Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51037-7 — Jacob & Esau Malachi Haim Hacohen Index More Information

Index

45ers, 542–43 345–46, 381–82, 399. See also German 58ers, 542–43, 571, 576 Jews, acculturated 68ers, 540, 541–42, 569, 573–75, 577–78, 582, Hasidic hostility toward, 259 ˙ 592–93 Jacob & Esau and, 218–19 Holocaust and, 576–78 Mannheimer on, 234–35 Jewish, 577–78, 579 maskilim and, 257 Jewish émigrés and, 542–45, 570, 571–73, 574, traditional Jews and, 290 575–76, 578–79, 580, 581, 582–83 Achaemenid Period, 64 new Jewish intelligentsia and, 577–79, 581 Achleitner, Friedrich, 553 Zionism and, 541, 577 Ackermann, Manfred, 342 Action Française, 362–63, 379–80 Abbey of St. Victor, Paris, 112–13 Adam, 120–22, 124, 172–73 Abendland, 362–63, 555–56, 564–65 Adam–Jacob homily, 120–21 Abendroth, Friedrich, 551–52 as ﬁgurehead for Jacob and Israel, 120–21 – – Zadoq Hacohen of Lublin and, 258 Abraham, 70, 95, 96 97, 194 95, 239, 243, 267, ˙ 274–75, 400, 403, 465 Adam ha-Qadmon (Primal Man), 147–48, 149–50 Beer-Hofmann and, 444–45 Adat Jeschurun, 262, 270–71 Beerman and, 401 Adler, Emil, 201 Benno Jacob and, 416–17 Adler, Friedrich (Fritz), 312–13, 330–31, 336–37, Chajes and, 402 338–39, 343 Christian–Jewish dialogue and, 587 Adler, Kathia (Katja Germanickaja), 330–31 Christian–Muslim dialogue and, 587 Adler, Max, 336–37, 571 Christian typology and, 587 Adler, Nathan, 211 in Hebrew literature, 598 Adler, Victor, 287, 291, 298–99, 312–13, 330–31, in Jesuit catechism, 242–43 336–37 Manger and, 431 Adorno, Theodor, 2–3, 553, 571–72, 573 Maybaum and, 396–97, 398–99, 400 Adrastea, 197, 198–99 as Patriarch, 401 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef, 368–69 in Reform textbooks, 229 A Guest for the Night, 434 Shalev and, 601, 602 Diaspora and, 434–35 Tamuz and, 595–97 Agudah. See Agudat Yisrael Zadoq Hacohen of Lublin and, 258 Agudat Yisrael, 271, 311, 409, 469–70, 472–73 ˙ in Zohar, 121–22 Agudat Yisrael World Organization, 308–9 Abramovich, Sholem Yankev, 426–27. See also World Congress of Agudat Yisrael, 475–76 Mendele Mohker-Sforim Ahasuerus (wandering Jew), 392 Abravanel, Isaac, 91–92, 100–101, 103, 105–6, Ahasuerus, King, 204–5, 275 116, 133–36, 144–45, 157–58, 225–26 Aichinger, Ilse, 553, 577–78, 579–80 Mashmia Yeshuah, 133–34 Aktion group, 574 Abulaﬁa, Anna, 112 Aktionist performance, 573–74 acculturation, 168–69, 193, 201–2, 205, 217, Al-Andalus. See Spain – – – al-Tabar¯,ı Abū Ja‘far Muhammad ibn Jar¯r,ı 102 230 31, 234, 237, 253, 254 55, 256 57, ˙ 269, 274–75, 315–16, 336, 422, 426–27 Albo, Joseph, 100–101, 103 antisemitism and, 215 Alef (kabbalistic), 180–81, 182–83 German-Jewish, 197–98, 216–17, 223, 224, Alexander II, Tsar, 280 255, 256–58, 277, 288, 290, 298, Alexander the Great, 324, 326 300–301, 304, 306, 307, 335–36, 343–44, Alfonso X, 126

691

692 Index

alldeutsch, 337–38, 345 Zionism and, 599 allegory, 88–89, 110, 179, 217, 490–91, 505–6 antisemitism, 10, 43, 126, 191, 197–98, 260, Alliance Israélite Universelle, 279 279–80, 281, 316–17, 330, 346, 353, Almohads, 99, 103 378–79, 380, 381–82, 391, 394, 396, Almohad Spain. See Spain, Al-Andalus 400–401, 424, 509, 575, 612–13 Alon, Eli, 599 Adler and, 330–31 “Esau My Son, My Might and the First Sign of assimilation and, 215, 328–29, 382 My Strength,” 599 Association for Defense against, 381–82 Alsatian Jews, 166 Auerbach and, 521 Alter, Yehudah Leib (Sefat Emet), 258–60, 470 in Austria, 283–84, 289–96 Sefer Sefat Emet, 258–60, 470 Catholicism and, 243–44, 289–96, 300–1, 348 Altmann, Alexander, 166 Chajes on, 402–3 altpreussische Loge, 360 Christian Social Party and, 292–96, 348 Amaleq, 52–53, 76, 104, 256, 257–58, 271–72, citizenship and, 382 274, 422, 424, 439–40, 456, 520–21, 607, Cohen’s response to, 405 608, 612 convergence of religious and racial, 379–80 Arabs and, 590–91 French vs. German, 379–80 Edom and, 424–25 German-Jewish identity and, 393 Esau and, 18–19, 424–25 in Germany, 281, 284–85 as God’s agent, 471–72 Gronemann’s parody of, 454–56 Holocaust and, 424–25, 469–74, 588–89 Gunkel and, 388 Jellinek on, 275, 276–77 Herder and, 197, 200–2 Jelski and, 412 Hildebrand and, 354–55 as Jewish, 470, 471 in Hungary, 280 Kingdom of, 18–19, 472–73 imperial politics and, 303–4 Orthodox Judaism and, 424–25, 469–74 Jacob & Esau and, 423, 424, 450, 451 Ambrose, St., 88–89 Jellinek and, 273–74, 275–76 “Americanization,” 529, 543, 555–56 Jewish emancipation and, 198–99, 279, Amerika Haus, 571 280–81, 375–420 Améry, Jean, 577 Jewish literature and, 425–26 Amichai, Yehuda, 443 Jewish stereotypes and, 400 “Jacob and the Angel,” 597 liberal Protestantism and, 381–82, 390–91 Amir, Aharon, 599 Mann and, 459–60, 467 “Esau’s Epistle,” 599 Maybaum and, 398 Amir-Pinkerfeld, Anda, 425–26, 433, in medieval Europe, 133 438–39, 599 myth of Jewish moneylender and, 115 Jacob & Esau and, 439 nationalism and, 189, 192–93, 280–81, Anders, Günther, 542, 543, 571 295–96, 316–17, 508–9 Andics, Hellmut, 574 National Socialism and, 450–51, 471 Andrian, Leopold von, 364–65 in Poland, 294–95, 307, 421 Anglo-Saxon Hexateuch, 158 Popper and, 328–29 Anschluss, 289, 333–34, 337, 339, 343, 344–45, racial, 279–81, 283–85, 304, 351–52, 397, 424 346, 347, 360, 363, 557, 558–59 rise of in 1880s, 283–84, 291 Anselm of Laon, 107–8 in Schafer, 457 anti-Americanism, 527, 581 scientiﬁc, 379–80 anti-Catholicism, 191, 243–44, 252–53, 293, socialism and, 295, 343, 373 352, 378 in Spain, 133 anticlericalism, 192–93, 300–301, 315–16, 379 Ständestaat and, 353 anticommunism, 529, 543, 550–51, 555–56, 581, Torberg and, 560–61 582–83 in the United States, 591–92, antifascist struggle, 344 613 anti-imperialism, 281, 293, 543, 611 Zionism and, 309–10 anti-Jewish legislation, 471 anti-Zionism, 541, 588–89 antinationalism Anton, Carl, 176 conservative, 287 Antoninus, 144–45 progressive, 308 Apocrypha, 64, 69–70 Antipater, 65 Apollo, 458–59 Antisemitic League of France, 379–80 apostasy, 86, 139, 173, 182, 195, 220–21, 369, antisemitic stereotypes 480. See also minim, minut Becker and, 594 Apostles, 128, 130 Herder and, 207 Aqedah, 229, 387, 419, 444–45, 472–73, 515–16, pedagogy and, 594–95 520–21, 584–85, 596–97, 598

Index 693

Aqiva, Rabbi, 66–67, 72, 149–50, 257, 614 Atiqa, Atiqa Qadisha, 124, 172–73, 174–75 Aquinas, Thomas, 118, 132 Auden, W. H., 553 Arabic, Jewish knowledge of, 112 Auerbach, Clemens, 486, 498–99, 521–22, Arab–Jewish conflict, 287–88, 328, 586–87, 606, 524–25 607, 611. See also Israeli–Palestinian conflict Auerbach, Erich, 4, 6–7, 12, 400, 494, 510, 511. Christian–Jewish relations and, 612 See also Auerbach, Erich, works of Greenberg and, 436, 438–39 Augustine and, 501–2, 504, 510 Ishmael and, 587 Benjamin and, 499–500 Jacob & Esau typology and, 585–87, 589, biography of, 485–86, 495–510, 512, 521–22, 590–92 523, 524–25, 526, 527–28, 532, 533, Orthodox Jews and, 603–4 534–35 Shalev and, 602, 603 Catholicism and, 503–4, 510, 528 Ultra-Orthodox Jews and, 590–91 Christianity and, 483–539 Arabs, 590–91. See also Arab–Jewish conflict; Christian realism and, 512–13, 514–15, Palestinians 519–21 Arendt, Hannah, 4, 201, 305–6, 373–74, 484, cosmopolitanism and, 484, 494, 508, 510, 511, 536–37, 540, 541, 542, 543, 553, 512, 514–15, 521–32, 534, 536–37 571–72, 582 critique of German culture, 514 Ariel, Yaakov, 249–50, 587 as cultural Christian, 484, 503–4, 510, 520–21, Arikh Anpin, 148, 172–73, 474 531–32, 537 Aristotle, 491 Curtius and, 492–93 Arp, Hans, 446 Dante and, 485–86, 489–90, 493–94, 501, 502, Artmann, H. C., 553, 573 503, 504, 506, 510, 511, 512–13, 519–21, Ascher, Saul, 168–69, 190–91 525, 531–32, 533, 537, 539 Aschner, Ilse Maria, 577–78 Europeanness and, 484, 485–95, 507, 510, 511, Asenath, 468–69 515–16, 520–23, 526, 527, 529–30, 531, Ashkenazi Jews, 18–19, 101–2, 112–13, 143, 208, 536–39 216–17, 224. See also Eastern European figura and. See typology and Jews French literature and, 494–95, 514–15 Ashkenazi Jewish identity, 208 Germanness and, 492, 514–15, 521–32 assimilation and, 380 Goethe and, 513–14 commentators, 16–17, 18–19, 91–92, 103, Holocaust and, 496, 510–21, 524–25 112–13, 129, 143 humanism and, 492, 513–15, 528, 529, rabbis, 212 530, 537 unified identity of, 195–96 Jewish European History and, 484, 538–39 “vengeful redemption,” 104 Jewishness and, 484, 485–532, 535–36, Asiatic Brothers of St. John the Evangelist, 170, 537, 538 177, 183. See also Freemasons liberalism and, 490, 523–24 assimilation, 49, 193, 200–201, 215, 235, 289–90, liberal Protestantism and, 486–87, 503–4, 507, 297, 298, 309–10, 315–16, 381, 394, 396, 510, 517 412–13, 469–70, 471, 575 modernism and, 493, 511, 512, 513–15, 531, antisemitism and, 328–29, 382 534–35, 537 Auerbach and, 524–25, 537, 538 modernity and, 492–93, 503–4, 507–8, 510, as conversion, 193–94 512–15, 523–24, 527–28, 529, 535–36 Eastern European Jews and, 380, 382 National Socialism and, 484, 490, 492, 494–95, German Jews and, 234–35, 382 509–10, 512, 528 Jewish emancipation and, 378 New Testament and, 518, 519 Jewish liberalism and, 402–3 Old Testament and, 507–8, 516, 517–18, liberals and, 381–82 519 Popper on, 327, 328–29 Pascal and, 504, 531–32 Sephardic Jews and, 380 pluralism and, 488, 527–28, 529–30 traditional Jews and, 400, 588–89 postcolonial studies and, 535–36 Zionism and, 413–14 postwar reception, of, 512, 521, 528, 529, 531, Association for Defense against Antisemitism, 533, 534–35, 536–37 381–82 postwar reflections, 487–89, 496–97, 503–4, Association for the Culture and Science of the 520–32 Jews, 225, 226, 228. See also Wissenschaft realism and, 483, 489–90, 491, 493–94, 505–6, des Judentums 507, 511–13, 514–15, 517–18, 519 Atatürk, Mostafa Kemal, 497 secularization and, 512–13, 514–15, 534 Athanasius, 88–89 typology, figura, and allegory and, 495–510, atheism, 192, 405, 408, 469–70 512–13, 516–17, 518, 519–20 Athens, 324, 327 Vico and, 488–90, 493–94

