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SMALL CARNIVORE CONSERVATION The Newsletter and Journal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Number 23 October 2000 Short-tailed mongoose (Herpestes brachyurus) - Photo: H. Van Rompaey The production and distribution of this issue has been sponsored by “Columbus Zoo”, Powell, Ohio, USA “Central Park Zoo”, New York, NY, USA “Marwell Preservation Trust Ltd”, Colden Common, UK “Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp”, Antwerp, Belgium and the “Carnivore Conservation & Research Trust”, Knoxville, TN, USA 23 SMALL CARNIVORE CONSERVATION The Newsletter and Journal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Editor-in-chief: Harry Van Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium Associate editor: Huw Griffiths, Hull, United Kingdom Editorial board: Angela Glatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands Michael Riffel, Heidelberg, Germany Arnd Schreiber, Heidelberg, Germany Roland Wirth, München, Germany The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the IUCN, nor the IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group. • The aim of this publication is to offer the members of the IUCN/SSC MV&PSG, and those who are concerned with mustelids, viverrids, and procyonids, brief papers, news items, abstracts, and titles of recent literature. All readers are invited to send material to: Small Carnivore Conservation c/o Dr. H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei, 15 2650 Edegem - Belgium [email protected] [email protected] Printed on recycled paper ISSN 1019-5041 24 Trophic characteristics in social groups of the Mountain coati, Nasuella olivacea (Carnivora: Procyonidae) A. RODRÍGUEZ- BOLAÑOS, A. CADENA and P. SÁNCHEZ This study identifies the dietary composition of the Moun- kind of adaptation in order to exploit some kind of particular tain coati Nasuella olivacea (Gray, 1865). This coati is a rare and resource, possibly associated with the extreme conditions of the little-known mammal that inhabitats the high Andes mountains of high mountains? Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. The study presents a climatic characterization and description of the typical vegetation of its The coatis are the only gregarious species with social habitat. Faecal analysis showed arthropod remains in 100% of the organisation in family Procyonidae (Russell, 1982). Their social 54 samples collected, yielding a total abundance of 72%. The organisation consists of groups formed by adult females and coati ingested a total of 12 orders of arthropods, of which 41% young from both sexes. The male adults can be described as corresponded to Coleoptera, followed by Orthoptera, Myriapoda solitary, except at mating times when some of them may be and Hymenoptera, amongst others. Minimal proportions of other temporarily accepted into the social group. Other than at mating categories such as vertebrates and fruits were present. We com- time, the males sometimes depredate upon young animals (Russell, pared the diets of young and adult individuals within social groups 1981) and are aggressively separated by the females. and differences in the quantities and richness of the types of food ingested. Adults presented a wide trophic niche and diversity of The sexual dimorphism found in the behaviour of the feeding resources – apparently they eat small amphibians. Hun- coatis seems to be a protection mechanism in order to avoid dreds of holes have been found – evidence left by these animals cannibalism of the young (Janzen, 1970; Russell, 1981; New- of their digging in the ground looking for insects, which allows us comer & Farcy, 1985) or, as stated by Smythe (1970), an adaptive to deduce that they present a specialised foraging behaviour strategy within the social organization that allows solitary males directed towards their search for edaphic resources. The pattern to become more effective predators, while the group gathers to of the trophic composition is remarkably different from the other forage competitively; in this manner they create a distribution of species of coati that live in warm areas such as Nasua nasua and resources among both sexes by reducing the niche overlap. Nasua narica, and presents evidence for an adaptive process specialising Nasuella olivacea for life in the high mountains. Field observations by one of the authors (Rodríguez, 1995) indicate that although the mountain coati is found in very different Introduction habitats than the other coatis of genus Nasua, its social behaviour is similar in that they also form social groups from which the The mountain coati, Nasuella olivacea (see back cover), is male is excluded. The difference may lie in the size of the a small carnivore that inhabits areas above 2,000 m ASL in the groups, since studies of their tracks and evidence from inves- Andean mountains of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador tigations of other mammals in the area report the existence of (Eisenberg, 1989). Although this animal was described 135 years groups of 80 individuals or more (López-Arévalo & Montenegro- ago, no field studies have been made, so its adaptative capabilities Díaz, 1993). as well as its strategies to survive in restricted habitats such as the high Andean forest and highlands, are unknown. Area of the study Those high Andean forests and highlands where the moun- The study was carried out at the Biological Reserve of tain coati lives are foggy. Strong topographical gradients are Carpanta located at 04°34’N and 73°41W in the east brach of the present, the rain schedule is high and the soils are rich in organic Cordillera Oriental in Colombia. Altitude-wise it covers a range substances and capable of supporting high invertebrate biomass from 2,400m to 3,340m, within which are found different ecosys- (Garcia & Chamorro, 1994; Salamanca & Chamorro, 1994). Low tems like high Andean forest, snow peaks, brush and high grasses ground habitats are preferred by the coati genus Nasua, which has (Leon & Palacios, 1993; Repizzo, 1993). The weather related been described as opportunistically omnivorous (Kaufmann, 1962; antecedents for the zone (Repizzo, 