend "I like the idea of the exchange of ideas wholly upon comparative likenesses. That and experiencEls in the NEWS. The publication this work fulfilled the need of the student can become vex'y valuable in this way. I am of the Lepidoptera for many years is evidenc­ sure many collectors have little tricks which ed by the fact that it passed through four they would be glad to share with others. The editions. It is still worth rescuing from early numbers of the Bulletin of the ~ooklyn the shelves of the second hand book stores. Entomological Society were full of such ideas and I think i1; is too bad that no future jour­ Edwin P. Meiners nal has followed up this plan. Nearly everyone has his own little trick in baiting, capturing, *lst ed. philadelphia, 1890; 2nd ed. 414pp. and preserving his specimens in the field. 1896; 3rd ed.425 pp.1900; 4th ed.429 w.19l.4. Also in relaxing, mounting, labelling, etc." RECENT PAPERS ON LEPIDOPTERA Vol. II, no.5

160. An Old Moth Hunter, "The Oak Prominents." ei ther a geographical or ecolo~ical race Ent.Rec. & Journ. Variation, vol.60: pp.15- (see Kiriakoff, Lep.News 2: 3-4, 15). 19. Feb.-l~ On Drymonia ruficornis. 172. Esaki, Teiso, "A list of the known gynan­ 161. Berjot, E., "Le D.D.T. dans la lutte dromorphs of Japanese, Korean and Formosan contre lea Anthrenes." (In French). Rev. butterflies (Third report)." (In Japanese). ~. ~., vol.l1: pp.62-64. Mar:!947. Zephyrus (Japan)~ vol.9: pp.23l-237, pIS. Mentions that naphthalene and creosote are 18, 19. June 1947. Annotated list of 29 weak fumigants for collections and paradi­ specimens, mostly Pieridae. No European chlorbenzene is good, but short-lived. Sug­ language summary. Fine photos of specimens gests DDT as best protection. of Papilio bianor dehaani, Everes argiades 162. Betz, J., "Chasses aux lepidopteres en seitzi, Erynnis montanus. juin, en Kabylie." (In French). Rev. franc. 173. Fremlin, H.S., "Entomological Reminis­ ~., vol.ll:pp.53-58. Mar. 1947. Field cences." Proc. & Trans. S. London Ent. & notes, mostly on butterflies, of Algeria. N.!!. Soc. I94b-47: pp.170-=172. 12 Dec.1947. 163. Boursin, Ch., "La classification du Dr. l7!j:. Goddard, M.J., "A Mixed Pairing: Collas C. Borner." (In French). Rev.franc.Lep1d., hyale x Colias croceus abo pallida." The vol.ll: pp.65-78. Apr. 1947: Summarizes Entomologist, vol.Sl: pp.20-2l. Jan. 1948. Borner's (1925, 1939, etc.) overall classi­ Hyale 3 and croceus ~ found copulating and fication of Lepidoptera, with suborders others seen courting. MONOTRYSIA and DITRYSIA, latter with super­ 175. Hackray, J., "Contribution a l'etude de series HETEROCERA and RHOPALOCERA. la faune beIge." (In French). Rev. franc. 164. Brown, S.C.S., "Caloptilia Hubn.,a Genus Lepid., vol.ll:pp.19-24. 23 June-r947. Nu­ of Tineina." Proc. & Trans. S. London Ent. merous new records for Belgium, including 5 & N.H. Soc. 19~7:-pp:IJ7-lb7, 2 pls.--r2 spp. of butterflies,56 moths(22 Eupithecia!). Dec.194~ Descriptions, life history notes, 176. Haggett, G., "Lepidoptera Taken At Arun­ and key to British spp., with fine color del in 1947." The Entomologist, vol.81: plate of 15 of the Ib spp. Gracillaria Haw. pp.30-34. Feb.1948. Very detailed records. end Gracilaria Zelle said to be synonyms of 177. Harrison, J.W. Heslop, "The Pleistocene Caloptlla Hubn. races of certain British insects and distri­ 165. Bull, G.A., "Notes on Collecting in Kent, butional overlapping." Ent. 1i2.!?. & Journ. 19l~6." Proc. & Trans. S. London Ent. & N. Variation, vol.59: pp.14I=I45. Dec.-r947. lIe .§Q£. I9mi-4'7: pp.168-=169. 12 DeC. 1947. 178. Harrison, J.W.Heslop, "Lepidoptera in the 166. Burkhardt, V.R.,· "Collecting in West Sux­ Inner and Outer Hebrides durin6 the Year rey - 1947." Ent. Rec.Is Journ. Variation, 1947." The Entomologist, vol.tll: pp.1-6. vol.6o: pp.20-2l. Feb. 19~ Jan. 194~ List & notes of 79 spp.