THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD SE NORTHERAN TH F O E N PICTS3 26 .

I.

INSCRIPTIONE TH LANGUAGD SNORTHERE AN TH F EO N PICTSy B . JOHN RHYS, M.A., PKOFESSO CELTIF O K CUNIVERSITE INTH F YO OXFORD.

The first thing to notice in regard to the Pictish inscriptions is their distribution convenientle b d they an ,y ma y enumerated froe soutmth h northwards, as follows :—We begin on the other side of the Forth, to wit, at Scoonie, in East Fife, and from there we proceed to Abernethy. Thence we come to St. Vigeans Church, near Arbroath, and our next t Aquholliestoa s pe i neighbourhoo th n i , f Stonehaveno d . w "Wno e visi e sidetDe ;Aboyne e the th e procee w n o , d across countro t y the neighbourhood of Inverurie, and stop at Logie Elphinstone and Newton nexr Ou t t Brodie.stoa s pi , between Forre Nairnd san . Then ther nothins i e demano t g attentior dou n Sutherlane tilcome th w l o et d town of Golspie. We have now to quit the mainland, and visit the Orkneys, namely, Papa Stronsa and North Eonaldsha. Finally, we make for the Shetlands, the mainland of which supplies several specimens, whil e isle th ef . BressaNinia o sSt d nyan have specimeon e n eaco t h show. This brings the total up to sixteen stones, and all except two are inscribe e Ogath mn di character, either wholl partlyr yo . Unfortunately several of the inscriptions are the merest fragments, but they must be scrupulously taken into accoun considerinn i t aree gdistributionf th a o . The foregoing enumeration of the stones shows that the whole length of the Pictish domain is fairly covered by the inscriptions, from the Forth to the Shetlands; but it is remarkable that none are known to occur in the Highlands, and on the western coast, or in the neighbouring islands. Evee Oga e casth th nf me o suppose somy db Islane exiso th t e f n i do t Gigha, betwee ntold m Kintyra ,I extremelIslayd s a an e, is , y doubtful. What can be the reason for the comparative absence of inscriptions in those parts of Alban to which the Seotti or Goidels of Ireland used to fin readda y acces I hav answeo sn ? e r that quite seemm eo t ssatis - factory ; but it is not wholly irrelevant to point out that the northern half 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

of Ireland itsel extremelhas f ancienyfew t Ogam showto s . Neverthe- less, I have very little doubt in my mind that it was from Ireland Ogtnic writing was introduced into Pictland. To make this intelligible, it will be necessary to go briefly into the histor f Ogmio y c writing elsewhere e oldesTh . t specimens belono t g Wales and Devon, and the south of Ireland. It is characteristic of them that the scoring and notching forming the Ogams follow the angle of the stone employed. I say stone for the reason that Ogams on stone are the only ancient ones known still to exist, though I am inclined to think that slip f wooso d were also use r thifo ds kin f writing—mordo e commonly, perhaps, than stone. I append the Ogam alphabet, with the values ascertained possibles a r fa o ;s , from bilingual monumentso t s i t I . be born minn ei d thaconnectine th t g line here represent e naturath s l e stonanglth f eeo used :—

T———————;——————————————I——————————HHll ///////// I •'>'- '" I'l-l.llti Z?, Z, D s, n; H, d, t, c, qu; M, g, ng, f, r; A, o, w, e, i;. w e,P,p,P,P- After this ancient monumental Ogam alphabet, we find a somewhat altered system, betrayin e influencgth f manuscripo e t writing, especially in the fact that it has an artificial stem-line to represent, in manuscript, e anglestonee e anglth o thith th S f n se,.o o latet cu r t Ogano s mi stonee th e fac f th .eo closeln n o ru thoug y t y bu ma paralle , t hi it o t l Another characteristi s thai cvowelse th t , from being notchee th n i s angle, become lines perpendicularly crossin stem-groovee th g s wila ,e b l seen from the following alphabet :— -

B I, v, s, n; H, d, t, c, q; M, 'g, ng, f, ' ' r; A, o, \/ \/ \/ 1 e, e, ' p. t ^happeni s tha Pietise th t h Ogams, with onlentire yon e excep- tion, belong to the later kind, and not to the earlier ; but before pro- 1 The first and third of these Ogams are of the same form, namely, Xj. while the, second consists of separate halves, ><, with an intervening space. varying in width. THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHERE AN S TH F O E N PICTS5 26 .

ceedin discuso gt s details I ,shoul d add, that whereas the ancient Ogam is very uniform, the later one shows a free development in the matter of introducing stops varyinf o , e inclinatiogth e scoresth d evef o nan , n of transforming them into curves I hav. e chiefly Irish instancen si view, and one may consult the Book of Ballymote,1 a manuscript com- piled abou beginnine th t e fifteentth f go h century larga r e,fo assortment of Ogam alphabets, accompanied with much curious information inter- mingled with pedanti presene cth trivialities r I fo shalt t l Bu confin. e myself to three or four authentic instances of the use of Ogmic writing, and I would begin with the Irish manuscript of St. Gall, written in the ninth century. This contains eight entries in Ogam, punctuated where there is occasion for it, above the stem-line, which is feathered like an arrow. Take the following instance :— / in 1111 ///// 11111 r I I'll! II P e r i a. G a i. h o d thaFeas e , "th is t t . CainofSt s to-day." And this : \ 1111 ii i i- ///// C o c a r t, that is, Corrige, or "Correct (this)." Also this, seriea e las f 2th o tf fou so r successive corrections:— 1111 i ////// M H- . /////; 11 m mil- IIM IT A cc o c a r t. i n so, tha , "tis An d correct this." The next instance I should like to cite consists of a string of proper names engraved in four lines on a silver fibula discovered in 1806 at 1 The tract on Ogams occupies folios 3086-315a: I refer, of course, to the Royal Irish Academy's photograph reproductio thiof n s massive manuscript mosThe t. valuable thingtrace th tn s i hav e been extracte published dan . fac-similn dG i . Mr y eb M. Atkinso Kilkennye th n ni Archaeological Journal 1874r . fo 202-23n i pp , d an 6; Mr. Brash's Ogam Inscribed Monuments of the Gaedhil (pi. i., ii.), the editing of which, owing to the author's death, was undertaken by Mr. Atkinson. 2 All three in stances are taken from Nigra's Beliquie Celtidie (Turin, 1872), pp. 15,17. thire th dn I instance here given, that learned Celtis s possiblha t y gone wronn i g taking the compound symbol for cc to have been an erasure. For the rendering "And correct this," I am indebted to Dr. Whitley Stokes. Nigra here calls attention to the six scores carelessly written for five scores = r. 266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

Ballyspellan e baronth f n Galmoyi ,o y , county Kilkenny e workTh . - manship has been surmised to be of the twelfth century. The order in which the four lines should be taken is not certain, but that is of no consequence here. The thusn yru —

\llll II I 1 1 1 l 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Ml / 1 1 1 1/ 1 lA \/ 1 1 1/ 1 1 1 M 1\ V A iI 1 1 C a n e m s e c A> O e I I a c h

\ / 1 1 11 1 11 / 1 Mill i i i i i II "IIII ///////// / / "Wil/ III l 1 1 M i n o do r1> M u a id \ /-.!V,, /I Illll /////Y 7" I ATI I T[TTTT77//// X e r e I a in i M a,

On anothe re ornamen parth f o t t come more on s e line, thus— ii i 11111 /; M a, e I u a d a i g Ma e I ma i . r e It is needless, perhaps, to add another instance of the later Ogam writing. One of the general conclusions which I draw from those just given, and'other e samth f eso kind s thati , , though nothin lengty an f gho has ever been discovered in Ogam, Irish scribes were at one time com- monly acquainte e practicdTh wit f writin . o en parchmenit h o t gi t inevitably led to a freer hand, so to say, and to an incipient tendency neatneso t precisiond san . This, transferre stoneo dt , form principar ou s l difficulty with the Pictish inscriptions, for, combined with a certain amoun f suco t h individualit f treatmento y e havw , a greae t lacf o k e formula th e expected b o s specimen t righo u o t t es t a t t se no ; o t s mention a further difficulty, that of the language, which one has also to face, as will appear later.

1 The whole is copied from plate xli. in Mr. Brash's Ogam Inscribed Monuments, for, owin inexcusablo gt e negligence I ,hav e neve e fibulth r e aaske e se itsel th o t dn f i Museu e Eoyath f mo l Irish Academy I suspec t bu ; t thae namth t e here gives a n Minodor should be read >/———j—\\-rn tha , Maelfodor,is t e Maelodharth Foue th f ro Masters . THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NOKTHERE AN S TH F O E N PICTS7 26 .

proposw no tako I t e Pictis th e h inscriptions very briefl detailn yi , ample th whic y eenableb m accounta o e d stoneshe I th o th dt d f so an , engravings of them already published by your Society. My study of the subject has been especially helped by the careful readings published in your pages by the Earl of Southesk, and the photographs taken by him; also by the copies recently made of the stones by Mr. J. R. Alien, whkindls oha y placed disposal y them mt a . e ScooniTh . 1 e Ston ee Nationa(noth n wi l Museum, Edinburgh) represent a stag-hunts d neae righan ,th r e tston th edg f e o erun n a s Ogam inscription, interruptes hi stag'f e o th n pardi e y s b ton hea d dan forelegs. The top of the stone is gone, but I know not what search has readingy beeM n . mad,it whicr efo hI giv e with great diffidence, is— ———————I ////////// /III—————n^TTTT E h ta r m_r s on n ~T~ ~~T~ Speaking froinscriptione notey th m m f so cannoI , t rea beginnine dth g

of it eddarr, \\\\ \ ///// /////, but now, on comparing the whole

ll

with others, it seem [{ s to me that I ought to have read Elitarrmnonn or Ehtarrnonn, in which the ht stands probably for t or perhaps its aspirate, coule On d not . t' , accordingly, help seein thin i g s wor equivalene dth t of the eddarnonn beginning one line on the Brodie Stone. So I should conclude that the Scoonie Ogam was continued to and on the top of e stoneth , likGolspie th et suppose no eo d one ,I othee o. uth r hand, that ther anythins ei g wantin commencemente th t ga . The identity of the art * displayed on this stone with that on the Golspi esimilarite Stoneth men e drese d th th f , an ,so n musty i I ,think , show any one who will take the trouble to compare them, how closely allie n origii d e mosth n t souther Pictise th f o nh inscriptione th o t s si most northern on the mainland: nothing could more strikingly prove i Judging from the drawing in Brash's book (pi. xlviii.), the headgear of two of e hunterth s comes down betwee shouldere e nose-tin th n t fronth i i o o d t s t psan ; three remindth f eo Picte sm s from Pictland describes a , Destruc-e store th th f yo n di tion of Bruden Cown Daderga,Du , e Booe folth th . f n k88ao i , wher headgeae eth s i r equalle saib o dt y lon foreheade gth behinn o d . dan 268 PEQCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9',' 1892.

that they belong not only to the same race, but to the same series of monuments. 2., The Abernethy Fragment, which I am. delighted, to learn has been to-day presente Nationae th o t d l Museu Alexandery mb 1 Laing, LL.D., F.S.A. Scot. But for my information about it I am indebted to my friend . AlienMr . , from whom I -lear n thae piec th tf stone o e ; shows, besid e Ogath e m scores, certain portion f tho se horsa leg t f i o seo s ; was.- probably,, like the previous stone, ornamented with a hunting scene ;: bu I must t confes quitt no s eo tha understand I t relative dth e positiof no the sculpture and the Ogam., The writing consists, of the. three letters

— —— w'*icn would be either i m n, or q m i, according to the direction of the reading, which is hard to tell. The Ogams are, however, instructive longeo tw e r oneth s a ,s consis f tieo t d score bindr so 1 Ogams, such as we shall find presently in the Islands, a circumstance which establishes the practical oneness of the entire series from Fife to the Shetlands. e DrosteTh . 3 n Stone mosw no t, awkwardly placewale f th o l n di the porch of St. Vigeans Church, n«ar Arbroath. This is not an Ogam-inscribed stone, but a small panel reading as follows : —

drosten- ipe uoret ett for- CUP cus.

Here every letter is certain, with the exception of the 0, as to which there is room for doubt whether it means o or e. There is a difficulty, staty ema 1I her e that specimen f bino s d Ogams above-mentionee occuth n i r d tract in the Book of Ballymote (see folios 312, line 5, and 313, line 17): THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHEItE AN S TH F O E N PICTS9 26 . thire th df o lin d I thin e: en howeverpointe e k th th the t o t sa ys a wer, e originall ye las f theth threeo t t ms doubtfuli bu , , ; • . Possiblt yi neve theres t supposinwa r bu ; t gwas i hav e w , e then somewha same tth e arrangemen firse th t f lineo d f .thre o en t Nowe e th e pointt th ,a s a s object of the points after FOE was to show that the word was finished line th e n followingi e namth , e being n facti , , Forcus r Fercus,o better know Fergus.s inferenc y a ne sam m Th s i e e with regar o Drosten,t d namely, that the entire word was regarded as being Drostenipe. The whole would read accordingly as suggested above. Formerly I regarded the inscription as meaning "Drosteu, Ipeuoret ett Forcus," that is, consistins a f thrego e proper names joined togethe Latin i r meany nb s e conjunctioth of n t e "and.ett, r fo " This receive e approvath d l of no less an authority than Dr. Hiibner, as will be seen in his Inscrip- tiones Britannios ChristiawB, No. 212, p. 77. I have, however, never succeeded in finding any trace of such a name as Ipeuoret, and I do not regard the ett as decisive of the language of the inscription, any more Irisd thaol hn na I shoulmanuscrip n i & d wora r r 7treao ,o s , a dt et t reae tob d otherwise than occws ocus,r o "and. somew " no -Naym a I , what incline e nativth regaro dt s ea t Pictisdet h wor "r and,de fo b o "t equated with the edd on the Golspie Stone. y argument e an forc f Th o e s derived fro e datd localitth man e y e t woulhabie th o f writinr e o likele seriouslb tdfo b t o yt et g y diminishe e undeniablth y b d e Pictish habi f doublino t g almost every consonant wils a ,seee b l n from e inscriptionsomth f o e noticede b o st . On the other hand, the fact that the t is the only consonant doubled in this instance proves, to my mind, that the Drosten inscriber was acquainted with some language besides Pictish, probably Latir o n Goidelic I r bothshoul o ,d e glaan ; b d believo t d e that under some such extraneous influence the spelling of ipe is a simplification of ipce == ipoi, ipua, which I hope to show to have been a Pictish word for " off- sprin progeny.r go mayt thai e s B a tventurI ," assumo et d e an tha e ip t ipua, are at any rate related and of a kindred meaning. So I would provisionally translate thus: " Drust's offspring, Uoret and Fergus." The name Forcus s Goidelici d thi s usei an s, n t Adamnan'i i dfor f mo s . ColumbSt Lif f o e a whe e speakh n f MacErce'o s s sons (see Beeves' 270 PKOCEEDINGS Or THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

edition, i. 7, p. 33); and Foreos occurs on a stone, from Clonmacnois, n Misi s Stokes' Christian Inscriptions Irishe th n i Language,- par. i t e othe . . d piTh 165.p ii r.an , name, Uoret, is. probably natived an , identical with that of the Pietish king Wrad, who was reigning when Kenneth MacAlpin was making himself master of the Pietish power in •th .w: e4 e yearhav84 o st e froothe9 m83 r e namformth f eo s probably in Ferath and Feret^ which occur-in the Olironide of the Scots and Picts ; and more exactly in Forat, in the Tripartite Life of Patrick? in s beinspitit f eo g given onlgenitiva s ya e there. The initial / is due in such forms. probably to Goidelic influence ; so the distinction sharply drawn in this inscription between the u or v of borrowe/ e oe fth th Uoret d dan Forcus instructives i . Aquhollie 4Th . e Stone, abou mile5 t s north-wes f Stonehaveno t I . visited this stone last summer for the first time, as I had never heard of it till the Earl of Southesk's account of it was published by your Society unablm a I agreo t e. e entirely wit readings hhi , thougm a hI meany confirmean m . a y s b Mr I owny certai t t y m b d no bu f ; o n Alien's reading and his exact measurements of the spaces. We agree very nearly with regarconsonane th o dt t scores follows a , s :—

LI V i nonitedov wo T T

Afurtheo t s r details I ma, y remark thade th whict hI regar s da doubtfu . AlieMr l n give fainn si t outline, whereas Lord Southesk gives no d, ^-, but suggests an n, \\\\\', that would, I take it, cover my "777. The vowel a grea o st t -ar l extenal e t gues I . Alie sd workMr an nt bu , agree in our conclusions about them all except the one occurring in the spac . e Ther . t betwee d I ecoul t an decid no n d e whethe couno t r t four considerable depressions r exactlo , y twic e numbeeth includiny b r g less perceptible ones. He, however, has taken the precaution of measuring the space, and finds it to be the same as that for the i. In that case one might perhaps conclude that we have here to do with a genitive See Skene's Picts and Scots, p. 150. 1 Stokese Se 2 ' edition, pp. 210, 351. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 271

Vinoni, nama e whic hFinane nominativee mighb th w n i no t t thibu ;s would leav rese eth t unexplained thatd I oughad ., o whet t n looking at the stone, I was half inclined to see a notch before the first v, jjj: this would lead one to expect the legend to begin with avi. Avi in ancient Ogame Goidelith s i s c genitive ui,w no ,correspondin e th o t g nominativ , "e6 a descendant r iiao r grandson.o , " Lastly I coul, e db certain of nothing after the last v here given, but Mr. Alien suggests a gap followed by four notches: if this could mean an original group of five notches, we should have a common ending of a Celtic genitive, and the whole would be Vinoni Tedovi, or else Avi Nonitedovi, meaning " the grave of Vinon Tedov, or of O'Nonitedov"; but this is sheer guesswork.1 Lastly, I wish to mention that this Ogam is all on the natural edge of the stone, and that the vowels must have been notches in the edge, t lineonle t acrosno th t ylengtscu s a d i inscriptio t st i an i h: kin e th df no north of the Forth, and I should be inclined to consider it, for that reason, as being probably the oldest Ogam in Scotland. Aboyne Th . 5 e t Aboyna Cross w no , e Castle. This, though onlya fragmen e crossth f ,o t seem o beat se whol th r e inscription; possibly the stone had been broken as it is now before it was used for the Ogam. The latter consists of two lines, the first of which seems to break off in middle th worda f thid eo sindicatean e ;takI b o e t dee a y pdb barb-like e endmar th factn I t . a k I shoul, disposee db regaro d t answers a t di - ing the purpose of our hyphen at the end of a line : compare Forms on the St. Vigeans panel. One might prefer, however, to find that it meant h, and one may urge that it is not more deeply cut than the a of Maqqo. I examined the stone in 1883, and I verified my reading last summer n additioI . nI hav e befor Lore m ed Southesk's excellent photograph, together wit. Alien'Mr h s rubbing. Thi s whai s I makt e of it— I thin k thastone th t e migh reae b t d with certaint t couli f cleareyi e e db th f do 1 lichen, and that could be done with safety by having it covered for some time with turf or soil so as to make the lichen wither, which could then be brushed clean e Yarro th e cas f th o e w n i Stoneo away d abls o Is t wa e a :, e Academyseth e r fo 1891, ii. 181. Might I suggest to the Society of Antiquaries that they should have this done ? 2 27 PKOCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F O .SMA ,

/ Ma, q q o t a I I u o r r - 111 ////IIIII/ //i.\\____i -\L 11 I I III l\/______vvi INI 11111 I 111| I 1I_____ 111 11_1 n eh h t v r o b b a c c e n n e v v charactere Scarcelth f o e damages yon si r doubtfuldo , excep poinn i t f o t value. The first to call for notice in this last respect is the o. This I would identify with <3> in the tract in the Book of Ballymote, where it e plac thad on value f n anotheeoian givei o o n t th i f s eo t i n ha r (fol. 312). I am inclined to regard it as called into existence by the influence of Roman o on the bind Ogam for o as on the Burrian Stone, and to asso- ciate with it that value. This will be found confirmed when the Bressay and Burrian Ogams come to be reviewed. The next character to be noticed is ^, which I should be disposed to regard as a modification of X= e' th**' modification having been first made in order to avoid confusion with ^ =j?. This, however, is a question concerning its history which it is not essentially necessary to deal with here, since the character ^^ seem o havt s e com en Irelani inte us od s beforwa t i e introduce o Scotlandformet e d th e havn i rW t i ecountr. somea n yi - what late Irish Ogam reading—

I////I I I I / | UM | | I| M | |/\ I I I I I I lI I / I / ' I Mill. .N^l III!.....— I I I I I ///// 11111 -^that is to say, Maile-lnbiri. It occurs also in an older Ogam, but

one hardly belonging to the oldes1 t class of Irish Ogams, as I gather from the trick of inverting the side scores. The inscription in question is found on a low cromlech near the foot of the mountain called Caher- Conree, between Trale d Dinglean ed than e, nam f intereso e t here reads . 111111111111111\/. ... Illl11 m /sTTT TTT —tha sayo t s i t, Oonu-Nett. Scotlann I shale dw l meet with ^^ again no the Golspie Stone, and on stones in Orkney and Shetland. 1 Maile-lnbiri would be the genitive of a name Mail-Jnbiri, which I have tried to explain as meaning " Calvus Virginis," or the Slave of the Virgin: compare Mail- Maire, and for a short account of this inscription, which belongs to Kilmalkedar in Kerry, see the Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland for 1892, p. 267. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NOKTHEBN PICTS. 273

One should next notice the angle made by ^, for the vowel o, instead of being ||. Whether means thi indicatswa o t modificatioea e th f no soun thaf do t vowe lcannoI disposem a tI say t thino dt bu , k sam e notTh e. character occur t leassa Brodie t oncth n e o eGolspi e Stoneth d ean , Stone hase like th ,th lin e e perhaps f n formatioeo o on s a ha n a ,o s n d ^an ; Bressa instancee yth l Stoneal wilt n si I noticee . lb d tha angle tth cons ei - tained on the left: in other words, when the vowels are not drawn straight' they look towards the left, so to say, and this agrees with the interpreta- tio f certaio n n bind Ogam Booe tracscoree th f th Ballymotko n i t n si e (fol. 313, line 17), wherea f thei s y looke e othe abouty th d wa r , <^, <^, &c., they would probably be interpreted to mean m, g, &c. Lastly, one should notice the a in the second line: its lower extremity ends in a short horizontal score, giving the whole letter the appearance of a hammer, e lik th a e wil Golspi e found th b l an n o de LunastinStonee th n o , g Stone, and more than once on the stone from the Broch of Burrian. On the Aboyne Stone, however, the horizontal score is damaged by a little breakage widethas o i s roughe ,d t i t an r r tha e restnth . Supposine th g breakag accouno whole et th f r thio efo st horizontal score, whico d I h t think no e theon ,n would read simpl n ordinara y r therfo y , s i ea {, hardly any question as to the value of the character. As to the legend, it seems to begin with Maqq, " son," or, as I think more probable, with Maqqo for Macco, the word which occurs so fre- quently in the most ancient Irish Ogams in the genitive muco-i or mucco-i. Even if the other view be preferred, it does not prove the inscriptio f necessito e b o t na yver y earl e finy w done r thafo ;n i t continues wa Irelan r maceo o e tw spellinc o dt r th d o witma q f ho ga comparatively late times curiouA . s instanc f thieo gives si Brash'n ni s book, pi. xli., where a small lead vessel found at Kilmallock, in county Limerick representes i , reading—is da n relief—as follows :—

Mill // /INI 11111 ' ' ' ' ' Tl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 // ii 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1)111 N i g 1 a s M q e . i

.1111 I I \ \ I IN1 1 1 I1 ii rr /' ——————— 1 1 / II // 0 i I I m o c h o I m o g VOL. XXVI. 4 27 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

o NicholaWh s M'Gillmocholmog havt y knowno et ma : o beebu ,d I n I should not suppose him to have lived in very remote times; and it is clear that he was not very familiar with the way in which literary Irish was spelled. Stil have lh lesn e sca bee n aware whe wrote h n e meiqs a e genitivth f mac,o e thae ancienth t t fors e maquiearlth mwa y n i Ogam inscription n boto s h. George' St side f o s s Channel. Never- theless, his writing his name with a q was probably not .the. result of acciden e teachinr whimth o t n t anciena bu f , go t family traditiono T . returAboyne th o nt e Stone I regar, e inscriptioth d s belongina n a o t g time when q was regarded as merely another way of writing c; so I am t liberta supposo yt e thae Ogath t m begins with maqqo — macco, which may be loosely rendered " descendant," a,nd one would naturally expect a genitive after it; but what is that genitive? Is it Talluorrnehht m'Talluorrnl It must be one of the two, for a happy thought has enable o identift e m d y Vrobbaccennevv a distinc s a takte namew e f I . Talluorrnehht e genitive—th s a a Goidelic genitive—it would havo t e be regarde s implyina d ga nominativ e TalluorrnaJM: casey e an th , n i hh befor t eprobabl y mean Lunastine s proves th i case ch, s f th a e o n di g Stone, where Nelilitonn e histori th formusa f e mo b t c name Nechtan. But TalluorrnaJM reminds one of such Irish names as Connacht, " Connaught," and Eoganacht, usually explained as the race of Conn and Eogan respectively, ane prefixindth f macg o r macco o nama o t f tha eo t kind would, I fancy, be without parallel. So it seems preferable to suppose the genitive to be Talluorrn, and the name of the first man mentioned on the stone to be Maqqo-Talluorrn. If we could venture to read the tag firse th tf lin o shoul e h,s d ea w en de havth t a e Talluorrhn, which would brin neares gu r possibl greae th o tyt Pictis h nam f Talorgan,eo therd an e seems no intrinsic improbability in the hypothesis of a clan-name like Macco-Talorgan or Talorgen : still better fits the genitive of Talore? In