694 Index

Auerbach, Erich (cont.) socialism and, 335–46, 552, 568–69, Western tradition and, 483, 499–500, 501, 574–75, 612 511–12, 516–17, 519, 521, 526, 530–31, Socialists in, 330–31, 362–63 533, 534, 537 Tagebuch and, 554 Auerbach, Erich, works of, 495–510, 514, Austria-Hungary, 10, 11–12, 30, 37–40, 51–52, 525, 535 280–83, 285–86, 289, 291–92, 334–35, 1929 inaugural lecture at Marburg on Dante, 394. See also Austrian Empire; Habsburg 493–94 Monarchy Dante: Poet of the Secular World, 490, 491 1867 Constitution (Grundgesetz), 291 “Figura,” 501–10 antisemitism in, 280, 283–84, 289–96, 313 Mimesis, 383, 483, 484, 492, 499, 500–501, Bureaucracy (Verwaltung) in, 291–92 502, 503, 510–32, 533, 534–37 Catholicism and, 292–96 “Philology and Weltliteratur,” 527, 535 disintegration at the end of World War I, 282, “Romanticism and Realism,” 493–94 311–12, 320, 335–36 “The Triumph of Evil in Pascal,” 525 equal rights for the nationalities “The Writer Montaigne,” 492 (Gleichberechtigung der Nationalitäten) in, “Vico und Herder,” 489 286, 311–12 Auerbach, Marie, 526. See also Mankiewitz, Marie federalism in, 289, 305–13 Aufklärung, 169–70, 304, 315–17, 318, 319–20, in Hebrew literature, 611 324, 564 imperial legacy of, 346–55, 358–64, 562, Augustine, 9–10, 90, 92, 352, 354, 501–2, 504, 564–65, 567–68, 580–81, 612 510, 519, 520–21, 525, 530–31, 537 imperial pluralism in. See imperial pluralism Ausgleich of 1867, 281–82, 286, 291 imperial socialism in, 330, 331, 338–39, 612 Austria, 332–74. See also Austrian Empire; in Hebrew Literature, 611 Austria-Hungary Jewish imperial imagination of, 281, 282–83, 68ers and, 545, 546 308, 334, 592 Austrian Revolution, 320 Jewish imperial patriotism in, 88, 282–83, Austro-German relations, 339 290–92, 300–304, 330 Catholic German, 346–55, 364–65, 563 Jewish nationalism in, 36, 308, 309–10 Catholic Jewish minority in, 349 Liberal Era in, 303–4 CCF and, 550–52, 555 liberals in, 274, 304, 305, 346, 348–49, 355–56 Central Europe and, 566–67 nostalgia for, 37, 314, 324, 334–35, 350, 358, as Christian West, 353–55, 564–65 364–72, 478, 564–66, 592 Cold War and, 544, 550, 552, 554, 573 socialism and, 44–45, 289, 296–300, 312–13, communism and, 339–40, 550, 554 314, 567–68. See also Habsburg Monarchy, cosmopolitanism and, 563, 564–65, Socialists and 566–67 successor states, 334 European Union and, 582 supranationalism in, 291–92 First Republic, 332–33, 348, 364–65, 372, 562 universal male suffrage in, 281–82 Forum and, 551–52, 553, 554, 562–63 Austrian Empire, 10, 11–12, 53, 165, 169, German invasion of March 12, 1938, 354 188–89, 191, 192–93, 223, 224, 237, 260, Greater, 334, 345–46, 350–51, 362–63, 278, 282–83, 351, 478, 565–66. See also 364–65 Habsburg Monarchy Greater European, 346–55 1848 revolution in, 272–73 as “island of the blessed,” 567, 574–75, 576–77 1855 Concordat with papacy, 191 Jewish émigrés and, 545–47, 576–77 constitutional reforms of 1860–61, 291 Jews in. See Austrian Jews envisioned as Catholic monarchy, 292–93 liberal public culture, absence of, 346, 552, expulsion from German Confederation in 553, 556 1866, 283 Liberals in, 335–36, 339–40, 341 Liberal Party, Verfassungspartei, 283 national identity of, 336–37, 372–73, 552, traditional Jews’ alliance with, 34, 213 562–63, 565–67, 576 “Austrian Idea,” 349–52 National Socialism and, 552, 565–66, 576–77 Austrian Jewish Union (Österreichisch-Israelitische as nation-state, 344–45, 347, 362, 373–74 Union), 283–84 New Left in, 545, 570, 571–73, 574–75, 580 Austrian Jews, 289–96, 300–304, 364, 612 postwar, 540, 546–57, 561, 563, 568–69, 575, Austrian Empire and, 312–13, 314. See also 577–78, 579 Austria-Hungary, Jewish imperial postwar conservativism and, 555–57, 563 patriotism postwar culture in, 553, 562, 573 Austrian Jewish writers, 546 postwar liberalization, 544–45, 553, 554 emancipation and, 224, 330 Second Republic, 364, 372, 552, 562, 565 in First Republic Austria, 332–74

Index 695

identity of, 287, 306–7, 308–9, 336, 356, Baal Shem Tov (Rabbi Yisrael Master of the Good 372–73 Name), 254–55 imperial imagination and, 282–83 Babel–Bible controversy, 414–15 imperial patriotism and, 282–83, 290–92, 330 Babylon, 68–70, 97–98 imperial pluralism and, 285–86, 372–74 Babylonian exile, 55, 62 imperial politics and, 285–86, 287, 288, 289–96 Babylonian Talmud, 67–68, 69–70, 75, 78–79, Jewish intelligentsia, 279–331, 545, 546 90, 127 in postwar Austria, 568–69, 575, 577–78, 579 Babylonian Targumim,71–72 socialism and, 312–13, 314 Bachmann, Ingeborg, 553, 569, 573 Austrian literature, 546, 557–67, 569, 576, 578, Bachofen, Johann Jakob, 458–59 580–81 Badeni Cabinet, 311–12 Austrian Peace Movement, 317–18, 359–60 Badeni language ordinances, 316–17 Austrian socialism, 283–84, 287, 295–96, Baeck, Leo, 377, 394–95, 403–7, 420 298–99, 306, 307, 312, 316–17, 330–31, This People Israel, 406–7 334–36, 339–40, 341, 359–60, 362–63, Baer, Yizhak, 102–4 ˙ ˙ 372, 545, 552, 573–74 Bahr, Hermann, 350 68ers and, 541–42, 573–74, 577 Bakhos, Carol, 80–81 antisemitism and, 295, 343, 353, 373 Balaam, 244, 274, 275–76, 397, 398–99, Austrian Empire (Austria-Hungary) and, 400–401, 471–72 44–45, 288, 289, 295, 296–300, 320–27, Balaq, King, 274, 275–76, 397, 400–401 331, 337, 338–39, 372–73, 562–63, Balkan states, 279 567–68, 612 Balkan treaties, 279 Austro-Marxist theory of nationality and, Baltic Germans, 358 296–98. See also Austro-Marxism Bamberger, Rabbi Dov Baer, 270–71 Catholicism and, 295–96, 336–37, 342, baptism, forced, 94–95 344–45, 351–52 Baptists, 245 communism and, 338–39 Barash, Asher, 12, 368–70, 423, 425–26, federalism and, 44–45, 289, 296–300, 310, 439–40, 592 612 Ahavah Zarah, 433, 439–40 German nationalism and, 296–300, 335–46, “Embroidery,” 592 372–73 Barcelona Disputation, 117–18, 127 internationalism and, 299, 336–39 Bar-Kokhba, 66–68, 69, 76–77, 433 Jewish Question and, 43–44, 296–98, 308–9, Bar-Kokhba Rebellion, 66–68, 89, 614 318–19, 355–56, 358, 372–73 Bar Nahmani, Rabbi Shmuel, 76–77 ˙ Jews and, 283–84, 285–86, 295–98, 304, 310, Barnard, F. M., 199–201 312–13, 314, 336–37, 339–40, 355–56 Baron, Salo, 51–52 Popper and, 314, 316, 320–21, 323 Baroque, 563, 565–66 Red Vienna, 335–46, 370 Bartal, Israel, 426–27 Austrian Socialist Party, 311–12, 570, 573–74 Barth, Karl, 391–92, 408, 507–8, 573 Austrian socialist student organization (VSStÖ), Bartlett, John, 61 573–74 Bar Yohai, Rabbi Shimeon, 74–75, 118–19, ˙ Austro-Marxism, 320–21, 331, 339, 571 123–24, 125–26, 146 theory of nationality of, 296–98 Bar Yosef, Hamutal, “Two Poems on Jacob,” 597 ˙ Austro-Romantics, 334–35, 350–51, 364–67, Basis Gruppe, 574 368–70 Basnage, Jacques, History of the Jews, 225–27 authoritarianism, 576 Bauer, Bruno, 194 autonomy Bauer, F. C., 241 Croatian, 281–82 Bauer, Otto, 285, 287, 289, 298–99, 300, 312–13, cultural, 15–16, 44–45, 281–82, 296–98, 336–39, 340, 343, 344, 356, 358, 305–6, 310, 325, 370 566–67, 571 German, 299–300 Jewish identity and, 298 Jewish, xii–xiii, 8, 10, 11, 15, 28–29, 34, 35–36, The Question of Nationalities and Social 90, 169–70, 236, 287–88, 298, 308–9, 310, Democracy, 296–98 313, 335–36, 355–56, 424 Bauer, Wolfgang, 569 personal national, 44–45, 296, 297, 300, 612 Bäumler, Alfred, 458–59 Polish, 34, 299 Bavaria, King of, 281 Slavic, 281–82, 298, 299 Bavarian Revolution, 339–40 Avimelekh (Abimelech) story, 416–17 Beauvoir, Simone de, 573 Avivi, Yosef, 147 Beck, Yoram, “The Love of Jacob,” 579 Avner of Burgos, 131 Becker, Jurek , 131–32 antisemitic stereotypes and, 594 Moreh˙ Zedeq , 173, 176, 180–81 background of, 592–93 Az˙ ilut