(12 but­ 167. Carpenter, G.D.Hale, "Three Interesting terflies), representing unusual records. Pseudacraea(Lep. , Nymphal1dae )." ~.Month­ 179. Harrison, J.W. Heslop, "The northern ~ ~., vol.84: pp.1-2, pl.B. Jan.~. distribution of pararge aegeria L. (Lep., Color figures of P. boisduvali sayonis.,P. satyridae)." ~. Monthly Mag., vol.84: eurytus victoris,-~. ~ zorica, the lat­ pp.40-4l. Feb. 1948. ter a copy. Reproduces original description 180. Haynes, Raymond F., "Some Notes on Ob­ of sayonis. Brief discussion of the mimics servations of the Rhopalocera of Southern and models: Pseudacraea and Acraea. Italy (1944-45)." Proc.!!,.!!:!.n!.~. London 168. Cockayne, E.A., "Aberrations of British Ent. Is M.H. Soc. 194b=47: pp.151-156. Macrolepidoptera." ~.~. 1s J0ltSn. Va­ 12 Dec. 1947. Interesting field notes. riation, vol.60: pp.9-l0. Feb. 19 • ~ 181. Hemmingsen, Axel M., "A chrysalis stri­ moth aberrations very .formally named I dulating by means of instrument on inside 169. Corbet, A. Steven, "Papers on Malaysian of cocoon." ~. Meddelelser, vol.25: pp. Rhopalocera. III: The Butterflies of Singa­ 165-173, 4 figs. 15 Nov. 1947. In N.China pore Island." 1h2 Entomologist,vol.Sl: pp. found the noctuid, Eligma narcissus Cram., 9-14, figs.1-6. Jan. 1948. Describes as making cocoons on twigs. Inside of cocoon new: Pratapa deudorix ingeni(Singapore; al­ has rasp and pupae have "scraper organ" on so Penang & Sumatra). Notes on 31 spp. of abdomen. This organ 1s rubbed on rasp when butterflies, collected and reared by F.C. cocoon is disturbed, as by egg-laying para­ van Ingen while a Japanese prisoner of war. site, and rhythmic, clearly audible sound Figures 3 and ~ genitalia of Pratapa mantra results. Structures figured. & deudorix. Gives 2 tables of distribution. 182. Herbulot, C., "Remarques a propos de 170. Corbet, A. Steven, "Papers on Malaysian l'article de Mme et Ie Dr Loritz intitule: Rhopalocera: IV. A New Satyrid Butterfly 'Notes zoogeographiques'." (In French). from Malaya." The Entomologist, vol.8l: ReK' franc. L~pid., vol.ll: pp.49-53. Mar. p.37. Feb. 194~ Describes as new race 19 7. Refutations of Loritz paper, on Q!­ hislopi (N. Kedah) of Ethope diademoides. tocala fraxini and Brenthis ino. 171. de Lesse, H., "Contribution a l'6tude du 183. Huggins, H.C., "Variation in British genre Erebia." (In French). Rev. franc. Insects." The Entomologist, vol.81: pp.35- Lepid., vol.ll: pp.97-118. May 1947. De­ 36. Feb. 194U. scribes as new: ~. epiphron mackeri "race" 184. Ito, Syusiro,"Drei Ypthima-Arten von den fauveaui (w. Pyrenees), ~. epiphron~­ Ryiikyu-Inseln (Lepidoptera,Satyridae)." (In aica "race" cebennica (Mt. Aigoual), '~. !!l!!.­ Japane_se). zephyrus vol.9 :pp.272-278, pl. lampus tigranes "race" lioranus (Lioran), 23, 3 figs. June 194 7. Describes as new E. ~ ~ "race" crollensis (Dent de Y. masakii. Gives notes on Y. riukiuana & Crolles). Gives records and notes on oth­ I. yayeyamana. Photos of all 3 spp. The ers. These "races" would be "microraces" lack of any European language description in the usual sense, since a "subspecies" is or distribution of masakii is regrettable. May 1948 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 57 185. Jollvet, Pierre, "Une methode pratique 195. Nobel, G." "L'Hesperide Gegenes pumilio pour la conservation des Chenilles: le mon­ Hffsgg." (In F]-ench). ~. [rane. tepid., tage a la gelatine." (In French). Rev. vol.ll:pp.llB-120. May 19 7. Notes on oc­ franc. Lepid., vol.ll: pp.9l-94. Apr. 1947. currence in l~rance. Reviews a method of preserving larvae given 196. Picard, J., "Qu' est-ce que Hesperia cald by Harry Andison in Canadian Entomologist. La Cerf?" (In French). Rev. franc. LeP1-d., 186. King, Harold, "Sex Attractant Principles vol.l1: pp.61-62. Mar. 1947. Places caid of Moths." Proc. & Trans. S. London Ent. & as a (spring) form of Muschampia mohammed. N• .!!. Soc. 19!j1i':Ii:7:-pp.l06-l08. 