Week 5: Proxy Wars Ideological Conflict in Africa and Latin America Proxy War: Definition

● A war, interstate or intrastate, that involves the use of third parties by two opposing powers. Portuguese Colonies in Africa Resistance Begins in 1960s

PAIGC in Guinea- MPLA, FNLA and FRELIMO in Bissau UNITA in Angola Mozambique Carnation Revolution in Portugal

● Colonial wars in stalemate before 1974.

● 1974: Army overthrows Caetano, grants African colonies independence Civil Wars in Angola and Mozambique

● MPLA takes over government of Angola. ○ FNLA and UNITA united to fight against MPLA government.

● FRELIMO takes over in Mozambique. ○ Renamo rebels from neighboring Rhodesia. Angolan Civil War Actor Map

Supported by: Supported by: Cuba in Angola

● Initial support for PAIGC in Guinea Bissau.

● Send troops to Angola in 1975 to support MPLA.

● More active Soviet support once RSA intervenes. South Africa under Apartheid

● White minority government, economic domination.

● Africans disenfranchised, movement restricted. ANC and SWAPO

● ANC formed to resist Apartheid. ● Repressed, militarizes abroad in 1960s.

● South West Africa occupied by RSA. ○ SWAPO formed seeking independence and majority rule. South Africa in Angola ● Fear MPLA support for ANC.

● Invade to support UNITA. ○ Hope for US rapprochement. Chinese Support for UNITA

● Split from Soviets in 1959.

● Fear Soviet expansion.

● Tacit alliance with US. ○ Nixon visit.

● FNLA falls apart. US Support for UNITA

● Forbidden by Clark Amendment in 1976.

● Private support by US conservatives.

● Helps UNITA grow after Clark Amendment repealed (1985). Course of the War (1970s)

● Cuba and MPLA repeal initial RSA offensive. ○ Destroy FNLA.

● South Africa regroups to Southwest Africa, enters Angola to fight SWAPO.

● UNITA grows in size. US support increases in 1980s

● War reaches stalemate in the South.

● Cuban troops integrate with rebels, threaten Namibia

● Large RSA offensive fails in 1988 Tripartite Accord (1989) ● South West Africa independent as Namibia.

● Cuban troops withdraw from Angola.

● Elections in Angola between MPLA and UNITA. Mozambican Civil War Actor Map

Supported by: Supported by:

(After 1980) (Before 1980) Rhodesia: Africa’s Pariah ● Unilateral independence from UK in 1965.

● White minority rule. ○ African discrimination

● Whites own most arable land and all mining interests Fear Independent Portuguese Colonies

● Fighting Zanu-PF since 1960s.

● Rhodesia’s CIO creates RENAMO to fight FRELIMO in Mozambique Stalemate: Atrocities committed by both sides

● South Africa supports RENAMO after Rhodesia becomes Zimbabwe.

● Zimbabwean troops aid FRELIMO Post-Cold War outcomes

● Savimbi loses 1992 election, UNITA resumes war in Angola. ○ Ends with Savimbi’s death in 2002

● RENAMO competes in Mozambican elections, not viable. Is there a pattern in proxy intervention? Are proxies superpower agents or motivated by their own concerns? Nicaraguan Revolution ● Somoza's/National Guard rule since 1930s.

● Broad opposition front overthrows Somoza in 1979.

● Sandinistas come to power. Sandinista Government

● Social programs and reforms at home.

● Support for other Central American insurgents. Rise of the Contras ● Reagan trains and arms former National Guard.

● Contras begin insurgency in 1981. ○ Use terror tactics

● Boland amendment forbids aid. Iran-Contra Iran fighting against Iraq

Pressure

Hezbollah holds American Contras hostages in Lebanon Sandinistas lose 1990 election ● War fatigue, economic problems contribute to loss.

● Violetta Chamorro president.

● Contras disband

● Ortega re-elected in 2007. Does funding the Contras reveal problems about proxies? On Thursday... Halloween + Non-ideological intervention