696 Index

Becker, Jurek (cont.) Bible. See Hebrew Bible/Old Testament; New Holocaust and, 592–93 Testament; Pentateuch; Torah, speciﬁc Jakob der Lügner (Jacob the Liar), 48–49, 592–94 books; Biur Beckermann, Ruth, 577–78 Bible Moralisée, 108, 109 Be’er, Haim, Feathers, 368–69, 592 Biblia Pauperum, 109–10 Beer, Peter, 228 biblical exegesis, 112–13, 126–27, 132, 202–3, Beer-Hoffmann, Richard, 356, 357, 423, 238–39, 240, 241, 248, 277–78, 381–82, 425–26, 450 384–93, 396, 419–20, 484. See also Reform Christian Jacob in, 444–45 exegesis cosmopolitanism in, 445 Auerbach and, 502 German-Jewish hybridity in, 444–45 Benno Jacob and, 415–20 Jacob’s Dream, 443, 444–45, 449–50 Catholic Church and, 392 paciﬁsm and, 449–50 in the Enlightenment, 162–63 Beerman, Max, 401 liberal Protestant, 375, 390–91 Beethoven, Ludwig von, 538–39, 590 literal-historical, 112–13, 120–21 Beitar massacre, 73–74 medieval Christian, 107–13 Beit Elohim, 267 Reform Judaism and, 242 Beit ha-Midrash (Jellinek’s), 273–74, 278, 304 Biermann, Wolf, 579–80 Bellak, Marietta, 559–60 Bigman, David, 607, 608–9 Belling, Rudolf, 497 Bildung, 190–91, 193–95, 201, 260, 261–62, 283, Ben Asher, Bahya, 98–99, 125–26 378–79, 459–60, 513, 514–15, 527–28, ˙ Ben Gorion, Yosef, 101–2 535–36. See also German culture Ben Isaac Ashkenazi, Jacob, 143 Bin Gorion (Berdyczewski), Micha Josef, Die Ben Israel, Menasseh, 156–57, 187–88, 205 Sagen dur Juden (Legends of the Jews), Vindicae Judaica, 166 462–63 Benjamin, in Shalev, 601, 602–3 Bin Nun, Joel, 608–9, 610 Benjamin, Walter, 3, 4, 411–12, 442–43, 484, biography of, 177, 178, 179, 181–83 485, 490, 499–500, 528, 536–37, 540 Christianity and, 180–81 The Origin of German Tragic Drama, 500 Edom in, 179–81, 184 Ben Lavrat, Dunash, 98–99 Edom-Poland in, 179–80, 182–83 Ben Meir, Shmuel (Rashbam), 91 Jacob & Esau in, 177, 179–80, 182, 183, Ben Reuben, Jacob, 128 185–86 Ben Shimeon, Meir, of Narbonne, 115 Maiden in, 181–82 Ben Shmuel, Avraham, of Rouen, 118 messianism and, 180–81, 182 Ben Yosef, Saadiah (Gaon), 97–98 sees himself as returning Jacob, 178, 179 Ber (Birkenthal) of Bolechów, 180, 184 Birkat ha-Minim, 103, 139 Bereshit Rabbati, 120–21, 127–28 Birnbaum, Nathan, 12, 287, 308–9 Berg, Alban, 481 antisemitism and, 309–10 Berger, David, 114, 116 on Austria’s opportunities for Jewish Bergmann, Samuel Hugo, 289–90, 357, 590 nationalism, 309–10 Bergstraesser, Arnold, 555 break with Zionism, 310 Berit Shalom,6–7, 357–58, 590 Diaspora nationalism of, 310–11 Berlin, Germany, 168–69, 216–17, 236, 245, 246, “Edom,” 313 260, 263–64, 396 founding “Organization of Austrian Berlin, Isaiah, 199–201, 591–92 Zionists,” 309 Berlin, Naphtali Zevi Yehudah, 194, 590 Jewish nationalism and, 310–11 ˙ Berlin, Saul, Besamim Rosh, 164–65 “Jewish Question” and, 309 Berlin Secession, 586 Ultra-Orthodoxy and, 311 Bernard, St., 519–21, 537 Biur, 162–70, 212, 411–12 Bernard of Clairvaux (St. Bernard), 113–14, as deferential to German culture, 410 205–6, 519–21, 537 Edom in, 167–68 Bernays, Isaac, 261–62 Four Empires eschatology in, 167–68 Bernfeld, Siegfried, 356 Jacob & Esau in, 166–67 Bernhard, Thomas, 573 silence on reconciliation, 167 Bernstein, Eduard, 320–21 Blake, William, 183 Bezalel Academy, 584–85 Bloch, Ernst, 490, 528, 529, 547, 570, 573 ˙ Bezalel Group, 586 Bloch, Joseph, 287, 290–91, 292–96, 301, 306, ˙ Bialik, Hayim Nahman, 423, 425–26, 431–32, 317, 372 ˙ ˙ 433–35 advocates Jewish–Catholic imperial alliance, Bibel oder Babel? (Bible or Babylonia) controversy, 293–96 388–89 ethnonationalism and, 294–95

Index 697

Socialists and, 295 Bulgaria, 279 traditionalist politics and, 294 Bultmann, Rudolf, 491, 523–25, 528 blood libels, 105–6, 227 Bund, 310–11, 422, 469–70 Bloody Friday, 320–21 Bund Neuland, 347 Blücher, Heinrich, 540 Bunyan, John, The Pilgrim’s Progress, 141 Bohemia, 165, 184–85, 215–16, 228, 285–86, Burckhardt, Jacob, 537 311–12, 351, 421 Burg Theater, 563–64 Bohemian Jews, 421 Busek, Erhard, 563, 570, 576 Bollacher, Martin, 205 Buxtorf, Johannes the Elder, 155 Bolshevik Revolution, 312, 422, 429–30 Byzantines, 94–95 Bolsheviks, 353 Byzantium, 92, 93, 103–4 Bolshevism, 338–39 Book of Daniel, 69–70, 100, 131–32 Caesarea Maritima, 81–82, 85–86, 87–88, Book of Esther, 215 103–4, 613 Book of Revelations, 68–69 as emblem of Paganism, 75, 103–4, 266 Book of the Jubilees, 55–56, 64, 95 Café Herrenhof, 559–60 Book of the Maccabees, 101–2 Cain, 73–74, 466–67 Boradajkewicz, Taras, 570 Callenberg institute, 205 Bormann, Martin, 392–93 Calvin, Patricia, 43 Bormuth, Matthias, 492 Calvinism, 466 Bosnia, 325 Camus, Albert, 553 Boyarin, Daniel, 80, 82–83 Canaanites, 599, 602 Boyer, John, 295–96 Canetti, Elias, 573 Bracher, Karl-Dietrich, 542–43 capitalism, critics of, 543 Brandt, Willy, 549 Cardozo, Abraham Miguel, 172 Braun, Felix, 365–66 Carnap, Rudolf, 321–23 Herbst des Reiches, 365–66 Caro, Joseph, 216 Braun-Adler, Emma, 330–31 Carolingian bishops, 107–8 Braunschweig Reform rabbinic conference, Carolingians, 93 263–64 Castiglione, 528 Braunthal, Julius, 336–37 Catholic Church, 191, 192 Brecht, Bertolt, 554, 558, 580–81 Imperial Diet (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) Breslau, Germany, 234–35, 236, 375–76 and, 192 Breuer, Isaac, 409 invincibility to biblical criticism, 243–44, Breuer, Mordechai, 270 392 Briand, Aristide, 362, 363 Jewish emancipation and, 192–93, 243–44 British Commonwealth, 611 vs. liberal Protestantism, 243–44 British Empire, 324 Nazi racial policy and, 392 British Mandate Palestine, 611 opposition to nation-state, 192–93 Broch, Hermann, 349, 558, 564–65 Reform Judaism and, 243–44 Brod, Max, 289–90, 357, 557 Roman, 105, 132, 378–79 Brody, Galicia, 401–2, 566–67 Catholic cosmopolitanism. See cosmopolitanism, brotherhood, 116, 208–23, 277 Catholic Christian–Jewish relations and, 115, 116, 158, Catholic German Austria. See Austria, Catholic 218–19, 221, 222 German between Edom and Israel, 221, 222 Catholic internationalism. See internationalism, Esau and, 221, 222 Catholic as grounds for prohibiting interest, 115, Catholicism, 155, 237–38, 252, 336–37, 339–40, 116, 158 342, 344–45, 347, 360, 362–63, 372, Sofer on, 217 507–8 Brünn program, 296 antisemitism and, 293, 294–95 Buber, Martin, 5, 289–90, 357, 377, 395, 408, attitude to Israel, 594–95 419–20, 535–36 Austrian Empire and, 292–96, 346–55, Der Jude, 407 372–73, 564 I–Thou relationship with Scripture, 410 Austrian socialism and, 295–96, 552 Buber-Rosenzweig Bible, 410–12 education, 242–43 Das Buch in Anfang (The book in the German nationalism and, 192, 281, 347 beginning), 411–12 vs. German Protestantism, 192, 378–79, Hebrew names in, 410–11 382–83 Jacob & Esau story and, 410–11 Greek, 477–78 Jewish difference and, 410–11 Jacob & Esau typology and, 196, 238–48, Bukovina, 285–86, 292, 306–7, 311–12 594–95

698 Index

Catholicism (cont.) Jewish converts to, 107, 112, 117–18, 131, Jewish converts to, 170, 349, 354 134–36, 155, 178–79, 212–13, 315–16, Jewish politics and, 292–96, 300–301 349, 354, 391–92 liberal, 245 Judaism and, 382–83, 404–5, 519, 612 medieval persecution of Jews and, 137–38 medieval empire and, 93, 103–4 National Socialism and, 365, 392–93 as minut,80–81, 82–83 postwar conservativism and, 555–56 racialization of, 391–92 racialization and, 375, 392–93 Roman–Jewish relations and, 77, 78–83 Roman, 137–38, 184 universal, 93, 239–40, 366–67, 486 Catholic Jews, 354–55, 365–66, 372–73, Christian–Jewish dialogue. See Christian–Jewish 563 relations, dialogue Catholic Jewish elite, 354 Christian–Jewish polemics. See Christian–Jewish Catholic Jewish modernism, 353 relations, polemics Catullus, 504 Christian–Jewish relations, 8, 9–10, 49–50, Celan, Paul, 566–67, 573, 584–85 55–90, 101, 135–36, 139–40, 185–86, censorship, 139, 197–98 194–95, 578–79, 603–4, 606, 607, 612 Central Europe, 10, 11, 12, 192, 236–37, 279, Arab–Jewish conﬂict and, 612 280, 287–88, 327, 350–51, 576, biblical criticism and, 241, 381–82, 392 577–78, 581 brotherhood and, 115, 116, 158, 218–19, ethnonationalism and, 283–84, 313, 316–17, 221, 222 325, 327, 343–44, 350–51, 364, 375, Christian–Jewish coexistence, 135–36, 139, 546, 581 166–67, 205, 208, 222, 354–55 imperial legacy and, 332, 334, 346–55, 361, dialogue, 79, 87–88, 587, 588, 612–13 364–72, 546, 564–65, 566–68, 580–81 Hasidic Judaism and, 236–37, 257, 259 ˙ Jewish nationalism in, 376 Heine and, 226–27 logical positivist movement in, 321–22 Herder and, 204–7 nation and empire in, 191, 279–331 Jacob & Esau typology and, 8–9, 57, 80–82, socialist revolutions in, 339–40 84–85, 88–89, 90, 91–136, 137, 139–42, Torberg and, 559–61 184–86, 193–96, 197, 268–69, Central European culture, 557–67, 568–69 276–78, 375 Central European past, Forum and, 564–66 Jellinek and, 274–75 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 548, 549–51, medieval, 106–7, 112 569–70, 580, 581 nation-state and, 116 Central Powers, in World War I, 299 polemics, 83, 87, 89, 103, 107, 113–14, Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen 117–18, 131–32, 135–36, 277 Glauben, 376, 414 premodern vs. modern management of, 187–88 Chajes, Hirsch Perez, 375, 395, 400–403 Sofer on, 208, 217–19, 222 ˙ Chamberlain, Houston Stuart, 391 supersessionism and, 204–5, 240, 382–83, 392, Chappel, James, 549 409, 508, 509, 594–95 Charlemagne, 92, 93, 366–67 Christian–Marxist dialogue, 570 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 110 Christian–Muslim dialogue. See children’s literature, 260 Christian–Muslim relations, dialogue Chinese Cultural Revolution, 574 Christian–Muslim relations, 22, 49–50, 92, Chmielnicki Gezerot, 137–38 93–94, 103–4, 126–27, 134, 155–56, Chomsky, Dov, “Jacob’s Dream,” 597 606, 607 Chorin, Aaron, 213–14, 215–16, 218–19 dialogue, 580 Christ. See Jesus Christ struggle, 92–104, 606, 607, 612 Christendom, 8, 18–19, 22, 29–30, 49–50, 57, 79, Christian persecution, 117–19, 137–38, 205–6, 92–107, 134–35, 137, 503–4 276, 590–91 Christian fundamentalism, 237–38, 247, 606 Jacob & Esau typology and, 103–4 Christian Hebraism, 128–30, 140, 155–58, papal and imperial protection against, 105–6 240 redress from, 253 Protestant, 156–57 Christian Rome, 57, 78–79, 83–84, 90, 102, 103, Christiani, Pablo (Shaul of Montpellier), 117–18 105–6, 125, 134, 137–38, 435–36, 437, Christianity. See also speciﬁc sects 539. See also Edom–Rome typology anti-Jewish polemics and, 113–14, 117–18, as Fifth Empire, 134 128–29 Jewish European history and, 539 early, 403–4, 518, 519 vs. pagan Rome, 57 Edom and, 79–83, 93, 99, 100, 104–7, 112–13 Christians, 222 Frank, Jacob, and, 180–81 as Esau’s descendants, 114–15 German nationalism and, 379–81, 398 as idolators, 219 Holocaust and, 587 Noahide commandments and, 218–19 ˙