1993) state that there are two Kaufmann et al., 1976) because of its dietary composition: they bio-climatic regimes in Carpanta which correspond to the great eat diverse kinds of prey such as insects, spiders, land crabs, macro systems of Andean high wood and moor and forest, snails, amphibians, rodents and a wide variety of fruits (Russell, respectively. The highest precipitation is present during the 1982). months of May to July while the least is observed during Decem- ber, January and February. This supports the idea that weather conditions are one of the causes of the kinds of prey available in a specific habitat, and Methodology which are less suitable for organisms living in the high mountains when compared with low altitude conditions. Thereby, in accord- Climatic aspects for the period of the study: In order to ance with Sturm (1994) the colonisation of highlands by the plants characterise the weather during the period of study, three daily and animals currently inhabiting them, had to occur at the same temperature readings were taken: at 7:00, at 13:00 and at 19:00h time as processes of adaptation to the extreme conditions pre- (including medium, maximum and minimum variables). Precipi- sented by these biotypes. Hence, we are approaching the problem tation (in mm) and evaporation are according to data received confronted in this paper: which kinds of food resources do from the Estación Sietecuerales at the Reserva Carpanta (weather mammals such as Procyonidae use in these habitats? Is there any station). The data collected were classified according to the 1 Thornwaite system (Eslava et al., 1986) and the temperature and second that the samples collected came from animals that analysis, evaporation and hydric balance according to Rangel & have a social organisation which forms groups with individuals of Rudas’ methodology. different ages. Using parameters such as abundance of the prin- Dietary characteristics: A total of 54 excrement samples cipal parameters in each of the samples, a grouping analysis was were collected between January and May, for the most part run with the Statistical Ecology Program, and the results were considered as the dry season in the Reserva Carpanta. During this plotted in a dendrogram (Ludwing & Reynolds, 1988). period, natural paths were followed and coati excrement samples were collected. Other zones were also studied, e.g. moors, peat To support the tests applied, the data were subjected to a bogs, grasslands and communities of Chusquea sp. where coati variance analysis in which the following parameters were kept in excrement, skeletons or foot-prints were found. All samples were mind: the faecal samples were arranged in two groups, in the first labeled and stored individually in plastic bags, noting the length, the samples that showed weights below the average weight of the width, date and place where collected. To avoid fungus contami- whole (presumed to be faeces from younger individuals), in the nation because of the high ambient humidity, faeces were dried in second group were samples with higher weights than the average an oven made with empty cans and heated near a stove. Finally, for all the samples (presumed to be from adults). For the prior the exact weight of each stool sample was recorded. classification we also bore in mind the size (the length and width) of the stool sample when collected, since we support the idea that To analyse excrement samples, each was submerged in an large excrements come from equally large digestive tracts -in alcohol solution to disperse its parts (Korschgen, 1980) and all other words, from adult individuals and vice-versa (Putman, food items were identified with the help of a stereoscope. The 1984). For this comparison we utilised the abundance data from components identified were classified into five principal catego- the invertebrate category in a one-way variance analysis, to ries: 1. vertebrates, 2. invertebrates, 3. fruits, 4. vegetable re- confirm if there really was a difference between the diets of young mains, 5.
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  • The 2008 IUCN Red Listings of the World's Small Carnivores

    The 2008 IUCN Red Listings of the World's Small Carnivores

    The 2008 IUCN red listings of the world’s small carnivores Jan SCHIPPER¹*, Michael HOFFMANN¹, J. W. DUCKWORTH² and James CONROY³ Abstract The global conservation status of all the world’s mammals was assessed for the 2008 IUCN Red List. Of the 165 species of small carni- vores recognised during the process, two are Extinct (EX), one is Critically Endangered (CR), ten are Endangered (EN), 22 Vulnerable (VU), ten Near Threatened (NT), 15 Data Deficient (DD) and 105 Least Concern. Thus, 22% of the species for which a category was assigned other than DD were assessed as threatened (i.e. CR, EN or VU), as against 25% for mammals as a whole. Among otters, seven (58%) of the 12 species for which a category was assigned were identified as threatened. This reflects their attachment to rivers and other waterbodies, and heavy trade-driven hunting. The IUCN Red List species accounts are living documents to be updated annually, and further information to refine listings is welcome. Keywords: conservation status, Critically Endangered, Data Deficient, Endangered, Extinct, global threat listing, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable Introduction dae (skunks and stink-badgers; 12), Mustelidae (weasels, martens, otters, badgers and allies; 59), Nandiniidae (African Palm-civet The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most authorita- Nandinia binotata; one), Prionodontidae ([Asian] linsangs; two), tive resource currently available on the conservation status of the Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis and allies; 14), and Viverridae (civ- world’s biodiversity. In recent years, the overall number of spe- ets, including oyans [= ‘African linsangs’]; 33). The data reported cies included on the IUCN Red List has grown rapidly, largely as on herein are freely and publicly available via the 2008 IUCN Red a result of ongoing global assessment initiatives that have helped List website (www.iucnredlist.org/mammals).