Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1986 The mI age of Walking in Hawthorne's Fiction (Journey Motif, Pilgrimage). Frances Murphy Zauhar Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Zauhar, Frances Murphy, "The mI age of Walking in Hawthorne's Fiction (Journey Motif, Pilgrimage)." (1986). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4216. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4216 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1987 by Zauhar, Frances Murphy All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of p_______ a g e 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages________ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s)____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received__________ 16. Other____________________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International The Image of Walking in Hawthorne's Fiction A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Frances Murphy Zauhar B.A., Seton Hill College, 1976 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1979 August 1986 © 1 98 7 FRANCES MURPHY ZAUHAR All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements As do most writers, I have incurred many debts in completing this work. The largest portion of my thanks goes to my three readers. Daniel Mark Fogel carefully edited and improved my style. John May spent time that he did not have reading and revising; he also suggested ways of writing about narrative that helped me greatly. Most of all, I want to thank Lewis P. Simpson, my director, whose quiet, gracious encouragement (as well as his practical advice) both challenged me and enabled me to finish my work. All three men have inspired me by their example, their good humor, and their help. I also want to thank Kackie Paine, Coordinator of Arts and Sciences Computer Services at Louisiana State University, and Steve Gant, the College Programmer, who helped me learn how to use the word processor that made revising and editing my work so much easier. Their presence and their company made the A & S Computer Center a pleasant place in which to work. I likewise owe several personal debts as a result of my project. Of course, I thank my parents, who encouraged me to continue my education— in spite of the job market— and my husband, David, who has made my last year of graduate school the best by far. My thanks also go to Rebecca Crump, Anna Nardo, and Joesphine Roberts for their guidance and help while I was at LSU. Finally and ii especially, I thank Jim and Smittie Bolner, who have been my family in Louisiana, supporting me and encouraging me as only family can. The experience of community they gave me was absolutely necessary for the writing of this essay. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................... ii Table of C o n t e n t s ........................................ iv Abstract .................................................. v Introduction .............................................. 1 Chapter I The Motif of the Journey and Hawthorne's Reading . 23 Chapter II Fanshawe....................................................56 Chapter III Walking in Hawthorne's First-Person Narratives .... 78 Chapter IV Walking in Hawthorne's Third-Person Narratives . 145 Chapter V The Image of Walking in Hawthorne's Romances.... 198 Bibliography.............................. .............277 Vita 298 Abstract Various scholars have referred to the metaphorical journey in Hawthorne's work. This is the first comprehensive study of the journey image in Hawthorne's fiction. Inquiring into the relationship between the imagery in Hawthorne's short stories and his longer fiction, the study examines the sources of Hawthorne's fascination with the journey motif. Hawthorne uses the journey in his first published work, Fanshawe. Both contrived and derivative of his reading of travel literature and fiction, especially The Pilgrim's Progress, Fanshawe exhibits all facets of the journey-related imagery that Hawthorne employs in his later fiction. Hawthorne wrote his short stories after he wrote Fanshawe and before he wrote his second romance, The Scarlet Letter, so a discussion of the journey imagery in the short fiction is significant to discussing its use in the romances. In the first-person stories, in particular, Hawthorne develops the narrators' point of view. These early narrators— intrusive, prescriptive moralizers— step aside from the "journey" of life to explain how to interpret the story. In the later stories, the more subtle narrator relates his own experiences without moralizing, sharing the path with his fellow travelers. This transformation leads to Hawthorne's development of the reflective, limited viewpoint taken by the narrators of the romances, who see life as a journey and the characters as travelers stepping onto or away from the road of life; they allow the reader to work out the moral, rather than explicitly announcing it. In the third-person stories, Hawthorne's interests lie in the areas of characterization and imagery. The undeveloped, symbolical, isolated characters in Hawthorne's early stories are replaced by the multi­ faceted, realistic characters who interact with a community in the later stories. The journeys in the early stories, set in exotic, foreign, or fantastic places, are exchanged for the more commonplace settings of the village street or workplace. In the romances Hawthorne develops several characters who must decide whether or not to involve themselves with the community's "journey," symbolized by their relationship to the "path" of life. Likewise, the moral development of each central figure is characterized by the choice he makes to walk on or off the common path. Introduction We are all travelers through life. It is in no way surprising that the journey has long been a popular and successful device in fiction, or that the wandering fictional hero holds a peculiar and influential position in our literature. We read the stories of Don Quixote and other knights errant (as Quixote did himself), never tiring of their adventures; we devote ourselves to the adventures of their descendants as embodied in the time-traveling, space-warping characters of popular fiction and film. We are still fascinated by wandering