Index 699

as strangers, 116, 158 Cohn, Oskar, 421 Christian Social Party, 280, 292–96, 303–4, Cohn-Bendit, Bela, 3 316–17, 340, 347, 348, 354–55, 379–80 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 1–2, 3, 540, 541, 571–72, Christian typology, 20–21, 83–90, 107–13, 130, 575–76, 582–83 161–63, 207, 237–39, 244–45, 246–48, Cohn-Bendit, Erich, 540 424, 518, 519 Cold War, 341, 371–72, 534–35, 544, 546, antisemitism and, 141, 587 547–48, 549–50, 571–72 Auerbach and, 495–510, 516, 518, 519–20 Austria and, 550 in Bible Moralisée, 108 CCF and, 548 in Biblia Pauperum, 108 Cold War culture, 573, 580–81 Christology and, 239, 241, 242 Cold War liberalism, 581, 591–92 Dante Alighieri and, 501 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 384 Jacob in, 130, 241, 242, 246–47, 384, 390, 587 Cologne Diet of 1512, 138–39 of Jewish Edom, 132–33 Comintern, 338–39 supersessionism and, 89, 594–95 communism, 320, 334, 338–39, 371–72, 471, textbooks and, 237–38 548, 549, 550, 554, 574 Christian West, 91–136. See also Christendom; Communist Putsch of 1919, in Austria, 320 Europe communists, 342, 344, 547–48, 574, 577 Austria as, 564–65 Hungarian, 339–40 Islam and, 92–104 Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche), 391–92 Jewish émigrés and, 564–65 Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 529, 534, Christliche Ständestaat, 351–52, 354–55. See also 540, 553, 555–56, 571, 581 Ständestaat “Americanization” and, 555 Christology, 112–13, 130, 239, 241, 242, 243 Austria and, 550–52 Chronicles, 121 CIA and, 550–51, 569–70, 580, 581 Chrysostom, St. John, 88–89 Der Monat, 551, 555–56 Church Forum and, 546–57 Catholic, 141, 191–93, 243, 355, 378, 391–92 funded by CIA, 548, 549 Greek Orthodox, 137, 184 Jewish émigrés and remigrés in, 549 Roman, 29, 105, 132–38, 293, 378 magazines of, 555, 569, 580. See also Der Monat; Roman Catholic, 105, 132, 138–39, 378–79 Forum churches, Nazism and, 392–93. See also specific as major hub for Cold War liberal culture, 548 churches Congress for Scientific Philosophy 1935, Church Fathers, 82–90, 133, 519. See also Paris, 371 patristic typology; specific Church Congress of Berlin, 188–89, 279 Fathers Congress of Vienna, 188–89, 422–23 Cicero, 504 Congress Poland, 236–37, 422–23 citizenship, 190–91, 253–54, 263, 276–78, 297, conscription, 184–85 383, 401–2 “Conservative Revolution,” 489 antisemitism and, 381 Constantine, 77, 100–101, 103–4, 117–18, 130, Austrian Jews and, 336 131, 134 emancipation Jacob as embodying, 231 conversion, 100–101, 128–29, 177–78, 200–201, French Revolutionary concept of, 325 205, 219–21, 227, 258, 259 Galician Jews excluded from Austrian, 313 assimilation as, 193–94, 228 Herder and, 198–99 German Jews and, 284–85, 375–76, 381 Jacob & Esau and, 218–19 as goal of Protestant Hebraists, 156, 157 Jewish, 165, 166, 168–70, 185, 188–89, 190, Herder and, 198–99, 205–6, 208 193–94, 195–96, 197 Jewish European historiography and, 135–36 modernity and, 279 to Judaism, 52–53, 78–79, 257–58, 259, nation-state and, 378–79 600–601 in Prussia, 197–98 to Lutheranism, 315–16 civic engagement, 260, 261–62, 396 to the nation, 193–94 civic nationalism, 49 to Protestantism, 349 civil associations, 223 among Spanish (Sephardi) Jews, 131–32, 146 civil rights, 213–14 in Vienna, Austria, 315–16, 349 civil rights movement, 413–14 conversos, 131–32, 146 Clemenceau, Georges, 332 Cordovero, Moses, 146–47, 149–50 Clermont-Tonnere, Count Stanislas, 187, 189 Coreth, Anna, Pietas Austriaca, 564 Cohen, Gerson, 66–67, 89 cosmopolitanism, 2, 3–5, 11, 13–14, 43, 52, Cohen, Havah Pinhas, “That Man,” 597 194–95, 200–201, 224–25, 255, 261, ˙ ˙ Cohen, Hermann, 377, 382–83, 390, 394–95, 284–85, 288, 304, 310, 318–19, 406, 403–7, 420 541–42, 563, 564–65, 576, 595 Cohen, Shaye J. D., 65, 87 assimilation and, 327

700 Index

cosmopolitanism (cont.) Czech–German conﬂict, 316–17 Auerbach and, 484, 508, 510, 511, 512, Czech-German identity, 289–90 514–15, 521–32, 534, 536–37 Czech Jews, 285–86 Austrian culture and, 564–65, 576 Czech language, 285–86 Austrian identity and, 565–66 Czech nationalism, 314 in Beer-Hoffman, 445 Czechoslovakia, 312, 353, 421, 547–48, 557–58 Birnbaum on, 310 Czech socialists, 298–99 British, 611 Czechs, 281–82, 296–97, 311–12 Catholic, 192, 349, 528, 563 Czech Uprising of 1848, 283 Central European, 568–69 Czernowitz, Bukovina, 308–9, 566–67 Chajes and Jewish national, 402 Christian, 400 Dada Gallery, 446 CIA and, 549–50 Danes, 421 cosmopolitan eschatology, 251 Daniel, 98 German-Jewish, 532–39, 580–81 Dante Alighieri, 485–95, 501, 502, 503, 504, 506, German-Jewish patriotism and, 405–6 510, 511, 519–21, 525, 531–32, 533, 537, Herder’s critique of, 199–200 538–39 Hirsch and, 264–65, 268–69, 271, 278 Auerbach and, 489–90, 493–94, 512–13 Holdheim and, 278 The Divine Comedy, 485–86, 490, 491, 494, imperial, 611 502, 503, 506, 519–20 Jacob as embodying, 231, 268–69 typology and, 501 Jellinek and, 274 Danube region, 332, 343–44 Jewish émigrés and, 543, 581 Danubian federation, 333–34, 337, 347–48 Jewish ethnicity and, 377, 401 Das neue Reich, 350–51, 365 Maybaum and, 398 David, King, 84, 97–98, 102, 153, 174–75, 242 mission of, 403–4, 405, 412, 413–14 Deák, István, 292 Neurath and, 371 Deborah, 413 Popper and, 314–29, 484 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the rabbinic Judaism and, 12–13, 248–54, 271, 274 Citizen, 189 reconciliation of Jacob & Esau and, 423 Deism, 202–3, 239 Roth and, 366 Della Mirandola, Pico, 155 Viennese, 315–20 democracy, 345–46, 353, 372 Zweig and, 367 democratic empire, 314–29 Cossacks, 137–38 democratic Great Germany, 335–46 Cosway, Richard, 183 democratic national church (Volkskirche im Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard (Richard Nikolaus Volksstaat), 381–82 Eijiro, Count of Coudenhove-Kalergi), democratic socialism, 339–40 362–64 Depression, 332 Paneuropa, 359–60, 361, 362 derashah, 195, 211–12, 230–31. See also sermons sketches out “United States of Europe,” 361 derash vs. peshat, 112–13 Counter-Enlightenment, 199–201, 204, 207 Der Monat, 551, 555–56 Court, Austrian Jews and, 290–92, 313 Deuteronomy, 61, 69–70, 115, 275 Crémieux, Adolphe, 301–2 Deuteronomy Rabbah, 75, 120 Critical Rationalism, 53 Deutsch, Julius, 336–37 Croatia, 299, 351 Deutsch, Yosef Yoel, 219 Croatian autonomy, 281–82 Deutsche Volkspartei (German people’s party), Croce, Benedetto, 496–97 294, 305–6 Crusades, 9–10, 104, 105–7 Deutschliberale, 346 crypto-Jews, 137–38 Deutschtum, 272–73, 283, 285, 300–301, 302–4, crypto-Sabbateanism, 171–72, 174–75, 177, 179 318, 319–20, 325, 403–4, 405–6, 492–93 Csokor, Franz Theodor, 565–66 devequt, 125–26 3. November 1918, 331 De Wette, W. M. L., 240–41, 242 Culi, Jacob (Yaakov Khuli), 143–44 dhimmi,95 cultural Protestantism (Kulturprotestantismus), diaspora. See German Diaspora; Jewish Diaspora; 381–82, 485–95, 510 Roma, Roma Diaspora Cultural Protestants, 378, 380–82 Diaspora nationalism, Jewish, 11, 43, 52, 280–81, Curtius, Ernst Robert, 492–93, 514–15, 532, 533, 285–86, 287, 306, 307, 308–9, 310, 328, 534–35 336, 356, 422, 586–87 Customs Union (Zollverein), 191 of Birnbaum, 310–11 Cyprian, Book of Testimonies, 85–86 Galician, 287–88, 294–95 Cyril of Alexandria, St., 88–89 Russian, 287–88 Czech Crown-Lands, 237, 281–82 Zionism and, 307

Index 701

Dicou, Bert, 61 Edict of Tolerance (Prussia 1847), 245 Dictate of Olmütz, 191 Edom, 59, 60, 61, 97–98, 104, 106–7, 117–27, Die Bereitschaft, 340–41 137, 172–73, 185–86, 228, 242, 251, Die Neuzeit, 273–74 385–86, 419–20, 449–50, 469–70, Die Presse, 556–57 590–91 Dinah, 52–53, 76, 464, 468–69, 607–8 Abravanel on, 133–34 Diner, Dan, 541, 587 Amaleq and, 424–25 Dinghofer, Franz, 362 in Beer-Hofmann, 444–45 Dionysus, 458–59 Benno Jacob and, 418–19 disputations, 8, 17–18, 81–82, 84, 112, 113–14, biblical attitude toward, 57–65 117–18 in Biur, 167 of Barcelona, 1263, 17 in Blake, 183 Kamieniec Podolski, 1757, 177–78 brotherhood and, 116, 221, 222 Lvov, 1759, 177–78 Christian, 79–83, 99, 100–101, 104–7, 112–13, of Paris, second, 1272, 117–18 134–36, 156–57 Doderer, Heimito von, 365, 565–66 Christian Hebraism and, 155–58 dogma, traditional Judaism’s indifference to, 264 Christianization of, 79, 91–136 Dohm, Christian Wilhelm von, 163–64, 165, 166, as Christian Rome, 57, 78–79, 102, 168–70, 185, 201 125 Dohrn, Klaus, 556–57 in Cordovero, 173 Dollfuss, 342, 347, 353, 362–63 diminishes in early modern Europe, 135–36, Donin, Nicholas, 117 137–86 Dönmeh (apostates), 171, 177 disappears in emancipation era, 194–95, Döring, Matthias, Replicae, 132 225 Dor, Moshe, “Hard Water,” 597 in Eibeschütz, 172–74, 175–77 Dov Ber of Mezeritch, 254–55 end of historical, 65, 66 Dreyfus Affair, 376, 379–80, 540 end of imperial, 137–86 Drumont, Édouard, 379–80 in Enlightenment, 170 Dual Monarchy. See Austria-Hungary; Habsburg Europeanization of, 93–94 Monarchy in Frank, 179, 180–81, 184 Dubin, Lois, 187–88 Frankists and, 185 Dubno, Solomon, 166–67 German-Jewish literature and, 449–50 Dubnov, Ari, 584, 588 Greenberg and, 437 Dubnov, Simon, 51–52, 287–88 Heine and, 225, 226–27 Dühring, Eugen, 379–80 historical, 55–56, 59, 65, 66, 125 Dutschke, Rudi, 573 identiﬁed with Roman Church, 137–38 imperial, 137–86 East-Central Europe, 35, 37, 41, 297, 322, Jewish, 105, 107, 132, 133. See also Christian 332–37, 348, 375–76, 400, 424, 430, 574 typology Eastern Europe, 8, 41, 46, 134–35, 152, 259–60, Kabbalah and, 117–26, 135–36, 139–40, 272, 287, 300, 308, 422, 430, 469, 574, 146–54, 172–73 592–93 Kings of, in Kabbalah, 123–24, 125–26, Soviet domination of, 569 139–40, 149–51, 173 Eastern European Jews, 10, 15–16, 34, 39–40, 41, as marker for antisemitism, 184 43–44, 134, 152, 169, 254–55, 259–60, Martini’s interpretation of, 127–28 261, 283, 287–88, 304, 308–9, 310–11, Maybaum and, 397 336, 368–69, 380, 422–23, 430, 469–70, medieval, 91–136 474–75 as Other of Jews, 92 apprehension about identifying nation with Poland as, 179–80, 182–83, 184 state, 587 Protestant Hebraists and, 156–57 assimilation and, 380, 382 rabbinic, 79–83, 106, 117–18 Bildung and, 283 Rashi on, 104 as carriers of Jewish Kultur, 310–11 returning ghost after fall of Austrian Eastern European Jewish writers, 422–23 Empire, 313 Jewish emancipation and, 254, 261, 310–11 Roman Empire and, 56–57, 66–70, 71–72, 77, modernity and, 10 78–79, 80, 83, 86, 93–94, 99, 100, 127. See preference for empire over nation, 34, 39–40 also Edom–Rome typology as resistant to assimilation, 382 as romantic lover, 614 East Germany, 547 Sabbatean movements and, 170 Eberle, Josef, 350–51, 364–65 in Sefer ha-Zohar, 123–26, 167–68 Edict of Expulsion, 133–34 as signifying ﬂesh vs. spirit, 108. See also Edict of Tolerance (of Constantine), 77 Christian typology

