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A Century of Social Psychology: Individuals, Ideas, and Investigations GEORGE R
1 A Century of Social Psychology: Individuals, Ideas, and Investigations GEORGE R. GOETHALS ^ f INTRODUCTION This chapter tells an exciting story of intellectual discovery. At the start of the twentieth century, social psy- chology began addressing age-old philosophical questions using scientific methods. What was the nature of human nature, and did the human condition make it possible for people to work together for good rather than for evil? Social pschology first addressed these questions by looking at the overall impact of groups on individuals and then began to explore more refined questions about social influence and social perception. How do we understand persuasion, stereotypes and prejudice, differences between men and women, and how culture affects thoughts and behavior? In 1954, in his classic chapter on the historical govem themselves. In The Republic, Plato argued that background of modem social psychology, Gordon men organize themselves and form governments Allport nominated Auguste Comte as the founder because they cannot achieve all their goals as of social psychology as a science. He noted that individuals. They are interdependent. Some kind of Comte, the French philosopher and founder of social organization is required. Various forms emerge, positivism, had previously, in 1839, identified depending on the situation, including aristocracy, sociology as a separate discipline. In fact, sociology oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny. Plato clearly did not really exist, but Comte saw it coming. favored aristocracy, where the wise and just govern, Allport notes that 'one might say that Comte and allow individuals to develop their full potential. christened sociology many years before it was Whatever the form, social organization and govem- born' (Allport, 1968: 6). -
293145618.Pdf
Leaders in Educational Research LEADERS IN EDUCATIONAL STUDIES Volume 7 Series Editor: Leonard J. Waks Temple University, Philadelphia, USA Scope: The aim of the Leaders in Educational Studies Series is to document the rise of scholarship and university teaching in educational studies in the years after 1960. This half-century has been a period of astonishing growth and accomplishment. The volumes in the series document this development of educational studies as seen through the eyes of its leading practitioners. A few words about the build up to this period are in order. Before the mid-twentieth century school teaching, especially at the primary level, was as much a trade as a profession. Schoolteachers were trained primarily in normal schools or teachers colleges, only rarely in universities. But in the 1940s American normal schools were converted into teachers colleges, and in the 1960s these were converted into state universities. At the same time school teaching was being transformed into an all-graduate profession in both the United Kingdom and Canada. For the first time, school teachers required a proper university education. Something had to be done, then, about what was widely regarded as the deplorable state of educational scholarship. James Conant, in his final years as president at Harvard in the early 1950s, envisioned a new kind of university-based school of education, drawing scholars from mainstream academic disciplines such as history, sociology psychology and philosophy, to teach prospective teachers, conduct educational research, and train future educational scholars. One of the first two professors hired to fulfil this vision was Israel Scheffler, a young philosopher of science and language who had earned a Ph.D. -
Theory and Experiment in Social Communication
THEORY AND EXPERIMENT IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION BY LEON FESTINGER KURT BACK STANLEY SCHACHTER HAROLD H. KELLEY JOHN THIBAUT 4867 THEORY AND EXPERIMENT IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION BY LEON FESTINGER KURT BACK STANLEY SCHACHTER HAROLD H. KELLEY JOHN THIBAUT RESEARCH CENTER FOR DYNAMICS INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN REPORT OF STUDIES UNDER OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH CONTRACT OCTOBER, 1950 I.lllioptmiill In U.S.A. EDWARDS BROTHERS, INC. ANN All BO PI. MICHIGAN 1 9 J 1 FOREWORD For the past three years the Research Center for Group Dynamics has been conducting a program of research in the area of social com• munication under contract N6onr-23212 NR 170 698 with the Office of Naval Research. During these years two field studies and a number of laboratory experiments have been done. This compilation presents the reports of the laboratory studies together with a theoretical integration of the work which has been done to date. These studies have centered mainly on two sets of problems, namely, communication stemming from pres• sures toward uniformity in groups and communication in hierarchical structures. The reports of the experiments in this compilation are grouped along these lines. While all of the studies were done at the Research Center for Group Dynamics, some of the authors have since gone elsewhere. Kurt Back is now on the staff of the United States Bureau of the Census. Stanley Schachter is a member of the Department of Psychology of the Uni• versity of Minnesota. John Thibaut is in the Psychology Department of Boston University. Leon Festinger, under whose general supervision this program is being carried out, and Harold H. -