Kilmalloce Th k vesse . Atkinson Mr sais i l y db , . Brash'editoMr f o r s booke b o t , 1 in the Museum of the Ro}'al Irish Academy, but unfortunately I have not seen it. I ought, therefore tako t t e libertiesno , , perhaps, wit s readingexcusy hhi m t e bu ; must be that I think mine is an improvement on his, which is '' Nig Lasmeich " and " Cill Mocholmog": see Brash, p. 327. fac-simile th Skene'e d 2Se an , es 7 accompanyin Picts , Scots,d 6 . an pp . git THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 275

three factth f eo ,typica l Picts from Cruithentuath, thasayo t s ,ti froe mth Pictish peopl Nortf eo h Britain,mentione Daderge th n di a storyBooe th kn ,i (folw .Co 88a) n havo Du tw ,e e genitive maccooth fth n i e for macf mo

ui followin1 g their names. The three are Dubloinges m'o Trebuait, Trebudit m'c ili Lonsce, and Curnacli m'c ui Fdich? The construction of the name Maqqotalluorrn would thu Celtice e knob sw ws a , froe Drostemth n inscription thagenitive th t e should preced Pictishn ei , Englishjusn i s ta . But the inscriber seems to me to have treated the whole compound as a simple Pictish e genitivenamth n d provisionalli e an , yI woul d con- strue exactly in the same way as the Drosten inscription—Maqqotal- luorrn (for Maqqotalluorreri) ehht Vrobbaccennevv, which I should trans- late—M.'s offspring Vrobbaccenn. This occurred to me as the analysis legene o th fexplanatio y dan beford ha I eo givn t f ehht;o et sincbu e then I remembered that I had somewhere seen a word like this, mean- progenyg in n turnino r clan o d Stokeso an t g, ' editio f O'Donovan'o n s translatio f Cormac'o n s Glossary I fin, t i gived n there three times, namely explaio t , n Connaclit thougs a t werhi e Conn-ichta, " descendants of Conn," to explain Eoganacht as if it were the icht, race or progeny descending from Eogano explait d an ,n t merachti wer f i e s mer-icht,a issud "ema "—the word mean thas ti t whic Scotcn i hs i h Gaelic mearachd, "mistake, error, wrong." I gather from these instances that whatever inventioe th t iclitIrisn a no f s h no was glossaristwa t ,i than i r t fo ;cas e he would have invented a better fitting vocable, as the words to be explained all three end in acht, and not in icht. The most intelligible hypothesis is, in fact, that Cormac's derivation of such names as Connaclit, Eoganacht, otherd an s like them, which have nothing correspondino gt them in the Brythonic dialects, is to be roughly taken as correct. In other 1 The oldest nominative form occurring of this word is mom or muco, genitive imuxi or moan, which became associated and confused with inae in medieval Irish, so tha genitive tth e regardecame ui—b c o et ma a s dtreatmena t which o t show w smo have been an oxytone, m8c6—as if it were films nepotis. In point of fact, however, worde th distincte etymologieallar sy probabld wa an ,o n n yi y related. Nays i t i , quite possible that the word moco is not Celtic at all. In a few Goidelic inscrip- tions writte n Latii n n moco e las s rendereth i t t a e nepos,y b dm r nepus.t o Le moment add such instances, from Skene's Fids and Scots, pp. 7, 8, asfilius Wttioil nudfilius Wdrost, probabl earlien a r yfo r maccu Thoil, maccud an Drosten. 2 The name FdicJt, in the Book of the Dun Cow, 57J, 5Sa, is probably the same. 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

words, such names were Pictish formations which had undergone phonetic modification , o sayt tha s i t, Conn-ecM r Conn-ichto had, with s vowelit s harmonised, hecome Gonnacht, a chang t calculateno e d o recalt etymologe th l y very clearly a traditionsupposey t ma bu ; e w ,, existed that the latter part of the word stood for iclit, " progeny," d thian s coul e ascertaineb d s lona ds Pictis a g h remaine a dlivin g language. I now come to the name Vrobbaccennevv, in which I detect the same ending as in Berrisef on one of the Bressay Stones, in a name on the . NiniaSt n Stone n hccvvevvi , Luriastine th n o wore th g d n Stonei d an , Burriae pernth n o n Stone I hop. ee abl lateb shoo t eo t rw that this was a Pictish nominative ending, at any rate not a genitive termination, which is the point here. Excepting this termination, the name here n questioi a for f thao s mi n t which appear n i Iriss h literature as Srobcinn or Srobcind, the genitive of Srobcenn. In the Book of the Dun Cow, fol. 54a, we read of a Nemed m'c Srobcind1 falling in a battle called Cath Grutine;Foue th rd Masteran s call this Nemen so d of Smibcend, e Ern th kinf Munstero f ao g e namth ; e also occurs without being associated with Nemed pedigreee th Erne n th i n , i af so the Book of Leinster, fol. 3245. According to the Four Masters, Nemed, son of Sroibcend or Srobcenn, lived in the second century r eraoou f . f o v f Srobcenne o th s d e e an askedth b t n y howca Bu ,ma t ,i Vrobbaccenn- be harmonised? This question raises several others, including among the me valu th tha r e f valueOgao eo tth f mo s -p-jn i - Pictish inscriptions. The equivalence already pointed out of final jjl—1-|-[-, vv,- with ////, /, is of capital importance. I have argued in the articl n Ogao e n Chambersmi s Encydopcedia, r instancefo , thae th t symboe valuth f eo l ////, which doe t happesno certair nfo n foune tob d in any ancient Ogam inscription in Ireland, Wales, or Dumnonia, must have been that of _/. The reasons need not be repeated here, but these Pictish inscriptions complet same proofe th eth t ea , time that they teach thas u elsewher v t v n Pictisfinai d v v l an e sounhv e Th madf o d . e/

yeare th e s 1651Se , 186 t iI s. remarkable thaspelline th t Srobcindt s gi no d an Srobchind. I cannot suppose this to be an accident. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 277

than at the end is not so easily ascertained, but those who make it a practic alwayf eo s transliterating / -p- creats pa e inevitable difficultier fo s themselves. The value of simple jjj as / comes, I imagine, from the ordinary Irish alphabets gives a , O'Donovay b n s Irishi hn ni Grammar; e mosbuth tr t thafo ancien o td wilt tno l clas f Ogaso m inscriptions,n i which -pry is never / by any chance. It may be questioned whether it was w or v, or even fi, but not /. The consonant written / in Irish manuscripts, fro e eightmth h century down s mostli , y derived fror o mv w; and, either traditionall mattea s a f phonetir o ryo c identity t couli , d be transliterate Latin e beginnini th dv lat s ne s a eight a eth f go h cen- tury, when the oldest manuscript of Adaranan's Life of Columba was written: witness Vinnianus in that manuscript for Finnian, and Virg- nous or Virgno for Fergna. Supposing the Pictish pronunciation of jjj to have followe e Goidelith d c chang f valuo e f initiao e into/v l e th , Pictish valu f -p-eo p would becom , howeveris t eI t cleaals no . ,o / t r me that it did so, or even that there was any reason why it should; and the Drosten inscription carefully distinguishes between the u or v of e borroweth f o / d e Goidelith Uoret d an c name Forcus. Then thers ei the fact, that we shall presently find -pry used for the vowel u, which decides me to transliterate -ppj- in all the Pictish inscriptions by v as the most ambiguous letter available for our purpose. The more precise value would accordingly have to be determined in each individual case as it occurred. This bring e initia bace th s m Vrobbaccenn—o f kt o l andhistore th f yo f Srobcenn.o s initiaw e Irisn i No th s l h doe t alwayno s s represenn a t origina t sometimebu s l p :s s thus word n t i cannoi o s so likd t e Irish sonn, Welsh /on, " a staff," and sron, " a nose," Welsh ffroem, " a nostril." We know that s has taken the place of / in words borrowed from Latin, such as Gaelic sorn, " a kiln," Welsh ffwrn, " a furnace," from the Latin furnus, srian,d an Welsh ffrwyn, " a bridle, " froe Latimth n frenum. Apply this analog e cas th f Vrobbaccenn- eo o yt s againsa t Srobcenn,d an the conclusion is natural, that the Aboyne form of the name belongs to an older stage than is represented by the attested Irish form Avith s : that is, thes wa n t Frobbcenni Frobbaccenn,r undergont o no d ha change d eth an e usual in the case of early Irish /, for earlier sp or sp'h. What the name 8 27 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

exactlt meanno o d y sI know srubht bu , sais i mea o dt n "snouta Irishn "i . n casI firse th et syllable prove f thado t origin t mighi , regardee b t s da relate sron,o dt 1 which alreads ,a y hinted old/wordn a s ,i . Srobcenn does not, however, stand quite alone Srubgailr ,fo n Du occurBooe e th th f kn o si Cow , f Ciichulainn'folo e . e namon 73ath f s eo a , s antagonists froe mth west. The other element cenn occurs in names like Oonchenn, genitive Concliind, in Ogam Cunac&na and Cunacenni; so it is not to be identified wit e Goidelith h c word cenn, " head, s provei s a " "Welsde th als y ohb forms Coneenn, t Gyngen,Conpennno d r Oynben.an o l thiAl s would seem at first sight to favour the conclusion that the Pictish v as well as vn Vrobbaccennevvvi were sounde . d/ That, however, doe t followsno , t surno e m thaa an initiatI y d Pictisan ld /'sha h. e b y Thima s illustrated froe Slavonimth c languages, whic wele har l know havo nt e no initian nativi / l e words, though they mak a fina eregularlv o l y into off. a Goidelie cas f th Soo e n i , c Frobbaccenn, s quiti t i e possible that the nearest Pictish approach to the sound was Vrobbaccenn, sounded with v as in the English word vat or vine. And if the inscriber is to be credited wity consistencyan h t i mus, t hav en thii bee so s ncase ; otherwise why did he not double the v at the beginning just as at the 1 Srdn, Wels"nose,e th d h "an equivalen t ffroen, a nostril," " poina ste o mt t sp'rogn-; and srubh may, so far as regards the phonetics, be derived, possibly, from a stem sprogy,- ; but it is far more likely that the name Srofaenn is wholly non-Celtic, and that its history, briefly put, is as follows :—(1) a non-Celtic Sp'robbaccenn- of unknown meaning ; (2) the same modified in Goidelic into Frobbaccenn- ; and (3) the latter modifie e Pictth f Albay so b d n into Frobbaccenn-,o t tha e , unlesar is t e w s transliterat initias eit l —jyp as/- Though explaines a , e text evidence th th ,n i d e for a Pictish initial / is not convincing, the same can hardly be said of sp or sp' : witnes e namerivere th s (writtenth e f so Sp n Englisi h Spey)Spean,d an also that of Spynie Castle, near Elgin. Similarly, Irish shows a few sp words, all probably of non-Goidelia c origin, suc s sprea h "cattle a dowry, , "and spred "a spark;" also such names of men as Speldn (Four Masters, A.D. 822, 921), and of women as Sproc (Martyrology of Donegal, June 30, p. 182). More thoroughly naturalised these and the like should have had as their initial / and afterwards s, as in the case of Meicc Srappan, "Srapp'f o s son, stona n "o e from Clonard Meatn i , h (Miss Stokes' Chris- tian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, ii. 63, plate xxxvi.). At last, it dawns on me that a genitive corresponding to Srappan or,' let me say, Sroppan, is exactly wha wantes i t explaio t d n Vrobbaccenn-. n otheI r words e latteth , r representn a s original Sp'robban-cenn- r Sp'roppan-cenn-,o ance whicf th o h would accurately account e acefo f Vrobbaccenn-.th ro THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OP THE NORTHERN PICTS, 279 end, that is, in case the old Ogam ^j-^ for / was out of the question ? It is not wholly irrelevant to observe that the inscriber's work in this instance meant cutting letters on a hard stone already sculptured with a very elaborate cross, and not merely scratching a scribble on a small stone of a slaty kind. 6. The Logie Stone, at Logie Elphinstone, in the Garioch. This stone is well known for the curious devices carved on it, and the supposed Ogam inscription is on the circumference of a small circle near the top. I tried to make a drawing of it in 1883, but I find that it differs from Lord Southesk's and Mr Alien's, so I do not think it worth reproducing. Lord Southesk begins his reading some distance to the highese righth f o t t circlee poin th arrived f o tan , t sa i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 \\

—that is to say, Athat Bhoto. Mr. Alien begins nearer the top, and his Ogams run thus— I III I I I I \I I I I I I / \\ \/ x II —which seems to make Abat CahoJit. Here Tit is more like Pictish spell- ing than th, but it seems to me rather a difficulty that the vowels seem to incline in opposite directions. In Mr. Alien's drawing, however, the top of the <^ is only indicated by dots; and if one might venture to omit that portion, we should have them all looking the right way. We could then read 7SIn M I I I I \ 7 I \77\ I III or Alteahoht. The two widest gaps, according to Mr. Alien's drawing fro rubbinge mth betweee ar , t a d betwee cas nd i an Jit: d Itt an i an no one of these points I should accordingly begin the reading. I see nothin recommeno t g e latteth d r gap I shoul o ,s d tak othere eth d an , read as follows— 1I V1 I.s \ ._,/I ] ! I' N/ 'II / ii

—tha e prefer , on Cahohtalt.e is readint f th i s t gBu intende . Mr y db Alien's drawing, it would be Gahoht Abat, which comes probably to the 280 PROCEEDINGS OF 'THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

same thing as Abat Oahoht. But I do not think it worth whil o makt e esearcabboa n a r f thao thfo t name until a good photograph of the circle is procured by the 5 Society .to.check one's conjectures. e Newto7Th . n Stone o muc S s alreadha .h y been written about this stone, and the difficulties connected greato s e ,witar tha t i hI hardlt y knor o wy whasa o t t what to take for granted in connection with it. But the excellent photograph sLor y giveb e d nm Southesk . Mr d an , Alien's rubbings, mak t ei unnecessar o dwelt e n o lm r yfo its general appearance. Suffice it to say that, it has two inscriptions—one in Ogam, and one in a script which is still harder to interpret. e Ogam(1Th ) , which is. e partlnaturath n yo l edgf eo the stone and partly arranged in connection with a groove cut on the face of the stone, reads as in the fac-simile, so judgn ca eI :fas —a r greae Onth f teo difficultie s her thaes i f distinguishinto g between consonant vowelsd an s ; but tako ,varioue t th e s points in detail, I may say that I cannot read anything with certaint yfirse beforq Th t e e firsscor . th eth i tf eo is somewhat prolonged below the edge. I mechanically call it q, as I have been used to regard it so, but on closer examinatio nI hav e conclusioe comth o et n thafeature th t e mentioned was possibly designed to distinguish lie from q.

( Similarly I have been used to regard the fifth Ogam as r, but I am now strongly inclined to think that Lord Southesk is right in reading it i, in spite of the inclination of the influencescores thim n i a st I bu ; d chiefl Profy yb . Eamsay's reading of the beginning of the script, to be mentioned 8 is presently. The three re's following a consonant occur "8 also in the Lunasting inscription, and they most likely mak nasaea l syllable n factI e wor.th , d iddarhcnnnr o iddaiqnnn is probably to be compared with eddarrnonn e Brodioth n e Stone n whico , h that vocable begina s THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 281

e legende th 111 linf Th | ;o Me f . Vorrenn 11o 1 leav e anglth es a e e inscribe th ia fdifficult d ha r n reachini y g tha e stonet th par f o , t f e Turaniasfina o e th Bally s th ld n an o - n e th e cas th f o e n ai s crovaiie Stone n Kerryi muse , h t t bu ;hav e found mean f betterinso g positios hi n befor e begah e e nexth n t word witr fo , h tha decidedle h t y comes back to the angle. The symbol ^ does not occur elsewhere e Pictisth n i h inscriptions e Burriaexcepth n o tn Stone. After thie inscribeth s r seem o havt t s-ff)—j—HfH~ cu e » an(^ possibla y few more score t findinbu s; d reacheg ha tha e h a dtver y rough part of the stone, he resolved to finish on the face of the stone, and he marks his new departure by a sort of tag to indicate the continuation of the Ogam. I once thought that we have here an -1-, h, but in that case I could not account for the inclination. The stem-line begins opposite the first vowel-score following u or o; but it is to be carefully noticed that it does not join it. The vowel-score just mentioned either represents an a or forms part of the Ogam for some other vowel such as i : probably Lord Southesk is quite right in treating it as a. Lastly, whatever the inscriber cut on the angle after a was rejected by him, I think, and repeated on the stem-line, so I would read ipua iosif: lase th t o consonant e s stem-linefoa th r n o t I ,shoul preferency db e regar s being/nota m a t i d ,I however. , quitet surno s e ha tha t i t five scores rather than four, in which case it would have to be read r. pretts i t I y certain, both fro lengte scoree m th th theid f hso an r inclina- tion, tha t represent theno o yd vowela tfive eTh standin. g just before it are irregular, both as to inclination and spacing, but they come nearer the perpendicular than the Ogam ending the inscription. So I have read them i, possibly r. Whether the legend ends or not with a form e biblicaoth f l name Joseph I ,canno n casti t saydoet i e bu ;s not,I should compare the ending with that of Berrisef on the Bressay Stone, f evv o n i Vrobbaccennevv d an e Aboynth n o e Cross d thian s, would hold whether one reads Iosif or Hiosif. t essentiano s i havo t t lI e these points settle orden di revieo t r e wth guesses made thus far; for one sees at a glance that they make the Oga paralled men poinn i l f constructioo t Drosten-ipeo nt o S Uoret, . &c I should provisionally construe Vorrenn ipua Iosif as meaning "Vorr's 282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAf 9, 1892.

offspring losif." Had we to do with an Aryan language, it would be a natural suggestio makDrosteo e nt th en i tha ne inscriptioip t e th s nwa dual of the ipua or ipoa of the Newton Ogam. But finding no reason to regard Pictis s Aryana h I hesitat, o speculatt e s manneit n o f e o r making a distinction of number, and I prefer to regard ipe as the same word whic have hw e here t subjectebu , d perhaps s alreada , y suggested, o somt e manipulatio s propeit f o nr spellings mori s a e r probablo , o et a Pictish law of vowel harmony. Lastly, the grammatical case of ipualosifd an probably depend swore oth nr wordbeginnine do th t sa g iddarhcnnn, whic hshoulI d consider equivalen eddarnonne th o tt beginning, one of the Brodie Ogams, but as representing a form involving another element between the r and the n; that is, if one does riot prefer reading iddaiqnnn. In either case, we have here an explanation of the mysterious nnn, namely s otherwis, thawa t i t e norm, pronounced probably wita h highly nasalised vowel something lik e Gaelie th tha f co t word ami, "in it, within, there, on the spot." The same combination will come befor e Lunastin s againth u e n o wito t , , g e worStoneth dn i , ahehhttmnnn; mora t ebu complete parallel perhap o iddarhcnnnt s d an eddarnonn is offered by the commencement of the Scoonie Ogam, where we have ehtarnonn r ehtarmnonn.o l thesal n eI nasa l e affixese I s an adverb meaning "here," "there," or "below," as I shall try-to show I proposlater o S . translato et e Iddarhcnnn Vorrenn-ipua losif,• "Lies here Vorr's offspring losif;I nee t dbu "hardl thay e sa yth t ver s pureli b yI guessa shoul d t hav an e ,slightesno dth e t objection if another verb is preferred, such as "rests "or "sleeps;" hut I fear that we can never discover much information .concerning the Pictish verb. Before leaving this Ogam, the word ipua or ipoa deserves further notice. Tha t i meanst " offspring," perhap st onl "sono y r boy,s o ni " to be inferred from its suitability in the place where it comes in this • inscription, which also applies in the case of ipe in the Drosten one, but the existence of some such a word is demonstrated by an ancient Irish Museue th Eoyae n Ogamth i f mw o l Irisno , h Academy t :comei * s from Monataggart, in county Cork, and reads as follows :— 1 At any rate, that is where I saw it some years ago ; but it may be now in the THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHERE AN S TH F O E N PICTS3 28 .

I I i I i I i I I i ////.... I I —. I V/ .. I / . . I Ii iI i |_|4 1111| |I 1 MM! 11111 nil 11111 i in i/j i 11111 i o p s a n e i n i o r £

M|, ill i III MI ///// ml i / I./ M, HIM ''' i '///// i M i 11111 i n M i 77 n 111 i N e t a t t r e n a I u g o s Her i canno epo Goidelia e b t c l wordpro t beginal i s n -i a , sd witan , hp babilit t ymeani s offsprin renderee wholb e y th sonr o gd ema d an , " (The grave or the stone) of B. son of N." The inscription is an important one, to whic hI shal l hav returo et n t whalate poinbu o t t r; wisI t w ou t hno is that po-i may be identified with ipua, on the supposition that the latter was accented on the final. As we proceed we shall find this kind of accentuatio ncharacteristia Pictishf co t survivee i th d n ,an i thio y st sda pronunciation of the Irish spoken in Munster : in fact, you may hear it pronunciatioe eveth n i Englisf no than hi t par Irelandf to vocabuA . - exchangee b lary yma r anotherdfo t habitbu , f pronunciatioo s n o o g n indefinitely. Assuming the oxytone pronunciation, the discarding of the short initial is easily imagined, so we have po-i on the Monataggart Stone; but, shor f droppino t t i galtogethersupposy o t ma t e i e on , become obscured, admittin f beingo g represente y almosdb y shoran t t vowel. The one, however, I should expect before all others in reading an Irish Ogam would be a, so I should be prepared to find the word, when writte fulln ni soute , takth f ipui f o forme Irelandhn o i et th no , , t apui r bu ap6i,o d thie have an w s , very possibly e followinth n i , g imperfect inscriptio t Ballintaggartna , near Dingle Kerrn i , y :—

TT • • TTrTT-HH—————————f-W——————I——————4 - I n e t t a I m i n a c e a p o u III || 111 11. I. I . in . . D u—— i o c u M q i qua If

There is great uncertainty as to the first name, but the whole seems to admit of being translated, "... 1 ... nettalminacc son (apoe) of Mac Mucoi-Du . . . ." However, we are not confined to this evidence. But before mentioning the next to be brought forward, I wish to remark

National Museu n Kildarmi e Street o whict , he Oga someth f mo stones froe mth Academy have, I know, been removed : which or how many I cannot tell. 284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

that Munster probably took a longer time to be Celticised than the rest of Ireland, with the possible exception of the country occupied by the Ulidian r Truo s e Ultonian e north-easth n i s t e islandcorneth f o r. f MunsteFurthero n me r e , beganthath s a t , froe earlmth e y th par f o t second century o invadt , ee land Waleth d s e Seversoutsan th f ho n Sea, any linguistic peculiarities existing in Munster might be expected to be repeated on the eastern side of St. George's Channel. This is borne out by inscriptions in South Wales, and in Devonshire and Cornwall. Moreover s regarda , s South Wales e evidencth , broughs ei t dowa o t n late e rBook th dat y b eo f Llan Libere Ddv,th r o Landavensiss i t i s a commonly called. The interest of that manuscript centres, so far as I am concerned, e chieflpropeth n yi r names with whic t aboundshi d an ; helpinn i edio geditioe t poine th tth f beinn o tn o g published, severaf o l these names have attracte attentioy dm n anewfollowine Th . g personal ones are in point here:—(1) Gurpoi, which is apparently a short form of Guorapui, otherwise give s Guorabui,a n Guorhaboe, Gurabui,d an Guraboi. ) Guernapui,(2 Guernabui, Gwernabwy,w no Bod-Wernan i s a - bwy, the name of a farm near the extreme west of Carnarvonshire; not to mention Gwernabwy's Eagle, in the legend of the Ancient Animals in the story of Kulhwch and Olwen.1 (3) Guindbui, which occurs once, as does also (4) Hunapui, namely, in the name of a church, Lann Hunapui, which appear distince b o st t fro ) tha m(5 lunapui,f o t called Lann lunabui; this name is Latinised lunapeius and lunapim. Now, thesn i e five names apui r dbuio s proba,bli e equateb o yt d wite th h form apoe; and it is a curious coincidence, if it be merely a coincidence, that Guorabui s (minui e genitive th e cnnf th so ) nearl e Welsth y h equivalent of Vorrenn ipua in the Newton Ogam, when that is studied in the light of the Irish inscriptions. I hope later on to show that trace f Vorrennt so confine no e ar Buchan di Newtoe th o nt n Stone. Before leaving this Ogam, I may be allowed to mention a form of the word ipua or apoi, for which I have no older authority than

Keating's History of Ireland; but Keating had access probably to Se1 e the Red Book Mdbinogian, pp. 130, 131, and Guest, ii. p. 299. The refer- ences to the Book of Llan 'Ddv need not be given here, as the Editor is preparing an excellent index to it. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 285

manuscript los stilw r o t sno l awaitin studiede b o t gI alludey . m n i d third Rhind Lecture to the story of the ancestress Scotta, represented as daughte f Pharaoho r I suggeste d an ; d that underneat e Vulgatth h e name Pharao, Pharaonis, lay probably a genuine native name, which had been identified with the scriptural one—some such a name, in fact, as Feron or Fearon. Now, Keating, s allusio hi e fathe th n 1i f o Scotta,nt o r t no 2 only calls him Pharao, but " Pharao Nectonibus." "Where did he find such a name ? He can scarcely have invented it; he may have blundered, but it is unnecessary to assume that he did so, until the source of his informatio identifiede b n nca r otheo , r evidence adduced t standsi s A ,. it would seem to involve the word ipu- in the form ibu-s, and to have meant " Pharaoh son of Necht, Nechta, or Nechtan," for there is a variety of these forms l belonginal , e earl mythicath d yan o gt l portio f Irisno h history. Compare the name Natanleod given in the Saxon Chronicle to the king slain in battle by Cerdic and Cynric in 508, somewhere in neighbourhoode th Southamptonf o name Th e. probably means " Leod (son f Necht,o ) " Leod e forbein th f Leot,m o n gi nama e which figures Pictislie inth Chronicle Skene'e :se s PictsScots,d an . 10 p . Lastlya , frien f mino d e would emendate Neotarides, Coune e name th th th f f eo o t Saxon Shore slain by the Saxons in the year 364, into Nectanides or even Nedan-ipes. (2) Now we come to the other inscription on the stone, which may be conveniently studiee excellenth n i d t photographs take y Lorb n d Southesk, and privately circulated with the reprint of his paper on the stone, read December 11, 1882. However stone th e I ,wen se agai o t t n last summere hospitalitth . d Gordoan Mr , f Newtof yo no n mad t easei y for me to study the letters at leisure; but I cannot claim to have successhay readindy an M followss a . producs n gi nearls ca a ,I s eya a fac-simile. On the whole, I think Lord Southesk's last reading 'and mine agree minoo ,tw exceptinr ro detail secone e th on f sn go di toward d en e sth line. As to the interpretation of these characters, I think it safe to See Joyce's Keating's History of Ireland (Dublin, 1880), p. 8. 1 2 Scott t homa s ai e als Alban oi n: witnes s Hoof-printe "th Scota'f o s s Steet da Ardifour Point," between Loch Crina Locd nan h Craignish s describea , d from local sources give n i Waifsnd Strays an f Celtic o Tradition: . I Argyllshire Stories (London, Nutt. 13 , 1889)12 . pp , 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

say very littlI abstai d e an ;e lesn th swit l regre al hI hav s a te been fortunate enough to persuade my friend Professor Eamsay, of Aberdeen, d stud an stone o yth g eo t carefully, with Lord Southesk's readingd san photographs in his hand. It is to be hoped that Professor Ramsay will

publish the results of his examination, but in the meantime, I may men- tion that his reading of the second line, which offers some difficulties, agrees with my first impression of it, and that he now transliterates the two first lines thus : — EDDE ECNUNVAUE l