702 Index

Edom (cont.) Einstein, Albert, 362 silencing of, 139, 276–77 Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas, 156–57, 293–94 Tannaitic, 66–72 Entdecktes Judenthum (Judaism exposed), in Tanya, 256 155–56, 194 typology of, 55–57, 62, 64, 66–70, 71–72, 77, Eisenreich, Herbert, 569 78–79, 80, 83, 98–99, 103–8, 132, 133, Eisler, Hanns, 554, 573 135–36, 170. See also Edom–Rome Elbaum, Dov, My Life with the Patriarchs, typology 598 Wagenseil and, 157–58 Eleazar of Worms, 120 Edom eschatology, 99, 106, 120, 125–26, 134, Eleh Divre ha-Berit (These are the words of the 139–40, 147, 150–51, 185–86, 194, 238, Covenant), 213–14 253, 261, 264–65 Elias, Norbert, 494, 500–501 disappearance of, 277 “The Ballad of Poor Jacob,” 501 in Frank, 179–80 Eliezer (Abraham’s servant), 465 in Horowitz, 154 Elifaz, 52–53, 76, 466–67 in Lurianic Kabbalah, 152, 154 Elijah, 270–71, 399–400 in Reform discourse, 238 Elijah of Vilna, Rabbi, 254–55 Edomites, 60–61, 62, 125, 221, 222, 240–41, Eliot, T. S., 492 606 Elizabeth, Empress, 369, 563 brotherhood of, 222 Ellberg, Simha, 472–73 ˙ Sacks and, 604 Elohim, 242, 384–85 Sofer and, 221, 222 Elsky, Martin, 500 Edom–Rome typology, 77, 78–79, 80, 83, 86, emancipation. See Jewish emancipation 97–98, 99, 102, 112–13, 116, 127, 131, Emden, Jacob, 154, 164, 171–72, 274–75 134, 268 émigrés. See also Jewish émigrés anti-Christian polemical character of, 131 Austrian, 343, 564–65 in Biur, 168 Austrian socialist, 343 Christian appropriations of, 132–33 Central European, 548, 550–51 Christianity and, 93 Christian-Jewish, 6–7 Christianization of, 99, 128 German, 498–99, 526, 527 converts’ rejection of Christianity, 131 German-Jewish, 1–2, 4–5, 527, 536–37 decline of, in early modern Europe, 139 leftist, 558 Maybaum and, 397 liberal, 555 medieval variations of, 92, 93–94 Emmanuel I, King, 138–39 Nicholas of Lyra on, 130 empire, 185, 255. See also speciﬁc empires education. See also pedagogy Aufklärung (German enlightenment) and, education reform, 165 324 secular, 295–96, 470 Austrian Jews and, 312–13, 314 Eger, Aqiva, 209–10 Christianity and, 93, 103–4 Eger, Sorel, 209 Church and, 104–7 Egypt, 78, 109–10, 146–47, 182–83 Jewish nostalgia for, 612. See also Austria- ancient biblical, 18–20, 59, 61, 221, 242, 243, Hungary, nostalgia for 275–76, 395–96 Jews and, 25–28, 33–34, 39–40, 90, 184–85, as exile, 67–68, 71 213, 223, 372–74, 612. See also Austria- in Mann, 457–58, 459–61, 463–69 Hungary, Jewish imperial patriotism Ehrenfreund, Jacques, 409 nation and, 11–12, 28–37, 39–40, 191, Ehrenreich, Shlomo Zalman, 471–72, 279–331, 364, 612 473 nationalizing, 28, 31–32, 281, 286, Eibeschütz, Jonathan, 170–83. See also 298–300, 357 Sabbateanism normalization of in Jewish discourse, 184 background of, 175–76 papacy and, 192 Edom in, 172–74, 175–77 Popper, Karl, and, 314 as halakhist, 175–76 “empire of insolence” (memshelet zadon), 103 intimation of Jewish–Christian reconciliation Endelman, Todd, 193 by, 174 endogamy, 59 Jacob & Esau in, 173, 174, 176–77, 185–86 Engel, David, 51–52 rumored to be crypto-Christian, 175–76 Engel-Janosi, Friedrich, 349 theogony of, 176 Engels, Friedrich, 298–99, 337 “Va-avo ha-Yom el ha-Ayin,” 172–77 Enlightenment, 137, 139–40, 158, 183, 277, Yaarot Devash, 175–76 508–9. See also Aufklärung; Haskalah Eibeschütz, Wolf, 176 biblical scholarship in, 162–63 Ein Sof, 147–48, 172–73 Edom typology in, 170

Index 703

Enlightenment traditions, 2 Jewish emancipation and, 194, 276 Hirsch and, 261–62, 264–66, 268–69 in Jewish national literature, 423 Jacob & Esau eschatology and, 260 in Jollos, 447–49 Mann and, 459–60, 468 Kingdom of, 472–73 parallel Enlightenments, 164 kiss of, 259–71, 470 pluralist, 170 in Kvitko, 429–30 Sabbatean 170–83 in Lasker-Schüler, 441 Ephraim, 467–68 in Leibowitz, 590–91 Epistle of Barnabas,84 as liminal ﬁgure between Christianity and Erasmus, 367 Judaism, 259–60 Esau, 8–9, 52–53, 63, 64, 71–72, 73–74, 76, as lost Jewish brother, 608 78–79, 84, 86–87, 96–97, 98–99, 103, 134, in Lurianic Kabbalah, 151–52 181, 183, 247, 471–72, 520–21, 588. See Luther’s portrayal of, 140, 141 also Jacob & Esau in Manger, 431–32 Abravanel on, 134 in Mann, 463–69 age of, 69–70 Martini’s interpretation of, 127–28 in Alon, 599 maskilim and, 259–60 Amaleq and, 424–25 Maybaum and, 397, 398 Amir-Pinkerfeld and, 433, 438–39 medieval Jewish view of, 91–92 as ancestor of Edom, 9, 55, 61, 62, 385–86 in Morgenstern, 482 as ancestor of Job, 102 in Moykher-Sforim, 427 as apostate, 195–96, 217–18, 277 as murderer of Jews, 585–86 Aryanization of, 451 mythologization of, 466–67 association with Edom, 61 Nicholas of Lyra on, 130 association with Mount Seir, 59 as nonobservant Jew, 608 association with Rome, 66–67, 68–69, 70, Orthodox Judaism in the postwar years and, 82–83 588, 603–4, 605, 606 Barash and, 439–40 otherness of, 195–96 in Beer-Hofmann, 443 as pagan, 73–79, 82–83, 86–87, 246, 397, 398 Benno Jacob and, 415–16, 417–19, 590 as Palestinian, 608 in Bible Moralisée, 108 in Peretz, 428–29 brotherhood and, 221, 222 post-Zionist cultivation of, 48–49 Celan and, 584 racial impurity of, 418–19 Chabad and, 605, 606 racialization of, 423 H˙ asidism as Christian, 92, 236–37, 271–77, 378–79, 606, Rashi on, 104 607, 608 Reem Hacohen and, 608 Christian Europe and, 91–136 reevaluation of, in postwar years, 48–49 Christianization of, 79–83, 91–136 in Reform exegesis, 231–32, 233–34 as Christian Jew, 439–40 as a Reform Jew, 217–18 Christian typology and, 587 rehabilitation of, 598–610 descendants of, 71, 222 re-Judaization of, 247–48, 433, 439–40 in Eibeschütz, 173, 174, 176 as Roman, 72, 73, 423, 612, 614 emancipation age re-Judaization of, 257–58 as Sabbatean, 217–18 ethnicity of, 415–16, 423, 426 Sacks and, 604–5 excluded from brotherhood, 221, 222 Schneerson on, 605, 606 as fallen Christian, 247–48 as Serpent, 122 as ﬁghter and man of nature, 425 in Shalev, 601, 602, 603 in Frank, 179–80 in Sholem Aleichem, 427–28 genocide and, 585–86 Sofer on, 217–18, 221, 222 as German, 450, 451 in Tamuz, 595–96 in German-Jewish literature, 423 as ultimate rabbinic Other, 73, 74–75, 82–83, as Goy, 421–82 86–87 Greenberg and, 438–39 as uncircumcised, 217–18 in Hebrew literature, 425–26, 598–99 West Bank settlers on, 48–49 Herder on, 203–4 in Yiddish literature, 425–32 in Hescheles, 474 Zionism and, 425–26, 433–40, 599–601, 602–3 Holocaust and, 585–86 as Zionist New Man, 439 as honoring Isaac, 74–75 in Zohar, 121–22 Ishmael and, 92–104 Esther, 401 as Israeli hero, 598–99 estrangement (Verfremdung), 410–11 Jellinek and, 271–77, 278 ethical monotheism, 403–5, 406–7, 415–16 as Jewish, 276–77, 598–610, 611, 612 Ethical Society, 340–41

704 Index

ethnic cleansing, 333, 546 Advent Sermon, 392 ethnicity, 224–25, 426–27, 433. See also Jewish federalism, 192, 281–82, 287–88, 289, 292–93, ethnicity 296–300, 305–13, 316–18, 335–36, 337, Idumaean, 100–101, 131 359–60, 373–74, 612 Volksstamm, 325 European, 8, 10, 11, 359–60 ethnic myths, 421–82. See also antisemitism; global, 308 Jewish stereotypes imperial, 356, 511, 305–13, 337, 339, 343–44, ethno-nationalism, 52, 283–85, 287–88, 289, 373–74 313, 316–17, 325, 327, 345–46, 350–51, socialist, 289, 296–300 358, 375, 546, 576, 592 Feiner, Shmuel, 164, 169 age of, 343–44, 373–74 Feinstein, David, 588 antisemitism and, 191, 279–80, 283–84, 375 Feinstein, Moshe, 588 Bloch and, 294–95 Feldman, Louis, 66 Central Europe and, 581 Feldman, Yael, 584–85 imperial peoples and, 332–74 Ferdinand, Crown Prince, 216–17 vs. postnationalism, 364 Fergusson, Francis, 532 progressive Jewish intelligentsia and, 318–19 Fetscher, Iring, 571 triumphant in Israel, 610 Feuchtwanger, Lion, 558 ethno-nationalizing state. See nation-state. Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 189, 194, 207, 325 Ettlinger, Jacob, 260, 261–62, 263–64 ﬁgura. See also Auerbach, Erich, 484, 500, 501, Europäische Revue, 362–63 502–3, 505, 506, 507, 516–17 Europäisches Kulturbund, 362–63, 492–93 Final Solution, 392–93. See also genocide; Europe, 3–4, 591–92 Holocaust contemporary, 532–39, 579–83 First Temple, destruction of, 55, 68–69, 135–36 immigrant communities in, 612–13 First Temple period, 55–56 Jewish minority in, 8, 9–10 Fischer, Ernst, 554, 565–66, 570, 573 Muslims and, 8, 49–50, 92, 612 Fischer, Joschka, 582 postnational, 565, 566–67, 611 Fischhof, Adolf, 283–84, 287–88, 294–95, 305–6, Europe and, 612 317, 566–67 European Congress of Nationalities, 358 Flaubert, Gustav, 494, 513 European Economic Community (EEC), 575–76 Flechtheim, Ossip, 571 European identity, 49, 484, 581, 612–13 Flekles, Eliezer, 218–19 counter-European, 208 Flusser, David, 100, 102, 103 European integration, 12–13, 14, 49, 612 Ford Foundation, 548 Europeanism, accommodative of Jewish foreign worker populations, 577–78 culture, 10 form criticism (Formgeschichte), 384–85 Europeanization, 50, 542, 575–76, 579 Forum (Forvm), 544, 545, 546, 550–52, 553, 554, Europeanness, 10, 51, 134–35, 538–39, 556, 564–65, 568–69, 573, 578–79, 541–42, 593 580–81 of Jews, 11, 13–14, 47, 50–51, 201–2, 222, Austrian culture and, 562 538–39, 541–42, 579–83 Austrian literature and, 566–67 European Parliament, 575–76, 582–83 CCF and, 546–57 European Union (EU), 49, 581, 582, 583 Central European past and, 564–66 EU-Anschluss, 582 Jewish émigrés and, 564–65, 566–67 Eusebius, 95 Nazism and, 561–62 Evangelical State Church, 241, 244–45, 246, 247 Torberg and, 557, 561–62, 569–70, 580 Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, 244–45, 247 Vienna, Austria, and, 567–68 Eve, 120–21, 122 Viennese modernism and, 565 “everydayness,” 489–90 Forum Stadtpark, 569 exegesis. See biblical exegesis; Reform Four Empires (eschatology), 69–70, 79, 93–94, exegesis 97–99, 106, 131–32, 167–68 exile, 52, 106–7, 268, 495–510, 589–90, 596–97 Fourth Empire, 97–99 Exilforschung, 541–42 Fraenkel, Rabbi Zacharias, 263–64, 272 Exodus Rabbah,96 France, 130, 168–69, 187–89, 192, 193, 197–98 expressionism, 425–26, 429–30, 435–36, 442–43, French Greens, 582 446, 448–49 French Jews, 118 Ezekiel, 62, 184 Third Republic, 376 , 151–52 Francis, St., 519–21 Ez˙ H˙ ayim Franciscan Hebrew biblical scholarship, 128–30 Farissol, Abraham, 116 Franciscans, 117, 128–29 fascism, 323, 326–27, 328–29, 332, 342, 371–72 Franco, Francisco, 134–35 Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael von, 392 Frank, Ewa (Eve), 179, 181–82