12 Dec.1947. 197. Picard, J ", "Nouvelles notes sur Pr)Sus Reports on work of Haller in U.S.A. and Bu­ (Scelotrix) (~acaliae Rbr. 1I (In French. tenandt in Germany which has proved that Rev. fran2. j:.epid., vol.l1: pp.94-95. Apr. sex attractant principle is chemical sub­ 1947. Descr:Lbes new race pyrenaeus from stance rather than electric or sound waves, Pas de la Cal~e in Pyrenees, differing from that it is one or more of the alcohols and typical race (Alps). is soluble in fat solvents. An incredibly 198. Puysegur, K. de, IINote sur un accouple­ small amount could be detected by males. ment entre Zorynthia 0 xena-creusa Meig. 187. Legrand, H., "Une Phycide nouvelle pour et ~. rumina-medesicaste Ill." In French). la faune franyaise Ephestia moebiusi Rebel. Rev.franc.1JU~., vol.ll:pp.10-15. 23 June (Crambidae Phycitinae) Mais est-elle reel­ 1947. ~~. El>lyxena-creusa found copulating lement nouvelle?" (In French). Rev.franc. with "* ruminll-medesicaste. An abnormal meet­ Lepid., vol.ll:pp.33-49, pl.3, 3 text figs. ing, since flight periods hardly overlap. Mar. 1947. Records~. moebiusi, shows its 199. Rungs, Ch .. , "Les Cimeliidae du Maroc." distinctness from E. elutella and retains (In French). Rev. franc. Lepid., vol.ll: it as distinct from ~. mistralella. Fig­ pp.86-90, pl .. 4-.-Apr. 1947. Describes as ures ~ genitalia of moebiusi and elutella; new:Cimelia margarita atlasica(Moyen Atlas) clear photos of moebiusi and mistralella. & form paupe]~, C. vaulogeri thamii (S.W. 188. La Marchand, S., "Nouvelle note sur quel­ coast of Mar()cco) & form pudibunda. Photos gues 11 thocolletis (Lap. Li thocolletidae) ." of types of j~,atlasica.pudibunda; of ~ (In French). Rev. franc. LePtd., vol.1l: genitalia of thamii, Q.margarita andalusica. pp.28-3l, 4 figs: 23 June 19 7. Gives sup­ 200. Russell, S.G. Castle, "A Short Account plement to his key to French spp.to include of 'The Bright Bequest' of Aberrations and 2 n.spp. (of Rebel); corrects former error Varieties of British Lycaenidae with Bio­ in key; describes new aberration fractifas­ graphical Notes on the Collector." w..s<. It. ciella of 1. kleemannella. It is a sur­ Trans. ~. 12!ldon Ent. ~ y . .§.2£. 1946-47: prise to find so busy an authority as M. Le pp.1-4, 1 pl.. 12 Dec. 1947. Collection Marchand naming aberrations! left to S. London Ent. & N.H. Society. 189. Lowe, J.H.B., "Collecting Butterflies in 201. Sabrosky, Curtis W., '~lnthemla cithero­ India." Proc. & Trans. S. London Ent. & ~.new species, with notes on the correct li •.!! • .§.2£. ""T§'lj:6-Iif:pp7l09'-u4. 12 Dec.194 7. name of !..~:ropia(Dlptera, Larvaevoridae)." Entertaining popular account. A preferred Proc.Ent.§2£.~., vol.50: pp.63-67. March resting spot of famous Leaf Butterfly (Kal­ 1948. These parasitic flies occur,the lat­ lima inachus) was on large boulders, where ter in larvaE. of Platysamia cecro ia,and the they were conspicuous instead of protected. former n.sp. in pupae of Cit r nia regalis. 190. Manny, J., "Race nouvelle de Zygaena 202. Seok, D.M., (Title in Jap ese. (In Ja­ achilleae Esp. en Charente-Maritime." (In panese). Zephyrus, vol.9:pp.281-282, 1 map. French). Rev. franc. Lepid., vol.ll:pp.95- June 1947. List giving(new?) records of 96. Apr. 1947. Not given new name; said to butterflies in Korea. be identical with form bitorguata Mon. 203. Seok, D.M.. "The study on the variation 191. Morimoto, TarS, "Note on an aberrant of Eyeres ~~ Pallas of Korea." (In form of Papilio xuthus Linne from Korea." Japanese). g.ephyrus, vol.9: pp.283-285. (In Japanese). Zephyrus, vol.9: p.280, 1 June 1947. E~tirely in Japanese. fig. June 1947. Recorded and figured, but 204. Sevastopulo, D.G., "An Abnormal Brood of no new name given. Leucania irregularis Walker." ~ Entomo­ 192. Morley, A.M., "Lepidoptera of Folkestone!' l0ft~st, vol.Sl: pp.38-40, flgs.1,2. Feb. Proc. 1& Trans • .