This is also the reading approved by Dr. Whitley Stokes, who has studied the 1 stona photograph n i e r StokesD . ' interpretation, unablwhice sorrm b a o yI t he accepto t , meantimee hasth n ,i , been publishe Academye th e n i Th dJunr fo . e4 same periodical for June 11 contains a letter on the same subject from Lord Southesk. Sinc above printedeth s ewa , Professor Ramsa s publisheyha Academye th n i dr fo September 1892, pp. 240, 241, an account of his examination of the stone in the presence of Lord Southesk and Mr. W. R. Paton. His letter in the Academy, together THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 287

Brodie Pare Th th Brodief . o ke8 n i Stone w , neano , r Forrese Th . Ogam thin so s stone were only know e from mo n t Lord Southesk's pub- lished detail f themo s , and from further information with whics hi h Lordship had favoured me by letter; but last summer I was able o examint e the o r confirt myselfm fo d s readingsan mhi , t a leas, t respec n onli e th yf o portiont whico t s possibli s s a t hi feeo et l tolerably certain. (1) Beginning with the symbol-covered face of the stone, a stem-line on the moulding to the right reads upwards as follows:—

lln\\ Mil 7/////'//// mi \ (II\ l I I '• Nil -fate• / [ '"/ e d da r r n o n _« * hh t u m o. . . . . TIT 1

The first Ogam is imperfect, and may have been an i; the first d, -1-1-, inclines decidedldoe o -j-j-s e , whilth s slefte d i o ,, th }e an a , eo th yt slightly angulated. After on, I seemed to find two or three more scores, probably par f anotheo t r n; then there woul e spacb d e enough left for fou r fivo r e scores befor comee e iroth eon n o st fastenin g which serveo st hol stonee th d . This fastenin r cramo g p extends under several scores, includin , precedet ga d possibl t hh,thesy yb bu e lasvere ar ty doubtful. However, JM would agree in number of scores with Lord Southesk's reading, which is q; I could not, however, quite follow him in reading q.

wit hsqueeza e Ogath f meo kindl . PatonMr yy ,b sen have m t e modifie viey dm w on two or three points. For instance, I see that it is impossible to read / at the end, and that iq is more probable than rhc. The reading which recommends itself to me now may be represented as follows:—IDDA^NNN VOBBENN IPU-A (*-?) IOSIH. yfic o \ i * On comparing the two inscriptions, one observes that the two beginnings are practi- cally identical lons ha g s sinca , e been foreseen; this it"observede b , , carries withe itth equatio wit c f Vaur e ve o Ogaf nhth o th d tha r q,f man fo o wit t e Ogahth m y-pr of Vorrenn. Nevertheless, I should like to read tt instead of dd in the first word. Lord Southesk does not approve of the reading which Professor Ramsay trans- literatee Academy s letteth hi o t rn s e i latte th VAUR,s discusse ha d r an e dth difference lasy M te charactercop.th f yo question i s n agrees with Lord Southesk's view; but I consider that my hesitation is swamped by the substantial identity between Professor Ramsay' Ogame e Vorr-s th th Vaur f d o . an 8 28 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH 9,Y "F O S1892MA , .

It is needless to say that traces of Ogams are to be seen further up the stem, but I could make nothing of them. I have already com- pared eddarnon with the beginning of the Newton Ogam, and I ani disposed to regard it as a part of the formula of the epitaph, and not as a personal name : the latter may have been one beginning with Ehht or Nehht, but that is a mere guess on which I wish to lay no stress. e nexTh t ) inscriptio(2 n follow stem-linsa a mouldin e n o eth n go left margin of the stone, and it is still more hopeless i : — Ut a *4•///Illtuf-tittTini /_ri It '•- •- n';..—.— ILH4J. • // ///r r am s a n a 9 2 0 h of to. i 1. I s 7 ~°~ Md T ~?~? i a g It is useless to speculate on this any further, but the second o deserves attentio beins na g angulated into ^, which Lord Southesf s alsha oc noticed I coul t t finJ-LLU-s bu no d;ratherr dhi o • q , I woul, d make eth latter score t int, thougi t f odoubtfua so m a thosho I t s a el immediately preceding. There are traces of writing further up the stem-line. face f 'tho eTh e ) ston(3 e whic s adornehi d wit a hcros s traceha s s oshora f t inscription followin stem-linga righe th n t eo :—

///;/ '• • '» 1 2 1*1*n o 1> °_ e e a o r a n It is useless to try to make anything out of this, which is imperfect at the beginning and the end, as it is also in the middle ; but it must have always bee nshora t legend t appeari s a , o havst e never reached beyond poine th t wher iroe eth n fixedcramw no .s pi 9. The Golspie Stone, in the Duke of Sutherland's Museum at Dunrobin. The inscription is somewhat peculiar in more than one respect, for it reads up a moulding on the right-hand margin of the stone and continues along towardp to o mouldin t e e left e s stem-lineo Th th sth n ha . s e gha on o s ; beginnine Th stem-line th f go hers eha e gone wrongt shouli d correctee an b ,d d 1 according to the transliteration. THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHERE SAN TH F O E N PICTS9 28 .

refe scoree imaginarn th a r o st y line alon mouldinge centre gth th f eo a , circumstance which adds greatl uncertainte th o y t readinge th f yo . Lord Southesk reads nearly the same number of strokes, and iann at the end is his suggestion. The difficulty here is, that the stone has been damaged by the iron cramp holding it in its present position in the museum.1 I read close to the breakage four vowel scores, and the breakage would supply room for about four scores more, possibly five

A I I Jihal I or r e d dMa he Tie n 0 V It V Ji T ~! 1 1 u T a somewhat closely packed, but eirf makes eighteen digits, while iann would make sixteen, leavin glittla e extra space befor casy e ean ann. n I e terminatioth recommendn nan s itsel occurrins a f otheo tw rg n instancesi , but I have failed to satisfy myself that it is a possible reading here. I made a note when I saw the stone last summer, that it was possible, perhaps reao t , d rang nang,r o t thano t suc hcombinatioa anythins nha g difficultiee tth o f recommeno s e thai s on t o met t thero t bu n ;i d s ei determining space anywher t pas breakagee ge th tafteu yo re whol th , e being cut as if it formed one character. Another difficulty which I have e seeme complete b , tha e is o t th st d thaan ,t traca o thern f o s ei e consonant score befor e firs herr eth te escorth give f eo eirf.n ni Lord Southesk also read [ \\[ | \s uu wher eI sugges e secont ou.Th d s jj-pha sora f upwaro t d continuatio s firsit f t no score toward righte e sth Th . gap between the m and the hchc I should fill with an angulated ^, which owing to a wearing away of the back of the moulding is not to be seen 1 The gap shown in the woodcut near the bend in the boundary-line is of very doubtful existence. VOL. XXVI. T 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

there now. I am in doubt. as to hh. I formerly thought it d, but the last time it struck me as being hh; and, lastly, I do not feel quite certain that wha I thav e read'a e legencornee th parth a s f t allt s ha o di a rt . calo o furthe t t remain tw •I le r attentiom o r e sfo peculiaritie on o nt f so this inscription. Its initial a is of the hammer form, _L, like two examples to be noticed presently on the Burrian Stone; and this inscrip- tion supplies an instance of ^ which I have interpreted to mean e on the Aboyn language th e o t Stone s eI havA . e nex nothino t towin y sa go gt to the uncertainties of the legend, except that I presume it to be Pictish.1 Sinc above writtens eth wa e frien y . Nicholsonm , dMr , Bodley's Librarian, hap- 1 penestayine b . Jbasso dt Dr Sutherland n requesgwhoi y o d t , m an mt I e a h t d an , am-indebte accesr e Dunrobidth fo o st n Museu d mucman h kindly assistance, com- pared my reading carefully with the stone. The result is a number of suggestions as to points which had escaped me. As far as the turn at the corner of the stone, Mr. Nicholson would read Ogams making : Alllihallor:::eddmqqnu.uvv. After the finde firsh r st trace f onlo s y fou r e las scoresf theth o t d mdoubtfuls i an , thao s , t the groustilI t l ;bu pr ventur e coulb t believdno o e thinkt e H mare e . s th tha is k t ti betwee accidentalq nd man d woulan , d thus remove what seem a much-needes d vowel. The bottom of the first score of the q he thinks prolonged at an angle some- what like that of an ^, a. I find that I noticed it in 1883, but discarded it as possibly no part of the writing. The two u's he finds separated by a small mark or notch, which was noticed also by Lord Southesk. It occurs more than once in the Burrian Ogam: its function seems to have been to separate the scores of identical or homogeneous groups, thus 1111111 secone Th d. i), whic hthoughI t ^s i Y|11 ) ' accordin . KicholsonMr o t gregardo wh ,e thre e th s th e d digitan s formee sa on n di same manner, thoug peculiarite hth less yi s conspicuou secone th thir d n si dan d than in the first. This makes it possible that the inscriber, having spaced somewhat recklessl t firstya , begaafraie b lacf o ndt o roo f ko finismo t writings savho hi t o eS . comparativela y wide space v's,betweeo e distinguishetw h e nth e seconth d d from the first by a slight variation of form. It also inclines me to read qq rather than readiny m o t e stone ghchc.s th . Nicholsorreirf A f Mr o , p to alon ne regardgth s the upper edge of the moulding as all gone in consequence of damage to the e fouth rf o lasstonee doet h y fint no an o sOgamds ; s crossin o thagt t edge. Lastly, he regards the first score of my reading of the final consonant as a mere mark or notch. This nearly agrees wit impressioy vera hm s ya t imperfeci f no t scoret I . e compareb maw yno d probably wit e mar th hs alread ku' o betweeytw mene th n - tioned. Thu woule t liberta son e d b suppos o yOgamt p to e havo est th e made rreirng or rreirf; and, having regard to the inclination of the preceding score, I should prefer a to h. So I should suggest reading Alllihallorr edd Maqq Nuuvvarreirng, and explain Nuuwarreirng as representing Nuuvvan-reirng. In that case I should translate provisionall yN.'c "BeassMa conflict.d an picturte e ston th Th n "e o e represent armen sa d man fighting wit hwila d animal. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS.. 291

e PapTh a. Strons10 a Stone, sai n Stuart'i d s Sculptured Stonesf o Scotland, vol. i. p. 14, to be preserved by Mr. Heddle of Milsetter. I only know it from Stuart's description and his plate xlii., copied by Hiibner as his No. 214 (p. 79), but without the cross accompanying it in Stuart's book. Hiibner briefly remarks—Legere litteras nemini adhuc cessit; but they seem to me as if they might be read. I copy them roughl follows ya s from Stuart:—

The original should be photographed and examined again carefully by Mr. Alien or somebody else well versed in this kind of epigraphy. I would read dm iefu, for Domine Jesu, " 0 Lord Jesus." I have no doubt that the first letter in Stuart's copy is a d, and it is interesting as being Drostee th n o ne Stoneon likd e a eth , excepting thaStronse th t e on a has its ends formed iato short branches, as is also the case with its long_/T The n is likewise of the same type, except that the one on the Drosten Ston mors ei e ornate I canno. t accounsprawline th r fo t g form of wha I havt lettee eth jusd r followin\ti an given a s n a somewha s gi t unusual, but I take it to be an e with a tag underneath indicating its derivation fro me lasj3Z.Th t letter appeare imperfectb I o t st bu , e appropriatenesTh . v r e wordua o th e b f so s o tak t Domine t i e Jesu just ovee crosth r s need o commentsn e Misse : s Stokes' n i plat . iv e e seconth r dbook he par f ,o t wher e givesh ee a cross on n s o wit e hdn ornamentatione th sid f t saf o eexpatiato no t e s i t I e. freelstona n o ye which one has not seen, but I hazard these remarks in order to show the interest attachin e Stronsth o t g a instanc a grou s forminf a eo p e on g from which it seems to me inseparable. Specimens of the writing of o perhapy to wha ma d I tan s w ter e Pictisfe m th o to h r schoofa e ar l preciou anr sfo y existing fragmen allowee b forgottene o t b t o dt . Could the Antiquaries not procure a good photograph of the Stronsa Stone ? 292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

Broce 11Th .Burriaf ho n Stone, from North Eonaldsha, now in the National Museum, Edinburgh. The inscription scratches i a e cros sid a stonth f e fac o ef th sy o eb en do outlined on it. Unfortunately the surface has decayed here d therean o thae s readin, th t g presents very great diffi- culties. This is particularly the case with the beginning e Ogamoth f , whic I hregar s hopelessa d e followinTh . g represent sy guesse m som f o es :—Before uorr I b fin ca d a conjecturb togethe s y ca a notes m a t an m n drbu i e; valueo n Lor d f o an , d s i wit Southesa hm k reads Naalluorr. e firs j_, s i precedea Th ,t a smal y b dl stopd othean , r small marks occue firsth t r d two n'sbetweean otw e th n r's; possibly also between u and o : compare those on the Golspie Stone. After the nn there is a damaged spot, out of whic seeende e sth hon s belo scoref wo s like //r ^^o / ; t whabu t Oga r Ogammo s stood there originallw no s i t yi very har o sayt d . They have been regardeo •)-(-(tw • s a d laid across one another for uu; but that would hardly fill e spacth e left. Lord Southessk suggests )>)>^><(<^, which fits better, and is in keeping with the use of ^^ on this stone e alsh :o woul e firs r Th dfollowint . reauu d g looks as if it had six scores; and the scores in the next bundl vere ar ey indistinct, only four being easily tracedI : suppose, however, that they were five. Then comes a second hammer-lik , a whice h begins the. Golspie Ogam, as already mentioned. The symbol ^ = e we have already had more tha e crosn th s occu oncer' sd e an r,th alsn o o Bressay Stone e d havth an ,a paralleen e i cros th s c' sn i l St. Gall instance cited at the beginning. As to the interpretation very little is to be said, owing to the illegible state of several portions of the scribble; reasoo n supposinr e nfo thase y sa I t y g ma bucerroccs I t to be a form of the Latin word crux. I should rather treat a man' s a st i nam d construan e Cerroccsw epe meanins a g " prince Cerroccs," "'priest Cerroccs," or the like, parallel to the THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 293

hccvvevv Nelihtonn of the next inscription to be mentioned. The name Cerroccs, if accented on the ultima, may have become Graces, and yielde n Pictisi d h Gaeli e forth c m Grus, borna Pic y tb e called Crus Mac CirighJ in some forms of the Pictish legend. The suggestion that the word preceding pew is a form of the English verb wrought is, I think, wholly inadmissible.2 12. The Lunasting Stone, from the mainland of Shetland, now in the National Museum, Edinburgh. Here, at last, we have a carefully punctuated Ogam, the writing of which is pretty plain throughout, as follows:—

11 V V Vmm.A ' "v 1]^| VHI\ \\{j V^ (1$f ^'J Ml//ft * L;;;A / I > A- ^ ^ f... J t tse h : u ahehhttm t c p_ t n n n u

-^/ '~UT lit h u o n,e n v : v e v v he c I regard the X at the beginning as an equivalent of the feathering at e commencementh e stem-linth f o t Irisn i e h manuscript Ogamst i d an , occurs frequently in the runic inscriptions in the Isle of Man, but mostly at the end rather than the beginning.3 The punctuation with :

is also common in nines, especially in Man. There is one character the 1 See Skene's Picts mid Scots, pp. 31, 41, and compare p. 329. 2 t Sincint pu e abov os th e typewa e I hav, e discovere a dforme r readinf go mine, whic s submittehwa . AndevsoDr o dt n 1883i n . Transliterate t makei d s :— ..... etaluorrann uurratht cerroccs.w pe Puttin othee gth rd thian s T T "c guesses together temptem a I , suggeso dt t thae firsth tt nam s Talluorrannewa r o Macco-Talluorrann, nearly identical wit e firsth h t e Aboynnamth n o ee Cross. Further inclinem a I , analyso t d e worth e d followin t i intg o uurr-act with uurr lis e Pictisf th o tlik ure n i eth h Brudes,fot rac Aboyn e ahht d th ehht n an = (o e Cross) modifie e sak th vowe f r eo fo d l harmony shoule W . d thus hav esora f paralleo t o t l the Aboyne inscription—Maqqo-Tallaorrn ehht Vrobbaccennevv; and provisionally one might constru same th en i eway , " Talluorr' r Maqqo-Tallnorr's(o s ) offspring,

pevv Cerotxs." 3 See, however . Kermode'Mr , s Catalogue of ManJcs Crosses, ed.d 2n , London, 1892, pp. 38, 47. 4 29 PROCEEDING S'SOCIETYE O TH F9 Y , 1892MA , .

transliteration of which is doubtful: it is that following the first tt. It has usually been treated as two concentric semicircles, which I would not ventur t surno e questiono t abouem a I t s thema , . Here, againa , good photograph would perhap e f charactehelpo Th e b s. question i r n probabls i t ratheno f i yr fora , botpar it a f <£ mf r o ^o o ht parts rounded and placed on the same side of the stem-line. In any case I should be incline t leasa , reao o dt t t di provisionally . Lastly e finath , l Ogas mi almoss imperfectwa t i t certainlt bu , n.n ya e triplth Noweo t n, s I a hav, e already suggested tha t probabli t y represent a nasas l syllable non.wore Th d hcevvevv I shoul d treas a t pronounced Ic^evv, Ttioevv or (ffief; and as to the last word of the Ogam, namely e mosth f t, o Nehhtonn,genuinel e on fora f e m o yn thi se i I s Pictish names known to history, that of Nechtan, which survives in the patronymic MacNaughton. e interpretatioth o t s A f thino s inscription, some surmises wile b l offered later: suffice it at this point merely to recall the conjecture that pevv Cerroccs hcevvevvd an Nehhtonn shoul e considereb d s parallela d ; so tha latteprovisionallthe t may r construebe y d "prince Nechtan," "priest Nechtan, e liketh ,r o "accordin e speciath o t gl meaninf o g hcevvevv. s possiblei t I , however, thahave w t e here something more than a mere parallel, that in fact hcevvevv is only an older form of the same vocabl worts i t i pevv;s ha e d noticinan g thachange th t e would be paralle o that l t whic s prevaile e ha Broahth n di d Scotca f o h considerable portio Pictise th f no h territor y: witnes habie sth makinf o t g quh (English wti) into /, as in far, " where," and fife, " white," in Aberdeenshire and the neighbouring counties. 13fragmenA . Stona of t e found nea ancienran t churc Conningshin - burgh e Nationa,th Shetlandn i lw Museumno , , Edinburgh, reads, according to a note which I made in a hurry, as follows:—

but Mr. Alien treats it as • 11 [-///// ^>;». In any case it' is difficult decido t e whether ^ >a means 'vowee i reae b s on r a dparo o t f lt o t or else as a consonant g, ng, f, or ?•), according as it is more or less THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD AN S EE NORTHER OTH F N PICTS5 29 ,

incomplete I shoul t t expecbu no ;d a consonant t wit s anglit h e leftthe , to wherea havswe e other instance straighof s angulateand t d vowels in the same inscriptions, such as those of Bressay, Golspie, and Brodie. The fragment is otherwise interesting, as showing the same kin f bindo d Ogam t Burriaa s sa Lunasting d nan ; t alsonoticedi e b , t a , Abernethy. 14. Another fragment found at Conningsburgh, now in the National Museum, Edinburgh, shows portions of two distinct lines of Ogam, one of which is remarkable for having been cut on the natural angle of the stone, while the other follows an artificial groove made to serve as its stem-line. The stone is in this respect to be compared with the Newton Stone. The traces of writing on the angle are very imperfect: I have guesse followine th d g scores t the nearle bu , yar l veryal y doubt- ful, except the ddr :—

ii M ///// (1) —illi in 11 n/n d e v o a a r writine stem-line th Th n go s similarli e y incomplet e beginninth t a e g otherwiss i t i anendt e dth bu , e more legible : —

o n r c mo e e t h T The last grou originallys imperfects pi wa t i t I ,think bu , , •/////, rt i : e stem-linstand th a par f n o to s e wher t i bende s toward e leftth sa , circumstanc whicn i e h this inscriptio e Golspith nn resembleo ee on e sth Stone. Owing to having lost some of my notes, I am unable to say whether any of the scores are tied. I have an impression that I thought the t had its scores joined together, and that both o's had their top-ends e questionth connected f o e s On whic. h aris n connectioi e n with this stone is, whether the writing on the angle and that on the face of the e regardeb o stont e s contemporaneousda ear n eitheI . r cas I eshoul d be disposed to look at this as the oldest inscribed stone in the northern isles. f e litelitecono Th probabls wa approxie b yy soundema -r t'h,d o an d f mately equated wit e f ddEDDo th h E ECNUJS shoule " on : f thai d s i t 6 29 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

not read rather ETTE ECNUN, which would come still nearer, though cas y e Ogaan eth n mi dd represented probabl e soun. yth t f do 15. A Stone from a site near that of an ancient chapel in St. Ninian's Isle (south-wes f Shetlanto d Mainland)e Nationath n i w l no ,Museum , Ogan a s mha followin stem-linga e alon middle e e edgegth th Th f .eo fragment read follows:s sa — ————/————UUJ——————H—————M q nanammov q e m os e f e v

The first Ogam may have been b, I, v, s or n, according to the number of scores that may be wanting, if any. The/at the end had not, I think, another score thougr ,fo groue hth p comes very nea poine th r t whica t h the stone is fitted into its pedestal in the Museum, a part of another score would be visible; but groups of scores may be missing here, as also at the beginning. I think the reading mm is more probable, having regard to the spacing, than g. As the uncertainties stand, I can- t venturno interpretationy an e t sombu , e suc namha e as-the Irise hon of Mobiu would seem to fit the latter part of the fragment; but that may be an accident, and the Pictish ending in ef is not to be over- looked. 16. A Stone from the island of Bressay (east of Shetland Mainland), Nationae noth wn i l s edgeMuseum it inscriptiono n tw so s ha , s follow- ing artificial stem-lines. The two faces of the stone are elaborately carved with crosse figured san f humao s n arid other beings. (1.) The one inscription reads as shown on next page. The fourth Oga s mpeculiari : perhap mighe thay on se inscribe sa y th tt b d ha r mistake cut 1111 1111 instead of [[ [ 111, and that he tried to cor- y extendinb rec t i t e firso score th s ovetw g te f ste o th sr m towards e leftt thith bu s; woul t accoune letterdno th r sfo t being somewhat crowded at this point. So it seems rather as if he had cut first. i| 1111 and afterwards thought necessary to flank the -J-J- with two short scores, which Lord Southesk has observed to be "lighter and very subordinate, but clearly cut." He makes the suggestion that the in- scribe modificatioa r t wishebu , charactee o d th s reada e nb t suco no ,t r h THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD E NORTHERAN S TH F O E N PICTB7 29 .

oes a . This woul e admissiblb d Goidelia n ei c word formin n accua g - sative feminine appearin n Irisgi s eroise,a h pronounced crosha. I cannot, however, discover any occasion here for the accusative of the word for cross, which I take croscc to be; for the Irish is cms, and the Scotch Gaelic is crasg, which yields the derivatives crasgaoil, "to spread hands and feet, as a person feeling torturing pain," and crosgach, " traverse, across, diagonal t cross-wayspu , " (M'Alpine's Dictionary). Erom thes I egathe r that another modifica- tion of the sound of o may have been meant, namely, that sucn i o h e Englisoth f h word s nought,a s naughty,d an l al the like : this I have indicated by transliterating the Ogam as o, but I should prefer the nature of the modification to be considered an open question. 3 " te The next point to call for attention is the use made of •pry, v, in this inscription, in which I read yj-|—nyy, w, and pronounce wu, possibly vu, admitting unavoidables i s a , , that have w e here tracee influencth f so languaga f eo whicn ei h the same character did duty for both \owel and semi-vowel. Suc languagha e Latin woul dI thin t bebu k; a thers ewa neare e stillon r , namely, Norse reprew , d whic -an d u ha h sented by one and the same symbol in the later runic alpha- bets. Norse influence cannot possibl deniee ye casb th en di of this inscription; for not only is dattrr the Norse word dottir, " a daughter," but Nahhtvvddadtis is a Norse genitive, thoug e namth h e Nahhtvvddaa'St s undoubtedli y Pictish, consistin e Pictisth f go h sounding prefix nahht, pronounced nacht or natf, and the Pictish name VvddaSS, which is possibly identical with Fothad?- The distinction made in the Ogams between the d's is valuable, as showing that Shetland e sounPictisth e d dth r hthaha ito f n th i o t English word this; for there is little doubt, I take it, that this is the sound for which the curled Ogams stand. The name 1 Mentione Linguistic e Stoke y ds papeb Th hi n n o si r Irish e Valueth f o Annals (read befor e Philologicaeth l Society, Jun . , 1890)e6 40 . p , 8 29 PROCEEDING SOCIETY E , 9 1892 TH Y F O .SMA ,