Index 705

Frank, Jacob, 170–83. See also Sabbateanism Galerie Würthle, 565 biography of, 177–79 Galicia, 169, 184–85, 224, 236–37, 285–86, 307, Christianity and, 180 309–10, 311–12 “Collection of the Words of the Lord,” 177, Hasidic Judaism in, 254–55 ˙ 179–82 Jewish intelligentsia in, 285–86, 307 Edom in, 179–80, 184 nationalization in, 306–7 Edom-Poland in, 179, 183 pogroms in, 313 Jacob & Esau in, 177, 179, 182–83 Polonization in, 285–86 Maiden in, 181 traditional Jews in, 285–86 messianism and, 180–82 Galician Jewish socialists, demand for national sees himself as returning Jacob, 178–79 recognition, 297–98 Frankfurt, Germany, 262, 270–71 Galician Jewish Workers Party, 297–98 Jewish Ghetto, 213 Galician Jews, 334, 336, 366, 368–69, 592 Frankfurter, Bernhard, 577–78 acculturation and, 290 Frankfurt Parliament, 299–300 excluded from citizenship by Austrian Frankfurt School, 541–42, 543, 545, 571–72 courts, 313 Frankists, 171, 177–79, 183, 185 Galician Jewish writers, 422–23, 424–25 Franz I, Emperor, 282–83 as refugees, 312–13 Franz II, Emperor, 215–16 traditional, 290, 336–37 Franz Joseph, Emperor, 11–12, 275, 282–83, Gans, David, 138–39 291–93, 298–99, 302–4, 334–35, 354, Gans, Edward, 225, 227, 228 364–65 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1–2 “Froyim Yossels Yidden,” 282 Gaza, Settlers in, 609–10 idealization of, 368–69 Geiger, Abraham, 236, 248, 261–62, 404–5 Jewish coalition supporting, 291 Geiger, Ari, 129 liberal Jews and, 291 Geiger, Ludwig, 201 Socialists and, 295 Geiger-Tiktin affair, 236 traditional Jews and, 291 Gelehrterrepublik, 371 Werfel on, 366–67 Gellner, Ernest, 314 fratricide, 73–74, 96–97. See also Cain Genesis, 8–9, 57–59, 62, 63, 68–69, 70, 71, Freedom Party, 561–62 74–75, 166–67, 172–73, 180–81, 237, Freemasons, 170, 177, 189, 317–18, 353, 238, 242, 249, 268–69, 276, 385–86, 400, 362, 364 410–11 liberal internationalism and, 358–64 Benno Jacob and, 416–17, 418–19 Pionier, 340–41 Edom in, 124 as prophets of postnationalism, 360 Gunkel on, 387 Socialists and, 359–60 Ishmael in, 95 Frei, Bruno, 554 Near Eastern inﬂuences on, 389 Freidenkerbund, 340–41 vernacular renderings of, 110 Freier Bund kultureller Vereine, 340–41 Genesis Rabbah,52–53, 74–75, 76, 86, 119–20, French Revolution, 183, 188–89, 190–91, 325 123–24, 127, 259–60, 471–72 Freud, Sigmund, 14, 300–301, 341–42, 432, genocide, 9–10, 76, 104, 280–81, 422, 424, 458–59, 565 439–40, 520–21, 585–86 Freytag, Gustav, 378–79 Geonim, 97, 220–21 Fried, Alfred, 317–18, 359–60 George, Stefan, 458–59, 489–90, 528 Fried, Erich, 553 George Circle, 458–60, 489–90, 514 Friedenthal, Aaron, 167–68 German-acculturated Jews. See acculturation, Friedjung, Heinrich, 287, 346 German-Jewish; German Jews, Friedländer, David, 168–69, 185 acculturated Friedman, Alexander Zysha, 471 German Christianity, 391 Die Torah Quelle, 470 German Club (Deutschnationaler Verband) in the Friedrich, Carl, 6–7 Austrian parliament, 283–84 Friedrichs-Werdersche Kirche, 246 German culture, 42–43, 227–28, 350–51, 378, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, 193, 245 379, 380, 382, 468, 483, 514. See also Fries, Jakob Friedrich, 191, 207, 321–22, 380–81 Bildung Fritsch, Theodor, 391 as Austrian imperial mission, 44, 272–73, 283, Fromm, Erich, 570, 571 305–6, 334, 337–38, 350, 366–67 as deﬁning Deutschtum, 283 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 491 Jewish national literature and, 422–23 Gafni, Moshe, 590–91 Jews and, 193–94, 261, 284–85, 315, 334, Gager, John, 81 379–80, 404–5, 410, 523–24, 538, 578–80 Gagern, Carlos von, 360 racialization of, 382, 418–19

706 Index

German Democratic Party (DDP), 382 Catholics and, 347, 378–79 German Diaspora, 296, 297, 299–300, 306–7, Christian culture and, 398 333–34 cosmopolitanism and, 405–6 German Empire, 192, 193, 281, 284–85, 312. See German Austrians and, 283 also Germany; Prussia German national culture, 281–82, 284–85, 392, German identity, 192, 295–96, 300, 534–35. See 403–4 also German nationalism; national culture, Jewish Question and, 283, 294, 394–95 German liberal, 247–48, 283, 378–79, 380–81 Christianity and, 379–81 liberal Jews and, 43–44, 248, 283, 284–85, hybrid Czech-German, 289–90 300–304, 378–79 German-Jewish identity, 217–18, 277, 319, 393, racialization of, 283–84, 392 395, 405, 408–9, 484, 582–83. See also Socialists and, 372–73 German Jews, acculturated German Progressives (Deutsche Fortschrittspartei), German and Jewish identity, 408–9 283–84 hybridity, 444–45 German Question, 297, 339–40 patriotism, 406–7 Germany, 138–39, 168–69, 187–89, 245, 260, German-Jewish liberalism. See German 281, 284–85, 393–94, 408–9, 527–28, 555 liberalism, Jewish Democratic Greater, 44, 335–39, 345 German-Jewish literature, 484, 564–65, 578–80. Erneuerung (Nazi) of, 405–6 See also specific figures federalism and, 191, 281 Edom and, 449–50 Greater, 283, 299, 335–39, 343, 345 Esau in, 423 Greens, 582 expressionism in, 425–26 Jews in, 2–3, 43–44, 168–70, 193, 197–98, 223, German-Jewish hybridity in, 444–45 224–25, 227, 228, 230–31, 234–35, Jacob & Esau and, 425–26 252–53, 293, 378–79, 409, 412. See also Jewish identity in, 440 German-acculturated Jews; modernism, 440 German-Jewish identity reconciliation and, 425–26 nationalization of, 281, 393–94 war and, 449–50 as New Babylon, 408–9 utopias of, 425–26, 440–50 policies toward Polish minority, 281, 421 German Jews, 168–69, 193, 201–2, 223, 236, remigrés in, 555 260, 269, 279. See also German-Jewish reunification of, 547–48 identity Third Reich, 299–300 acculturated, 288, 298, 300–301, 304, 306, unification of, 188–89, 191, 337, 344, 378, 409 307, 335–36, 343–44, 345–46, 381–82, West, 547 399. See also acculturation, German-Jewish Wilhelmine, 392, 396 assimilation and, 193, 234–35, 289–90, 381, Gersonides (Levi ben Gershom), 98–99 382, 394, 396, 412–13, 469–70, 471, 575 Gesamtdeutsch, 364–65 conversion of, 205, 208, 227–28, 284–85, Gesamteuropa, 351 315–16, 381 Gevurah, 121–22, 125, 173 German nationalism and, 283, 284–85, 378–79 ghettoization, 197–98 integration of, 42–44, 168–70, 223, 224–25, Gilboa, Amir 230–31, 234–35, 252–53, 293, 378–79, “Isaac,” 585 409, 412 “Israel,” 585 as invisible community with own subculture, “We were like Returnees,” 585 234–35 Gilson, Étienne, 503–4 Jewish emancipation and, 189–91, 193, Ginsburg, Shai, 436 197–98, 217–18, 222, 223, 224, 235, 253, Gladstein, Jacob, 430, 433 261, 409, 412, 415–16 Gleichberechtigung, 398 Jewish ethnicity and, 223–35, 377, 393–94 Gleichberechtigung der Nationalitäten, 286, 311–12 liberal Protestantism and, 378–84, 390–91, Gleichschaltung, 358 403–5, 406 globalization, 521–32 racialization of, 260, 392, 420, 494–95 Glossa Ordinaria, 107–8 German liberalism, 188–89, 190, 283, 284–85. Gneist, Rudolf von, 381 See also liberal Protestantism Gnosticism, 125, 408 Jewish, 307, 396 Godesberg Manifesto, 391 National Liberals, 279–80, 362, 378–79. See Goebbels, Joseph, 450–51 also liberalism, Jewish; liberal Jews Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 191, 196, 197, German nationalism, 192–93, 199–200, 201–2, 199, 514, 529–30 279–80, 285, 289, 300–301, 343, 344, Gog u-Magog, 73–74, 466 400–401, 408–9 Goldberg, Oskar, 462–63, 468 antisemitism and, 316–17 Golden Legend, The, 110

Index 707

Goldenberg, Robert, 80–81 antisemitism and, 388 Goldmann, Lucien, 570 Bibel oder Babel? (Bible or Babylonia) Goldstein, Moritz, “The German-Jewish controversy and, 388–89 Parnassus,” 376 on Christianity, 390–91 Gombrich, Ernst, 4, 342 on Genesis, 387 Gomperz, Heinrich, 346 Jacob & Esau and, 385–86, 387, 388, 389 Gordon, Peter, 411 Jewish Question and, 390–91 Goths, 100 liberal Protestantism and, 389, 390–91 Gotzmann, Andreas, 164, 229–30 Old Testament and, 384–93 , 427–28, 435–36 Guri, Hayim goyim ˙ Graetz, Heinrich, 169, 253, 261, 263–64, “On Pillow Stone,” 597 380, 409 “Smell of the Field,” 599 Gramschi, Antonio, 573 Gurian, Waldemar, 549 Grattenauer, Karl, 197–98 Gzeyres, 184–85 Graz, Austria, 569 Great Jewish Revolt against the Romans, 65 Ha-am, Ahad, 434–35 ˙ Great Purges, 344, 449–50 Habermas, Jürgen, 1–2, 13–14, 542–43, 573 Great Schism, 92 Habsburg Monarchy, 53, 191, 208, 213, 282–83, Greater Austria, 334, 345–46, 350–51, 362–63, 292–93, 344–45, 349–50, 563–64. See also 364–65 Austrian Empire; Austria-Hungary European, 346–55 “Austrian Idea” and, 349–50 Greater Germany, 44, 283, 299–300, 335–46 Catholicism and, 564 Democratic, 44, 337–39, 345 “Habsburg multinationalism,” 292 Greece, 93 Habsburg restoration of Jewish community Greek Orthodox Church, 137–38, 184 after expulsion, 213 Greeks, 97–98, 240–41 Jewish attachment to, 16, 38–39, 369. See also Greenberg, Gershon, 471 Austria-Hungary, nostalgia for Greenberg, Uri Zvi, 423, 425–26, 433, 435–36, – – ˙ myth of, 11, 334, 350, 364 65, 366 67. See also 437, 585–86 Austria-Hungary, nostalgia for Arab-Jewish conﬂict and, 436, 438–39 Socialists and, 562–63, 567–68. See also Esau and, 438–39 Austria-Hungary, socialism and Holocaust and, 438 Hacohen, Eden, 62 “In the Kingdom of the Cross,” 435 Hacohen, Reem, 608–9 “One Truth and Not Two,” 438 Hadar, 124 rabbinic paradigms and, 436 Hadas-Lebel, Mireille, 66–67 as revisionist poet, 436 Hadrian, 86 Streets of the River, 435–36 Hafez Hayim (Yisrael Meir Hakohen), 470 ˙ ˙ ˙ “Vision of a Legionnaire,” 436 Hagar, 95–96 Zionism and, 436, 437–38 Hainisch, Michael, 341 Greens, 574–75, 581, 582 Hakoah, 356 Gregoire, Abbé, 185 halakhah, 116, 208–9, 220–21, 223, 229–30, Gregory of Tours, 520 336, 588 Gregory the Great, 107–8 halakhic rulings, 116 Grenzlogen, 358–59 history of, according to Sofer, 216 Grillparzer, Franz, 564–65 obedience to, 222 Groethuysen, Bernard, 494 relaxation of, 195–96 Gronemann, Sammy, 424, 450 halakhists, 208 background of, 454 Halevi, Ber Frank, 210 Jakob und Christian, 454–56 Halevi, Judah, 112 Grossdeutsche Volkspartei, 346 Halperin, David, 171–72 grossdeutsch rubric, 337–38, 345, 365 Haman, 73–74, 76, 275, 398, 401, 412, 439–40, Grossloge von Wien, 358–59, 360 456, 471–72 Grossraumpolitik, 370–71, 373–74 Hamann, Johann Georg, 199 Grübl, Raimund, 315 Hamburg, Germany, 216–17, 261–62 Grundmann, Walter, 391 Hamburg Reformers, 213–14, 231, 398–99 Gruppe 47, 553 Hamburg Temple, 213–14, 230–31, 251 Guardini, Romano, 504 sermon culture in, 231–32 Güdemann, Moritz, 272, 304, 400–401 Ha-Measef, 163–64, 168–69 Guizot, François, 227–28 ha-Meiri, Menahem, 218–19 ˙ Gundolf, Friedrich, 446, 459 Ha-Modia, 588–89 Gunkel, Hermann, 11, 375, 417–18, 419, Handke, Peter, 569, 573 507, 517 Hans Deutsch Verlag, 567