§. London Ent. 1& N.,H. Soc. 19 • Reports 4 larvae with abnormal 4th I94b-47: pp.173-182. 12 Dec. 1947. Gener­ abdominal see~ent-- probably genetic. Note al notes on various moths and butterflies. by C.N. Hawkins. 193. Murayama, S., "Eine neue Aberration von 205. Shir6zu, 'l'akashi, "Description of a new Neozephyrus aurorinus Oberthiir aus Japan." species of the Ganus Favonius Sibatani et (In Japanese). Zephyrus, vol.9:p.279, 1 fig. Ito, 1943~ fr·om Honshu. Japan (Lycaenidae, Describes, figures and names(!) aberration. Theclinae)." (In Japanese & English). Ze­ 194. Muspratt, v., "Observations des Migra­ phyrus. vol.9':pp.238-244, pl.20. June 1947. t;ons en 1946." (In French). ~. franc. Describes(in English) E.yuasai as new, com­ tepid. vol.ll: PP.78-85; 120-127. Apr., paring it wi t.h related spp. Good photos of May 1947. Author, a leading authority on l:asai,E.orientali!,NeOzephyrus brillantinus. migration, summarizes for 1946:Pieris ~­ 20 • ShirOzu, 'l'akashi, "Notes on two allied sicae, Leucochloe daplidice, Coli as hyale & species of the genus Rasora Moore in Formo­ croceus, Vanessa atalanta & cardui & ~­ sa and the Loochoo group (Hesperiidae)." ~, Issoria lathonia, Lampides boeticus, (In Japanese). Zephyrus, vol.9: pp.245-255, Everes argiades, Laphygma exigua,Phytometra pl.21. June 1947. Extremely detailed syn­ gamma, Herse convolvuli, Macroglossum ~­ onymy and notes on status and distribution latarum, Celerio euphorbia • Nemophila ~­ of H. chromus inermis and H. taminatus vai- tuella, Plutella maculipennis. racana. Excellent photos of both. --- 58 RECENT LITERATURE (cont.) Vol.II, no.5 207. Shir6zu, Takashi, "Notes on Phengaris ta, aellographa, virescens, cymatias, ~­ daitozana Wileman and its allied species 1. dochroa, eucrypta, conspersa, baryspila, atroguttata formosana Matsumura in Formosa phaeopasta: Syneora speciosa, sinuosa, ~­ ( Lycaenidae). " ( In Japanese). Zephyrus, perata: Cleora hemichroma, pachydesma, chi­ vol.9:pp.256-264, p1.22. June 1947. De­ onospila, phaeocala, gypsochroa, doli chop­ tailed synonymy of both spp. f. matsumarai tila: Tigridoptera leucoplethes: Epidesma Sonan sunk as synonym of formosana. Forms, aetheria: Metrocampa pyrrhophanes; Lomogra­ aberrations dropped into synonymy. Fine pha sciara; Casbia eutactopis, didymosticta, Ehotos of both spp.: figs. of ~ genitalia. idiocrossa, leptorrhoda, ammophila, ereutha, 208. Shir6zu, Takashi, "Notes on three spe­ adoxa, pallens, celidosema, tanaoctena, co­ cies of the Genus Celastrina Tutt described niodes, plinthodes: Orsonoba diplodonta, from the Far East ( Lycaenidae). " (In Jap­ stramenticea, euctista: Picrophylla rhabdu­ anese). Zeph§[US, vol.9: pp.265-269, 2 cha, rubea: Idiodes rhacodes, gerasphoraj figs. June 19 7. Sinks formosana Baker Planolocha hyposema, lacteaj MACQ. CHIONOP­ and postimacula Mats. under Q. ~ myla. TlLA: Stathmor~hopa aphotista; HAPL. SPHEN­ Places Q. ishigakiana as race of Q. ~. OTYPAj STIN. ACONTISTICA: Ciampa stenoptilaj Discusses Q. sachalinensis. Figures holo­ Chlenias chytrinopa, oChrocranaj A1LQ. SPE­ types of postimacula and ishigakiana. CIALIS; Stlbaroma habrostola, astreptaj HET. 209. Shir6zu, Takashi, "Note on Bibacis (!) EXITELA: Amelora anthracocentra, conia, be­ argenteola Matsumura recently described lemnophora, ceraunia. anepiscepta, thegalea, from Formosa (Hesperiidae)." (In Japanese). adusta; Mnesampela macroptila, smyriodes, Zephyrus, vol.9: pp.270-271. June 1947. idiograpta: LIO. RECTILlNEAj MIDDL. SUAVISj Dropped as synonym of Epargyreus tityrus. CRYP. ATMOPHANES; THR. PELLOPHANES; LAC. 210. Smith, F.W., "Notes on the occurrence HACKERI. Authaemon stenonipha sunk as syno­ of Herse convolvuli L. and Pararge aegeria nym of A. poliophara. Fairly thorough des­ L. (Lep.) in Scotland." Ent. Monthly Mag., criptions. but no figures, unfortunately. vol.84: pp.39-4o. Feb. 1945. 