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Phosphorus Dynamics in an Artificially Drained Histosol

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Phosphorus Dynamics in an Artificially Drained Histosol Phosphorus Dynamics in an Artificially Drained Histosol Geneviève Grenon Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University, Montreal Submitted December 2020 A Thesis Submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Geneviève Grenon 2020 i Abstract Over-use of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) fertilization is common in agricultural Histosols, or organic soils, and can be directly linked to eutrophication in lakes and rivers. In these soils, subsurface tile drainage is essential to remove excess water, thereby enhancing crop productivity. This is especially important given the fact that originally Histosols are derived from flat, low lying peatlands. Although studies have been conducted on P mitigation within organic soils, application of drainage water management (DWM) as a P mitigation strategy in these soils, has not been extensively studied. The Holland Marsh of Ontario is an organic soil agricultural area that contributes to the eutrophic conditions of Lake Simcoe. The overall objective of this research was to assess the P dynamics in subsurface tile drainage water under two DWM practices to improve P management on organic soils. The first sub-objective of this thesis investigated the applicability of controlled water table management to mitigate high nutrient loads in drainage discharge. A field research was conducted over two years (2015 – 2016) to examine the impacts of a controlled drainage (CD) structure, placed on the collector tile line, on seasonal N and P concentrations and loads within the Holland Marsh. The nutrient loads varied depending on CD discharge intensity which was influenced by annual spring thaw and high precipitation events that were more than 70% above the 30-year monthly average. The second sub-objective of the thesis was to assess the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict nutrient loads under various water management strategies. The ANN model outperformed a nonlinear regression model. Furthermore, the results showed that seasonal winter-spring and summer models were more accurate when predicting the total P (TP) and total N (TN) loads, compared to the nitrate (NO3-N) and orthophosphate (PO4-P) loads. An investigation of different water table management scenarios, using ANN predictions, revealed that ii raising the water table to 34 cm or less from the soil surface in the winter-spring allows for a potential reduction in N (14%) and P (34%) loads as a result of reduced drainage water outflow. Furthermore, summer ANN management scenarios, indicated that if the water table was set to 77 cm from the soil surface, it has the potential to reduce both the water discharge and nutrient loads, as well as satisfy the water depth for optimal crop production. In the Holland Marsh, many farmers use a pump drainage (PD) system, which pumps excess drainage water from a sump at the collector outlet and into a ditch, only on an as-needed basis. The third sub-objective of this study assessed the P movement through the soil in various P pools and their link to tile drainage water quality. This study quantified the different soil P pools found in organic soils under two water management practices (CD and PD) in 2016. Soil samples from three sampling periods through the growing season (pre-fertilizer, mid growing season, post- harvest) were analyzed for P by sequential fractionation as well as available Bray-1 and microbial biomass. In addition, the carrot tuber P content and the drainage discharge water quality were measured. The results identified calcium (Ca) bound P as the largest P pool, which acts as a sink within organic soils. The correlation analysis further identified the aluminum (Al)-iron (Fe) bound P as a driving force for P movement in the soil, as it had the most significant relationship with both the soil P parameters and the drainage water quality. A linear and quadratic regression analysis of TP found that the P concentration in drainage discharge was significantly related to the fertilizer application and to crop harvest at both sites. The 2016 P balance indicated that the P fertilizer inputs into the system were greater than the nutrient outflow through drainage loads and crop uptake, signifying that there is a constant P accumulation taking place. Overall, the P dynamics within the soil drives and changes the P concentrations within the drainage water identifying this interconnectivity of the nutrient cycle. iii The final sub-objective of this study assessed the water quality loads and their relationship to discharge under the two DWM systems (CD and PD). The results indicated high N loads during periods of increased