708 Index

Hansen-Löve, Friedrich, 551–52 liberal Protestantism and, 248, 389, 391, Hanukkah, 394, 400, 412–13 392, 507 ˙ Hanusch, Ferdinand, 359–60 Moses Mendelssohn’s. See Biur Haredi, 237, 271. Orthodox Judaism; Nazi racial policy and, 392 ˙ See also Ultra-Orthodox Judaism New Testament and, 20–21, 85, 109–13, 142, Hareven, Shulamith, 611 238–39, 241, 243, 277–78, 391, 507–8. See Harif, Hanan, 308 typology ˙ ˙ also Harnack, Adolph von, 378, 390, 403–5, 406, proposed decanonization of, 390, 391–92 486–87, 507–8, 510 Hebrew literature, 10, 368–69, 422–23, 592. See Har-Shefi, Avishar, 124–25 also specific authors and works Hartmann, Geoffrey, 50, 533 Austrian Empire in, 611 Haselbauer, Franz, 157 Austro-Romantic nostalgia in, 369–70 Hasidic Judaism, 171, 236–37, 254–55, Christian familiarity with, 112, 155 ˙ 260 expressionism in, 425–26 Chabad Hasidism, Esau and, 605, German culture and, 422–23 ˙ 606 German literature and, 422–23 Christian–Jewish relations and, 259 imperial nostalgia of Zionist writers, 368–69 Esau and, 605, 606 Israel, State of, and, 592 Gerrer Hasidim, 258–59 Jacob & Esau and, 425–26 ˙ Jacob & Esau and, 254–60, 470 paradigmatic shift in, 595 political docility of, 258–59 Hebrew Prophets, 382–83, 394, 396, 398, Satmar Hasidim, 588–89 399–400, 403–4, 406–7, 412, 413 ˙ Haskalah, 215–17, 224, 236–37, 254–55, 280–81, Hebron, 64 304, 311, 413, 426–27 Heer, Friedrich, 570 bible of, 162–63. See also Biur Hegel, G. W. F., 323, 324, 325, 493–94 Haskalah debates, 169–70 Heidegger, Martin, 6–7, 489–90, 491 Haskalah reform, 163–64, 165 Heilgeschichte, 352 Haskalah traditionalism, 162–70 Heimat, 320–21, 367, 400, 532 Hirsch and, 261 Heine, Heinrich, 3, 11, 12–13, 14, 225, 226–27, Jewish emancipation and, 169–70 228, 253, 369 modernity and, 169 background of, 225 rabbinic, 164–65 conversion of, 227–28 vs. rabbinic culture, 208–9 as German-Jewish intellectual, 225, 227–28 Sabbatean movements and, 170 German-Jewish relations and, 226–27, 228 Scholem and, 171 The Rabbi of Bacherach, 225–27 Sofer’s opposition to, 212 “To Edom,” 194, 225–26, 228 synagogue reform and, 224 Hekhalot literature, 120 Hasmonaeans, 65, 131–32 Hekhalot Rabbati, 119–20 Hauesserman, Ernst, 563 Hellenes, 252–53 Havel, Václav, 573 Hellenism, 398 Hayek, Friedrich, 348–49 Hellenistic Period, 64 Haym, Rudolf, 201 Hellweg, Martin, 524–25, 529 Hebraism, 155, 156–57, 240. See also Christian Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm, 241, 242 Hebraism Herbert of Bosham, 112 Hebrew, 310–11, 328. See also Hebrew Literature Herder, Johann Gottfried, 196, 197, 198–99, Christian knowledge of, 112 205–6, 509–10 Haskalah instruction of, 228 Adrastea, 197 Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, 241, 247–48 ancient Hebrews and, 203 Auerbach and, 505, 507–8, 516, 517–18, 519. antisemitism and, 200–202, 204, 207 See also Pentateuch; Torah; specific books; background of, 199 Biur; Buber-Rosenzweig’s Bible Christian–Jewish relations and, 204–7 biblical criticism of, 196, 238–39, 240, 241, citizenship and, 198–99 263–64, 277–78, 375, 384–93, 396, concept of individuality, 202–3 414–15, 416, 420. See also Gunkel and concept of nation, 202–3 Biur. See Biur conflicting statements on Jews, 202–3 Buber-Rosenzweig’s. See Buber-Rosenzweig conversion and, 198–99, 205–6, 208 Bible “Converting the Jews” (Bekehrung der Juden), Christological interpretation of, 229, 233, 198–202, 205 243–44 as Counter-Enlightenment figure, 199–201, Gunkel and, 384–93 204, 207 Judaization of, 391 as crypto-Zionist, 200–201

Index 709

defense of Patriarchs, 203–4 traditionalism of, 264–65 German nationalism and, 199–200 utopianism of, 269–71 historicization and, 202–3 historical theology, 162–63, 239, 241, 381–82, Humanität and, 204, 206–7 384, 507–8 hybridity and, 201–2 liberal, 241, 244–45, 247–48, 408, 410, 487. invention of Jewish nation, 204 See also liberal theology on Ishmael, 203–4 historiography, 12–13, 50–52, 409 Jacob & Esau typology and, 197–207 of imperial Austria, 334–35 Jewish Diaspora and, 204–5 Jewish, 51–52 Jewish emancipation and, 200–202, 205, 206–7 Jewish converts and, 135–36 Jewish Question and, 198–99, 200–201, 205 Jewish European, 3–5, 49, 50–51, 135–36 modern biblical scholarship and, 202–3 medieval Jewish, 105–6 nation-state and, 201–2, 207 postnational turn in, 11 as philosemitic, 199–200 typology and, 106 Popper on, 325 Zionism and, 51–52, 413, 538–39 as prophet of multiculturalism and history. See also Jewish history, poststructuralist critic of Weimar turn against, 408–9, 410, 411–12, Enlightenment, 201 413–14, 420 reconciliation of Jacob and Esau and, 207 History of Religions schools, 384–85 reputation of, 199–200 Hitler, Adolf, 392–93, 496, 509, 542–43, 560–61 supersessionism and, 204–5 Hobsbawm, Eric, 554, 570 tolerance and, 205 Hoffman, David Zevi, 263–64, 406–7, 416 ˙ universalism and, 207 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 292–93, 349–50, Vom Geist der ebräischen Poesie (On the spirit of 365–66, 492–93, 531, 563, 564–65 Hebrew poetry, 1781–83), 203–4 Hofmannsthal family, 349 Herod the Great, 65, 131 Holdheim, Samuel, 238, 246–47, 248–54, Hertz, Friedrich, 310, 334, 343–44, 370 277, 278 Hertzka, Theodor, 317 Hollinger, David, 534 Freiland (Free land), 318 Holocaust, 9–10, 12, 55, 134–35, 278, 280–81, Herxheimer, Salomon, 264–65 287–88, 332, 392–93, 424, 436, 472–73, Herzl, Theodor, 307, 308–9, 310–11, 454 541, 543, 546, 575, 577, 584–85 Der Judenstaat, 304 68ers and, 576–78 Herzmanovsky-Orlando, Fritz von, 564–65 Amaleq and, 424–25, 469–74 Hescheles, Jeremiah, “Esau on a Visit,” 474 Auerbach and, 510–21, 524–25 Hesed (sphere), 121–22 Baron and, 52 ˙ Hess, Jonathan, 169–70 Christian martyrology and, 509–10 , 280, 422 Christianity and, 587 H˙ ibat˙ Ziyon Hildebrand, Dietrich von commemoration of, 49 on antisemitism, 354–55 destruction of Jewish intelligentsia by, 541–42 “The Jews and the Christian West,” 354–55 Esau and, 585–86 Hildesheimer, Rabbi Azriel, 260, 263–64, 270–71 European confrontation with, 579 Hilferding, Rudolf, 339 European identity and, 581, 593, 612–13 Hindenburg, Paul von, 405–6 German-Jewish literature and, 449–50 Hirsch, Samson Raphael, 230–31, 238, 252–54, Greenberg and, 438 260–72, 275, 409, 414–15, 420, 590 Israel and, 589–90 background of, 261–62 Jacob & Esau typology and, 584, 585–86, 592–93 commentary on Genesis, 238 Jewish history and, 614 cosmopolitanism and, 264–65, 268–69, Jewish intelligentsia and, 579 271, 278 “latency” in European culture, 541 dogmatism of, 270–71 memory of, 612–13 Enlightenment and, 261–62, 264–66, 268–69 messianism and, 473, 589–90 Haskalah and, 261 Morgenstern and, 476–77, 481, 482 Horev, 261–62 non-Orthodox Jews blamed for, 470 ˙ ideal of Mensch-Israel, 262, 265–66 Orthodox Judaism and, 469–74 Jacob & Esau and, 238, 260–71, 277–78 as punishment for Jews’ transgressions, 473 Jewish emancipation and, 238, 265–66, 268, Torberg, Friedrich, and, 560–61 269–70 traditional Jews and, 424–25, 520–21 Mensch-Israel, 262, 265–66 typology and, 483–84, 508–10, 515–16, Nineteen Letters on Judaism, 261–62 520–25, 538–39, 584, 592–93 opposition to Jewish Studies, 263–64 Ultra-Orthodox Judaism and, 424–25, 471–73, originality of, 264–65 588–90 reconciliation of Jacob and Esau and, 268–69 Vatican II and, 354–55