211. Thompson, J. Antony, "Some Preliminary 211h Ureta R., Emilio, "Nuevos Ropaloceros Observations on Pieris napi (L.)." E~04. 1& (Lep.) de Chile." (In Spanish). 1aQl. Mus. Trans. ~. 1QniQn Ent. ~H.~. ~. 19 - 7: ~. Hist. Nat. (Chile), vol.23: pp.47-b!; pp.115-122. 12 Dec. 1947. Many detailed 2 pIs. 1947. Describes as new: Teriocoli­ observations of reared broods. Fertility ~ atinas kuscheli (Putre). Thecla wagen­ of eggs laid was surprisingly low (43%). knechti (Rio Los Choros). Pyrgus ~ form ~~ each fertilized several females success­ haywardi (Vicuna). Also describes and dis­ fully. Copulation longer than 2 3/4 hrs. cusses: Phulia nysias (with f. nysiella as always meant a mishap and no fertile eggs synonym), Tatochila microdice macrodice, resulted. ~~ would n~ver pair with fertile Thecla dissentanea, ~. sapota. ~. davara 12- ii. Buff or green pupae had either color annisi. Hemiargus ~ (with~. martha as independently of background. It is disap­ synonym), Itylos speciosa, Hylephila phylae­ pointing to find an investigator with gene­ us. Poor photos of all 11 forms. tic interest and apparent scientific back­ 215: Viette, P., "Une localite interessante: ground naming five new aberrations in the Saint-Jean-de-Losne(Cate d'Or)." (In French). full taxonomic sense. What if the thousands ReK. ~. ~., vol.ll:pp.58-61. Mar. of carefully studied and accurately des­ 19 7. Locality for Lepidoptera on plants cribed mutants of Drosophila melanogaster near and in water beside SaOne River:BYmPh­ were to be so named! ula,Schoenobius,Hydroecia,Lycaena dispar,etc. 212. Tilden, J.W., "Aestivation in larvae of 21b.Williems, Carroll M., "Physiology of In­ Arachnis uicta picta Packard." Pan-Pacific sect Diapause. III. The Prothoracic Glands §n!., vol.24: p.31. Jan. 1948. Larvae feed in the Cecropia Silkworm, with Special Re­ on Lupinus spp., are dormant (aestivate)from ference to their Significance in Embryonic April- September, then pupate: adults emer~ and Postembryonic Development." Biol.Bull., in October. vol.94: pp.60-65. figs.1-3. Feb.-r948. 213. Turner, A. Jef'f'eris, "New Australian Spe­ Reviews literature. gives diagrammatic cies of Boarmiadae (Lepidoptera)." Proc. figures of gland which controls diapause in RQx. ~. Eueensland, vol.58: pp.71-1l2. Platysamia cecropia and describes morpholo­ 27 Oct. 19 7. New genera: Peratodactyla, gy and histology of gland. Apheloceros, Hypochariessa, Macgueenia,~­ 217. Williams, Harold B., "Angerona prunaria loceros, Stinoptila, Allophyla, Heterogena, L.: Its Variation and Genetics." Proc. & Cryphaea, Liometopa, Middletonia, Crypsi­ Trans. £. London Ent. ~ l!.~. Soc. mti-4"1: phila, Threneta, Lacistophanes, all monoty­ pp.123-1~9, ~ pls. 12 Dec • .1947. Very lit­ pical, types listed below in capitals as tle factual genetics in spite of title. De­ n.spp., except Cryphaea(type Q.xylina Turn.) scribes and figures many new and known ab­ and Hypochariessa (type H.ochrophara). berrations of this geometrid moth. Beauti­ N. spp. are: Diastictis genialis: PERAT. ful plates, one in color. RUTILA; Ectropis dicranucha, fragilis, 218. Worm-Hansen, J. G. & Sv.G.Larsson, "Sema­ loxoschema: Symmectroctena mesopsamma, leu­ sia krygeri Rebel (Lep.Tortr.). Morphology coprosopa: APHEL. DASCIODES; Psilostlcha or­ and biology." Ent. Meddelelser, vol.25:pp. esitropha, barypasta, argillea: Boarmia me­ 174-195, 2 pls.