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Conceptual Metaphors in Slang: a Study on the Words Shit, Piss, and Blood

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Conceptual Metaphors in Slang: a Study on the Words Shit, Piss, and Blood View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University Conceptual Metaphors in Slang: A Study on the Words Shit, Piss, and Blood Max Turunen University of Tampere School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies English Language and Literature Master's Thesis February 2016 Tampereen yliopisto Kieli-, käännös- ja kirjallisuustieteiden yksikkö Englannin kielen ja kirjallisuuden maisteriopinnot TURUNEN MAX: Conceptual Metaphors in Slang: A Study on the Words Shit, Piss, and Blood Pro gradu –tutkielma, 106 sivua + 1 liite Helmikuu 2016 _____________________________________________________________________________ Pro gradu -tutkielmassa selvitetään, minkälaisia käsitteellisiä metaforia ilmenee slangi-ilmaisuissa, joissa esiintyy sanat shit, piss ja blood. Myös käsitteellisten metaforien eroavuudet ovat tutkimuksen mielenkiinnon kohteena. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty viidestä eri slangisanakirjasta, mutta vain sellaiset ilmaisut tutkittiin, joissa sanoilla shit, piss, ja blood on metaforinen merkitys. Tällaisia ilmaisuja havaittiin olevan 423. Tutkimuksen viitekehyksenä käytetään käsitteellisen metaforan teoriaa, jonka perimmäisenä tarkoituksena on tutkia käsitteellisiä metaforia kahden käsitteellisen alueen – lähde- ja kohdealueen – avulla. Käsitteellisten alueiden ollessa tiedossa on mahdollista muodostaa käsitteellinen metafora, joka kuvaa, miten käsitteellistämme ympärillä olevan todellisuuden kielen kautta. Käsitteelliset metaforat ovat muotoa LÄHDEALUE ON KOHDEALUE. Koska jokaisen tutkittavan ilmaisun lähdealue muodostui tutkittavista sanoista shit, piss ja blood, tutkimuksen pääpaino on kohdealueen selvittämisessä. Tutkimus osoitti, että sanojen shit ja piss kohdealueina ovat suurimmaksi osaksi negatiiviset käsitteet ja asiat kuten esimerkiksi alempiarvoisuus (SHIT/PISS IS SECOND-RATE), törkeä käytös toista kohtaan (SHIT/PISS IS ABUSE) ja arvottomuus (SHIT/PISS IS OF LITTLE OR NO VALUE). Toisaalta sanalla piss on joitakin sellaisia kohdealueita, joita shit-sanat eivät ilmaise, kuten esimerkiksi alkoholi ja muut nesteet (SHIT IS A TYPE OF LIQUID); tästä huolimatta shit ja piss-sanojen välillä on paljon samankaltaisuutta, minkä osoittaa esimerkiksi ilmaisu shit/piss or get off the pot, joka pysyy merkitykseltään samana riippumatta siitä, sijoittaako ilmaisuun sanan shit vai piss. Sana blood taas erosi em. sanoista paljon jyrkemmin, sillä sen yleisin kohdealue on väkivalta (BLOOD IS VIOLENCE) ja se viittaa useisiin sellaisiin kohdealueisiin, johon shit tai piss eivät viittaa, kuten esimerkiksi rahaan ja ponnistukseen. Käsitteellisen metaforan viitekehyksen mukaan käsitteellisiä metaforia pidetään ihmisten kokemuksien ilmentyminä, sillä käsitteelliset metaforat peilaavat ihmisten kokemuksia ympäröivästä maailmasta, mikä osaltaan selittää miksi tutkittavien sanojen kohdealueet eroavat. Tutkimuksessa esiin tulleet käsitteelliset metaforat osoittavat, että negatiiviset kokemukset korostuvat sellaisten sanojen yhteydessä, jotka viittaavat jätöksiin. Yllättävää kuitenkin oli, että positiivisiakin merkityksiä löytyi. Sekä piss että shit voivat viitata erikoislaatuisuuteen (SHIT IS EXCEPTIONAL) ja kompetenssiin (SHIT IS CAPABILITY). Tämän lisäksi piss voi myös viitata voittoon (PISS IS VICTORY) ja elinvoimaan (PISS IS ENERGY). On vaikea selittää miksi tällaisiin kohdealueisiin viitataan sanojen shit ja piss yhteydessä. Voi olla, että helppous, joka liittyy erittämiseen, yhdistetään sanoihin shit ja piss. Niin ikään yksi mahdollinen selittävä tekijä käsitteelliseen metaforaan PISS IS VICTORY liittyen on se, että eläinten (tai jopa ihmisten) sanotaan virtsaavan kukistettujen kilpailijoidensa päälle. Avainsanat: käsitteellinen metafora, slangi, shit, piss, blood Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Theoretical Background .................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Definition of Metaphor ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Metaphors ................................................... 9 2.3 What is Slang? ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.3.1 Criteria for Including Words and Phrases in the Dictionaries Consulted .......................... 17 2.4 A Closer Look at the Words Shit, Piss, and Blood ................................................................ 21 2.4.1 Shit .......................................