Nahhtvvddadc s curtaile e Norswa tth n i ed language into Natdar o d Natdod, and as such it deserves a place in the list of the world's great explorers, borne as it was by the wicking who discovered Iceland in the year 861. The Landndma B6k associates him with the Faroe Isles as his head-quarters. 'From the evidence of his name he is not likely to have o understant bee e a nNorsemanar e e ratelady w th d f an yi , t a , to have been his daughter and not merely a descendant of his, for she must have bee nChristiana . The next thing to be noticed is that dattrr: aim is probably a Pictish genitive, and that the tag following the nn at the end is only about half the length of the scores of the ris preceding it. So I suppose it to be a line th e f indicatino d en e margth t ktha a legen e tth continues di e th n do othe punctuatiore stone edgth th t f eeo ; bu otherwiss ni e likee thath f to Luriasting inscription, and both are like the punctuation prevalenb in the runic inscription e Isl f th Mano e n i s , l whicrunial f cho monuments are the ones to claim the first consideration in discussing Pictish Ogams, as I shall try to show presently. So far as we have got, I should translate the legend as meaning The Cross of N.'s Daughter. e othe(2.Th r) lin Bressae f Ogaeo th n mo y Stone read follows sa s :— MM A',VOld Irish as druad, answering e nominativth o t e drui,draoi,w no a " drui r magician.'o d o S ' Meqqddrroann means " of the Magician's Son," for Meqqddrroann is the genitive of what in the nominative should be Maqqddrroann. As regard meanine sth f thigo s linecleas i t i ,r tha t runi t s paralleo t l the other one, and that if one is right in construing the other to mean Crose " f N.'Th o s s Daughter," this shoul treatee b d s meanina d e gth "Berrisef e Magician'oith s Son. e questioTh " n the , whais n t does Berrisef mean ? Prom a study of as many of these words in ef and evv a sI hav e bee nonln ablca y findo e t conclud on , e that they were applied to persons rather than to things. One might accordingly suppose Berrisef to be a personal name, but in that case some word meaning son or daughter or the like would have to be supplied, and the rendering then would be : Berrisef (son or daughter) of Maqqddrroann. As that would be a departure from the parallel of the other line, I would treat Berrisef as a word applied to a relation of Maqqddrroann's and regard it as referrin Nahhtvvddadd'o gt s daughter othen I . r words I ,shoul d regard Berrisef as meaning "wife," and the whole would run continuously, thus—the " Cross of Natdod's Daughter, Wife of Macddrroann." There is one little flaw : Berrisef ought strictly to be in the genitive, whereas it is not; but that is to some extent met by the circumstance that, beginning a new line of the Ogam, the inscriber may have forgotten to keep up the grammatical continuity. This hypothesis is, however, pre- ferablotherI e hav th d betteo en o an , t e offeo t rt present a r . Lastly, 0 30 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH 9 Y , F 1892O SMA , .

it is to be observed that, according to the interpretation here offered, neither the woman nor her husband is given any simple name, NaJMvvddadcl's dattrr Maqqddrroannd an being treated theis a r proper designations respectively. This would leave one at liberty to guess some word other than "wife," such as "child or infant," and to construe accordingly, "the Cross of N.'s Daughter, Child of Maqqddrroann." whak as tu languagyo f I inscribee supposee eth b y ma rhavo dt e con- sidered he was writing, I have to answer that I cannot make out with any great certainty, and you will perhaps think that I have been delud- witu yo h purposelesg in s conjectures t jusBu t .conside momena r fo r t e jumbl firse th th tword f tonguew n o lineI e fe e w so ! e hav s sw n i e hav Goideliea c word, crroscc; the have nw Norsea a e genitivd an s n ei Norse word, dattrr, whil o Pictist e e hav w ho ascrib t e e genitivth e e ending ann. perhapy "Wma e s eliminate Goideli supposiny b c g crroscc to have been naturalised in Pictish: then there remain Pictish and Norse. "Whe e nexe comth nw to t e lin e havw e e Berrisef, a Pictis h noun, but we have Gaelic in the name Maqqddrroann, with a Pictish termination; and though Maqqddrroann was a proper name or surname, the correct use of meqq as the genitive of maqq suggests that the inscriber had some acquaintance with Gaelic, There is no Norse in this line. o farS , then s regarda , s these details e contesth , t goe n favoui s f o r Pictish, leaving the claims of Gaelic and Norse about equal; but there remain versa y serious consideration against Pictish—in neither linf eo e e constructioOgath th s mi n Pictishe know r wfo ;fro m Drosten-ipe and Vorrenn-ipua what that is, in so far as concerns the place of the genitive e shoulw o s d; here expec e wordth t s Crroscc d Berrisefan f theio d ro havt en respectiv ee th bee t a n e line- be s insteae th f o d e otheginningth n r O hand. o item, tw ther se whicar e h must weigh favoun i Pictisf o r h more heavil t beey ye tha ns indicatenha d: ther e ear two common nouns in the inscription, but of these crroscc, does not count beins ,a g possibly both Gaeli Pictishd can , whil othere eth , Berrisef, if it really be a common noun, as conjectured, weighs heavily in favour of Pictish. The other thing is that the inscriber has had to use only onc erelationaa l particl r inflectioeo nt alread whicno s e yhparth wa a f o t deao t ld namewithha e ,h s NahhtwddaCttfs dattrr Meqqddrroann,d an THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 301

Pictiss n thae caswa i recourst d on t hi et ha thabu e h t e to, namelyn i , e annth whic e appendeh e compounth o t d d Norse e th name n O . whole, then, I should say that the inscriber intended to write Pictish, but that he allowed himself to be influenced by Celtic models and even more by Norse ones. For while the inscription shows no clear evidence of the influence of Goidelic orthography, it does probably of Norse, namely in its use of -pj-p for both u and w, and in the matter of the punctuation. An instance or two of a runic inscription from the Isle of Man will make this clearer. Tak followine eth g from Kirkbride— TKUIAN: SUETUFKALS: EAISTI: KESflNA: AF[K]Aj>MIU[L]: KUNU: SIN A. —that is, " Druian son of Dubgall raised this cross to the memory of Cath- niaoi wife.s lhi " Her have ename w eth r surnameo e Maqqddrroann, with e maqqth omitted, made into Truian, tha probablys i t , Druian, d being lettea t use no rMann d i x runes takr O e. this from Kirkmichael:— MAL: LUMKUN EAISTI: : KEUS : fENA: EFTEE: MAI/MUEU: FUSTEA: SINE: TOTIE : TUFKALS KONA: [A]S : ApISL: ATI. It was rendered thus by the late Dr Vigfusson:—Mael-Lomchon raised this memore crosth o st Mael-Muirf yo foster-mothers ehi , daughter of Dubgall womae th , n whom thi n wifei Athiso t s d d inscrip;an lha l - tion one notices what can hardly be altogether a mere coincidence, namely, that jus Berrisefs a t nominativcomee th n i s e instea beinf do n gi the genitive in apposition to Na/itvvddaSSs : dattrr : ann, we find it so here; for though Malmuru is in the accusative, Fustra and Totir con- tinu e appositioth e e nominativth I , leasn e it i n f th o ty esa caseo T . find her n indicatioa e n s morthai t i ett naturano s persoa i r o fo l nwh much given to writing to put his appositions to oblique cases into e nominativth e tha o maintainnt e grammaticath , l continuity, whics hi after all perhaps mainly a result of training in prose. It is not im- probable that instances of the same sort of inconsequence could be cited from other source d othean s r languages a consideratio, n which must 1 For an account of these and the other runes in the Isle of Man, see the late Dr. Vigfusson's pape e Manxthen th o r mn i Note Book r 1887 fo . 5-22 pp , ; alsr M o Kermode's Cataloguize, which contains revised versions of them. 2 30 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y . F O SMA ,

minimise the objection to my conjectured interpretation of the Bressay Ogams as parts of a single inscription. After these remarks o expatiat t s needles i e e cont i th m , - r n eo sfo fusio f tongueo n s which seem havo st e prevaile e Shetlandth n di s after the coming of the Norse rovers. 17. The Pictish inscriptions of Scotland and its Islands have been enumerated e listh t e t completwoulb bu ,t dno e withou mentioa t f no two instances in the Isle of Man. I allude to the Mael-Lomchon Cross t Kirkmichaela r besidefo ; s well-knowit s n runin ca writings ha t i , Ogam scratched on either face of the stone. These Ogams remind one e stonoth f e fro e Brocmth f Burrianho . (1.) Of the one first noticed I was told by Dr. Vigfusson: it has since been describe y Lorb d d Southes Academye th n r i kNov , fo 26 . 1887 (pp. 359-361), where he gives his reading and an interpretation of the legend. Without, however, concealing the fact that I have no opinio offero t n I shoul, disposee b d d prima reao t e th dy tr facie o t Ogacontrare th mn i upwardyt scratchee directionno th d t san Bu f so . which it consists are so superficial that it is hard to disentangle them from accidental ones—harde e Burria rth e cas f th thao e n ni Stone. The probability, however, of a certain number of them being Ogmic writin wels gi l worth bearin mindn gi . (2.) On the face of the same monument is the other Ogam to which Mr. Phillip Kermode called my attention. Mr. Kermode, who has for years take a deen p interese monumentth n i s nativt hi f eo s Island, has had a good photograph taken of this Ogam, and he feels confident Ogan n readina i s ma t alphabeti g onln ca y I n certaifolloi . m wnhi parts, but I can fully confirm his view so far as my sight serves me. e vowelTh s see o consismt f lono t g perpendicular n scoressomi d e an , instances the ends seem to be bound together. If I could feel quite sure photographe th thaeye y d t deceivrather m tan so no , o d ,r eme thay m t imagination does not play tricks l with both, I should say that this was

1 Since the above was written I received a letter and a rubbing from Mr. Kermode, confirmin e binth y surmisdo t m gOgams s a e . Later- re stil I l visited the Isle of Man, and I scrutinized the Ogam alphabet on two favourable mornings in August 1892, when the sun happened to be shining on the face of the cross. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 303

a very strong proof that these Ogams belonge same th eo t dschoo s a l those of Scotland and the northern islands, especially the instances from Burrian and Lunasting, also Abernethy. There is, however, no lack of other evidence of the mixing of Goidels, Picts runid 0 Norseme2 an , e e Islc f Manth th o e n n i nO . monument Islane th reade n si dpersonaon 0 4 s l namesthesf o . d eDr an , Vigfusson regarded 23 as Norse; as to the remaining 17, about one half appear to be either non-Gaelic and, therefore presumably, Pictish, or else associatee b o t d with Pictland. Suc Crinaae har s (genitive), Eab Eabrr so s (gen.), Froca (ace.), Neaci (nickname), Onon, Ucifat, probably for Maccu- Cifat, or some such a form. Then there is Truian for Druian, which I regar s Maqqddrroanna d curtailed d Ufaac r Ufaic,an ,o a nam e which conies in. two of the inscriptions and may be identified without much hesitation with that of Mac Ui Flidich in the designation of one of the three typical Picts froe Pictlanmth f Britaindo e s callei th e n h :i d passage already cited from the Book of the Dun Cow, 88a, Curnaeh me I hav longeo e ealphaben th doub y o t ran s a t t consistin f bingo d Ogams. Somf o e groupe th e imperfecar s t now t therbu , s scarcele i whicf o e scoree hth yon s cannot be counted. The following represents what I thought I could read :—

b,l,v, s, n;h,d,t,c, q;m,g,ng,f, r; a,o,i. it,e, The groups have purposely been made of different lengths : some are neat, and some spread out like a besom, while some look rather like a bundle of faggots. Among other things noticeable is the fact that the bind line of the second Ogam in each of the four series is extended backwards to cap the single score preceding it. Lastly, the whole is written on the inner of two grooves drawn (about two inches apart) parallel to the right-hand edge of the cross. These two grooves, produced probabl e burieth n yo d portio steme th exactle f ar ,no y like grooveth e s servins ga the containing Hues of the runes on the back of the stone. They correspond likewise to the lines defining the mouldings on which the Pictish Ogams are written on the Brodie and the Golspie Stones, and partly too on the Aboyne Cross. So here, also, one traces a certain unity of design. I ought to have mentioned that the Rev. Canon Browne published an account of this Ogam as the alphabet in the Academy fo rdoee t mentioOctobeh t sno bu bindine ; nth r3 189034 g. apep e lines, Th x .ove r the Ogams o and u is on the stone, but I should explain that the above cut is in- accurate : more of the score for m should be shown, and the o should have another perfect score. 304 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 9 1892TH Y F O S. MA ,

undoubtee uith o Fdidi.t s A d Celtic nameMane th n xsi runic inscrip- tions, probably few f any,i f the,o m were born thin ei s cas conquerey eb d native islande I gatheth d f so an ;r from the foregoing indications that the Norsemen were in the habit of largely recruiting their fleets in Shetlan Orkneyd dan thad t wit,an no t h merea thrallf o t witn sbu hme higher position in life. At any rate as regards Man, this may be inferred from the fact, that they or their descendants figure among the important familie islane twelfte th th f n do i s h century thad an , t they were abld ean willin t inconsiderabl no o affort g e th d e luxur f elaboratyo e crosse- sin tended " for the benefit of their own souls," or to perpetuate the memory of their friend kinsmend an s . ii. The Pictish inscriptions have been hurriedly passe revien di w : the y occupy 17 stones, yieldin ahn i g1 abou inscription2 2 t r fragmento s f o s inscriptions n Ogai onld othe n e i whicf m an o ar ,y3 r9 h1 letters f O . the 19 only one can be reckoned as belonging to the same class as the ancient Ogam monuments of Ireland and Wales : that is, the Aquhollie Stone e partl ,e whollar b whic 9 y 1 y ma h e Celticmoro th f Tw o e . written on the natural angle of the stones, but not in the oldest kind of Ogam, as judged by the form of the vowels: I allude to the Newton e Conningsburgth f o e Ogaon d man h fragments followine Th . the gar e inscriptions which appear to be for certain more or less Pictish in point of language :— 1. ehtarrmnonn ...... Scoonie. 3. Drosten-ipe . Uoret .Stett . Foreus,. Vigeans. . 5. Maqqo Talluorrn-ehlit Vrobbaceennevv . Aboyne . , . 7 (1). Iddaiqnnn Vorreim ipua losir, . . . Newton. (2). Edde ecnun Vaur, &c...... „ 8 (1). Eddarnonn...... tumo...... Brodie. 9. Allhhallorr edd Maqq Nuuvva rreirng, . . Golspie. 11...... alluorrann uurract pew Cerroecs, . . Burriaii. TtocuhettX . 12 ahehhttmnns: n :hccvvev vNehhtonn: , Lunasting. 14 (2). EhteconMor...... Conningsburgh. 15. besmeqqnanammovvef, .... Niniau's Isle. 16 (1). Crroacc : Nahhtvvddadds : dattrr : aim- . . Bressay. (2). Berrisef : Meqqddrroann, ... „ THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHERE AN S TH F O E N PICTS5 30 .

I now propose to make some further remarks on the questions of languag whico et h these inscriptions giv needless i ey t i risesa d o st an , that by this time no novelty attaches to the conjectures of those ethno- logist archaeologistd san teaco swh h tha Britise th t h Isles were inhabited non-Aryaa y b n race befor Celtie eth c Aryans arrived here thad e an ,th t aborigines were of a kindred origin with the Basque-speaking peoples of viewn n thiow o s y s m Francquestion o t Spaind s ean A ,. they have been set forth in the Ehind Lectures which I had the honour of deliver- ing before your Society of Antiquaries in 1889 on the subject of the early Ethnolog f Scotlando y I the. n trie shoo t d w reason r beinfo s g inclined to regard the Northern Picts as the last and least Aryanised representative e aboriginesth f so t owinintricace bu th ; e subo gth t - f yo ject, I abstained from making any use in my lectures of the Pietish inscriptions I though s a , t tha t couli t done db e bette papea n i r r devoted thao t t subject needless alonei tha y t I sa t . o thert s othee ear r theories e onl th e fieldy t th one bu ,n i s deservin f mentioo g e thosar n e which make the Picts to be Celts in the sense of being Aryan Celts. These e wholth theorie n eo mutualle ar s y destructive; for, accordin someo gt , the Pietish language was a kind of Gaelic, and according to others it was more aki Welsho nt t accordinbu , Celtis botAryano d gwa t can t hi . t woulI extremele db y eas attaco yt roud an kt these theorie detailn si , but it would take up too much space. I shall be content for the present for matters to stand as follows : here we have a certain number of inscriptions which appear to be more or less Pietish, so let the advocates of the Celtic theories come forward and explain these inscriptions as Celtic. Let those who cherish the Welsh or Brythonic theory—for they seem to be just now foremost—take the carefully written and punc- tuated Ogam from Lunasting :—X Ttocuhetts : ahehhttmnnn : hccvvevv : Nehhtonn, t thele md explaian Welshs a I shal t nd i lan , hav confeso et s that I have never rightly understood a single word of my mother tongue. If they cannot explain it so, let them explain it as any kind of Aryan. Till the nI shal l s unintelligibltreata Celta t i d s a an , e m o et judgen t Aryanca I no , as sa .beingr fa Thio s , s will suffic explaio t e n positioy m n when proceedin o cast g t abou r helfo t p outsid Aryae eth n VOL. xxvi. u 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

family of languages to interpret any of the inscriptions which may seem to yiel d degrey e experiment inth an o et . No e neareswth t non-Aryan languages treatee whicb n knows hca da n not—likd an e Ligurian—dea unknownd d an dialect e TJgroth e e th f ar ,s o - Finnish family spoken by Laps, Fins, and Esthonians in the one direc- tion, and the Basque spoken by the Iberians of the Pyrenees in another. formere th Ao st I hav, e never seesufficieny nan t reaso believo nt e that people Ugro-Fimiise th f so h family ever possessed these islandsI d an ; have also faile fino dt thein i d r language much hel solvo pt Pictise eth h question. On the other hand, ethnology leaves us at liberty, to say the least of it, to entertain the idea, that an Iberian race once occupied the wes Europef o t , includin e Britisth g h Isles. This would tak bacs eu k to very early times, but it does not necessarily imply that the west of Europe so late as at the dawn of history was occupied by an Iberian or Ibero-Pictish race, extending wit geographicao hn l brea thein ki r sway from Gibraltar to Caithness; for it may have been cut in two across France advancth y eb f anotheo e r race fro e directiomth Alpine th f no e region of central Europe, let us say by an Arvernian people, for example, or by Ligurians, not to mention the conquests by the Celts as representative f tho se advancing Aryan. Some suc hlimitatioa I s na have indicated seems to be suggested by the comparative absence of names of a decidedly Iberian physiognomy in France north of the mouth of the Garonne; but be that as it may, it cannot essentially chang positioy em r relievno e from em being logically boun inquiro dt e what Basque can do to help us to an understanding of the Pictish inscriptions strictese . th Than i s ti t sens e businesth e f thiso s parf o t my paper; but it has also another, to show that some time or other Goidelic has been influenced in its vocabulary and its grammar by some non-Aryan language lik o thinge tw Basque e s cannoTh . t conveniently be kept wholly aparte followinth o s ; g remark e devotear s d sometimes sometimed an e othere th on o e st , justh conveniencs o t a t dictatey ema . coursforegoine e th th f eo n I g detail e mosth s t distinctive genitives whic e Pictise founth w h n i dh inscription n:n i mord en s e correctly speakinprobably nn,n ma i Drosten s e a y gysa on seemparallee b o st o t l Vorrenn: I need hardly say that I leave the Teutonic genitive Nahht- 'THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHERE SAN TH F O E N PICTS7 30 .

e reckoningvvddadct th also e Goidelid f th o I t s sou a , c meqq. "We should have genitive e inscriptionth n i s s follows:—Ia s n Drostenn i alluorrann,n ;i 7 . n Vorrenn Noi ; afte ; 3 No .5 r n . i maqqo No n i probably, in No. 11 ; possibly also in meqqn or meqqnan in No. 15 ; in dattrr : ann and ddrroann in No. 16. All these 7 possible instances t thibu s, n woulen n di vere b d y muc understato t h e th e casr th efo e Pictis thay e hinscripmuco sa th tto genitives o t t h -no s n facti I t .i , tions afford no decided evidence of any Pictish genitive except that characterised by the nasal consonant, while, on the other hand, they contain irrefragable evidence that this kind of genitive formed a part e livinoth f g language e havw es a ,befor s sucinstanceu w e ne h s a s dattrrann d ddroann.an This indicate a languags e utterly unlike Goidelic, Brythonic, or any form of Celtic of which we have any specimens; but it is exceedingly Iberian in the sense of being Basque. e latteth r r Fo language know f makino o othey n s s genitivewa it rg s than by appending en or n. Take, for example, giz6n " a man," genitive gizone'n " a man's," or bat " one," genitive batea " one's," and so with all other nouns and adjectives in the language. The acute accent here, othey an rn di Basqu e instance scite, y whicma indicate I h tone th se f speciao s syllablei t i l importancd an ; connection ei n wit e attemphth t to discuss Pictish to notice the Basque accent. My instances are taken chiefly from the Gnipuzcoan dialect as the most accessible to me.1 Old Irish has genitives in n and some in nn, both of the consonantal declension, but they end in the nasal only since the old case ending bees ha n discardee ancienth f o ta dOgam er afte e th -r monuments. Now, it is remarkable that the formation of the Goidelic genitives in nn has never been satisfactorily explained o lac n f attemptind thikr o an fo ,s g knowledg f tase o r th k o law e th Celtif so f eo c phonology t becausebu ; I s a , am inclined to think, the genitives in question involve an extraneous influ- ence, that of Pictish, which has "not been taken into account. Pictish being, as I take it, a non-Aryan language, it could not modify Goidelic No accent is usually marked in Basque, and my authority for the cases which I 1 mark in this paper is Larramendi's grammar entitled El impossible Vencido (Sala- manca, 1729). For other purposes I have used chiefly Van Eys's Essai de Gram- maire de la Langue Basque (Amsterdam, 1867); also his Outlines of Basque Grammar (London, 18S3). 308 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892. "

in.a definite manner at all points, but only here and there where a certain amount of accidental similarity or coincidence made an easy path for its influence. . We have something of the kind in the case of the genitives involving nasal consonants whico t , h I musdevot w w fe no t a e words. Old Irish had verbal nouns winch had iu in the nominative and en in the genitive, like toimtiu, " meaning," genitive toimten. This implies an early form du-meniio, genitive du-menten-as, just as if the Latin equivalen wordbodthe the yof ,of t namely, mentio, madthe in e genitive mentin-is, instea f mentionis,o d e actuath l 'form . takeit y b n "Whe terminatioe nth Celtie th f nco genitiv throws ewa e worth n d offan began to assume its later form toimten, its ending became similar to that of the Pictish genitive in enn, except for the accent which in Pictish I suppos havo et ee las th bee t n syllableno , while Goidelic shifteo t t di r the cannoe fa none'on o firsty e S la th t s. finge n anythino r n thigi s declension which could prove to be Pictish, and naturally so, since this clas f wordo s e purelar s y Celtic formations, consistin f verbao g r o l abstract nouns of the feminine gender. They are, however, followed by a few proper names, such as Tailtiu, genitive Tailten, the name of a plac Meathn ei callew no , d Teltown d Colgu,an ; genitive Colgen, Colcen, personaa l name whic s alshha o another declension, making Colgionn i genitivee th gives a , Adamnan'n ni st Columba. LifS f o e 1 e comW e nexwell-definea o t t d grou f propepo d an r n riameme f so women, suc Bricriu,s a h Derdriu, Ebliu, $riu, Laisriu, d Urgriu,an l al of which make their genitives in enn, such as $riu " Ireland," genitive ISrenn or $rend; for the name has its place here as that of the queen or goddess eponymou e islandth f so . Now $renn standn oldea r rfo s Iverienn, which, however, was not the Celtic stem, as we know that to have been Iverion; witnes e Hiberion-eth s d Hylerion-acuman f o Patrick's Confession and the Iverion-e of the Antouine Itinerary. The -equivalens it r nn(o t nd)f jfirenn,o &rend, prove wore s th hav o dt e borne the accent on the final syllable at one time, which is what I should expecsuppositioe th n e namo t th f eno being Pictish I knoo n d f wo an , reaso regaro n t Celtics a t n dfaci I . t e namemostth f f thio so s group are mos e tCelt th likel askee b w s y camyho d non-Celticma e t i t Bu . 1 See Stokes' Celtic Declension, pp. 30, 31, and Reeves' Adamiian, p. .65. THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD E NORTHERAN S TH F O E N PICTS9 30 .