~ figs. 15 Nov. 1947. De­ tapolia, catephes, polystlcta, odontosticha, tailed account by Larsson of external mor­ loxosticha, prionodes, leucanthes, acclinis, phology of all stages. Notes on biology by coloba, cymatomita, mesochra, pansticta, Worm-Hansen. The moth ls gallmaker on At­ atactopa, gravis, platyleuca, phlaeopa,tes­ temisia in Denmark. Numerous drawlngs. saramita, odontocrossa, harrnodia, phricomi- May 1948 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 59 NOTICES BY MEMBERS LIVING MATERIAL LARGE STOCK OF HIGH GRADE INSECT PINS from Czechoslovakia available at 65p/lOO, $6/1000. NOW AVAILABLE: LIVING COCOONS from Indo-Austra­ R.G.Wind, Rt.l, Box 145, Livermore, Calif. lian Fauna- A!:Ltheraea myli tta, Attacus cynthia, Attacus edwardsi. Otto H. Schroeter, 613 Wil­ ALL SPECIES OF EUREMA desired, esp. mexicana, liams Street, New London, Conn, proterpia, arbela, gundlachia, damaris, ~­ thochlora and others. Cuban butterflies of­ Specimens & cocoons of SATURNIIDAE of the fered in exchange. Dr. S.L.de la Torre y world desired. Correspondence invited. F.E. Callejas, Playa 75 ~, Matanzas, CUBA. Rutkowski, St. Bede College, Peru, Illinois. FOR SALE: All NYMPHALIDAE of Rhodesia and S. Wanted for determination, exchange, or pur­ Africa, except Charaxes ~. pelias. In good chase: HEMILEU~ from the U.S. & Mexico. Wish condition. Write: R.H.R. Stevenson, Selukwe, to urge collec:tors to search for larvae in Southern Rhodesia, AFRICA. spring, egg m~lsses in fall & winter. Infor­ mation regardlng 1!.sororius greatly desired. BELGIAN CONGO BUTTERFLIES. About 40 named spp. D.L. Bauer, P.O. Box 469, Yuma, Arizona. available. Desire in exchange North American Papilionidae (Incl. Parnassius) and Pieridae, Wanted: CATOCJ!y EGGS, esp. of Crataegus(Haw­ in papers. 3.G. Kiriakoff. 14 Universiteits­ thorn) feedeNI. Will eXChange for other Ca­ straat, Ghent, BELGIUM. ~ material. Sidney A. Hessel, 8 Woodmere Blvd. S •• Wooc~ere,New York. EXOTIC AND LOCAL LEPIDOPTERA & INSECTA- Buy and sell. Exchange in some genera. I have contacts in remote regions in various coun­ GENERAL NOTES tries. Will supply material for specialists or artwork or for general collections and mu­ NOTES ON THE DISAPPEARANCE OF POLYGONIA illiAQl­ seums by arrangement. R.F. Sternitzky, star ~ AT RANGELErr, MAINE, IN 1947.- Polygonia Route, Laytonville, Mendocino Co., Calif. ~racilis appeEII'S to be a very rare and local utterl'ly. Some years ago I was fortunate E.------~------Janmoulle,2 rue Ernotte, Watermael, BEL­ enough to disoover a colony at Rangeley,Maine. GIUM, will be pleased to help Lep. Soc. mem­ Each year, along a narrow gauge railroad track bers obtain Belgian Microlepidoptera on an a small seriell of specimens was taken. exchange basis. Two other Polygonia occurred also in the same general urea, but not at the precise spot WANTED: Tingidae ("Lace Bugs") of world in where gracili!l was taken. These are tauuus alcohol. Give nane of plant host and as much and progne. They always were more abundant other ecological detail as possible. Will than gracilis .. collect in exchange any local Lepidoptera(or The spri~~ of 1947 was very wet at Range­ other insects) you specify. N.S. Bailey, 16 ley. It rainod almost continually from the Neponset Ave., Hyde Park 36, Mass. time of my arrival there, early in June, until the latter p~~t of July. This proved to have WANTED: Papilionidae from any part of the a very serioulJ effect on the Polygonia species. world. Best prices paid for rare species. Since they hibernate as imagoes it is essen­ Robert G. Wind, Rt.l, Box 145, Livermore,Cal. tial that the]~e be some w~, sunny days in the spring for them to fly around, mate, and PHALAENIDAE(Noctuidae), NOTODONTIDAE, SPHING­ oviposi t. A ]~ainy spring seriously interferes IDAE of U.S. and Canada wanted in exchange tor with all of this. Even if a few adults sur­ these families of New Jersey Pine Barrens area. vive and eggs are laid6 the subsequent emerg­ Will collect in limited numbers in these and ing larvae rhk being destroyed by the damp­ other families of Lepidoptera for exchange or ness. sale. Correspondenoe invited. J.W. Cadbury Last summ.