Stanley Schachter 1922–1997
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STANLEY SCHACHTER 1922–1997 A Biographical Memoir by RICHARD E. NISBETT Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 78 PUBLISHED 2000 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Courtesy of Columbia University. STANLEY SCHACHTER April 15, 1922–June 7, 1997 BY RICHARD E. NISBETT TANLEY SCHACHTER was one of the very few social psycholo- Sgists ever elected to the National Academy of Sciences (in 1983). His contributions ranged across the study of com- munication and social influence, group processes, sources of the affiliation motive, intellectual and temperamental correlates of birth order, nature of emotional experience, people’s ability to correctly attribute the causes of their behavior to external versus internal factors, causes of obesity and eating behavior disorders, the addictive nature of nicotine, psychological reactions to events that affect stock market prices, and the proper interpretation of “filled” (“uh,” “er”) pauses in speech. Few, if any, social psychologists ever made contributions over a wider range of topics. Remark- ably, the diverse content of the contributions was tied to- gether by a small number of powerful theoretical concepts. Stanley Schachter was born on April 15, 1922, to Nathan and Anna Schachter in Flushing, then a semi-rural part of Queens, New York. Knowing that he wanted to go away to school, but knowing nothing of the rarefied and preppy atmosphere he was about to enter, he chose Yale, where he initially majored in art history. He stayed on for a master’s degree in Yale’s psychology department, which he found 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS far more to his liking than the undergraduate school. -
Celebrating 50 Years of LRDC (PDF)
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Celebrating 50 Years of LRDC This report was published in 2014 by the University of Pittsburgh Learning Research and Development Center. THIS REPORT CELEBRATES THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH LEARNING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER’S (LRDC) 50 YEARS AS A LEADING INTERDISCIPLINARY CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON LEARNING AND EDUCATION. IT PROVIDES GLIMPSES OF LRDC OVER THE YEARS AND HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE EXCITING WORK THAT OCCUPIES OUR CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA. The Center’s interconnected programs of research and development have reflected its mission of stimulating interaction between research and practice across a broad spectrum of problems, from the neural basis of learning to the development of intelligent tutors to educational policy. Among research institutions in learning and education, this interconnected breadth is unique. The Center’s research has been equally wide-ranging in the domains of learning it has studied. Reading, mathematics, and science—staples of education—have been a continuing focus over much of LRDC’s 50 years. However, the Center also has addressed less-studied learning domains (e.g., history, geography, avionics, and law) as well as the reasoning and intellectual abilities that serve learning across domains. Moreover, social settings for learning, including those outside schools; teaching effectiveness; and technol- ogy for learning are all part of LRDC’s research story. LRDC’s ability to sustain research programs across these diverse, intersecting problems owes much to the cooperation of its partnering schools and depart- ments in the University. The leadership of the University of Pittsburgh has made possible what is often very difficult: a research center that has been able to effectively pursue truly cross-disciplinary research programs. -
Personality and Social Psychology Review
Personality and Social Psychology Review http://psr.sagepub.com Reinvigorating the Concept of Situation in Social Psychology Harry T. Reis Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2008; 12; 311 originally published online Sep 23, 2008; DOI: 10.1177/1088868308321721 The online version of this article can be found at: http://psr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/4/311 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc. Additional services and information for Personality and Social Psychology Review can be found at: Email Alerts: http://psr.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://psr.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://psr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/12/4/311 Downloaded from http://psr.sagepub.com at UNIV OF ROCHESTER LIBRARY on July 15, 2009 SPSP Presidential Address Reinvigorating the Concept of Situation in Social Psychology Harry T. Reis University of Rochester The concept of situation has a long and venerable history in which Cohen’s victims found themselves. Their usual in social psychology. The author argues that recent answer was something like, “We are not troubled approaches to the concept of situation have confused because each of them fully deserved it.” certain important elements. Herein, the author proposes Imagine, now, that each of these situations had been that attention to three of these elements will reinvigorate presented not on film but in a social-psychological labo- the concept of situation in social psychology: (a) that the ratory. Baron Cohen would be the confederate whose analysis of situations should begin with their objective behavior was carefully scripted to follow a well-defined features; (b) that situations should be conceptualized model. -
