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Supporting Information Supporting Information Peigne´ et al. 10.1073/pnas.0907373106 SI Materials and Methods to Dupont (1), only two bone horizons were present in chamber The Goyet cave is situated in a limestone cliff in the Samson B, and horizon 4 was located on top of horizon 5. AMS valley, a tributary of the Meuse River. The cave was excavated radiocarbon dates available for these carnivore assemblages by Edouard Dupont in the 1860s. Unfortunately, there is little indicated that they were formed during the Pleniglacial (Table information available about the stratigraphy and spatial distri- S3). It must be noted that some of the previously published dates bution of the faunal remains and artefacts. Dupont (1) subdi- of cave bear samples from Goyet are currently being reanalyzed, vided the cave of Goyet into three parts: chamber A, B, and C because they were younger than the extinction date of the cave (Figs. S1 and S2). The lower carnassials used here were from bear, which is placed between Ϸ26 and 24 14C ka BP (11–13). chamber A (horizon 3) and chamber B (horizons 4 and 5) (Table These somewhat questionable dates are not included in Table S3. S4). Cave bear assemblages from Goyet resulted from the accu- Chamber A is Ϸ26 m long and 4–5 m wide. The excavated mulation of remains from bears that died in the cave during layers at the entrance were Ϸ1.5 m thick, based on sediment successive hibernations. These hibernations could have occurred remains on the walls of the cavern, whereas the thickness at the annually or were separated by varying time spans, during which back of the chamber was Ϸ1.2 m. Dupont (1) distinguished three occupations by humans or other carnivores could have taken bone and artifact bearing horizons at the entrance of this place. It can be presumed that the formation of the cave bear chamber, numbered from top to bottom. The Paleolithic arte- assemblages at Goyet took at least several centuries, and prob- facts found in the three upper horizons at the front of chamber ably several thousands of years. In the cave bear assemblage from A dated from the Mousterian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, and horizon 3 (chamber A), many individuals were thought to have Magdalenian, which indicates recurrent human occupations of reached an old age due to their worn dentition. The frequency the cave from the Pleniglacial until the Late Glacial (i.e., from of old males was rather high. This assemblage contains a high Ϸ27 to 12.5 14C ka BP). It was not always clear which horizon the number of broken bear bones. Cave hyenas preyed heavily on artefacts and bones originated from (2–4). Aurignacian ivory cave bears from this assemblage (14, 15). Cave bear assemblages beads were discovered in horizon 3 (5). This horizon was a from horizons 4 and 5 contained several articulated skeletal palimpsest of multiple occupations, including Mousterian activ- parts, high frequencies of complete postcranial bones, and many ities (6). Other spectacular findings included ‘‘baˆtons de com- remains from cubs that were Ͻ1 year old. These characteristics mandement,’’ needles, perforated teeth, a bone harpoon, and can, at least in part, be explained by the more protected position shell necklaces from the Magdalenian (horizons 1 and 2) (2). of chamber B, which is located deeper inside the cave. The However, several dates from radiocarbon accelerator mass spec- assemblage from horizon 4 was male-dominated, with a high trometry (AMS) revealed that part of the bones from the two frequency of remains from prime aged males, indicated by the upper layers at the front of chamber A were from the Pleniglacial presence of unworn male canines. The cave bear assemblage (7), suggesting some mixing with older material. The upper three from horizon 5 was female-dominated. In both assemblages, bone horizons at the entrance of chamber A contained bones gnawing marks of cave hyenas were rare, but several large from human refuse. The remains were among those from horses, puncture marks on cave bear bones can be ascribed to bears. reindeer, bison, muskox, mammoths, rhinoceros, wolves, and In addition to the present study on microwear patterns, the polar foxes (8), but also included some Holocene intrusive diet of many of cave bear individuals from Goyet is being materials (domesticated animals, badgers) (9). Many of the fossil analyzed based on stable isotopes. Preliminary data suggest that bones were broken, had cut marks, or displayed traces of ochre a difference exists between cave bears from northern Europe (8, 10). (i.e., Belgium, including Goyet) and those from southern Europe Chamber B lies behind chamber A and is Ϸ13 m long. At the (i.e., southern France), with northern European populations rear of chamber A and in chamber B, Dupont (1) distinguished showing more negative ␦13C values than those of coeval herbi- four horizons, each of which contained mainly cave bear re- vores compared with southern populations; on the contrary, cave mains, but also bones from cave hyenas (Crocuta spelaea), cave bears from southern France exhibit lower ␦15N values than lions (Panthera spelaea), and brown bears (Ursus arctos). The coeval ungulates (16). This preliminary study therefore suggests carnivore assemblages appeared to be unrelated to the human a difference in the degree of herbivory between northern and refuse assemblages in the front of chamber A (8, 9). According southern populations of cave bears. 