~r when the season for the ima­ 3rd, Spung Hollow, R.D. I, Pemberton, N.J. goes to be on the wing finally came around, I was anxious t() see what I would catch, but not Would like to correspond with collectors in­ a single ~Llis appeared although I hunted terested in Speyeria and S'turniidae. Have for them every w~ and sunny day just where good exchange for these,needed for my collec­ I had taken them tor a number of years. tion. E.J. Frederick, 5508 E.Gage,Bell,Calif. Stranger still, not a single faunus or progne was to be seen. Perhaps these colonies have "TRANSPAR MOUNTS": The material for starting been destroyed. and the species will have to a collection in Transpar Mounts is available be reintroduc'3d. I doubt6 however, whether in the "Transpar Mount Butterfly Collection there will be a colony of gracilis again at Kit". This contains 116 mounts of all sizes, that particullilr locality, because while L.ilm­ tive display panels and tools; price $32.50. y!! and progne appear to be common throughout Additional packages of mounts and individual Maine, I know of no other colony of gracilis display panels can be ordered separately. within a great· many miles. Further information on request. Otto Acker­ mann, 639 Walnut Street, Irwin, Pa. - Cyril F. dos Passos, Mendham, N.J. FOR SALE: Boloria, Oeneis, & Erebia from the PLEASE NOTIFY THE NEWS EDITORS Far North. R.J. Fitch, Rlvercourse P.O. via OF CHA1~GES OF ADDRESSPROMPTLY Lloy~inster, Saskatchewan, CANADA. A few copies have been returned recently. 60 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS TABLE OF CONTENTS Q. ''Where oan I find any information oonoern­ War Losses in Europe - I. ing Hemileuoa sororius? Partioularly a good by S.G. Kiriakofr •••••••••••49 description and any localities where it has Principles of Taxonomy - III •••••••••••••• 50 been taken?" Definitions of Common Latin Terms •••••••••• 50 Notes on Eurema, by A.B. Klots •••••••••• 5l-53 A. Original desoription: Henry Edwards, pa i­ Lepidoptera Parasite Identification •••••••• 53 l!2, I: 100, 1881. Figured (photo of type1 Brief Biographies - 13. Portraits •••••••••• 54 Paokard, Monogr.Bombyoine ~, pt.~:p.l~l, Review of French's Butterfly Guide pl.6~,fig.i4; also reprints original desorip­ by E.P. Meiners ••••••• 55 tion and Dyar's Key. Comp,ared with related Comments on Collection & Library Care •••••• 55 species: Dyar, ~.En1.Soc.~. 13, 5 ff., Recent Literature on Lepidoptera •••••••• 56-58 1911. Biblio~raphy: Lepidopterorum Catalogus Notices by Nembers ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59 fasc.58: p.454. I think all data are based General Notes •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59 on the original type speoimen; material from dos Passos: Polygonia gracilis in Maine Lower-California is very rare in collections. Questions & Answers •••••••••••••••••••••••• 60 New Members •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60 Q. "I have heard quite a bit about a species of skipper which possesses the frenulum in NEW MEMBERS one sex. Could you tell me its name, where it is found, and any other important facts Butterfly World Supply House, 289-291 E. 98th which you might know about?" st., Brooklyn 