o givt e them genitives other tha ennn i n plue casth s e terminatiof no their own consonantal declension, which would yield enn-as or enn-os. The answer is that they must have associated them in point of declen- sion wit certaiha n clas f nounso f theiso r own e kin th f :noun o d I s mean wer Gaulise eth h Abellio, name deitya th f eo , Brigantio (Briangon), Gabellio (Cavaillon) Diviod an , (Dijon). same Th e1 sor f nouno t s existed in Brythonic, and it was such a favourite declension at one time in Welsh that it made the Latin word latro into latrio, whence the modem Welsh form Ileidr " a thief; wito s " h draco, which treate s drac£oa d yields dra-ig2 "a dragon;" and this io seems to have had also an optional form ju, so the stem dacru, treated as daeriu, has in Welsh yielded deigr "tear.a " Lastly have w Iris,n ei genitive jushd th ha t e Colgion, which implies a nominative Colgiu, by the side of the attested one Colgu. With these nominatives the Celts, I take it, identified Pictish e schemnominativeth o d ef:f s equivalenteo an , latev iv ev rn i ss swa something of the following kind :— Celtic nom , inio . Pictish . iuiv , „ gen. ionos (Brythonic) \ ,„ .-, v \ f „ lenn. , , jona„ s (GoidelicJ ) That this holds not only for Goidelic hut also for Brythonic, may he seen from suc n instanc a he genitiv th s a e e FortrennFortrenn,g Ma n e i th country of the Verturion-es, a name which prohahly only reached Ammi- anus Marcellinus throug hSouta h British medium whic mors hwa e likely Brythonie b o t c than Goidelic that maye havi e B s w ta , mor.e a e certain but less simple instance in Iwerdon " Ireland," which should be lueripn correspono t Irise th ho d t genitiv e liirenH. t appearsI , however havo t , e Stokese 1Se ' Celtic Declension,. 93 . p 2 A few more words have to be accounted for in a similar fashion, such as gwraig woman,a " " neidr snake,''a Selyf,d . Welsh,"an 0 Seli Seleiniaund man from Salomon, Salomonis, f i Salomio, s a Salonvjpnis e Cymmrodor,th e se : . 179-181ix . Also, Welsh erbyn, "juxtaposition, meeting, a "nou n formed fro ma phras e pennoar e treated as are-pennio = Irish or chiund "over against, face to face with." I fail to follow Dr. Stokes in deriving Ileidr from latn = latro in his paper on the Neo-Celtic Verb Substantive (Proceedings of the Phil. Soc. for 1885-6), p. 26, as I do not quite see why one should set out with latro, or why that should become latrl, or why latrl should yield Ileidr in Welsh. His result seems to be the multiple of three separate proposition doubtfua f so l nature. 0 31 PROCEEDING SE SOCIETY , 1892O9 TH T Y . MA ,

been modified into Iweriton, under the influence of Iioeryd, derived from e nominativth e treate s fyeriipa d r lyfrim.o Iweryct feminina s i o t e be equated with I^riu, as the name of the goddess or queen so called in mythie th c period f Irisso h history Welsn i : h literatur appeare sh e s sa the mother of Bran son of Llyr, and the romances seem to have made t curreni woman'a s a t sMiddle namth n i ee Ages.th e for f Th o m1 name Iweryit s veri y suggestive t i appear s a , shoo st w tha Pictise th t h name was probably accented on its final syllable lueriu or Iweriv. If presumee b y ma dt i tha, same so thath t e eb t formativ othen ei r Pictish names bore accentth e . Lastly, Pictis e founb hn o som i t denn s i e instances where the Celtic stem is usually made to end not in. ion, but on:n i take instancer fo , e Caldennth , r Caillenno Gaelie th n i c namf o e Duncalden or Dunchailden " Dunkeld." Here the Celtic form of the stem was not Caledion but Caledon, as proved by Galedonius, Di-calidonce, d Aovq-KaXySovio?an e Welsth d han , for' m corresponds, being Celycton in Coed Celi/ifon? Caledoniae "th n Forest." Now, the forms pitted against one another are Goidelic ionas and Pictish ienn, and the ancient inscriptions of the south of Ireland enable us, as it were, to watch the struggle between them for ascendency. In the extreme south-west an early inscription on the island of Valencia Pictise hath s h genitive undisguised t readi r sfo , Logitti maq^i JErpenn " (the grave) of Logitt son of Erp." But the inscription with the poi already cited fro e Countmth f Coryo k reads Broinienas i Netattrena-po lugos, where Broinien stands for a Pictish Broinienn with a Celtic genitive ending as appended. A little more Celticity would have given it the form Broinionas, which in fact occurs, namely, on a stone at Burnham House, near Dingle, in Kerry. Another stone in the same neighbourhoo s inscribeha dt i Inissionas, n o d a nam e which appears

1 See ,my Arthurian Legend, pp. 130, 131. As yet I have never seen any successful attempt to show that this name is of 2 Celtic origi e las th I havtn; e read would connec t i witte Iris th h h word caill " wood, t cognatwilt e i stand th t no l s "bu a ,e for Welsn mi h woul cell.e h d This we have in celli "a grove or bovver," which enters into y gelli, one of the most common names of farm-houses in Wales. Accordingly, instead of Celycton, we should expec o havt t e some such for Cellons y ratema e wit an on , h t a ; II, whic I hnee d vera s i y y differensa t no t soun Welsn di h from tha$.r o If o t THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN HOTS. 311

later as Inisian in the Bodmin Manumissions.1 "We trace the same conflic f formo t Demetiae s th bac o t k a acrosse n lane sth f Pembroke do - shire earln a , t ywhica dats hewa subjec o invasiont t s fro soute mth f ho Ireland; and there we have the advantage of bilingual versions of some e inscriptionsoth f . o sucThertw h e whicar e h deserve special notice. One is at a place called Trevgarn, a few miles north of Haverfordwest, in Pembrokeshire t i read d n Romai san , n letters Hogtivis fill Demeti accompanie n Ogaa y mb d legen y probabld ma Ogtene. e yW discar d both the Ji and the s of the first name as the idle adornments of the inscriber's Latinity e thatB ., however t i s mayfairli s t a i ,y certain that Hogtivis was fashioned on a nominative Ogtiv, but whether in the sense of a Celtic Ogt\u or of a Pictish Ogtiv or Ogtiu I am unable to say, though I am inclined to think from the Ogam that the inscriber knew more Pictish and Latin than Celtic. Thus the Ogam contains the Pictish genitive Ogtenn; t witbu hsingla accene th probables n,s a wa t y thrown on the final syllable e. This last I take to stand for an a assimilate lase th t o vowedt f Ogtenn.o l I shoul d interpre meao t t i tn Ogten-e, "the of Ogtiu," that is to say, probably "the grave, stone, or " cros0. Thi f o s analysi s basedi s I ,ough havo t t e con saidth n -o , jecture thae constructioth t wore th s paralle i df o n thao t lf Basqu o t e vocables like Martinena = Martinen-a, "the r tha o f Martin. o t e Th " other stone to which I have alluded is in the heart of South Wales, namel t Trallonga y e neighbourhooth n i , f Brecono d t I read. n i s Koman letters Cunocenni filius Cunoceni hie n i Oga iacit,d man Cunacennivi llvveto. e admiEve w e Latinit f th i nt e b f thio yo t s passabl s Cunocennis,a e genitive Cunocennis, cannoe mucs a on y f ho sa t Goidelie th Ogamn ci herr fo , e agai genitive—ina nthii s time—has been basea Pictis n o d h nominative Cunaeenniv, which ough havo t t e given Cunacennienas likellroimenas, better o mord ran e Celtic Cunacennionas like Broinionas. When the name occurs in Ireland, as it does in the neighbour- hood of Killarney, it is simply Cunacena, which may be explained as standing for Cunacenn-as, and rivalling the Latin genitive Cunacen-i " Conchinn simplicity"n i strucs i e thesn ki On e. last instanceo tw y sb things very forcibly, to wit, the uncertainty of the forms, a feature

See tlie Revue Celtique, i. 337, 342. 1 . PROCEEDING31 . 2 E SOCIETY , 18929 TH Y F . O SMA ,

hardly to be explained without postulating the existence of a language besides Goidelic and Latin, and by the fact that the inscribe! of Cunacennivi come f ratheof s r wors Goidelin ei c tha Latinn ni l thi Al s. points to Pictish, the relative importance of which as against Goidelic was doubtless enhanced by the paling of the latter before Latin in Britain e languag e Th conquereth . f e conquerino eth f do Picd an gt Goidel appeared morlevea n eo l when they came fac faco et e with that of imperial Rome. For the Pict who had before to learn Goidelic found s attentiont i expedienhi y pa t leasa o ,o t ts n part i ty Latino b t , d an , doing he would be able to meet Goidel and Brython on common ground. There is a peculiarity of some of the Ogmic inscriptions of Ireland and Wales which is of capital importance, and it is in point here. They consist mostly of epitaphs with the word for "grave," "stone," or "body" omitted, so that they run in the genitive as iu-the case of Sagramni maqui Cunatami, whic s renderei he Latith n i d version accompanying it Sagrani flli Cunotami; but in a certain number—too large and systematic to be mere blunders—the earlier noun in the apposi- caso n tioes endingn ha give s i t what n considerei bu ,s wa uninflectes dit d form. Thus we have Ere maqui Maqui Ercias instead of Erci maqui Maqui Erce.Ercias,c Ma "f o Erf "Comparn o eso e this wit Basque hth e rule, according to which we have, for instance, for Mart/ice sororis ejus, in Basque Marta here aizparen (John xi. 1), as though one should write in Latin Martha sororis ejus, that is to say, as if one appended the genitive ending to the agglutination Martliasoror once for all. I infer that our instance Ere. maqui is due to non-Aryan influence : at any rate Ere maqui regardee b o t compouna t wore s dsensa y th no s appli an da s f i eo n di - cable to Celtic, as may be seen more clearly from the following instances :— Togittacc maqui Sagaret[tos], "(The grave f Toictheaco ) f S.o " n so h (Cahernagat, Kerry); Loguqurit maqui Quritt\_i\, " (The grave) of Luicrid f Q.o "n (Ballyneanighso , Kerry); Gattuvvirr maqui Rittavvecas mucoi Allati, " (The grave) of Cathaoir son of Rittavvec the descend- anf Allato t " (Corkaboy, Kerry);l Rittuvvecc. maqui Vellonos. . .

referencee 1Th following:—ppe Braso th t s e ar h (pi9 .17 .xvii.) (pi9 .21 , xxv.), 180, 227 (pi. xxviii.), 231, 233 ; but the readings are the result of my inspection of stonee th s themselves, som 188n ei 3 and som 1891n ei . THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD E NORTHERAN S TH F O E N PICTS3 31 .

" (KilcolaghtV. e "f th o (Th f n o eso e , grave. on Kerry)E t f o )Bu . most remarkable is—Maqy/i Ttal maqui Vorgos maqui Mucoi Toicac\i\, " (The grave) of Mac Tail son of Fergus son of M. T." (Dunloe, Kerry); for here we have for Ttdli and Vorgosos or Vorgoso the stems Ttal and Vorgos. This agglutinative treatmen e namesth s hithertf o tha o baffled l those—includinal e presength t writer—who have trie o construt d e them on purely Aryan lines; and as to the distribution of such inscriptions, they may be said to increase in number as you proceed, say from Kilkenny toward e westersth n end f Kerryso n otheI . r words, the tendency to agglutination shows itself strongest where Goidelic ma e supposeyb o havt d e mad s influenceit e felt leaslatestd e an tW . trace in Wales the same state of things linguistic, namely in a bilingual epitaph which I have quite recently examined at Eglwys Cynimun in the south-west corner of the county of Carmarthen. The stone seems to be one brought from the seashore, and the writing is legible in all its details. Like some others, the Latin is in the nominative and the Goideli e genitiveth formee n i c Th . r reads Avitoria filia Cuniijni,d an the latter Inigena Cunigni Avittoriges, " (The grave) of the daughter of Cynin, Avitoria." J Here inigena, the nominative singular of the early Goidelic wor r daughtefo d r (Mod. Irish inghean), e stems useth i s d,a while the genitive ending -es is added once for all to the full designation Inigena-Cunigni-Avittori-. This Ogam is a compromise between two languages; to have been consistent Goidelic it should be Inigenes Cunigni Avittoriges, , betteror , Avittoriges inigenes e Cunigni,on d an would expec e Pictisth t h collocatio Drostenn i s e Uoret,n(a ip &c.o )t have been Cunigni Inigena Avittoriges; t againsbu e placeb t y thidsma inscription a t Llanfaglanna , near Carnarvon, reading

FILILOVEENII / ANATEMORI. But the collocation of the words in both appears to be by no means Celtic. In any case, the fact remains that here we have in Avitoria's Monument in Wales an Ogam inscription, which requires for the inter- pretatio s syntait f e assistanco nth x a non-Arya f o e n language like See my account of the stone in the AreJi. Cambremis for 1889, pp. 225-32: since 1 writing it I have seen the stone myself, and I find that inigina is to be corrected into inigena. All the letters are certain, both Roman and Oginic. 4 31 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F . O SMA ,

Basque, nor is it to be forgotten that the Latin on this stone is dis- tinctly more correcn instanca d tad e tha e Goidelice from th n m t Le . Cornwall, namely Cnegumi fili Genaius (Hiibner, No. 5). That means " Cnegumus's Son Genaius," for films being in apposition to Genaius forms agglutinatiowitn a t hi n which takes onlcase yon e endingt i f i s a , were filigenai-us. instancen A , apparently olde certainld an r y deliberate, offers bilinguaitsela in f l inscriptio Clydain n i Churchyard Nortin , h Pembrokeshire yearr fo s bee ha despair y t t readI ni m . d Latinn si an , — ETTERNI FILI VICTOR, that is, Etterni fili-Victor, or "Victor son of Eternus." The Ogam is im- perfec thf o e p stontto owine eth havin o gt g been trimmed awa receivyo t e a sun-dial, but enough remains to show that the syntax of the Goidelic was the same as that of the Latin :—Ettern ..... V ... tor.1 The vandalism e writtedepriveth f o n s su for f wham o s regarde wa e t th s da crude form corresponding to the genitive maqy/i, " son's." e "Welsth n I h stories knowe Mabinogionth s a n e ,chie somth f o e personages are called Sons and Daughters of D6n, whose approximate identit I yhav e attempte proveo t d wite Tuathth h a De Danannr o , Tribee Goddesth f so s Dan r Donao f Irisuo h story. Professor Zimmer seems inclined to go further and regard the Don group in Welsh litera- ture as introduced from an Irish source, and I should not be surprised s vieihi f w prove df the o s Govannoncorrect e mwa f DonOn o . n ,so , brothee Culturth f o r e Hero Gwydion f Dono n :so , Govannoe th s nwa great nams smits people,hi hi f d eho seeman derivee b o st d from govr o gof, " a smith," Old Irish goba—a word for which no probable Aryan etymo s beeha n n found. Further e namth , e Govannon appearn a n i s older form Govynion, which corresponds exactly to the Irish Goibniu, genitive Goibnenn, presumably from a Pictish Gobeniv, genitive Gobenienn, Besidegroupn D6 e Mabinogio e heroeth e ,th sth f so n spea f othero k s called SonDaughterd an s f Llyo s r already mentioned theso T .e last belonged Br&n son of Llyr, and Bran's sister Branwen, who was married Irisn a ho t king named Matholwch. Now e Mdbinogi,th f Branwen,o daughter of Llyr, contains what appearsentenca e b o t sPictishn ei t I . occurs as follows : the story relates how Branwen was insulted at the 1 See Rhys" Lectures Welshn o Philology, . 275pp , 393 Hiibnerd ,an . . 11039 . No ,,p THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 315

Irish court, and how BrSn with the men of Britain crossed to Ireland to aveng r wrongsehe . e conditio Peactolde th mades ar n o ,e wa w ,n that Matholwch resigned his throne to Gwern, his son hy Branwen; but when the hosts of the two islands met in the Mealhag Hall to celebrate their peace, Evnyssien, a half-brother of Bran's, murdered the infant Gwern in the presence of all. Then a tumult arose as in the Nibelung Storyghastla d an , y scen f carnageo ee excitement followedth n i t bu ;, just befor e slaughteth e e leaderth r f begano s e crieon , s out: Gwern gwngwch uiwch uordwyt tyllyon.1 These words are probably corrupt as have w e them t hardlr corrup bu fa ,o account o ys s a r theit fo t r being wholly unintelligibl s Welsa e r Irisho h . They may, however cone b , - jecture havo dt e bee nwora f commando d meaning something like Good comrades follow Mordwyt Tyllyon. For, beside e propeth s r namee th , import of the word gwern is fairly certain, as it equates exactly with fernz in Cormac's Glossary, which explains that word as meaning in the larn-lelre, or language of the Ivernians, anything good : in fact it seems positive th e b eo t from which ferr, ordinare th y Goidelic wor "better"r dfo , is derived. " Good " is often synonymous with " brave," and this may have bee meanine nth f Gwerngo name th f Matholwch's eo a s sond an ; perhaps i t i t whollsno n accidenya o firstw tt thae syllableth e t th f o s sentenc n questioi e n recale Pictise namth th lf o eh e peoplth f o e Vernicones,3 who dwelt north of the' Forth, and had as their chief stronghol e placth d e called Orrea, somewhere nea e junctioth re th f no Orr Water wit e Levenhth n Fifeshirei , thate B ,. however t mayi s a , , the fact to be chiefly noticed is that the Mabinogi of Branwen repre- sents some of the assembled hosts of Wales and Ireland as addressed in Pictish. Nay, if it be right, as I think it is, to regard Mordwyt Bran'f o Tyllyo e son mens na t ,followi s tha portioa t t leasna f Bran'o t s followers from Wales spoke Pictish as their native language. Indeed,

Bookd 1Re Mabinogion, worde th : s 9 occu3 . Ladp n ri y Charlotte Guest's edition r Ladyshihe d atan iii, p 97 .translate s them straight off . 123,p , "The gad-flief o s

Morddwydtyllyon's Cow !" Compar3 e mrniam " letitiam Hispericae th n i " Faminae Luxembourth n i g Fragment (Revile Celtique, . 348-51)i , where other strange words occur suc corn's ha s "ooculis," gibras "homines," gugms "capita," and tales "membra." 3 As given in the MSS. of Ptolemy's Geography it is variously written OiievlKiaves, OvfififiKfvi'fs, OuepviKwp.es, and other combinations. 6 31 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F O S.MA ,

had that not been the case, it is hardly likely that any Pictish at all would have heen give storye nplaca th n e.i Before proceedin e madb o notey egtw e ma ofurthersr th n o e on , inflectio e nameth f no s which have here been occupyin . Firstgus o t s a , my connectin e genitivth g n ienni e y wite nominativma th h I , iv n i e explain incline tham a I t regaro t d d iennshortenina s a iv-enn,f go d an the change as of a purely phonological character, but dating early. But, interesting as it would be to trace the rise of the genitive in ienn, it is more importan r purposou r o discover-whafo t et t become t i later f o s . Here and there it is just possible that in Pictish it was reduced to inn or in, namely in such instances as Circin, to which the nominative corre- sponding is sometimes treated as Cirig.1 This last was probably also the e Pictisnamth f o eh king variously called Ciritius, Giric,n i Gir s (a g Eglis-girg, " Girg's Church," in the Mearns), and Grig? The original forms may have accordingly been Ciriciu or Ciriciv, genitive Ciricienn or Ciricien, which .would explain the association with the name of St. Ciricus. Irish, on the other hand, has made ienn into -enn (modern -eann), s illustratea e genitivth y b d e Jflrenn "Hibernias." Hencn i e the case of Moinena (for Moinen-as), for instance, in an Ogam in the neighbourhood of Dingle, it is difficult to decide whether the Pictish nominative should be regarded as Moin or Moinio. Lastly, the form of earle th y stem chose Latir nGoidelifo d nan c genitives seem havo st e been to a considerable extent a matter of accident. Thus, in the Latin geni- tive Hogtivis, the Pictish nominative Ogtiv is taken as the stem, and so in the case of the Goidelic genitive Cunacenniv-i, while the Moinen-a just mentioned, Broinien-as, e liketh ,d shoan wpreferenca Pictise th r hfo e genitive as the base of the Goidelic one. A remarkable Latin parallel coms ha lighbronzo a et n o t e e earltableth f ye thiro tth par df o tcen - tury recently discovered at Colchester. The donor Lossio Veda describes himsel a Galedo s a fr Caledoniao race y mornd b an , e narrowly as Nepos Vepogeni. This lastmentioned name look t firsa s t sight very Celtic; but one has only to remove the i of the Latin genitive and one has Vepogen, the Pictish genitive of Vepog, which appears in the list of the Pictish kings under the slightly modified spelling of Vipoig? 1 See Skene's Piets and Seats, p. 25. 2 See Skene's Celtic Scotland, i. 329-34. Skene'e Se 3 s Fids mid Scots, , fi, p. wher e epitheth e t Veda, f Lossioo s alsi , o t o THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGED NORTHERE AN S TH F O N PICTS7 31 .

To return to our later inscriptions found in the North, it will have been seen that they givgroupo etw f genitiveso som, nn somenn d n ei n s i an n ei ann. The nature of the distinction is not very evident, and on the whole inclinem a I supposo dt contaiy ma ePictis e n thanth e form an th th n i s definite article, grante nearld thaBasquwas sam the y it the t eas e article. e latte poinn i Th s f origiri o t na demonstrativ e pronoun facn i t i td an , partly remains so still, as will be seen from the following instances :— Nominative a, ak, " the " Plural ak, " the " Genitive aren, " "e ofth aen, " of the" Dative ari, "to the" ai, "to the" Compare now the pronoun, as to which it is to be borne in mind that distinctiothero n s ei f gendeno Basque:n i r — Nominative ark, " he, she, it, that" Plural ayek, " they, those " Genitive aren, " his, her, its " ayen, " their " Dative ari, him"o t , her , thatit , " ayei, them"o t , those " Here it will be noticed that aren, ari should have as the nominative correspondin o t theg m drJc, whic , howeveris h , a pronounuse s a d , while one of the dialects treats d, dk as a pronoun. Further, aren and ayen, for instance, used as singular and plural respectively, either con- sis f differeno t t pronomina l e samelementth f eo elementr o s s phono- logically treated in different ways. Add to this that Basque nouns and adjectives havrula distinctioo s en a f numbeo n r : thus, gizon "n "ma canno made b t e e definitpluralth t bu e, article distinguishe singulae sth r and plural, thus :— Nominative gizona, gizondlc, " the man " gizonak, " the men " Genitive gizonaren, "the man's" gizonaen, "the men's" Dative gizonari, " to the man" gizonai, " to the men " Thus the Basque plural is distinguished mostly by secondary means such as a difference of accentuation and the use of different pronominal elements, or else by the same elements subjected to different phonological

detectee b d probably iaccounn a e Colcheste uecla.r th f Fo o t r bronz papea e ese r Haverfielr reaM y db d befor e Societth e f Antiquarieyo s (London, Marc , 1892)h31 , and a paper containing a letter of mine, which was read June 2. 8 31 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F . O SMA ,

treatments Basqur fo , e grammarians will, rightl r wronglyyo , hav t thaei t r instancefo , r e n gizonareni ,th s mereli y inserte o avoit d da hiatus , somewha wits a te modere souther hth th n i nr n English "Victoria?1.our Queen." Thu seee s w hav mo t evidenco en e originan hera f eo l Basque distinction between singular and plural except in the nominative, where gizona assumy cannoe othe caseo ma th plurale e tw n erb i tsw at nbu ; early genitive a-en and dative a-i without distinction of number, that bein gexpressee b lef o t t othey db r means Pictisa . No s i wt i h genitive correspondin a-eno gt tha seee w t mhavo t ddrroannn ei dattrrd an : ann. In any case, the general Basque rule of accenting nouns on the ultima woul do understan t hele pon punctuatioe dth f dattrr:o n ann,d thian s would be still more intelligible if ann had the force of an appended definite article remarkabls i t I . emoste thath n i t non-Celtic portiof no Ireland, namely Munster, there is a tendency to this day to accentuate Irish e laswordth t n syllableo s alreads a , y hinted o her e S tracw e. e the influence of the extinct Pictish in the nn of genitives like gobann, nominative goba, Welsh gof, " a smith," arid in Dalann, as contrasted with Adamnan's Ddlon. endine Th 1g 'ann gives i t unfrequentlnno o yt genitives occurring on Irish Ogam-inscribed stones; and some of them, such as Tapagann from the parish of Killorglin, in Kerry, have a decidedly non-Goidelic sound. In one Irish name we. seem to have the same vocable appearing with and without the article, namely Erenn and Erann. The former, as already suggested, has as its nominative Eriu, " Ireland, "a personificatio firse th t n instanci e perhap e islanth f do s : the other does duty in Medieval Irish as the genitive of Erainn, more usually Erna, meanin Iverniae gth n aborigine f Munstero s : their chief stronghold was Temair Erann, situated near the present town of Castle Islandf theio e rn Kerry i on ,chie d an f, ancestor s knowwa s Ailils na l Erann, e rendere b whic y ma h dIverniane Tarth f e ao Ailild th an f s o l Ivernians respectively. In a pedigree in the Book of Leinster2 the Ailill just mentione s saii d o havt d e bee e inventoth n a weapo f o r n called the foga or faga, which seems to have been a small spear or/ dart d probablan , fagae same th yth s a efogablaige r daro t with barbs

to it, suc s .tha h e Welsh called gaflacheu. e WelsTh h term Gwydyl r tlies othed Fo an e1 r instance e samth ef so kin Stokese dse ' Celtic Declension, . 32 . p Fac-similee th e Se 2 , fol. 3244. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 319

Gaflacliawg seems to have meant Irishmen armed with these weapons; and as a part of Peredur's rusticity we find him leaving his mother's home in quest of Arthur's court armed only with a handful of gaflacheu.1 The Irish foga, then, whatever it exactly was, seems to have possessed a significance in respect of race. The existence in Pictish of an article a, genitive arm, may be inferred from other indications. Take, for instance, the native names of the towns assigne y Ptolem b de Pict th so t ybeyon e Fortth d h: the e yar Banatia, Tamia, Tuessis, Orrea, and Devana, with four out of the five ending in a, Tuessis being possibly in the first instance a river- taktowwe namethe e If n .whol namethe Nortof efor s h Britain above the Brigantes, we include the Pictish country on the Solway, alse w e oextensiv t th tak bu n i e eDumnoniie tribth f o e , whose ruling race was probably Brythonic. Even thus, however, the proportion of town names in a in the North will be found, if we take Ptolemy's Geograph e calculatione basith th f s syo a nearle b o t , y twic numerous ea s in proportion to the others as in the rest of Britain. This prevalence of tow e Nortth n n namehi I shoul a n si d partly accoun supposiny b r fo t g some or most of them to be common nouns with a Pictish article appende themo dt . Thus Banatia might possibl a wor e b yd meaning the Meeting-place, the Market, or the Fair. This is, I need hardly say, mera e suggestion, tha e firs th t wore possiblty th par dma f o t y provo et be of the same origin as Bont or Pant applied to the first of the Thirty Brudes at the opening of the Pictish Chronicle, where Brude Bont or Panthavy ma e meant " Brude numbe wit" 1, r h same bontth f e o origi n as Basque bat " one." In that case Banatia might be explained as the plac f unioo e r meetingo n , like Iristh e h Nenagh, from Med. Irisn ha Oenacli " the Fair or Market," from oen " one." Take alse namoth e expulsioee stor th Boith Deisi e f yth o n a i f n,o as related in the Irish manuscript of the Dun Cow, fol. 54a. The scribe, hesitates between Boia B6i,d t minmakes an hi bu favou n di p su Boif o r or Bui. The name is borne by the wife of the druid of Cairpre Muse. They all belonged to Munster, and Gairpre is said to have been king of Ireland abou beginnine th t e thirth df g o century s storHi y. represents thosf o Cairpr e e on Iris s ea h leader exerciseo swh d powe south-western ri n Bood Re k e Mabinogion,th e 1Se . 195pp , 199. 320 . PHOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