Social Exchange Theory Mark V
English Technical Reports and White Papers English 2015 Social Exchange Theory Mark V. Redmond Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/engl_reports Part of the Interpersonal and Small Group Communication Commons Recommended Citation Redmond, Mark V., "Social Exchange Theory" (2015). English Technical Reports and White Papers. 5. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/engl_reports/5 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the English at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Technical Reports and White Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Social Exchange Theory Communication Context Interpersonal, Small Group, and Organizational Questions It Addresses in Our Every Day Lives: 1. How do we go about making decisions about what are willing to we give up (time, freedom, money) in order to gain something (love, services, goods)?. 2. What factors influence our decisions to pursue, sustain, or terminate a relationship? 3. Why do we feel resentment when we feel we’ve put more into a relationship or sacrificed more to sustain it than our partner? Theory in a Nutshell ● Social behavior often involves social exchanges where people are motivated to attain some valued reward for which they must forfeit something of value (cost). ● We seek profits in our exchanges such that rewards are greater than the costs. ● We are disturbed when there is not equity in an exchange or where others are rewarded more for the same costs we incurred. -
The Journal of Microsociologies a “Confronting the State One on One” “Confronting the Cooley-Mead Address Deception Debate
2008 Photograph by Patricia G. Steinhoff September • olume 71 • Number 3 V Journal of the American Sociological Association The Journal of Microsociologies A “Confronting the State One on One” Cooley-Mead Address Deception Debate Social Psychology Quarterly September 2008 Vol. 71 No. 3 pp. 209–320 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY Periodicals postage paid (ISSN 0190–2725) at Washington, DC and 1430 K Street NW, Suite 600 additional mailing offices Washington, DC 20005 Prices subject to change. Applied Social Psychology and Managing Understanding Social Problems Buunk and Linda Steg, Abraham P. Rothengatter Talib 360 pp. 978-0-521-86979-9: Hb: $130.00: 978-0-521-69005-8 Pb: $49.00: Climate, and Culture Affluence, Evert Van de Vliert 256 pp. 978-0-521-51787-4: Hb: $85.00: Culture and Psychology Transmission Cultural and Social, Developmental, Psychological, Methodological Aspects Ute Schönpflug 520 pp. 978-0-521-88043-5: Hb: $99.00: 978-0-521-70657-5 Pb: $36.99: econd Edition! 185.00: Hb: 978-0-521-85259-3: 526 pp. 978-0-521-85259-3: Hb: 185.00: Clinical and Educational Applications Carl Haywood and H. Lidz Carol S. 420 pp. 978-0-521-84935-7: Hb: $79.00: 978-0-521-61412-2 Pb: $27.99: Dynamic Assessment in Practice Jutta Heckhausen and Heinz Heckhausen $ S Motivation and Action from Cambridge University Press University from Cambridge Kory Floyd Kory 240 pp. 978-0-521-73174-4: Pb: $24.99: Communicating Affection Behavior and Interpersonal Social Context Culture, Class, and Child Rearing in Class, Culture, Societies Diverse Jonathan Tudge 328 pp. -
Social Perception and Attribution 3 Brian Parkinson
9781405124003_4_003.qxd 10/31/07 2:55 PM Page 42 Social Perception and Attribution 3 Brian Parkinson KEY CONCEPTS actor–observer difference analysis of non-common effects attributional bias augmenting principle causal power causal schema central trait cognitive algebra configural model consensus information consistency information correspondence bias correspondent inference theory covariation theory depressive realism discounting principle distinctiveness information false consensus bias implicit personality theory learned helplessness theory naïve scientist model peripheral trait primacy effect salience self-fulfilling prophecy self-serving biases 9781405124003_4_003.qxd 10/31/07 2:55 PM Page 43 CHAPTER OUTLINE How can we tell what other people are like? How do we explain their actions and experiences (and our own)? This chapter introduces research intended to answer these questions. Studies of social perception show that impressions of others depend on what information is presented, how it is pre- sented, and on prior assumptions about how it fits together. Research into attribution demonstrates that perceivers consistently favour certain kinds of explanation over others. Our impressions and ex- planations are also shaped by our specific reasons for constructing them. In particular, we present social events in different ways to different people under different circumstances. Both social percep- tion and attribution therefore involve communication in combination with private interpretation. Introduction Can you remember when you first met your closest friend? How quickly did you get a sense of what he or she was like, and of how well you would get on together? Did your impression turn out to be correct, and if not, where and why did you go wrong? Now imagine that instead of meeting another person face to face, you are told about them by someone else. -
Learning Theories Primer