12, N.Y. Doudororf, Pror. Michael, Dept. 0 f Bacterio­ A. Euschemon rafflesiae McLeay is found only logy, Univ. or Calif., Berkeley, Calif. in Australia, and the specimens I have seen Duhlmeier, William, 2535 Indian Mound Ave., come from Queensland. It is a normal skipper Norwood 12, Ohio. except for the frenulum, and has a normal Fales,J.H.,19l7 Elkhart St.,Silver Spring,Md. skipper caterpillar and pupa, much like those Ghani, M.A., Fernald Hall, Univ. of Mass., of our silver spotted skipper. It feeds on Amherst, Mass. Wilkiea (Monimiaceae), and is figured in all Hellman, Geoffrey T., The New Yorker, 25 W. three stages in Tillyard's "Insects of Aus­ 43rd st., New York 18, N.Y. tralia and New Zealand". The butterfly is Jablonski, Raymond, Med.Det. 13th F.A. Bn., blaok, with yellow patches, blue or green APO 24, Unit 4, c/o P.M.,San Francisco,Cal. shades and orange end of abdomen; it varies Kistner, David H., 5031 N. Kolmar Ave., Chi­ somewhat locally, and has been divided into cago ~O, Ill. three races. May, Edward E., Caixa Postal 176, Rio de Ja­ W.T.M. Forbes neiro, BRAZIL. Minor, W.C., P.O. Box 62, Fruita, Colo. Phillips, L.S., Loyola Univ. Medical School, Q. Ills there any other way or distinguishing 706 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, Ill. between Collas philo dice and eurytheme be­ Phillips, W. Levi, 985 S. Third East, Salt sides ground color and size? Since I am par­ Lake City 4, utah. tially color blind I have a lot of trouble Preston, F.W., 712 Dewey St., Ann Arbor, Mich. with these species." Rioe, Harold E., Rt.2, Box 272, Eugene, Ore. Richard, R.E., 18~2 N.Gulley Rd.,Dearborn,Mich. A. The differences between these species are Romine, Ray, 954 Westwood Dr., Marion, Ohio. quantitative only, so that in any case abso­ Sala, Frank P., 528 Monterey Rd., South Pasa- lute identification is most difficult and dena, Calif. sometimes impossible. However, one character Shappirio, D.G., 306 Greene House, East Quad­ that is usually more than 80% accurate for rangle, Ann Arbor. Mich. the northeastern United States is the size or Shirozu. Takashi. Entomological Lab., Dept. of the spots in the remale border melanic band, Agriculture, Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, JAPAN. being proportionally larger in eurytheme than Thomas,E.S •• Ohio State Museum,Columbus 10,Ohio. in philodice. All characters are modifiable Williams. Mrs. Evelyn G., North San Juan, Ne­ by the fluctuations in weather conditions vada Co., Calif. during larval growth and this one is no ex­ ception. Also, hybridization has resulted in CHANGES OF ADDRESS:* Pearson.* * H.R •• Caixa Pos- the partial blending together of the charac­ tal 5151, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL. ters of each. Unfortunately, no single visi­ Wren, G.R., 5806 Drexel Ave., Apt.2A, Chicago ble characteristio can be used to separate 37, Illinois. the two without question but with practice Vogel, H.A., 9121 Kresge St.,Detroit 13. Mioh. combinations of other minor characters will be apparent which will lead to nearly accur­ ate identifications; preliminary aid may be THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS is the monthly required of someone who is not color blind. periodical of The Lepidopterists' Sooiety. Fuller information may be obtained from the Membership is open to anyone interested in writer. the study of butterflies & moths. The 1948 W. Hovanitz dues,including subscription to the NEWS,are $1.50 for Regular Members and $3.00 or more (In view of Dr.Hovanitz' long study of Colias for Sustaining Members. Please make remit­ this question was sent directly to him.- Ed.) tances payable to :. Charles L. Remington. Address all Society correspondence to: P.O. Box 104, Cambridge 38, Mass., U.S.A.