Britain as far as Glastonbury and the English Channel. The name Boia appears later in Cornwall, namely as that of a deacon, and later stil t i figurel Domesdan i s . Petro clersame a thas St y a th f f o kteo n ci district. Dr. Whitley Stokes says that " it is perhaps unceltic."1 On northere th name nSevere th sidth wel s a ei f eo nSe l know borns na y eb a Pic r Scomolesteo o t wh t . DavidSt d e nead b . David' an ,St o rt e sar see remaine nstronghols th hi f so roca n kdo called Clegyr Voia, " Boia's Book." 2 The name is unlike any Celtic name, and the retention of the final a goes to show that it was accented Boi4. In the Welsh version e Lifeoth f , Boia's wif s callei e d Satrapa, whic s perhaphi s basea n do notion that Boia mean a rulet r chiefo r ; I thin ors a have , e kw th e article in the a, I should say the ruler or the chief. It is remarkable that Boia had a daughter called in the Welsh version Dunatod,3 a name e whicLatith s ni h Donata borrowed e occurrencTh . f suceo a hnam e bears witnese influencth o t s f Latio e n speec d Latian h n culturen a , influence dating probably froe tim th mf Romao e n rul n Britaini e . s adoptio it e e Pictis familth o th S f n o i ynh pagan Boia helpe on s to appreciate the evidence of the Trevgarn and Trallong bilingual inscriptions, to which attention has already been directed; and in this connectio s worti t i n h bearin n mini g d tha. DaviSt t s saii d d to have been born in the.time of "Triphun and his Sons," who formed a dynasty of conquerors from the south of Ireland; also, that one of those sons of Triphun, his successor in fact, bore .the name of Aircol, which is nothing but the old Welsh form of the Eoman name of Agricola* . With regard to the definite article, I am tempted to go so far as to Pictishn i t saonla yno t thas y bu t ,hasthacertai i a wa t t o i ,t n extent, been borrowed into dialectss doinGoidelio it s l t al n ghadi I n .f i c ,o

e Bodmith e Se n Manumissions, Mev. Celtique, . i 334 d comparan , ; 336 9 e33 , 1 ' Llia the Irishman' in the Black Book of Carmarthen, p. 33. K-hyse Se 2 ' Artlmrian Legend, . 283p r som,fo e further details mentioa d an , f no a place called Llwyn Diarwya, into which Boia possibly enters. Compare also the (thy i of-AbeBo e AberBo m Cwm-Boyf o Cw r r Boi'o s Dingle), which drains inte oth Cynon n affluen a ,e Taff th f ,o t opposite Dyffryn Aberdare. 3 See Llyvyr Aglcyr Llaiideieivrevi in the Anecdota Oxoniensia, p. 110. e Arclucologia,th e Se 4 Cambrensis e Journalth e , th 66d f 189264 r an o ; . fo pp , Irish Antiquaries, for 1891, pp. 649-50. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 321

course, to become a prefix instead of an affix; and I allude, in the first a precedin e placeth o t ,g numerals used absolutelye Scotcth n i h s a , Gaelic, a h-aon " one," a dha " two," a tri " three," a ceithir " four," a coig " five," a h-ochd " eight," &c. Traces of this a occur Mann i xcommos i Gaelict i d nan , enoug Irishn hi , eveIrishd n i nOl s a , a hoen-dec " eleven," literally " one-ten," unless one should rather render it " the one-ten," for the a is not used when it is one man or one thing, referree categoro on n t o dt bu t allya ,numbee "jusy th whes sa a t e rnw 1," or "the number 10." But I give this interpretation of the a as originally meanin wite gth h great diffidence I hav s a ,e faile finy o dt dan notice taken of the word in any grammar or dictionary, however often it may e appeacoursth f instancen o i re s cited.1 Combinations lika e h-aon "one," a h-ochd "eight," remove the only doubt that attached to e Eevth . Edmond Barry's e theore Ogaorigith th f mf o yno alphabet. "suggestee H d year tha o he beginnine sag th groutth s Ogae pth wa f mgo alphabet, and that the five Ogams of that group represent the initials of the five first numerals which have just been cited in modern Scotch Gaelic. In Old Goidelic they would have been a-hoina-, a-dupu, a-ttris, a-ccetu6r,2 a-qqueqque. As to the Goidelic article recognised by e grammarth s suchsa e momenth , u examin u finyo t t yo i dfalling t ei ' o intpiecese o saygreatet tw oTh o . s , r e portiodeclensionth f o n , includin Irisd Ol h e nominativgth feminin, t- n i , eein ind, , postulatein s a word which would have originally been nominative ndas or ndos, feminine ndd e nominativ: th fore bu e accusativr th th mtfo d an ef o e * o the neuter singular is a n-, which would be explained by supposing our Pictish article a to have the Celtic neuter ending usual in the nomina- tive-accusative of the singular appended to it. This would make a-on 1 Stokes, in his Celtic Declension, p. 106, gives « hoendeo " 11," a ockt "8," and a dd "2." Ebel's edition of the Grammatica Celtica, pp. 301-6, gives several in- stances froIrishd mOl , suc atien, s (Connac'hd a d a s Glossary, dh6),a cethar,a acoic,- aocht, annoi frisinna tri (novem ad trio). thin O s" articlsey em "n eo Oga m Chambersn "i Encyclopedia. regards A e sth phonetic e worth , sufficf a d o sy tha t sa heri t ei behave t o t e s like certain other particles in Irish and Welsh, such as de "of, from," as in dit nirt (Windisch's Ir. Texte, p. 51) "from thy strength," (dit=de-tto), Welsh o'th nerth (o'(h=o-tto). In the case, however, of a dha, a dM "two," Manx ghaa, the mutation usual in the dual has prevailed, but not universally : Mr Standish O'Grady recognises only a d6 in Mod. Irish. VOL. XXVI. X . 2 PROCEEDING32 E SOCIETY , 9 1892TH Y F O .SMA ,

or a-an, whence the Old Irish a \vith a nasal carried on according to the usual rules, coul derivede modere db th n I n. dialects e articlth , e does t distinguisno hneutea r gender. Before dismissin questioe Pictise gth th f no h article I mus, t revero t t the Pembrokeshire stone reading Ogtene, which. I analysed by way of anticipation into Ogten-e, on the supposition that it is a compromise betwee a genitivn eothen e articlI Ogtennth . rd a ewords an I ,hav e supposed the a modified into e in order to harmonise with the e of Ogtenn, and the latter to have given up the accent and become Ogten, whence Ogten-e. Such a formula can only mean, as it were, TO '0%roi/, 'the of Ogt.' But, according to the usual rule followed in the bilingual inscriptions t presumablno d di t i , y mean anything else than stone e "th callen ma d e Hoytiv-is th e graveof e th ro th f Ogt, y o n i sa "o t tha s i t Latin version. It is a long way from Dyved to Buchan, but the same Pictish key proves'useful, and enables one to show that the name Vorrenn or Forrenn e Newtooth n nstrangeo n Ston s n ethawa i r t country. e Turth o nt Gaelic entries in the Book of Deer, and the second of them begins thus:—Oomgeal c edama l dor t uaorti\c/o\nicea furene docolumcille7 dodrostdn, 'whic . StokesDr h , from whose Goidelica . 109p , I cop, e yth text, renders thus :—" Comgeall, son of Aed, gave from Orte to Furene to Columcill o Drostan.t d an e eleave H "place-namee sth italicn si d san untranslated e latteth themf t o r bu ; , Furene, rather o r Furene, since eth accent marks are of interest as being probably not without meaning, readily analyses itself into Filren-e, meaning " the of Fur," while Furen is doubtless another form of our Newton Vorrenn or Forrenn, the / for v Goidelio t bein e gdu c influence e onlTh y . questio whas ni t nouo t s ni be supplied; but t i concern s ,a a landmars r boundaryo k , nothins i g more natural tha supposo nt havo t t ei r eFur (o mean r ) stonee Fo th tf o speakin graves m oa hi r I .complet n gi e ignorance lanth do t indi s ea - t evei cateds r beeHa . nt certaii identifies i d n an tha d? t e (monu"th - mente famouth t f Furo ) no s s Newtoi " n Stone discussed earliee inth . r portion of this paper ? This is not to be rashly set aside, if the reading Edde ecnun Vaur of the beginning of the script be approximately cor- rectapproximateld an , y mean " Here lies incline Vaur,m a I thins o d"t a k probable. THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD E NORTHERAN S TH F O E N PICTS3 32 .

n SoutI h Wales ther , besideis e s Ogtene, othee on r Ogam whicy hma be Pictisht readi d s an ,Trenaccatlo, e Llanvaughath n o n Stone near Llanybyther, below Lampeter, on the Cardiganshire side of the Teivi. Latie Th n version reads Trenacatus iac.itc i filius Maglagni. Trenacatus, which makes Tringad in "Welsh, was the name of the man com- memorated e oughw finnamo s d t thi dan ,Trenaccatlo;n ei I hav t ebu hitherto failed to account for that as purely Celtic of the period, whereas e donb s Pictish a en e canno I ca finW t i .d t kno e quantitwth r o y qualite Pictisth f yo h articl excepa e a matte s a tf inferenceo r s a t bu , e bearee accenth th f t o rshouli t d probabl regardee yb longs da thao s , t Oytene was probably Ogten-c. Similarly, after a broad syllable it should be d, but in Celtic a long a seems to have had a tendency to be pro- nounced wide like English aiv or a in draw or tall; and if this was commo Celtio nt c with Pictish r inheriteo , Celtiy b d c from Pictishe w , migh shoule tw writtee expect b do t Bu kno t n i t. w o eithew ho r o a r analyso t e Trenaccatlo aftee analogth r f certaiyo n non-Celtic genitives in Irish such as Uislenn, genitive of Uisnecli, and EtUenn, genitive of Etlme. Thu e shoulw s d suppose Trenaccatlo o stant r Trenaccatnddfo from Trenaccatan-d, t i woul d dan mean "the (ston r graveo e f tlieo ) Trenacatus or Tringad," where the article comes as naturally as when an Irishman speak O'Donoghue "f th s o Scotchmaea r "o Chisholm. e "f nth o " What a great personage " the Tringad " of his time may have been we do not know, but a man named Gvvynn son of Tringad is one of Arthur's companion e huntinth n si Twrcf go h Trwyth. I have construed Ogtene Trenaccatlod an meao t stone th nf Ogtieo u and of " the Tringad " respectively, but the noun to be supplied may have varied according to the circumstances of each case. Thus, if I met with a name like these in an old Irish pedigree, I should be inclined to say tha e nouth t nmeanine wanter daughteron o s n gdwa so r elso , e slavr eo servant (mael or gille). Now, such names in ne do occur very commonly Irisd ol hn i pedigree elsewherd san Irisn ei h literature, suc Bardenes ha , Cuircne, Ernene, Oisene, Taidcneusuae likee Th th l.d explanatioan , f no the final e is that it represents ia for an older ias = Aryan ios, and that explanation is entitled to the first consideration in a Celtic language; worte b y h ma whil t i beao et t minn i rbu d that anothe possibls i r d ean even preferable sometimes, especially when the name in question is not 324 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892,

of indubitably Celtic origin. Thus Taidcne abbreviation wela y e b lma n of Taidcene, originall Cuircney yma meanin o f Taidg,"s o d n so an g e "th be of Corcene, meaning "the (son, gille or devotee) of Core." For neither Taidg nor Core, though common enough as personal names in Irish, has the ring of a decidedly Celtic name. A similar treatment might also be applicable in the case of some place-names in ne, such as Breibn r Breifneo e e ancienth , t namkingdoa f o e m consisting approxi- mately of the counties of Cavan and Leitrim. For it is conceivable that it meant at first " the (land) of Bribon." The form Bribon, how- d performeeverha s Welshi o , wh dn ,e Gododigivema th a n i n o t n deed f valouo s r Firte nortth f Forth hf o he nam o th Pictise f ei b ; n hi point of origin, it would probably be Brib, genitive Bribenn, which, with the article appended, would make Bribene, Bribne. That comes pretty nea a merr s i Breibne;e t i conjectur t bu o illustratt e e treatmenth e t from the Pictish point of view; and, as already suggested, it is not to be applied indiscriminately. Thus I shoul, d hesitat o explait e name nth e Cruithne of the eponymous hero of the Cruithni or Picts, unless it could be made probable y vert thaCeltice worno ma yth t s s possibli da , y be the case. But to call the Pictish country Cruithen-tuath J is decidedly Pictish t leasa , partn i t , though tuath, " a peopl community,r eo goos "i d e CelticGaelicb woule o T on , .compouna d e expecb o t t i td Cruithne- tJiuath,e like e th fac s th thar i :to t Cruitlien seeme th o stant s r fo d genitive Cruithenn, and that tuath has been introduced instead of some Pictish word for " people or country." The tuath made it sound more, like Celtic, but the construction with the genitive in the first place, just Englise th at wouln i si h e translatiob d n " Pict's country, decidedls "i y t Celti t no quitbu c e Drosten-ipePictishn i fine t w i d s a ,Vorrenn-d an ipua. Similarly the n in the pent of the Pentland Firth implies a form, which came neare e originalth r , presumably, thae oldesth n t recorded J^orse Pettaland. The native name serving here as the basis of the ISTorse name was doubtless Pehhten or Pehhtan, " Pict's " or " the Pict's," With Cruithen-tuath compare sucli name Culenross,s sa Culrossw no , near Duu- 1 fermline, and Gulrenrigi or Culenrigi, cited from the Annals of Ulster (under the year 733) Reevey Adamnan,s b , hi n si . 384p , wher e suggesth e s that -the place mean Inchs wa t , off Inishowen n Donegali , . Hennessy s editiohi n i f ,the.sam no e Annals, prints Guilen rigi and Culenrigi under the years 732 and 802 respectively : . noteses ehi s thereo fooe th t t pageofne a .th . THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD AN S EE NORTHER OTH F N PICTS5 32 .

followed by the native word for " a people " or " a country," probably e samth e word whic s renderei h d tuath n Cruithen-tuath;i thad an t wor e Norsemeth d n translate theiy db r e terminatioland.Th e th f no Pictish genitive held its ground long enough, I take it, to influence the syllable precedin hencd an e presen , th egit e te nam th th for f f emo o Pemtlan connectioo n e th d o t Firth ns betweeA . n Pentland Firtd han Pentland Hills lettea Academye e minf ,se o th r n ei for August last . 132,p . Several allusions have already d beean n e namem made th n o i t es ef: those in the inscriptions are Vrobbaccennevv, the latter part of meqqnanammovvef, Pictis the Berrisef.and h Now countr y suppliea s numbe f namese samo r th f eo class, suc Kenneff,s ha whic givee se s nhI a the nam churca e Mearns f th Fif,r eo o n hi b "Fi ;Fif e "; Fothrever o Fothrif, anciene th t nam districa f eo t embracing Kinros para f d o t san Fife; Hilef, the ancient name of a river, which, if not the Isla, must be e Liffth streaa , m falling whery int e Firte Ta countieth o th ef o h f so Perth and Forfar meet; Morref, Muref, or Moreb, the ancient province of Moray.1 Here sora f paralles o ta , Vrobbaccennevv,o t l mentioy ma e non Pictise name th th f eo h king Galam Cennaleph. olden a t r paralleBu o lt the former name is Cunacenniv-i on the Trallong Stone already mentioned, where the syllable em or ef is represented by iv. This we may there- fore regard as the ancient spelling, and it comes down into the Latin manuscrip e twelftth f o ht century e knowLiberth s a n Landavensis, where we have several names in what I take to be a Pictish form. Of these the one that occurs most frequently is Gurcinnif or Gurceniu, also Guorceniu? a name borne by clerics and by laymen in the

1 Most of these names come in the Chronicle of the Scots given in Skene's Picts and Scots, pp. 335-7. There must be many more such names on the east of Scot- land, and I should for instance have added Tuniff did I not find that the old form e giveBooth Deef kn o ni s Turbrud.i r e connectioTh phonos ni o betweetw - e th n logically obscure s possibli t i : e that Turbrtiod became Turvrid, whence Turriff, but I should be inclined to think that the modern name represents Turbrudtov. Can Fothrif derivee b d fro e Pictismth e Forthrifb h d nominativan e corresponding genitive Fortrenn,g th o Ma t n ei "the Plai f Fortriuno "? Lastly mentioy ma I , n for comparison with Morref, the name Moerheb or March given to a wood in a Mercian charter of the eighth century (Sweet's Oldest English Texts, p. 429): can it be English? 2 For these and other names in the Liber Landavensis see the index to the Oxford edition poine , th whic beinf n o to s ghi issue subscriberso dt . 6 32 . PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 18929 TH .Y F O SMA ,

diocese of Llandaff. Another name of the same category is Enim (with m sounded v according to the orthography of the Old Welsh Glosses), also written once e reah Henip do (t probabl y Heniph), t morbu e commonly written Heinif n thii 1s manuscript I :tak e e thesb o t e forms of the Pictish nominative, of which the genitive would have been Enienn, e Celtith c for f whicmo e have-ihw n Einion, vera y .common Welsh namee hav e samW th e. e name possibly also in'thae th f o t powerful Wessex king builo Ine,wh t Taunto Wese th n: t Saxons must have largely mixed with Piets and Scots in the south-west, as names like Glastonbury " of the Goidels " would seem to testify. Another in point is Issiu, in the same manuscript, in the church-name Merthyr Isiu "(the Belies of the) Martyr Issiu." This would harmonize with e otheth r names her n questioni o e seew o havm r t e Pictis fo ,th e h genitive, Isienn, represented in the modem spelling of the name of the Monmouthshire church of Llan-Ishen. The Liber Landavensis supplies similaa r name Nipsienth n ei Sanctif o Nissien? takNowe w ef i ,thes e names together with Innission-as witd Berrisefe e an . 310hth th (p ) f o Bressay Stone, and reduce them to a parity of spelling and declension, we obtai e nominativeth n s Berrissiv, Issiv, Inissiv, Kissiv l wite al , th h temptes i e terminatioon regar o dt d an , d ss precedev nToi/ecn i r o s y ydb or the name given by Ptolemy to a Pictish river, probably the Spey, as belonging to the same class of nouns. The presence of the sibilant in them, however, is not a constant phenomenon, as we have seen in Vrobb- accennev and other instances. Here also Ptolemy supplies one or two instance pointn si , showing e terminatiotraceth f o s , writteiv n n i/3,n i such names as AovKOTTi/Bia in Galloway and in Oi5o'At/5a in Cornwall. Heinif might be the Welsh word meaning "agile," but the A is probably inor-

gani1 c here as the same man's name is given both as Enim and Heinif, and as another Heinif is.'1 films Conscuit," that is to say, Son of (74 Scuit or of the Hound of the.Scot. I do not think him likely to have borne a Welsh name. Among other non-Welsh namee samth f eo s kin s Conscuit a de Liter th n i Landavensis e mentioneb y ma d Conhorget, p. 199, which in the Book of St Chad is Cohorget, elsewhere Kyhoret and Kynhoret, meaning " The Hound of Orget," as in Orgeto-rix. 2 This wit e honorifihth c prefix appear o becomt s e Sancti Tinissien—the manu- script reads Tussien, whic I hwoul d explai a miscopyin s a n f Tiissiego n wite th h mark indicatin firse gth omittedn t t othebu ; r forms, suc s Tanasanha Tinysan,d an occu r, 241-2 wit90 , changha .43 , terminatiof eo 31 . pp e se n: THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 327

Ad thi o dprincipat o s tw tha e tth l variant name th f eso whic appliee hh s to the sea south of Ireland may be said to be about equally possible : thus Qvepyiov-ios n wouladjectiva e b d e made from a Pictis, h nomi- native Vergiv r Vergiu,o e genitivth f whico e h woul e Vergienn,b d whic e Celtth h s would make int a oste m Vergio a genitiv f o n e Vergion-os, or -as, and from this last Ptolemy's Oue/oytoV-io? derives itself easilye WelsTh . he Atlanti th nam r fo ec Ocea s Mori n y Weryct, " Sea of the Gweryd," which points back to a form Vergi^u or Vergfjo, but whether these words are related to the Goidelic fairge, " sea," I do not know : the latter word does not exist in the Brythonic dialects. The meaning of the affix iv eludes one altogether, but it was possibly use o fort d m nouns applicable onl persono t y s: this could not be said to be disproved by the place-names which have been cited, personificatior t fa kno no manw w w o ho e ruled ho f yth o r e o s ,w s nwa a them were in the first instances names of men or women; but it is not unlikely that the Brythons first heard the name of the sea washing the shores of the south of Ireland from Picts or Scots who came from the country. I would offer a conjecture as to the formation of one only of the words in question, namely Berrisef, which I have provisionally rendered " wife "r " o child. t recallI " Basqu e th s e berri " newprovided an "; d e samth e word existed als n Pictishi o , Berrisef migh e regardeb t s a d derived from. it. The key to the sense would have to be sought in the e wif membeth facw ef e family ne o cometbeinth w a f d ne o r go an a r; if we take the other sense of " infant, child, or young person," the same idea fits there too: compare words like the Greek veavla

one says ni etorri naiz " I have come," but nik badakit " I know it." I wer f I e aske gueso dt origie sth f sucno hformatioa nik,s na I should agglutination a s wa wit" i " t n I, i n obsolet a hf y o nsa e pronoue th f no third person—without distinctio gendef no Basqun ri usual—ans ea d that badak'itk ni meant literally "I-it1 know it," wher reduns e firsi th t ei t - dant just as the other it would also be retained redundantly if a noun object were expressed. So also in the case of gizonek "a man" gizonakd an r J eke e man,same co " mus th th th t e "b tbu elemen n i s a t the plural gizonak men, e "th " whic nominativs i h accusativer eo e th s a , , withoube y e casdistinctioth tma e n e singularmadth n i e . Thut i s would appear that the termination—let us treat it as ek—represents a second perso r thingo n d thaan ,t Basqu s founha e t i practicabld e to treat this ek in two different ways: in the singular the second perso r thinno gs treate i (ek) grammaticalls da y standin positioe th n gi n o f e e agenactioobjecth th f o to t n t concerned e plurale th th n n o I , . other hand e seconth , d perso r thinno gmerels i (ek) y associatey wa y db of addition wit e leadinhth g perso thingr no n otheI . r words elce th ,her e becomes a mere label of plurality: the language is not wont to distin- guish a dual number. Setting aside, however, this question of theory, there remains for us the fact that if Pictish resembled Basque in having two nominatives like gizon and gizonek, we may expect to find traces of the double form in some of the names occurring in Goidelic literature. As I have only recently thought of it, I can at present only mention one or two instances in point, such as Sin and Sinech, which occur as women's names in the Martyrology of Donegal; or take Ferad and Feradach, otherwise Wrad Wradeeh,d an kinge nameo e th th tw n si f so

Pictish Chronicle, where we have next to one another " Ciniod films Wredech d " Elpi"an n films Wroid." 2 Similarlgenitiveo tw e th ys

1 This tendency to agglutination is a characteristic of Basque, and we seem to have another kind of instance in the Basque word for "and," namely eta, accented etd and often shortened to ta. Here the a is very possibly of the same demonstrative origidefinite th s na e articl , whil ea e conjunctio e forcth th ef eo n remain et..e th n si shoule w , undee dIb so f necessito n rDrostee th f o supposo yt t n et inscriptio e th e n . 268(p o hav t )d anythin eha g whatsoeve wito d ho t rLati : compara et net e th e inserted in certain plurals in Basque. See Skene's Picts and Scots, p. 7. 2 THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN HGTS. 329

Uisnig d Uislennan r Uislinno o nominative pointw o t t s Uisnechd an e forth m f o presumabl anothet bu t know, no rme f Uisniu.o yno t w No the name Uisnech is well known in Irish both in connection with the Hil Uisnechf lo supposee th , d centr ancienf eo t Erinn witd tragie an ,h th c e storChildreth f y o therefor y f Uisnecho nma e eOn .gathe r that this story, like the name, is of Pictish origin, especially as Uisnech is not the only proper name in it which appears to be Pictish, that of the heroine, Deirdre, being probably Pictish too wils ,a mentionee b l d later. This mako leadt e brieea sm f digressio n grouno n d which, however, lies well within the scope of this paper. The name Uisnech may be conjectured to be of the same origin as that of the famous Oisfn, better known in this country in its Scotch form of Ossian : this is also approxi- mately its form in the Bodmin Manumissions, where it occurs written mostly Osian, and once Oysian, as the name of a priest. The name may be equated bodily with Uisniv, with its Pictish termination iv or iw removed t evebu ; n the e hav t nw exhauste no e e formsth d certais a , n tracts1 concernin Picte gth s supply another, variously written Uaisnemh, Huaisneamh Uasnemd an , , which implr aso rathes yu r r osthan o i s nu e firsth t syllable, whil e terminatioth e n with mh, pronounce r w,o dv agrees with tha l f eventUisniv.al o t e t persoA th s n n a mean s wa t Ossian y probablna , e originath y wordlw fe Ossian sa o muss ;e b t said as to his surroundings. Now a tract in the Book of Ballymote, after alluding Pictise th o ,t h foli, ancesto43 o r Cruithns Sevehi d n an e Sons, eponymous of the seven provinces of Alban, begins the Pictish story anew wit e landinth h n Leinste i ge firs th t f o Pictsr : thee yar describe brotherx si s da s named Solen, Ulpa, Nechtain, Trosdan, Aengus, and Leideand, of whom, however, only five reach Ireland, as Leideand, whose name is invented to account for that of Llydaw,' Brittany/ dies on the way. The other brothers, or at any rate some of them, are honour- ably receive e kin th f Leinster o gy b d , whose nam s Creamthouwa e n Sciathbel. They are engaged to assist him in a war which he was waging with a tribe of people from Britain called Tuath Fidlibha, who used poisoned weapons. With the aid of the Picts, and especially of Trosdan their druid, they defea e enem th placta t ya e thenceforth called. 1 They wil foune b l d given iu Skene's . 31-4Picti Scotsd pp 322-29 d t an a 4 an . 830 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