A Primer on Learning Theories Shayan Doroudi School of Education University of California, Irvine [email protected] What does it mean to learn? How does learning happen? How do we know when someone has learned something? And how do we use these insights to help people learn better–by improving teaching practices or creating technologies that help people learn? While many people, including philosophers and lay people, have pondered on these questions for centuries, they became more prominent with the advent of psychology, a field that can give us scientific insights into how people learn. A variety of learning theories have been proposed from the late nineteenth century (when the field of experimental psychology first formed) to the present day. A learning theory tries to explain how people learn, usually based on an accumulation of scientific evidence. (Technically, we could also develop theories about how animals or machines learn as well, and indeed these informed certain learning theories, as we discuss below.) Scientific experiments that study learning usually give us insights on how someone learns a specific thing in a specific time and place (e.g., how does a student learn when solving math problems in a classroom, or how does a person learn when given a puzzle to solve in a lab?). In reality, learning is a rich and complex phenomenon, and most, if not all, scientists would agree that there is no single kind of learning that can describe all the ways all people learn in all situations. Thus, in practice, what are often called learning theories are really worldviews for how to think about learning. -
Research Center for Group Dynamics
iNsrrrrjTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH' Research Center for Group Dynamics Publications of Staff Members September, .19^5 - April, 1950 University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Methodology, basic research and theory in group dynamics • Bavelaa,. Alex A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR -GROUP STRUCTURESa Applied. Anthropology, 7, 2,-16-30. Cartwright, Dorwin EMOTIONAL DIMENSIONS OF GROUP LIFE. A paper presented at the Second International Symposium on Feelings and Emotions, October 29, I9A80 (To he published by McGraw- Hill, 1950,) Cartwright, Dorwin SOME PRINCIPLES OF MASS PERSUASION: SELECTED FINDINGS ' OF RESEARCH ON THE SALE OF UNITED STATES WAR BONDS. Human Relations, 19^9, g, 253-267. Cartwright, Dorwin SURVEY RESEARCH: PSYCHOLOGICAL ECONOMICS. (A chapter in Experiments in Social Progress. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1950.) Cartwright, Dorwin SURVEYS OF THE WAR FINANCE PROGRAM, Proceedings of the Conference on Consumers' Interests. Philadelphias "University of Pennsylvania Press, 19^7° Deutsch, Morton A THEORY OF COOPERATION AND COMPETITION, Human Relations, 19^9, 2, 129-152. Deutach, Morton AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF COOPERATION AND COMPETITION UPON (SOUP PROCESS,, Human Relations, 19^9, 2, 199-231- Festinger, Leon . THE ANALYSIS OF SOCI0GRAMS USING MATRIX ALGEBRA. Human Relations, 1949, 2, 153-158. Festinger, Leon THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE' BETWEEN MEANS WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION-.. Psychometrika, 19^6, 11, 97-105„ Festinger, Leon TREATMENT OF QUALITATIVE DATA BY "SCALE ANALYSIS." Psychological Bulletin, 19^7, Mb 1^9-l6l. Feetinger, Leon LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS: THE ROLE OF CROUP BELONGINGNESS. (A chapter In Experiments in Social Process. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950 0) F.estinger,. Leon. THE ROLE OF GROUP BELONGINGNESS IN A VOTING SITUATION. -
Philosophy of Science and to Transform These Spotlights in Time Inspire Our Future Success and Development
Table of Contents Overview of the First 40 Years ... 00 • • 00 •••• 00 •• 00 •• 00 00. 2 Annual Lecture Series, 1960-2002 ..................... 6 Visiting Fellows and Scholars Program ........... 14 Lunchtime Colloquium .................................... 17 Conferences and Workshops .. ... .... ................... 18 Public Lecture Series ........................................ 26 Advisory Board .......... .. .... .. .. ............... :... ........ 00 26 Resident Fellows and Associates .. ............... .. ... 27 Center Publications ... ............... .. .. .. .... ... ... ........ 2 8 Archives of Scientific Philosophy in the 20th Century .............................. ............ 30 Major Funding Sources ... ................................. 31 CENTER CHRONOLOGY • In 2001-2002, the Center for Philosophy of Scie nce celebrates 40 years of in· 9/1/60 Acaaemic Vice CHancellor Ctiarles• H. Peak:e appoints Aaolf Grun- novation and accomplishment. The timeline included here highlights many baum as Andrew Mellon Professor of Philosophy with a twin mandate to of the Center's remarkable achievements and most memorable moments. establish a first-class center for philosophy of science and to transform These spotlights in time inspire our future success and development. the Department of Philosof:!hy into a leading department in the country. Andrew Mellon chair in philosophy to an unusually promis rated sixd1 in one category and eighth d1e main foci of Griinbaum's administra ing young scholar, someone so young that the age d1reshold in a second. In a confidential report tion. He relinquished his adnlinistrative of forty years for the Mellon Professorships had to be waived prepared in August 1965 for the Pitt appointment as Center Director in 1978 in order to secure Griinbaum for the chair. Perhaps no ap University Study Committee, Philosophy when he became its first chairman, a posi pointment at any university has returned greater dividends was among three departments identi- tion he continues to hold.