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Bird--For Better Or Worse Divorce in Colonial Mexico

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Bird--For Better Or Worse Divorce in Colonial Mexico For Better or Worse: Divorce and Annulment Lawsuits in Colonial Mexico (1544-1799) by Jonathan Bird Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Pete Sigal, Supervisor ___________________________ John D. French ___________________________ David Barry Gaspar ___________________________ Edward J. Balleisen ___________________________ Julia Rudolph Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 i v ABSTRACT For Better or Worse: Divorce and Annulment Lawsuits in Colonial Mexico (1544-1799) by Jonathan Bird Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Pete Sigal, Supervisor ___________________________ John D. French ___________________________ David Barry Gaspar ___________________________ Edward J. Balleisen ___________________________ Julia Rudolph An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 Copyright by Jonathan Bird 2013 Abstract “For Better or For Worse: Divorce and Annulment Lawsuits in Colonial Mexico (1544-1799)” uses petitions for divorce and annulment to explore how husbands and wives defined and contested their marital roles and manipulated legal procedure. Marital conflict provides an intimate window into the daily lives of colonial Mexicans, and the discourses developed in the course of divorce and annulment litigation show us what lawyers, litigants and judges understood to be appropriate behavior for husbands and wives. This dissertation maintains that wives often sued for divorce or annulment not as an end in itself, but rather as a means to quickly escape domestic violence by getting the authorities to place them in enclosure, away from abusive husbands. Many wives used a divorce or annulment lawsuit just to get placed in enclosure, without making a good faith effort to take the litigation to its final conclusion. “For Better or For Worse” also argues concepts of masculinity, rather than notions of honor, played a strong role in the ways that husbands negotiated their presence in divorce and annulment suits. This work thus suggests a new way to interpret the problem of marital conflict in Mexico, showing how wives ably manipulated procedural law to escape abuse and how men attempted to defend their masculine identities and their gendered roles as husbands in the course of divorce and annulment lawsuits. iv Dedication To Rosalba and Barry v Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv! List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x! List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi! Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... xii! Chapter One. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1! Divorce and Annulment in New Spain ......................................................................... 6! Historiography ............................................................................................................ 12! Divorce ...................................................................................................................... 12! Honor ........................................................................................................................ 15! Patriarchy .................................................................................................................. 19! Masculinity ............................................................................................................... 25! Methods and Sources .................................................................................................. 28! Legal Context of New Spain ....................................................................................... 34! Marriage after the Council of Trent .......................................................................... 35! Third Mexican Provincial Council ............................................................................ 39! Chapters ...................................................................................................................... 49! Chapter Two. Marriages that Never Existed:!Annulments in Colonial Mexico .............. 57! Historiography on Marital Nullity .............................................................................. 60! Annulments After Trent .............................................................................................. 62! Paperwork and Patience .............................................................................................. 74! Impediments ................................................................................................................ 77! vi Impediment of Age ................................................................................................... 79! Bigamy ...................................................................................................................... 84! Nonconsent ............................................................................................................... 86! Condition and Deception .......................................................................................... 92! Impotence .................................................................................................................. 98! Third Party Impositions ............................................................................................ 113! Collusive Annulments ............................................................................................... 119! Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 124! Chapter Three.!Bending the Law: The Procedural!Law of Divorce in Colonial Mexico ...................................................... 127! Ecclesiastical Divorce ............................................................................................... 132! Physical Abuse and Bodily Evidence ....................................................................... 135! Officials involved in Matrimonial Causes ................................................................ 141! Overview of Procedural Law of Divorce .................................................................. 151! Analysis of the case of doña María de Villar ............................................................ 157! First Steps ................................................................................................................ 159! Introduction (Primera Instancia) ............................................................................ 160! Preliminary Evidence Phase (Probança or Ynformacíon) ...................................... 168! Motion To Close Preliminary Evidence Phase ................................................... 172! Protective Custody .................................................................................................. 174! Second Power Of Attorney ..................................................................................... 177! Request For Alimony Or Maintenance ................................................................... 178! First Response By Defendant .................................................................................. 183! vii Plaintiff’s Response ................................................................................................ 185! Main Instructive (Evidence Gathering) Phase ........................................................ 185! Prueba, Sumaria Información (Defense) ............................................................. 185! Ratification .......................................................................................................... 186! Interrogations ...................................................................................................... 188! Discussion Phase ..................................................................................................... 194! Decision-Making Phase (sentencia) ....................................................................... 196! Appeals Process ...................................................................................................... 199! Reconciliation and the Indissolubility of Marriage .................................................. 201! Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 205! Chapter Four.!Defending their Masculinity:!! Husbands as Litigants in Marital Lawsuits ..................................................................... 206! Masculinity and the Defense of Manhood ................................................................ 215! The “Honor” Thesis .................................................................................................. 209! Gentle Patriarchs: Husbandly Authority and the Church .......................................
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