Ardleamnacht r Sweet-Milao k Hill commemoration i , sweee th f nto milk used by the druid as an antidote to the poison of the Fidhbha folk. Nothing is afterwards related of the Picts till the time of Erimon, when they had at their head a king called Gub and Cathluan his son. Erimon, however, whose name marks .him as the typical Aryan farmer, succeede banishindin g them excep lef possessioin tfew a t Breagmagnof h or the country probably between Dublin and Drogheda, and it is from thos lane eth lef dn i that l magial t divinatiod can n descend Irelandn i s . Nowas over-king of all the Picts conies Cathluan1 son of Gub,and Cathluan e Pictth wa e firs takf o st th so t e possessio f Scotlandno e :ar from mhi reckone king0 d7 f Albanso , dow Constantineo nt . Cathluan' sono stw s were Catanolodar and Catanalachan, his two champions Imm son of Pern2 and Cing father of Cruithne, his two seniors Cms and Cirig, his two soldiers Huaisneamh his poet, and Cruithne his artificer. That will suffice to show that this version of the legend contains elements differing from the others, such as that which mentions Cruithne son of Cing together with his Seven eponymous Sons, and the Welsh version which makes Prydein (or Cruithne) the son of Ae

Wels1 h king Cadwallon fle o Irelano t d wh , d when beate Angles Edwiy hi nb d s: nan so it happens in some of these tracts about the Picts that Cathluan son of Gub becomes Cathluan mac Caitmind or Son of Gatamanus, in Old Welsh Catman, later Cadvan. Thus Cadvan kin f Venedotiao g n Cadwallos so hi s hi d , an n grandson Cadwaladr, all living in the seventh century, are sometimes made into

early Picts! 2 This thoroughly un-Goidelic name-recalls Cormac's word pant or parnn, "a whale " : can some of the insular Picts have had the whale as their totem ? significans i t I 3 t tha sub-headine th t e Boo th f Ballymot o kn gi e (fol. o 43aD s i ) Tigaib cruithneach indsi, which I should make into Do rigctib cruithneacli nanindsi, "Concerning the kings of the Picts of the Islands " ; but as given by Skene (in his Picts and Scots, p. 325) from the Book of Lecain, it reads Do rigaibh Cruithneach andsin, which he renders "Of the kings of the Cruithneach [i.e., Picts] there." t beeno ne e scribe h blundering Th d ha , , migh e expecteb t d rathe havo t r e written andso " here." THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHERE AN S TH F O E N PICTS1 33 .

mention of a battle said to have been fought between the Soots and the Danes in Insib Solian} that is to say " in the Islands of Solian" : this Soliane Pictisth f o h Chronicl s probabli e t anothef -writino ybu y wa rg name th e give e Boos Solena nth f Ballymoteo kn i . Here, thena n i , legend involvin e traditionsth g e Islandse Pictth th f e finf o so ,w ,d Huaisnemh peoples seee r hi poeth o r f s a o ta ,pre-classi c editiono t o s , say, of the famous Ossian of the Gael. So far your attention has been called chiefly to nouns, but I now wish to make some observations concerning the formulae iddaiqnnn = EDDE ECNUN eddarnonn,d an , whic hI woul regarw no ds parallef da o d an l probably the same meaning. It has already been suggested that they involve an adverbial demonstrative meaning "here," or the like. In comparing eddarnonn with iddaiqnnn it is possible that the q of the latter has been elided in the pronunciation of the former; and the nnn is explained by the nonn of eddarnonn. Further the reading ehtamnsonn of the Scoonie Stone is probably to be treated either as ehtamnnonn or elitarrnonn with eJitarr equivalent to the eddar of Brodie th e Stone. Then there remain n-onn, e take sth w e f i tha t reading, o equatt f eiddaiqnnn.o wit n e n-onnth hnn f eddarnonn o e th d an Or, takin e otheth g r reading e havw , e mn-onn, containin n elemena g t differing from tha n idda-iqn-nni t d identicaan l wite involveon h n di dhelihtmnnn (for ahe7iht-mn-nn): writs u t e le the m respectively idda- iqn-nn and ahehht-mn-nn. In the combinations iqn and mn I should suppose we have particles qualifying or limiting the meaning of onn or nn, and the formula ahehMmnnn may have meant " here below " or " here close at hand," or even " hie in tumulo," " hoc in tumulo," or some such a phrase. If we turn to Basque we find that it has an adverb an or han meaning " there," and that is probably our nn, onn, while the mn of ehtarmnonn and ahehlitmnnn might be explained by the Basque emen " here," whic"a void"on hf o alternate n o wit e e us hth n si aoneran si " towards here, hither." Short, however f presumino , g that Thi bees sha n variously rea Skeny db e Innisibsolian Picts ; s Scots, d 9 hi . an n p i 1 Uilibcottan, Ib. cxxxix.; Innisbolsia, (index)8 46 . p ; s Celticwhilhi n i e Scotland, i. 338, he gives Visibsolian or Visibcolian. But ininsibsolian is probably right: at any rat t etakei strokee s accounth l s representea al s f o t fac-simile th n di e prefixed Skene'o t s Pictss textScots.d hi f an so 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

this tentative analysis is correct, I think it is not too much, to say that these; conjectures mak t ei possibl regaro et e endine formuladth th f go e iddaiqnnn, eddarnonn, d ahehhtmnnnan s containina n adverbiaa g l demonstrative meaning "here r "haro " d byd referrinan " o tht g e resting-place of a person buried beneath. As to the Basque an " there," it is a sort of locative of a "he, she, it, that, the," formed in the ordinary wayBilbaonn i s a , "t Bilbao,a " froe nammth e Bilbaod an etortzen " in coming, a-coming."J. Then an is appended to words like eche "house," ceru "heaven," eshd "hand," making them into ecJtedn " in the house," cerudn " in the heaven," esJcuan " in the hand."2 Further t provi f i , e well founde o regart d e articldth n-n Irisa ei s ha wity sa h borrowe o t som s a er confidencfa d o fros o mg y Pictishe ma e ,on tha gives tha , nthi Goidelian meanins m , forit ar f ms o cit g " there.n I " all three Goidelic dialect presene th thif y so da st word aim, also written and, has ejected the prepositional word indid " in him " and fixed itself in its place; in Scotch Gaelic and Manx it has encroached on other forms same oth f e grou indid.s pa Perhap bese sth t possible illustration, then, pronunciatioe oth f finae eddarnonnf th o f ln o nn iddaiqnnnf on o e th d an would be the actual pronunciation of the Highland word ann " there, in it," wit s markedlit h y nasal vowel, which prevail e Mans th als n xi o equivalent "written ayn. Here I may add that if I am right in equating the ehtarr of the Scoonie Stone with the eddar of the Brodie one, it must be also right to equate elite of the Conningsburgh fragment with e eddeth (possibl e Newtoyth ette) f o n e scripOgan th d idda f an o ti accompanyin n thaI t . gcasit e ehteconfragmene supposede th b n y o ma t . agglutination a f eliteo n econ wit n adverbiaha l econe th lackinf o e on g nasal elements in EC-N-UI^ and iq-n-nn, but without perhaps expressing a differenc f senseo e I shoul. d accordingly guess ehteconmor o havt e been the beginning of an inscription meaning " Lies here Mor ..... s' offspring x."n whici e particley th hLastly wa e n questioi sth , e ar n heaped together as in iq-n-nn or ec-n-un, ec-on, mn-onn or m-n-onn and ahehht-mn-nn show very conclusively that one has here to do with no nou r adjectiveo n t witbu , h vocable n adverbiaa f o s r pronominao l l nature. . Eysn 49 . Va p ,Larramendi' e e Se Se '- s Impossible Veneido, . 324p . 1 E INSCRIPTIONTH LANGUAGD E NORTHERAN S TH F O E N PICTS3 33 .

e Newtoreturw th no o t s nu n t OgaLe m Idda-iqnnn Vorrenn ipua losir. This I provisionally rendered—" Lies here V.'s offspring I.," and similaa r suggestio e Lunastiuth s offerei no t s a dg Ogam, Ttoculietts: ahehJitmn%n:hccvvevv:Nehhtonn, namely that it means, "Bests here below priest Nechtonn. f ther I ver"a s ei b involved t musti , I think, e b , sough n iddai ttocuhetts,d r an fo t which begin their respective Ogams, whil subjece eth t e endcometh t . a s This migh e thoughb t t rathea r strange collocation of the words, but it happens to coincide exactly with the construction too of a simple sentence in Celtic, whether Goidelic or Brythonic, while the most remarkable thing remains still to be told : such was not the construction of a sentence in the language of the Celts of the Continent in the time of the Koman domination over Gaul: for- tunatel e havyw e ample evidenc r thi Gaulisfo ew s fe purpos e hth n i e inscriptions extant I quot .e followinth e g instances, both d texan t translation, from Stokes' Celtic Declension, abstaining from citing those which are in too precarious a state of preservation :—

1. Seyo/xapo? OviXXoveo? TOOVTIOVS Na/xawaTJ? euapov B^Xi/cra/u irocriv ve/jLrjTov, " Segomaros, son of Villonos, a magistrate of Namausus (Nlmes), made for Belesama this temple." 2. ICCAVO SOPPIANICNO. SIEVB. V BRIQINDON. I CANTALON, " Iccavosn so , of Oppianos, mad Brigindefor ucantalon."a . LlCNO3 SCONTEXTO. SIEVB. V ANVALONNAC. V CANECOSEDLON. , " LicHOS Contechtos made for Anvalonnacos a golden chair."1 4. KataKO 3: ? SeSe MaT/oe/3o J^a/navcriKa/So /3pa- rovSe, " Gartabos, (son) of Illanoviax, placed (this) for the Nemausian Mothers by decree." 5. DOIEOS . SEGOMARI/IEVBV . ALISANV, " Doiros, (son) of Segomaros, made (this Alisanos.r )fo "

I do not believe in the "golden chair," but that does not matter here at all; 1 thad ad t y cantalon ma e previou I th d n i an s inscription means probabl kino yn f do buildin a son t r somgo gbu e kin f poetio d c composition wito s hd cantenaan , n i followine th " one. 4 33 PROCEEDING SOCIETY E , 18929 TH Y F . O SMA ,

6. MAETIALIS . DANNOTALI . IEVRV . VCVBTE . SOSIN/CELICNON, "Martialis, son of Dannotalos, made this tower for Ucuetis." : 7. SACER PEROCO IEVRV DVOHICO. v. s. L. M. , " Sacer Peroco made (these) porticoes, votum " &c. 8. ANDECAMULOS TOVTISSICNOS IEVRV, "Andecamulos son of Toutissos, made (this)." 9. KATIN BRIVATIOM FRONTU . TARBEISONIOS IEVRV, " Propugnanulum pontilium Fronto, Tarteisoni filius, fecit."

This last sentence begins apparently wit n accusativea h e t alth lbu , rest with a nominative; and generally speaking the syntax is highly Aryan, and such a thing as a Gaulish sentence beginning with the verb followed by its subject is not extant. How, then, came it to be the rule Celtie oth f c language e presenth f o st day, that they should place eth verb befor s nominativit e profouna s i t I e d? chang r whicn efo ca hI see no other account than that it is the result of extraneous influence. I wish the fact of the change, however, and its probably non-Aryan origie welb lo t nweighe d kepan d t distinct froy surmiseman s which camit e abou how about am to offe I to t as .r tole b dy thae constructioma th tJ n which place vere th sb befors it e subject is not a natural but an artificial one, and, tested by the methods of gesture language, that is undoubtedly so : the first attention is claimed e persoth e r mentionedy thinb o nb o t g , then y whau wissa yo o tht about that person or thing. This is undeniably the natural sequence; e askeda languaganb n dy ca how , ma uncultivateo s et i , s Pictisa d h have had the more artificial construction 1 In answer to this it may be said, that it would suffice if that language seemed to place the verbs before their nominatives, and a look at the Basque verb will serve to show that such seemin s quitwa g e possibly an n Pictisn i i e s ver s it bf wa hi way like tha f Basqueo t . Tak e verth e b correspondin e verbath o t lg adjective and verbal noun etorri, eiortxe " to come, the act of coming " : in the present indicative it runs thus :— nator, " I come " gatoz, " we come" (h)ator, zatoz, "thou comest" zatozte, "you come• " dator, " he, she, it comes " datoz, " they come " THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NOETIIERN PICTS. 335

Or tak vere eth b substantive, which runs parallel, excepting that thers ei a greater difficulty in discovering the stem or stems used for forming it:— naiz, " I am " gera, " we are" (h)aiz, " thou art" zerate, " " yoe uar da, she, "t ishe i , " dira, " they are"

Transitive verbs also begin the third person with d, which is then suppose grammariany b d meao t s n " him, r herit,o ," representine gth object of the verb and not its subject; but both the one and the other, though always retaine e presenth n i d t indicative, become redundann i t poinnouna e f meanino tus . u Thuyo s sooga s a sn gizona d-atory ma have literally meant "the man he-comes, e actua th d onl t an ly bu " attested meaning is simply " the man comes," and so gizona d-a is not ' the man he-is " but " the man is." Similarly det " I have it" is analysed by grammarians into d-e-t " it have I," but as soon as you add a noun object the d ceases to have any meaning, as in zeryatic ez det Mllatzen mere borondatea, " because I seek not mine own will" (John v. 30), literally " becaus t «'Miave-eno I in-seeking mine will-the." Here, be it noticed, the pronominal element representing the nominative is appended to -the verb and not prefixed, the pronoun prefixed being the representativ e subjectth f e objecto th t .f o eno , No w supposine th g Pictish verb resembled the Basque one, and that the prefixed Pictish pronou somethins nwa f d-atoro gd lik e , she "t th ecomes,i he f , o d "an d-a , she venturt is.y "i he , " ma e furthe thee th e on n r supposition that Pictis a nouh d nwheha subjec t i n t placen i t i afted e ver d th ran b apposition e forma th pronomina d o -t an l l nominative,—and thi s evei s n e morth ee transitiv naturath e cas f th o e n i le verbs with pronominal nominatives appended, not prefixed. Thus when the meaning of the pronominal nominative became obscured, as in Basque, the language would hav arran ea f analogyo y whice speakerth t o wouli ht f so d mean tha vere tth b precede nominatives dit thid sI conjecturan ; e the havmo t e transferred into Celtic when they gave up their own language as such. The Basque of the present day, it is true, does not show any such a rule, t beeno ns modifieha t i e questione b r n thiy i fa d sma w bu t i ho dt 6 33 PEOCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F O .SMA ,

e respecneighbourinth y b t g languages from which texts have been translated int t ofroi m tim timeo et ; e .foinfluencth r f translationo e n si modifying the prose syntax of a language cannot easily he overrated. Plenty of illustrations of this could be produced from Welsh,.but I will only mention one. Thus whe n Englisna h newspaper preface repora s t with such word "s sa Lor d Salisbury said," thi s commonli s y rendered in Welsh periodicals afteEnglis e ordee th th rf o r h: Arglwyct Salisbury a dywedod~, which, however n gooi , d Welsh could only means i "t I said,o e fulLorwh th " . l S dformul a beina Ctyioedocl^Est . gS . ysA A. S. qui dixit. But the violation of Welsh syntax here indicated did not begin with Welsh newspapers, as one meets with it in all transla- tions of the Bible from the time of William Salesbury down ; and other instances of earlier and firmer footing in the language might be adduced. n facI t this perverse influenc e translatoth f o e r exerts itself mord an e more every f Welsi day d ,an h survives long enoug e s syntab hit y xma expecte o becomt d e entirely English, expresse a vocabular n i d y partly native and partly English too. This is doubtless the sort of treatment to which Basque has been subjected most of the time from the Roman domination over Gaul and Spain down to our day, though it is impos- sibl traco et t steei stey p b n accoun e o pabsenc th f o t e Basqu y ofan . e literature extending back beyond the sixteenth century. The vast extent, however, to which the actual vocabulary, of Basque is derived from Latin, and her daughter-dialects may be taken as a gauge of their influence on the syntax likewise of the language. momena r fo s u t e t Basqureverth Le o t te verb "be,o t " especially the words da "he is" and diva "they are." These forms probably con- tain two different stems, the one being a or a and the other some such a form as era, or perhaps ir, er, or ar : dira would seem to stand for some such for dara,s ma whic s wha i he analogth t f otheyo r verbs indicate. Discardin f dirafinae o s commo th ga a l t wit i e pluralo th ht n s gera "we are" and eera-te "you are," we arrive at dar f or d-ar, and suppos- ing the d to stand for an earlier id or ed we get a hypothetical form ed-ar which I would employ to explain eddar and elitarr in the Pictish inscrip- tions, while ttocuheMs, if one should not rather read ettoeuhetts, might be supposed to stand for ed-tocuhetts or ed-docuhetts, involving another THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NOKTHEEE AN S TH F O E N PICTS7 33 .

verb of a similar signification. Accordingly eddarmnonn should, as it would see t firsma t sight, mean "here t is"here"no e lies"b o t ;s i bu t i t remembered that what is worn down to a mere copula intone language may retain a more specific meaning in another: I need go no further for illustration a n tha Englise nth h word was, plural were, which belongo st a verb that means in Gothic, among other things, " to remain, to pass timcertaie a th n ei ncertaia placn i r neo manner, Sanskrin i d "an t "o t remain, to dwell, to pass the night at a place." So it is not impossible that our eddar, ehtarr contains two of the same elements as the verb " to be " in the Basque plural dira, and that our provisional rendering " lies, remains, or rests " need not be seriously revised. Then as regards Edde ecnun e Newto th Vaur f o n script I shoul, d interpret tha o meant t : " Lies (rests or is) here Vaur "; and Vaur is in that case to be identified with the name Vor or Vorr, which makes Vorrenn in the genitive in Ogame th . With thi s doubtlessi eddee on equato t e s th iddae f th eo Ogam on the same stone, and also probably the ehte of the ^lonningsburgh fragment; and I should be inclined to regard edde as a harmonized form of edda e whicNewto th e idda hav e th f hw o n eni Ogam equatee b o t , d wit Basque h th , t she is.i , " he r "eda o , Her n facseee i e w thavmo t e the epitaph of the father of the man commemorated in the Ogam, or else of a man of the same name as his father : doubtless a member, in any case, of the same family. The Ogam was possibly the work of a different inscriber from him who wrote the script, as would seem to indicatee b e differencth y db f spellingo e exampler fo , , between Vaurd an FbjT-enn. It is worth noticing that the longer spelling Vaur turns out in that case to belong to the older legend as compared with Forr-enn. earliee Th r inscribe alsy saie o b ma rdistinguis o d t h himsel doubliny b f g his mutes very sparingly; so he might in this respect be compared wit e Drostee authoth th h f o rn inscriptio . VigeansSt t a n . Thi, is s however, by no means convincing, as it is not certain, for example, that the shortening of Vaur in Vorrenn is not the regular result of accenting it Vorrenn. That there must have bee nPictisa h ver beddee sucth s hwhica hI have supposed (after the analogy of Ogtene for Ogtena and the like) to stan eddar iddadr fo o correspondin Basque th t is,i , she o gr "t a " he eo d , Y VOL. XXVI. 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

cainferrede nb I ,think othen o , r grounds. Amon gmentioy thema m I n e Iristh h verb substantive e appearanc, whicth s ha mosa h f o et motley collectio f oddn e matteo d sayendso t f th an o s o n ,f formsi e s ,o r On . them is attd, now td " is," which serves as a theme for the other persons singular and plural: it also enters into a most non-Aryan agglutination in Irish as follows : J— tathum, "est mihi" *,-,,- « •, „ ,-,, , ,, , ,., .„ *taithmnn, "we have , . , . tathut- ; , ,, "esttibi ,_, . , ,., , „ havu taithibyo e . tathai, " he has ' J , , , „ tathat, " they have" tathus s ha e , sh ' J teete th Celtif ho n I c phonetics Celtic scholars have sometimes been ni the habit of supposing this verb derived from the Aryan root sta or sta " to stand," from which we have in Irish sessam " to stand " (for si-sta-m-) and Welsh sa-f " stand," wherea e Welsth s h equivalen Irise th d hf t o t is taw " that it is." jusy borrowine wa t Th indicatee a worth f n o gi d s evidenci d o et contact on the part of the Celts with the early inhabitants, but it cannot be compared in importance with the fact of the syntax of the Neoceltic languages being profoundly modifie e influenc th e aboriginesy th b d f o e . The same subtler influenc e detectedincline b s m als i ea o t oI s o dt a , believe conjugatioe th n i ,Goidelie th f no c verb, especially wher t edifferi s fro Brythonie mth c verb. Tak followine eth g instances:— (1.) Irish has certain future J-forms corresponding more or less closely to Latin ones like amabo, amabis, amdbit, &c., which were in Old Irish car/a, carfe, carfid, &c. But in the first person singular car/a shows in time an optional form carfat, the representative of which in Modem Iris s completelha h y ouste e oldedth tha f r o tfor m car/a. Wher d carfa-tdi e come fro m? Thaquestioa s i t nI hav e never seen answered, and I am not aware that t in the first person singular has any explanation Aryain n grammar BasqueIn . , ancienhoweveran has t it , footing hav e there w instance s th a see, n ni e already give d-e-f no t "I have it," literally "it-have-I," where the t represents an ancient pro- noun of the first person singular; that is, according to Basque philolo-

Stokese 1Se Jfeo-Celtice ' papeTh n o r Vert Substantive,. 52 . p THE INSCUIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 339

e pronougiststh r fo ,n questio i no individua n s ha n l existence th n i e actual language thiw s No exactl. y account peculiarite th r fo s Irisf yo h forms like car/at, and not only that but it betrays itself in Irish, as I think quitn i , e another categor f wordsyo , namely, in— (2.) Certain proper names of Irish saints, which begin with the dental. Suc s Gonnahi whe t i nbecome s Da-chonna r Do-clionna,o y b side f whicth eo h occurs also Mo-chonna, meaning literall yConna.y "M " Similarly we have Da-bheog and Mo-Vheog "My Beog," and Do-cliwnma and Mo-chumma "My Cumma."1 Many more of the same kind might be added if necessary, but the older form of the dental prefix was to as Tochannu,n i olden a r for f Dockonna,mo d To-cummian f Dochumma.o 2 however, mo Neithe r no , o retaint r s vowesit l whe t i preceden s another vowel, so both must have been proclitics : witness Tassach 8 for To-assach and Mernoc for Mo-Ernin. In Irish the word mo is supposed to be prefixed as a mark of respect and honour, and there can hardly be any doubt that it is the ordinary Irish pronoun mo "my, mine." The formula is probably not of Christian origin, but rather appropriated by Christianity from paganism.4 In fact I should go further and suggest that mo is the translation into Goidelic of the to here in question, which I should regard as also meaning my, but not in a Celtic language: my hypothesi e sam a Pictisth s f e o , thawa h is sd t i t wor" an y r "m fo d firse th t n persoi t origie nth singulas n a Irise th hf future r o verth n bei tense, and as the t of the Basque verb already indicated. The only attempted explanation of the dental prefix in the proper names men- tioned is that to is to be identified with the Irish pronoun do " thy, thine," "Welsh dyf but to this there are several insuperable objections. In the first place, what can be supposed the psychological state of one who r thes1Fo e e entrienameth e sse s unde re Martyrology theth n mi f Donegalo

(Dublin, 1864). 2 For Toclumnu and Tocummi see Reeves' Adamnan's Life of St. Columba, pp. 246-7. See the Index to Stokes' Patrick, p. 616.

e RhysSe 43 ' Celtic Heathendom, . 524-6pp , where among other instance namsa e Mo-haulum is cited, which seems to be an exception to the rule as to omitting the o beforo om fprobabl e vowelea th o T .y pagan instance Btrad Mo-mArad sad an from O'Curry's Battle, of Magh Leana (Dublin , 16738 ,, .1855)31 . pp , . Whitle lettea Dr e y b Se r0 y AcademyStokee Th n Febsr i fo . 1886 . 27 . 151-2pp , . - 0 34 PROCEEDING S E SOCIETYOTH F 9Y , 1892MA , .

shoul worde dus s meanin Conngy "Th a " wit same hth e honorific inten- saie h dConny f tio i "M s nt a I woul a " ? like db e attemptine us o gt " Your Lord " in the sense of " My Lord," and it seems to me that it coul t heldno p conveying something more nearl reverse yth f respecteo , e equatefo b t couli r t no dd with " Your Lordship," which introduces another element. In the next place, the prefix does not behave, phonetically speaking, like Celtith e c pronou r "thy,fo n " Irish, do , Welsh dy: thus in Welsh we have Tegai (with the stress accent on the a) from Cai, and Teliau, " St. Teilo," from Eliau which is an independent name : Teliau occurs with a number more in the Liber Landavensis, such as Tidiuc, Tilull, Timoi, Tipallai, Tissoi, and others. A few names of this kind occur als n Brittanyi o t i doet appea t no s bu ; r that they were native there.1 In fact, Ireland was probably their home, and it is thence that they first found their way to the lands on both sides of the Severn Sea, with the invaders from the south of Ireland. (3.) Medieval and Modern Irish shows instances of a verbal form endin nnn nd,r gi o suc s gabhanna h . niin ghdbhann dia 2doed "Go s not take." It is mostly employed in the third person singular, and when used for the second person it undergoes no change of termination. It is usually ^calle "da consuetudina t surno le s present,m thaha a t I i t t "bu always, been confine e presentth o t d : tak r instancfo e e followinth e g sentence from the Book of the Dun Cow, fol. 1095, Mm~bais in Hatli- macha immorro ech Ercoil ocus noscengland Cuchulaitin Ercoil fessin indidid charpait,a 3 which seem meao t s n literally Liath-mache "th a killed the ; horse of Ercol and Ciichulainn was binding Ercol himself behind his chariot." Verbal forms like gabhann, cengland I am inclined regaro t suggestes da Pictisy b d h formulae resemblin e Basquth g e ones 1 They will be found noticed in Loth's Chrestomathie Bretonne (Paris, 1890), pp. 100, 168 e alse Rev.Se th o. Celtique, . 145d especiallxi an , ya passag n thi e e Latin Life of S. Paul do Lean en Bretagne (published by M. Cuissard in the Bev. Celt,, . 417-59v ) wher readse on e . 437 p , wordse ,th : Quorum numerum, adjunct-is Quonoco, quern aliiadditamentob su more gentis transmarine Toquonocum vacant, &c. The life was written in 884 by a Breton monk named "Wrmonoc of the Abbey of Landevenec. Atkinson'e Se 2 , arie notes7 s th d . thin simila d p . Iriso Serie . an si hMS . sII r forms in the Appendix, p. xyii. Flede Se 3 Sricrend, Wiiidisoh'n i s Irische Texte, . 290p . THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD NORTHERE AN S TH F O E N PICTS1 34 .