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Piss ......................................................................................................................................... 24 2.4.3 Blood(-y) ................................................................................................................................ 25 3. Aims and Methods of the Semantic Analysis................................................................................ 27 4. Findings .............................................................................................................................................. 31 4.1 Expressions Based on the Word Shit ....................................................................................... 32 4.1.1 Target Domains of Shit ......................................................................................................... 35 4.1.1.1 SHIT IS REPULSIVE ................................................................................................... 36 4.1.1.2 SHIT IS AN EMOTION ................................................................................................ 39 4.1.1.3 SHIT IS SECOND-RATE ............................................................................................. 42 4.1.1.4 SHIT IS A PREDICAMENT ........................................................................................ 45 4.1.1.5 SHIT IS OF LITTLE OR NO VALUE ........................................................................ 47 4.1.1.6 SHIT IS ABUSE ............................................................................................................ 49 4.1.1.5 SHIT IS EXTRAORDINARY ...................................................................................... 50 4.1.1.7 SHIT IS A PARTICULAR KIND OF ACTION ......................................................... 52 4.1.1.8 SHIT IS A PARTICULAR QUALITY ........................................................................ 53 4.1.1.9 SHIT IS RURAL ............................................................................................................ 54 4.1.1.10 SHIT IS AN INTOXICANT ....................................................................................... 55 4.1.1.11 SHIT IS SELF .............................................................................................................. 56 4.1.1.12 SHIT IS (A PILE OF) MINCED BEEF ..................................................................... 56 4.1.1.13 Unmapped Expressions ............................................................................................... 57 4.2 Expressions Based on the Word Piss ....................................................................................... 58 4.2.1 Target Domains of Piss ......................................................................................................... 60 4.2.1.1 PISS IS A TYPE OF LIQUID....................................................................................... 61 4.2.1.2 PISS IS OF LITTLE OR NO VALUE ......................................................................... 64 4.2.1.3 PISS IS ABUSE ............................................................................................................. 66 4.2.1.4 PISS IS AN EMOTION................................................................................................. 68 4.2.1.5 PISS IS EXTRAORDINARY ....................................................................................... 70 4.2.1.6 PISS IS REPULSIVE .................................................................................................... 73 4.2.1.7 PISS IS SECOND-RATE .............................................................................................. 74 4.2.1.8 PISS IS A PARTICULAR KIND OF ACTION .......................................................... 75 4.2.1.9 PISS IS A PARTICULAR QUALITY ......................................................................... 77 4.2.1.10 PISS IS A PRISON ...................................................................................................... 78 4.2.11 PISS IS SELF .................................................................................................................. 79 4.2.12 Unmapped Expressions ....................................................................................................... 79 4.3 Expressions Based on the Word Blood .................................................................................... 80 4.3.1 Target Domains of Blood ...................................................................................................... 83 4.3.1.1 BLOOD IS A PARTICULAR KIND OF VIOLENCE ..............................................
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