discharge volume, therefore higher under PD in 2015 (21 kg ha-1) and under CD in 2016 (53 kg ha-1). The correlation and regression analysis found no relationship between the discharge and N loads, indicating that N dynamics are governed more by biochemical and hydrological soil characteristics than drainage volumes. The rate of P loads between 2015 and 2016 was found to decrease under CD. Additionally, the TP loads and discharge volumes resulted in a significant correlation and regression relationship under both DWM systems. This thesis concludes that both CD and PD are viable DWM strategies on Histosols for nutrient load reduction. The thesis also concludes that the soil P dynamics influences the P concentrations from drainage discharge. iv Résumé La fertilisation au phosphore (P) et à l'azote (N) est surutilisée dans les Histosols agricoles, ou sols organiques, et peut être directement liée à l'eutrophisation des lacs et des rivières. Dans ces sols, le drainage souterrain est essentiel pour éliminer l'excès d'eau, ce qui améliore la productivité des cultures. Ceci est particulièrement important dans les Histosols étant donné qu'à l'origine, ils étaient des tourbières plates et basses. Bien que des études aient été menées sur l'atténuation du P dans les sols organiques, l'application de la gestion des eaux de drainage (DWM) comme stratégie d'atténuation du P dans ces sols n'a pas été étudiée de manière approfondie. Le Holland Marsh de l'Ontario est une zone d'agriculture biologique qui contribue aux conditions d'eutrophisation du lac Simcoe. L'objectif général de cette recherche était d'évaluer la dynamique du P dans les eaux de drainage souterrain en appliquant deux pratiques de DWM pour améliorer la gestion du P dans les sols organiques. Le premier sous-objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'applicabilité de la gestion contrôlée de la nappe d’eau pour atténuer les charges élevées de nutriments dans les eaux de drainage. Une recherche sur le terrain a été menée pendant deux ans (2015 - 2016) pour examiner les impacts d'une structure de drainage contrôlé (CD), placée sur la ligne de tuiles collectrices, sur les concentrations et les charges saisonnières de N et P dans le Holland Marsh. Les charges en nutriments ont varié en fonction de l'intensité du drainage contrôlé, qui a été influencé par le dégel printanier annuel et les fortes précipitations qui ont dépassé de plus de 70% la moyenne en 30 ans. Le deuxième sous-objectif de la thèse était d'évaluer l'utilisation d'un modèle de réseau neuronal artificiel (ANN) pour prévoir les charges en nutriments dans le cadre de diverses stratégies de gestion de l'eau. Le modèle ANN a eu de meilleures performances qu'un modèle de régression non linéaire. De plus, les résultats ont montré que les modèles saisonniers hiver-printemps et été sont v plus précis pour les charges P totale (TP) et N total (TN), par rapport aux charges nitrate (NO3-N) et orthophosphate (PO4-P). L’évaluation de différents scénarios de gestion de la nappe d’eau, utilisant ANN, a démontré que l'élévation de 34 cm ou moins de la surface du sol en hiver- printemps permet une réduction potentielle des charges de N (14 %) et de P (34 %) en raison d’une réduction des eaux de drainage. En outre, les scénarios de gestion de l'ANN en été ont indiqué que si la nappe d’eau était fixée à 77 cm de la surface du sol, elle pourrait réduire à la fois la décharge d'eau et les charges en nutriments, aussi bien que de satisfaire la profondeur de l'eau pour une production agricole optimale. Dans le Holland Marsh, de nombreux agriculteurs utilisent un système de drainage par pompage (PD), qui pompe l'excès d'eau de drainage d'un puit collecteur vers un fossé. Le troisième sous-objectif de cette étude consistait à évaluer le mouvement du P dans le sol dans différents bassins de P et leur lien avec la qualité de l'eau de drainage. Cette étude a quantifié les différents bassins de P du sol trouvés dans les sols organiques selon deux pratiques de gestion de l'eau (CD et PD) en 2016. Des échantillons de sol provenant de trois périodes d'échantillonnage au cours de la saison de croissance (pré-fertilisation, milieu de la saison de croissance, post-récolte) ont été analysés pour le P par fractionnement séquentiel ainsi que pour le Bray-1 et la biomasse microbienne. Le P des tubercules de carotte et la qualité des eaux de drainage ont aussi été mesurés. Les résultats ont permis d'identifier le P lié au calcium (Ca) comme étant le plus grand réservoir de P, qui agit comme un puits dans les sols organiques. L'analyse de corrélation a également permis d'identifier le P lié à l'aluminium (Al)-fer (Fe) comme une force motrice pour le mouvement du P dans le sol, car il a la relation la plus significative avec les paramètres du P du sol et la qualité de l'eau de drainage.
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