1. Dupont E (1873) Man during stoneages of Dinant-sur-Meuse region (C. Muquardt, 9. Germonpre´ M (2001) A reconstruction of the spatial distribution of the faunal remains Brussels) (French). from Goyet, Belgium. Notae Praehist 21:57–65. 2. Dewez M (1987) The late Upper Paleolithic in Belgian Caves (Translated from French). 10. Germonpre´M,Ha¨ma¨la¨ inen R (2007) Fossil bear bones in the Belgian Upper Palaeo- Publ Hist Art Arche´ ol Univ Cathol Louvain 57:1–466. lithic: The possibility of a proto-bear ceremonialism. Arct Anthropol 44:1–30. 3. Otte M, Groenen M (2001) The Upper Paleolithic in Belgium (Translated from French). 11. Hofreiter M, et al. (2007) Sudden replacement of cave bear mitochondrial DNA in the Anthropol Praehist 112:39–48. late Pleistocene. Curr Biol 17:R122–R123. 4. Ulrix-Closset M (1975) The Middle Paleolithic in the Mosan Basin in Belgium (Editions 12. Stuart AJ, Lister AM (2007) Patterns of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in Universa, Wetteren, Belgium) (French). Europe and northern Asia. Cour For Senckenb 259:287–297. 5. Otte M (1979) The early Upper Paleolithic in Belgium (Translated from French). Monogr 13. Pacher M, Stuart AJ (2009) Extinction chronology and palaeobiology of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus). Boreas 38:189–206. Arche´ ol Natl 5:1–684. 14. Germonpre´ M (2004) The Pleniglacial cave bears from Goyet, Belgium. Bull Inst R Sci 6. Miller R (2001) Lithic resource management during the Belgian Early Upper Palaeo- Nat Belg Se´ r Sci Terre 74:213–229. lithic: Effects of variable raw material context on lithic economy. Etudes Rech Arche´ol 15. Germonpre´ M, Sablin M (2001) The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) from Goyet, Belgium. Univ Lie`ge 91:1–200. The bear den in Chamber B (bone horizon 4). Bull Inst R Sci Nat Belg Se´ r Sci Terre 7. Stevens RE, Germonpre M, Petrie CA, O’Connell TC (2009) Palaeoenvironmental and 71:209–233. chronological investigations of the Magdalenian sites of Goyet Cave and Trou de 16. Bocherens H, et al. (2007) Isotopic biogeochemistry and the evolution of cave bear Chaleux (Belgium), via stable isotope and radiocarbon analyses of horse skeletal ecology during Marine Oxygen Isotopic Stage 3 in Western and Central Europe. Scr Fac remains. J Archaeol Sci 36:653–662. Sci Natur Univ Masaryk Brun Geol 35:103–106. 8. Germonpre´ M (1996) Preliminary results on the mammals of the Magdalenian upper horizon of Goyet (Belgium). Notae Praehist 16:75–85. Peigne´ et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0907373106 1of7 Fig. S1. Overall horizontal plan of the cave of Goyet. The chamber position is indicated. Peigne´ et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0907373106 2of7 Fig. S2. Occlusal view of lower jaws of Ursus spelaeus from Goyet, chamber B, horizon 4. (a) Specimen 2835-1, juvenile bear of Ϸ12–14 month old with fully erupted first and second molars, and erupting canine and third molar. (b) Specimen 2835-12, prime adult bear with all permanent teeth erupted. (c) Specimen 2835-10, old adult bear with all permanent teeth erupted. Specimens are from females based on the size of the canine or its alveolus. The material is stored in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels. Peigne´ et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0907373106 3of7 Table S1. Results (Eigenvalues and correlations r) of the PCA on dental microwear patterns for extant species of carnivores Components 1234 Eigenvalues 1.90 0.92 0.84 0.34 Total variance, % 47.5 23.1 21.0 8.5 Variables r r² rr² rr² rr² Nws 0.440 0.194 0.881 0.776 Ϫ0.135 0.018 0.108 0.012 Nlp Ϫ0.828 0.685 0.284 0.081 Ϫ0.282 0.080 Ϫ0.393 0.155 Nfs 0.530 0.281 Ϫ0.254 0.065 Ϫ0.808 0.653 0.031 0.001 Nsp Ϫ0.861 0.741 Ϫ0.021 0.000 Ϫ0.295 0.087 0.413 0.171 Fossil specimens are used as supplementary data (see Materials and Methods). Nws, number of wide scratches; Nlp, number of large pits; Nfs, number of fine scratches; Nsp, number of small pits. Peigne´ et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0907373106 4of7 Table S2.
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