with verbal nouns endin n gi accompanie a finit y b edr verbfo s a , example etortaen naiz1 "I am wont to come," as contrasted with n-ator " I come." Similarly in the imperfect galtzen nuen " I was losing it," literally " I was having it in-losing." In the case of the Irish verb we should hav regaro et e auxiliarth d omittes ya d throughout rights i t I ,. however thay sa somewhaa t o t , t similar explanation migh e deriveb t d from native Celtic gerunds (corresponding to the Latin amandum, habendum, ferrendum) somewhat after the fashion, for instance, of such Spanish idioms as estoy Jiablando " I am speaking," estd comiendo " he is eating," and the like. Here, however, we have perhaps a Spanish con- struction whict whollno s hi y unconnectey dan wit t Basque a h: th e eon rate it is not certain that ancient Basque was not one of the influences which made such formula estoyas s haUando favourite one Spanisin s h alone of all the Eomance dialects. e mosth f to remarkable On (4.) e peculiaritie e Goidelith f so c dialects is their possessing relative forms of the verb, one for the singular and one for the plural, in the present tense and the future. The former beresn r whici o s a o , h"e latte wh te bears,th n i d r an "s enda r esn si o plural berte, gJbas i accipiet."qu Brythonie Th " c dialects hav suco en h forms, and neither they nor the Goidelic ones have retained any parti- s suca d correspondin e an hciple us n si o suct g h Latin one amans,s sa amantes, habens, habentes, ferrens,or ferrentes. When one, however, come analyso t s e relativth e e form non-neutee sth thee b yo t tur t r nou nominative singular and plural with a particle appended. Now, for berens-, berentes o becomt - e respectively beresd berte, an e appende th d particle must have begun with a vowel. Moreover these forms mutate a following consonant, after the manner of vowels, as in as-chotarsne " quod contrarium est," as-chentarchu " quee [Gallia t citerior,]es o s d "an in the plural as in foilsigdde pJiersin " quse demonstrant personam " :2 otherwise we should have had cotarsne, centarchu, jpersin. The particle therefore must have not only begun with a broad vowel but also ended in

e otheth thir d r 1Fo sinstance an Eys n ' Va e Essaise s de Grain. Basque (London, 1867), pp. 69, 126. Ebel'e Se 8 s Zeuss' Gram. ; als Geltica,7 o 43 . 182Stokes, pp ' Neo-Celtic Pert,. pp 13, 43. 2 34 PEOCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

e simplesa vowelth d an ,t vocable that would satisfy these conditions would be a; for berents-a, for instance, and berentes-a would just exactly yield beres berte.d an Thi I shoul sa d identify wit e Basquhth e article, so that beres berents-a)= ( berted berentes-a)= an ( would mea (jteptav,no old an epovTes, excepting tha , oto t mus e regardeb t hers da e compris- l threal g e in genders, there bein distinctioo gn f gendeno Basquen i r d ,an so none presumabl Pictishn yi , from whic I hconjectur e this articlo t e have come. The construing of beres, berte as relative forms meaning " bears,(heo )wh " " (they bear,o wh ) " scarcely require remarky an st bu , relative th e involve t alwayno s i ds treate nominativea y s a d ma t i r fo , have the force of an accusative or of an oblique case, as in oldate " quam sunt." Her e seemon e o detect s a certait n amoun f confusioo t n with another construction, whic e mentionehb musw no t givins da g evidence to further Pictish influence. (5.) The relative form of one of the substantive verbs has two inflection distinco tw d t an smeaning (fos a ) r ents-a)(a s: " who, which is," as in as-choimtig, " quod est usitatum," and as-chentarchu, " qua? est ulterior," plura as-n,) l(b ata;d " an tha t e (itfollowinth ) n is,i "s ga instances:—asberat nsn-dia dome mace, " they say that the Son is a Go f injustice,do " liuare n-aquass a ni aqua, " because (thas aquas,i ) it t not aqua," plural ata-n as in confitetar son ata n-doini, " that these know that they are men."1 By way of explanation of relative forms like as on tols ei d tha pronoua t , equivalennto s affixedGreei o t t, thao kTO s , t caras "qui amat," for example, stands for Earast = carayat-to, while the plural carafe woul explainee db e e refles involvinth th da e f xo s it n i g Vedi (fod cy r yam), nom. plural neute rrelative oth f e pronou o?= s ; nyd and still another kind of relative is said to be required to account for forms like as-n. Thu leso sn s than three different relative allegee sar d suffixee b o t thesn i d e form st thi ;bu 2s suffixin f relativeso g , apart from the question of their several etymologies, strikes one as a highly non- Aryan procedure. In the two first cases I have tried to show how I should regard the suffix as non-Aryan, namely, as being in my opinion

1 Stokes' Neo-Celtic Verb, p. 43 ; also, Ascoli's Godice lrlaiide.se, dell' Amlrosiana, i'42, 369. Stokes' Nco-Ccltw . , 19 43 13 ,Verl, . pp THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD E NORTHERAN S TH F O E N PICTS3 34 .

the Pictish article appended, and I now come to the n of forms like as-n. But I should mention at once that as-n is an exception, due probably to the analogy of ata,1 and that as a rule the n is appended to n atai e finit forma th ngnimaiat ef o sn verb i s a , " that thee ar y works," ted as in aepert dosom bed n-ecen donaib Imlib anglanad2 "his saying that all must be cleansed," and at as in anat n-acailsis which occurs as a gloss on interpdlati in the Milan Codex, and means " when or in case that they are interrupted." Now, I have already suggested a possible connection between the Basque relative and the Irish neuter relativ her d thad n-,ea I an ewisad t o Basqut h e appends its relative (reduced mostly to an n) to its verbs in a way somewhat simila o that r t instance Irise th h n i dform s just given: thus Uste du hean dathorren " Do you believe that he comes;" Aitalc agitzen du egin dezan e fathe"th r ordain z dakiguE sit;o d d tha an " e joanh t ote dan " we do not know whether he is come," literally " we do not know that he is perhaps come."4 so-callee (6.Th ) d subjunctiv Basqun i e s formit el sal end witn i s h the relative represented by n as in izan dezadan, " que je 1'aie," izan dezagun "que nous I'aions;" and this nasal will serve to explain certain irregular forms occurrin firse th t n gi perso n e verplurath bf o substanl -

1 What has happened seems best explained with the aid of Modern Irish, which no longer distinguishes singular and plural in these forms. The singular as is gone out of use, and the plural ata ( = ata) has been confounded with attd or ata "is" (mostly curtailed now into ta): that is, ata takes the place of both ata and as, as wel s functiona l n principai s l clauses. This probably bega case n th eearliee b o t r in the spoken language than Irish manuscripts would lead one to suspect. 2 Ascoli's Codice Irlandese, i. 145, 189. 3 Ascoli, i. 174. The an of this kind of formula is in Welsh in, yn, and the 0. Welsh Glosses give in-it-oid as a gloss on Latin participles, as in the case of macu- lata, extincta, pressus mentione Stoke y editios db Juvencue hi th n si f no s Glossen si Kuhn's Beitrcege, iv. 410. He has, however, entirely erred in suggesting initium erat as the meaning. The gloss-writer meant Welshmen to construe ' in-it-oid pressus' 'in that or when he was pressus,' the reader being supposed to supply the Welsh form in -etic, which came nearest to the participle : it would in this instance be in-it-oid guascetic or the like. It was merely a hint how the reader should turn a construction to which nothing corresponded in Welsh. The 0. Welsh in it is yn yd in Medieval Welsh, and now it is one of the two distinct words written onid. Eysn Va 4, Grammaire Compares Dialectess de Basques, . 519p . 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

tive in Irish, namely co nibdn, con-dan " ut simus," as in ban chossmaili " simus similes." thess a t e formBu mutat1n da s d banfollowinea an g consonant ne th mus, ta (broad havd ha e ) vowel n i appende s a t i o t d certain Basque forms such as dodazana in the following sentence, Zeuelc daldzue eze era, gichi galdu dodazana " Vous savez que j'ai laiss^ passer pen d'occasions. e morTh "e usual form would have been dodazala; but it is not certain that na in such cases is not as old as la or indeed older; say o thas t possibli s t i ,ti e hers thai a el t onl yphonetia c varia- tion of na,2 though it is the usual form in most of the dialects. Individual loan-words cannot compare in importance with such trace f influenco s Goidelin o e c gramma I hav s a re just been attempt- e wortb e whily th h ma o mentiot e bort o provew i t fe t g - a nbu in , rowed words before closing this paper I must. , however, premise that the followin givee ar g n rathe t randoma r I canno s thaa y , sa I thavt e made any systematic or exhaustive search:— mentionee b firse (1.o t Th t ) Brudes i d Brute,r o e namth f someo e thirty early e Pictkingth Albanf o f ss o . This wors doubtleswa d t a s first rathe titla r e tha a nname , thoug t hi becam e late name.t ra a r o , any rate appears as such in the case of Brude mac Maelchon of St. Columba's time. Bede calls him Bridius, which shows, I think, that e Pictisth h forBrudivs mwa r Brudiu, o a narro d d thae uha wan th t pronunciation resembling tha f Germao t Bede'o r "Welso S u n. su h treatment of the name is paralleled by his writing as Dinoot the name which in the "Welsh of that time was Dunaut or Dunot (the Abbot of Bangor's name), which was adopted, by the Welsh from the Latin Donatus. For the change of vowel' sound from Pictish u or 5 towards i, one may perhaps compare the patronymic " mac ui Lonsce" already mentioned, whic seeme hon deteco st Liscin i t name 3th f Boia't eo a e sfo . David'sSt modere ;th n Galloway representativ Lonscei u c how, Ma is f e-o Closkie.everClosky changMac Mac , The narroa or eto w voweone is l

1 Ebel's Zeuss . 182p , . s thinkEy r whaf thin o sFo sVa 2 t question Ine sse , Gram. Basque, . 128p d ,an s Gram.hi Comparde, e als . se 403p o . ; 520 pp 1 , wher52 , e lie gives yausi ez

zaitekezala, "afin que vous ne tombiez pas." 3 See Rhygyvareh's "Life of St. David," published in the Cambro-Sritish Saints, p. 126. THE INSCRIPTION LANGUAGD AN S EE NORTHER OTH F N PICTS5 34 .

of the most striking characteristics of the Aberdeenshire dialect of Scotch, which it would be in this case a misnomer to call Broad Scotch. To return to the word Brude, I should regard it as signifying " head or chief," and samthe erefe to Basquorigi the it r as ne word bum, " head," whichas , an oxytone buru, comes near enough to the bru of Brude. (2.) Derdriu, derdrethar, derdrestar. e Banishmenstore th Th f yo f o t

e Sonth f Uisnecso h begins wit n accoun ha e heroine th f boro o t wh e, 1 e namth e Derdriu (genitive Derdrenn). e evening e toldOn ar s a ,e w , her father Feidlimid was entertaining king Conchobar mac Nessa and the nobles of Ulster, Derdriu frightened the assembled guests by scream- ing loudly before she had as yet been born. The wise man of the king's party aske mothee dth e meaninth r f thago t alarmin e vergth bcry d an , he uses is a deponent present derdrethar "screams, makes a noise." A little later the same mysterious cry is referred to in the aorist in the words ro-derdrestar in lelap " the child made a noise, cried or screamed." And it is therefore, we are told, it was afterwards named Derdriu e verTh b . just mentione t otherwisno s di e s knownit d an , being on record at all is perhaps due only to its association with the heroine namth f eo thif eo s famous story. That nam probabls ei y Pictish, though the foregoing etymology is not convincing; but the verb used for s explanationit , derdrethar, derdrestar, s possibli e regardeb o t y s a d derived from the same origin as the Basque words durduri'ka " bruit sourd," and durdusi " menace." (3.) Pell, " horse.a " This t onlworno ys di give sucs na Cormac' n hi s Glossary, namele accounth n i y t ther ee wor giveth df o ncapall "a e t horse,Libei occurth t n ri bu "s Hymnorum versio f Amrao n Oholuimb e antecedentth f o Gliille? e f On Irisso h s Id,i thao IIs e w t t libertya e regarar o t d pell standins a somn i peld,r d gefo an relatio o nt the word celdones, given by Pliny in the following passage, viii. (42, 67),

"Wmdisch'e 1Se name sTh Irischee . Derdriu69 , Texte, 68 stils i . lpp familian i r the Western Islands of Scotland, as I am informed by Professor Mackinnon, who says that it is there pronounced Diridiri, which is very far from MacPherson's form, Darthula: this las s probabli t y basea differen n o d t pronunciatio n somi n e other par Albanf o t . 2 See "Windiseh's Ir. Texte, p. 728 ; Stokes' Three Irish Glossaries, p. 10 ; and his Goidclica (London, 1872) . 158p , . 346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

166:—"Constat in Lusitania circa Olisiponem oppidum et Tagum amnem equas favonio flante obversas animalem concipere spiritum, idque partum fieri et gigni pemicissimum ifca, sed triennium vitas non excedere. In eadem Hispania Gallaica gens et Asturica equini generis,—hi sunt quos celdones vocamus, minore forma appellatos asturcones,—gignunt quibus non vulgaris in cursu gradus sed mollis alterno crurum explicatu glomeratio, unde equis tolutim capere iricursum traditur arte." The readings give Detlefsey nb e threeth e ,n ar celdones, tilieldones d tiel-an dones.Irise Th h possibl y pellma y represen a Pictist h peldr qmldfo or tueld; but the Iberian form may have been rather Meld or t\dd as it is undoubtedly represented by the Basque word zald-i " a horse." Strang o sayt ea relate , d fors pickemwa d up—but where 1—e byth Norsemen, tialdari, preserved in a collection of words for " horse" forming one of the Norse thulor or rhymed glossaries.1 As to the change mentioned of qu into p, something similar has already been alluded to as having taken place in pew regarded as derived from hccvvevv; e hav w a stil et lbu bette t ofrpi . parallee Pictisth n i hl topography as in Pittenweem in Fife, and Pitlochrie on the Tnmmel in Perthshire. Accordingly I take this opportunity of examining a recent theory concernin e historth g e mor f thith yo l es al wordwillingl d an , y importancs ait s n respece i Pictise th o t th questiono t appeare m o t s have been lately exaggerated. What appears as actually pit in place- name founs si d writtepett,r o t genitivnpe e e Pictispette,th n i h Gaelic of certain entries in the Book of Deer :2 the difference of vowel is of hardl consequencey yan e pronunciatioth s a , vern ru d e y f ? nan o clos e aa ruls Scotlandn i e wore Th d . meant "a divisio r portion,o n d an " •was commonly applie a parces bee s o sucha t a df landn o t li hd an ; sometimes regarded as identical with the Welsh word peth, which means

Vigfussoe 1Se Powell'd an n s Corpus Poet. Boreale, . 436ii . Stokese Se 2 ' Goidelica, . 108-12pp 1 ; als o Thurneysen's KeUoromanisches, under wore th d r "pezza,afo . 70-7prehistorid pp an 2; c Pictish petti," Stokese se ' paper On the Linguistic Value of tlia Irish Annals (read before the Philological Society, June 6th, , wher1890) 48 say e . h ep , s that from_tliis petti Icelandere "th s borrowed their petti, smala l piec field. a t Vigfusson f eo Bu " giveso wore wh th , da differen t etymology, appear havo st e regarde s introducea t di d into Nors ee 15tr onlo th h n yi 16th century : see the Cleasby-Vigfusson Dictionary of Icelandic s, v. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN PICTS. 347

" a thing, also a small quantity (however infinitesimal) of anything, the antithesi f nothing."o s n historicaO l grounds e coul on ,n nowis i d e venture to say that the Pictish word could not be peth borrowed, seeing that even within the history of Fortrenn, that district was ruled for a considerable time by Brythons; and no one knows how long previously that state of things began. In any case the Pictish language can have had no lack of opportunities for borrowing Brythonic words besides the well known one of Peanfahel, ascribed to the Picts by Bede,1 and supposed by some to be alone almost enough to decide the Pictish ques- e above-mentioneth w ho e se s u dt le etymolog t tionBu . y satisfiee th s Welse th r pet:hw o no wordt pi s casalread a f ,o e y said, means "a thing," or "a small quantity of anything," as in peth llaeth "some milk," peth gwynt " som n othei e o wind,alss s i r t od casesi "an t bu ; assumed that it means " a portion or share," which is based doubtless on wore th n suc i df o he sentenceus e e followingth th s a s : Dyma mwyd i, lie ma'u peth 'nhw 1 " This is my food, where is theirs ?" You may, however, almos s wela y that sa l t theirs convey e specifith s c idef o a " shar r portion,o e " becaus mighu yo e t substitut r " theirsfo ee th n "i foregoing sentence the words " their share," " their portion," or the like. e fac s thai Th t t peth, left wit a hminimu s f ownsensmit o y f o e,ma be used for another noun which does not require to be repeated; but you cannot apply it to land except as you would to air, water, or the like, as when one says peth tir " some land." Nay, the plural pethau " things," also " goods," usually excludes the idea of landed property. The corner-stone of the theory in question is that the Welsh word means or meant a division or portion, especially of land, and now that it is gone theore th , y itsel precarioua lefs i fn i t s havestatee W ,. however, not far to go to find a word that will do exactly instead of the Welsh peth, and that is its Goidelic equivalent, Old Irish cuit, Mod. Irish and Scotch Gaelic cuid, Manx cooid, which signifies among other things " a part or share." That is not all, for so closely does it fit in meaning as an equivalent for pit or pet, that it is found used instead of the Pictish word in the same documents in the Book of Deer, as Dr Thurneysen 2 1 Historia Ecclesiastica, bk. i. 12. Keltoromcmisclies,s bi e Se 2 , s.v.71 . yezza.p 348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

has pointed conclusione outTh . , then, whic hI dra wthas Pictisi e th t h Goidelie th s i pit,t c pe wor d cuit borrowe subjected dan a labialisin o dt g of its initial in the way suggested in connection with pell " a horse."1 (4.) Lelap, lelup, given in Cormac's Glossary as meaning a child, which one of the editors, the late Dr. O'Donovan, identifies with a word which he states to be " now lenab." This last I have never heard, but fora s mi t i doubtles wore th df o swhic writtes hi n leanbli a child," n "i older Irish lenb, and from it comes a derivative leainlhin " a little child." Last summer I had repeated opportunities of hearing this pro- nounced liawvin, mose th t n pureli y Irish village tha I thav e ever seen, to wit, near Dunmore Head, in Kerry. Thus we have traces of the fol- lowing four pronunciations of the word in question: lelap, lelup, leanab, learibh : probably there have bee t knon no mor wo d usen ei I . of any Aryan explanation of this word; so I regard it as non-Celtic and of the same origin as the Basque nerhdbe, " a child." Basque phonetics are such that there is no serious difficulty in the way of supposing nerhale havo t e once been nelhabe r lenhabe.o (5.) Leniud clairend, a term which one of the manuscripts of Cormac's - Glossary explainf "o hinderint ac meao st e th nr forbiddin go g division and distribution. clairende genitivew th No e "I b tak ,o t eotherwis e written dairenn, of the word clar in the Cruitliean-clildr of the Irish Nennius, p. 274. The translator treats this word as the Irish cldr "a table, a board or plank " (Welsh dawr " a board, a lid "); so he renders Gruithean-Mdr "the Cruithma ne mort i seemm plain. t eo t sBu " probable tha n Cruithean-chldri t \ve have approximatel e originayth f o l which Cruithen-tuatli is a partial translation. This last means the peopl r communiteo e Cruitlmth f yo r Ploto i Albanf so othen i : r words In order to direct attention to the word tialdari, I may here suggest another

conjecture1 , which howeve s difficultieit s ha r s :—Dro e viepth w y thaan t n i pell s i way connected with tieldon-es and suppose the Norsemen not to have got tialdari fro Basque mth e countr havo t t e ybu foun Pict e wort a usedi th 'horse,r s sy a dfo b ' one might then perhaps entertai e notionth n tha a kindret d word survivee th n i s name Shetland, better o Scotce r stilth n i hl sheltie Shetlana ' d pony. than I 't case, however woule on likel,e b d havo yt regaro et Norse dth e nam Shetlandf eo , namely lljalt-\a.nd, later JSeMand s beina a differen, f go n thit o sorigit questiobu n; n Vigfusson's account of the name should be consulted in the English Historical Review for 1886 . 509-13pp , . THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NOETHEEN PICTS. 349

dar or cldr meant a people or community, and the term leniud dairend should be interpreted the act of anticipating or preventing the tribe, the act of an individual preventing the distribution of the common lan r otheo d r propert takiny yb g possessio t i himsel f o n f beforehand. wore Th d leniwd, supposing tha t meani t t anticipatin r preventinggo . I , should derive from a Pictish word cognate with the Basque lenendu "preceMer," leheneen "devancer," from len or lehen "avant." (6.) Irt, a word which according to Cormac's Glossary meant " death," is there used in the fanciful etymologies of such words as adart "a pillow," anart " a linen cloth," and laiihirt " drunkenness." This I would identify with the Basque word ilte, which with the definite article makes iltia " le mourir, tuer," also " la mort." The r of irt is probably the more original liquid, and Basque is frequently known to change r into I, which may be the case with ilte. (7.) Ond&mone, name a plac th f n o Ulsterei e , mentione Adamn di - nan's Life of Columba, and identified by the late Bishop Beeves with Monamoire, now Anglicised Moneymore. In this we seem to have a

sor translatiof o t whicn ni e namhth s treateei meanins da "e Greath g t 1 Hill or Mountain." If that should prove tenable, we may fix on onde as meaning e sam"th great eo d refet origi t an "i r n probable th s a y Basque word andi " great, big, large." (8.) Osraige, a name Anglicised Ossory : it is now borne by a diocese containing approximatel countthe y Kilkennof y Queen's;and y but 2 the ancient people of the Ossorians laid claims to other districts such e baronth s d f a OffIff yo e an counte aaSuirth th Eas n f i n ,o y o t Tipperary e namTh e. Osraige involves, lik greaa e t many other Irish tribal names e syllableth , s rige r raige, o writte w no n raigJie r raidlie,o s a in BeanntraigJie " Baiitry," Calraighe " Calry, othersd "an . Thue th s distinctive portion of the name Ossory is the first syllable oss or gs, which according to the laws of Irish phonology may be the representative of ods, ots, osd,a denta r ost,s o a l wit s hbecome s assimilate o that d t r identifyinou f o sibilanty e gth wa o difficulto ther n S e s th .i e n i y

Reevese 1Se ' edition; als Foue 2 o3 th r. p Masters, , A.D. 557. 2 See O'Donovan's notes in his edition of the Book of Bights, pp. 18, 40. 0 35 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

name in question with that of Ptolemy's Ova-Slat "Usdiae," which according to Miiller is the best reading of the manuscripts.1 Ptolemy divide e whole Soutsth th f f Irelaneho o d between three peoples, whom he calls 'lovepvioi, Ov(T$tai, B/o/yeure?d an e firsTh t .mentione d were the Ivernii or Erna of Mnnster, who appear at that time to have had mos f thao t t province, whil e Bliganteeth s occupie south-ease dth r fa s a t as Carnsore Point. Thu e Usdisth s e must have been posted between them, occupyin e territor gth Osraigee th f yo . No Irise wth h versiof no ISTennius speaks of the race of the Leinster faelclm 2 or Wolf, in Ossory, as the fourteenth wonder of Ireland.3 For the men of that race were believe o assumt d e ford naturth ean m f wolveo e s whenever they pleased. This seems to mean among other things that the Men of Ossory regarded the wolf as their totem, and it is some such a state of things probably that suggested one of the Irish words for a wolf, namely mac tire " the son of the land," as though that wild beast was treated as the real autochthon of the country. In any case one cannot be surprise fino dt d amon e chiefth g f Ossoro e sevents th n eightd yi han h centuries men called Faelan and Faelchar* from/aeZ "a wolf." Should the view, here suggested prove tenable, I should regard the oss of Ossory Ptolemy'd an s OvcrStat s derivea d fro ma Pictis h word relatee th o dt Basque otso " a wolf," whence otso-gizon " loup-garou," or wolf-man. l word needles s al i commoa tha y t f t I o ssa no t o st n origi Basqun ni e and Celtic could claim to be considered in the foregoing list; for one s carefullha excludo yt l instanceeal s wher similarite eth e ydu seem e b o st to Basque having borrowed from the vocabulary of ancient Gaulish : such, for example, are Basque maite " cher, aim6 " (Med. Welsh mat, Ir. maith "good"), Basque senton "vieillard" (Ir. sentuinne "an old woman :"

Miiller'e 1Se s edition (Paris, 1883). 78 . i , This word exist Welsn si h onla poeti s ya ee sea namth r , namelefo y wite hth 2 articl WeilgiY e "thmutatioe th femininee e s Wolfth ha f no t i ": . 3 See the Irish Nennius, pp. 204-5, and Giraldus' Topographia Hibernica, dist. ii. 19 (pp. 101-4); alsRMndy om Lectures, . 36-7pp . 4 See the Four Masters under the years 658, 690, 781 [786]; also the Book of Leinster, fac-simile folios 405, 3378. The name Faelehar reminds one of Oscar, Oscur, whicn i possible hw y hav e Pictiseth untranslateds ho cas y seee an e w mhav o t n I e. it in names like Ossln or Oisin, and Ossene. THE INSCRIPTIONS AND LANGUAGE OF THE NORTHERN P1CTS. 351 may one also compare the Gaulish name of the Santones,1 whose land the Helvetii intended to subjugate ?) and tegi " lieu, demeure," as in argin-degi " atelier du lapidaire" (Old "Welsh tig, now ty, Ir. tech " a house "). Tha a branc s i t f thho e inquiry which, though highly inter- esting, could not be entered upon here, especially as this paper has more than doubled the length which I had intended it to have. For this I must apologiz e Antiquariesth o t ee verth s yalsr a , fo hypotheticao l nature of a great deal of the argument. That, however, I cannot expect them to judge otherwise than according to the number and importance of the facts for which it may be found to account.2