710 Index

Holocaust (cont.) Hyppolitus, 85–86 Zionism and, 473, 589–90 Hyrcanus, King John, 65 Holocaust poetry, 566–67 Holy Roman Empire, 11–12, 138–39, 282–83 Iberian Peninsula, 137–38, 171. See also Spain; associated with Edom, 105 Sephardic Jews Austria as inheritor of, 29, 282–83, 349–50 Ibn Daud, Abraham, 105–6 Christian–Jewish relations in, 101 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 97–98, 99, 100–101, 112–13, demise as Edom topos, 179–80, 184 131, 133–34, 166–68 dissolution of, 30, 184–85, 191 Ibn Verga, Solomon, 138–39, 156–57 fragmentation of, 101, 138–39 Idrot, 123–24, 125–26, 147 Jewish approbation of, 26–27, 29, 30, Idra Rabbah, 123–24 184–85, 213 Idra Zuta, 123–24 Sofer’s glamorization of, 213, 223 Idumaea, 55–56, 60–61, 62, 64, 65, 99. See also Homberg, Herz, 167 Edom Homeric epic, vs. Hebrew Bible, 517–18 Idumaeans, 65, 100, 106–8, 116, 134 Horkheimer, Max, 571–72, 573 Iglau, Moravia, 400–401 Horovitz, Jakob, 459, 462–63 imitatio Christi, 519–20 Horowitz, Isaiah Halevi, Shenei Luhot ha-Berit ˙ Imperial Diet (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss), 192 (Two tables of the covenant), 152, 153, 154 imperialism, 288, 324, 325, 326, 327, 346, Horowitz, Pinhas Eliahu, 218–19 – ˙ 566 67 Horowitz, Pinhas ha-Levi, 211 – ˙ imperial pluralism, 10, 11, 254, 285, 288, 294 95, Hosea, 63, 74–75 299, 308, 332–74, 422, 563 Hrdlička, Alfred, 573 Austrian Germans and, 373–74 Hubalek, Felix, 551–52 Austrian Jews and, 285–86, 372–74 Hübner, Johann, 230 Austro-Romantics and, 365 Biblische Erzählungen aus dem Alten und Neuen Catholics and, 372–73 Testamente, 142, 242–43 internationalism and, 337 Hugh of St. Victor, 400, 484, 531–32 Jewish writers and, 366 Huguenots, 189 liberal Jews and, 300–301 humanism, 224–25, 295–96, 300, 337–38, 405, Popper on, 326–27 483, 492, 493, 497, 527–28, 563 imperium christianum, 101 Auerbach and, 492, 513, 514–15, 528, 529, Inngraf, Alexander, 559 530, 537 Innocent III, Pope, 105 German, 190–91, 337–38, 405, 483, 492, 493, Inquisition, 117–18, 137–38 497, 514–15, 563, 590 Institut für Konjunkturforschung, 348–49 Hirsch and, 590 integration. See European integration; Jewish Mann’s effort to create new, 458–59 integration Nazism and, 514 intelligentsia. See also Jewish intelligentsia philological, 514 Austrian, 345–46 Humanitas Freemasons lodge, 317–18, 359–60 German, 319, 510 Humanität, 201–2, 204, 206–7 Polish, 40–41 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 188–89, 206–7 Russian, 40–41 Hundert, Gerson, 10 intermarriage, 59, 64, 349, 375–76, 399–400, Hungarians, 296, 299, 306–7, 564 402–3, 418–19, 464, 467, 468–69 Hungary, 224, 237, 254, 260, 281–82, 334–35, International 351, 547–48 2½ International (Vienna International), 338 antisemitism in, 280 Comintern, 338–39 Hasidic Judaism in, 254–55 ˙ Labour and Socialist International (Sozialistische Jewish emancipation in, 254–55 Arbeiter-Internationale), 338–39 liberal Jews in, 285–86 Second International, 338–39 Magyarization in, 285–86 Socialist International, 562–63 Revolution of 1919, 370 internationalism, 43, 52, 192, 288, 299, 336–37, Uprising of 1848, 283 343–44, 350–51, 361, 362, 405, 408–9, , 55, 56, 614 – – H˙ urban 426 27, 582 83 Hus, Avraham, “Penuel,” 597 68ers and, 581 Hutner, Yizhak, 607 ˙ ˙ Catholic, 192 hybridity imperial pluralism and, 337 anxiety about, 212–13 liberal, 358–64 German-Jewish, 444–45 messianic, 344 Herder and, 201–2 Neurath and, 371 Jewish–Christian hybridities, 168, 183, socialist, 299, 336–39, 405, 408–9 185–86 Soviet Union and, 339–40 Sabbatean, 171, 185–86 Wilsonian, 361

Index 711

Yiddish literature and, 425–32 Herder on, 203–7 internationalization, 541, 542, 544–45, 575–76 vs. Ishmael, 95–96 international law, 324, 325 in Reform Judaism, 194–95, 224–25, 229, interwar years, 362–63 246–47, 249, 250 Intifada, First, 600 Zadoq Hacohen on, 256 ˙ intolerance, 117–18, 281 Israel, State of, 48, 473, 575, 592, 612 Ionesco, Eugène, 553 1967 War and, 584–85, 592–93 Irenaeus, Against Heresies,85 Catholicism and, 594–95 Iron Curtain, 547–48 Christian fundamentalism and, 606 Iron Ring, 287 disengagement from Gaza, 608 Isaac, 57–59, 70, 74–75, 84, 95–97, 120–21, 134, foundation of, 481, 611, 613 240–41, 243, 246–47, 265, 266, 465 future of, 613 in Alon, 599 Hebrew literature and, 592 in Auerbach’s Mimesis, 515–16 Holocaust and, 589–90 in Beer-Hofmann, 444–45 Jacob & Esau and, 584, 589 in Benno Jacob, 416–17 Jewish Diaspora and, 596–97 in Bible Moralisée, 108 Jewish history and, 614 burial of, 386 longevity of, 612 in Hebrew literature, 598 Morgenstern and, 481 Ishmael and, 134 nation-state and, 612 in Jewish homiletic tradition, 520 Orthodox Jews and, 603–4 in Manger, 431 Popper on, 328 Maybaum on, 398–99 post-1967 occupation and, 596–97 in medieval church dramas, 110–12 Protestantism and, 594–95 Reem Hacohen on, 608 Ultra-Orthodox Jews and, 589–90 in Reform exegesis, 231–32, 233 War of Independence, 584–85, 595, 597 in Reform textbooks, 229 Israeli culture in Shalev, 602–3 Jacob & Esau and, 595 in Tamuz, 595–97 universalization of biblical topoi in, 597 Zadoq Hacohen of Lublin on, 258 Israeli Left, anti-imperialism and, 611 ˙ in Zohar, 121–22 Israeli–Palestinian conﬂict, 611, 613, 614 Isaacson, Meron, “Jacob’s Destiny,” 597 Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, 353 Isaiah, 62, 104, 132, 136, 274–75, 390 Isserlein, Yisrael, 220 216 ,( א״מר ) Ishmael, 48–49, 70, 73–74, 94–95, 96–99, Isserles, Moses 103, 607 Istanbul University, 496–97, 498–99, 512 Arab–Jewish conﬂict and, 587 Italy, 93, 187–89, 192 Benno Jacob and, 418–19 Christian Europe and, 91–136 Jacob, 8–9, 52–53, 120–21, 242, 243, 612. See also Esau and, 92–104 Jacob & Esau vs. Esau, 95–96 Alon and, 599 in Genesis Amichai and, 597 Herder on, 203–4 Amir-Pinkerfeld and, 439 Isaac and, 134 antisemitic stereotyping of, 375, 424, 450, Jewish hatred for, 612 451 liberation from, 99 Auerbach and, 501 in Midrash, 95–97 Barash and, 439–40 in pre-Islamic rabbinic literature, 95–96 Beer-Hoffmann and, 443, 444–45 secondary role of, 95 Benno Jacob and, 414–20 in Tannaitic literature, 95–96 Bethel vision of, 244, 246–47, 249, 267, Isidore of Seville, 95, 107–8 443, 444 Islam, 79, 103. See also Islamic Caliphate; Muslims Bialik and, 434–35 Christian Empire and, 92–104 as bourgeois and cosmopolitan, 194–95, Europe and, 612–13 253–54 Jacob & Esau and, 92 Buber-Rosenzweig Bible and, 419–20 Jewish converts to, 171 Celan and, 584 Midrash’s hostility toward, 103 Chajes and, 402 Islamic Caliphate, 79, 93–94, 95, 99, as Christian, 106–7, 196, 244, 246, 247–48, 103 277–78, 390, 392–93, 444–45 Israel (Jacob) 242 Christian typology and, 239, 244, 389, 587 brotherhood with Edom, 221 Christianity’s claim to heritage of, 66–67, 80, Christian typology and, 587 84, 106–8, 114–15, 375 Frank on, 177, 178, 179–80 Coleridge and, 384

712 Index

Jacob (cont.) Alon and, 599 as cosmopolitan, 231, 238, 253–54, 255, Amir-Pinkerfeld and, 439 264–65, 268–69, 276–77, 395 in Anglo-Saxon Hexateuch, 158 demoted in Jewish national discourse, 423 antisemitism and, 423, 424, 450, 451 denationalization of, 598–99 Arab–Jewish conﬂict and, 589 Diaspora mission of, 248–54 Auerbach and, 539 Eibeschütz and, 173, 174 Barash and, 439–40 emancipation and, 223–35, 394 Beer-Hoffman and, 443, 444 as embodiment of Jewish people, 251, 607–8 Benno Jacob and, 395, 415–20 as European, 193–94, 611 Bialik and, 426, 433–34 Evangelical State Church and, 247 in Bible Moralisée, 108 as father of Jewish nation, 9, 70, 71–72 in Biblia Pauperum, 109–10 as guide on relations with Romans, 76 biblical story of, 8–9 Herder and, 203–4 biblical story revised in Book of the Jubilees, Holdheim and, 248–54, 277 64 Jacob legends cycle (Sagenkranz), 385–86 as Bildungsroman in Hirsch, 265 in Jesuit catechism, 242–43 in Bin Nun, 609, 610 as Jewish, 375–420, 450, 451, 598, 604, 612 in Biur, 166–67 Jollos and, 447–49 as brother citizens, 187–88, 193–94, 195–96 Kvitko and, 429–30 Buber-Rosenzweig Bible and, 410–11 Lasker-Schüler and, 441 Catholicism and, 238–48 liberal Protestantism and, 240–41, 248, Celan and, 584 392–93 in early modern Jewish Bibles, 142–43 limping of, 419–20 Eibeschütz and, 174, 176–77, 185–86 as lover, 425, 433, 435 Enlightenment and, 137, 260 in Lurianic Kabbalah, 151, 152, 181 as ethnic types, 425 Luther’s portrayal of, 140 Frank and, 177, 179–80, 182, 183, 185–86 Manger and, 431–32 Greenberg and, 423 Mann and, 424, 457–69 Gronemann and, 454 in medieval church dramas, 110–12 Gunkel and, 385–86, 387, 388, 389 medieval vernacular renderings of, 110 Hasidic Judaism and, 254–60, 470 ˙ paciﬁst, 449–50 Herder and, 197–207 as Patriarch, 63–64, 70, 71–72, 73–74, 194–95, Hirsch and, 260–71, 420 223–35, 277 Holdheim and, 250 Peretz and, 429 Horowitz and, 152, 153, 154 rabbinic, 73–79, 194–95, 395–96, 403, 404–6, Islam and, 92 407, 420, 425, 602–3, 608–9 Israel and, 589, 595 Rachel and, 597 Jellinek and, 271–77 racialization of, 375–420 Jollos and, 425–26, 447–50 Reform Judaism and, 224, 228, 229, 231–32, Jonas and, 251, 252–53 233–34, 248–54, 396–97 Josephus’s portrayal of, 66 re-Judaization of, 196, 375–420 Kanter on, 400–401 return of as collective redemption, 178 in Kvitko, 429–30 as second Adam, 121–22 Lasker-Schüler and, 425–26, 441, 442–43 Shabbetai Zevi as new, 174 Lau and, 606, 607 ˙ Shalev and, 601, 603 Leibowitz and, 590–91 shift from nation to universal symbol, in Lurianic Kabbalah, 151–52 596–97 Luther’s portrayal of, 140, 141, 142 Shlonsky and, 435 Manger and, 430–32 in Sholem Aleichem, 427–28 Mann and, 424, 457, 463–69 Shteynberg and, 435 Maybaum and, 396–97, 398 as “Stammesvater,” 224 Medan and, 107–12, 609–10 struggle with angel, 250–51, 268–69, 276, 386, Mendele Mohker-Sforim and, 427 400–401, 402, 419–20, 444, 604 Morgenstern and, 424–25, 482 in Tamuz, 595–97 Nicholas of Lyra and, 130 Zionism and, 433, 434–35, 439, 585–86, Paul of Burgos and, 132–33 596–97 Peretz and, 429 in Zohar, 121–22 reconciliation of, 74–75, 123, 158–62, 167, Jacob & Esau, 11–12, 50–51, 108, 112, 240–41, 182, 183, 207, 217, 238, 247–48, 252–53, 254–55, 471, 607–8. See also Jacob & Esau 260–71, 277, 400–401, 419–20, 423, typology 425–26, 430–31, 443, 448–50, 590, 604, Agnon and, 434 607, 608–9

Index 713

Reem Hacohen and, 608–9 Jacobson, Israel, 169, 213–14 in Reform textbooks, 229 Jacobson, Moses, Bischlômâh schel malkhûth,395–96 Religious Left in Israel and, 608 Unser Erzvater Jacob – das Vorbild einer Sacks and, 604–5 Stadtverordeneten, 395–96 Schäfer and, 451–53, 454 Jaeserich, Hellmut, 580 Shalev and, 600–601, 602–4 Jameson, Frederic, 533 Shneerson and, 605, 606 Jaqob-el, 385–86 Sholem Aleichem and, 427–28 Jaspers, Karl, 485 Sofer and, 217, 219 Jászi, Oscar, 286, 334–35 in Tanya, 256 Jehovah (Yahweh), 242, 384–85 usury and, 115 Jelinek, Elfriede, 569, 573, 577–78 Wagenseil and, 157–58 Jellinek, Adolf, 12, 194–95, 224–25, 238, 277, Zadoq Hacohen of Lublin and, 256, 257–59 283, 285, 377, 400–401 ˙ Zionism and, 433–35, 602–3 1861 Passover sermon on the Song of in Zohar, 119–20, 122, 123, 125 Solomon, 274 Jacob & Esau typology, 57, 67–68, 73–74, on Amaleq, 275, 276–77 139–40, 590, 612, 614. See also Jacob & antisemitism and, 273–74, 275–76 Esau on Balaam, 274, 275–76 apocalyptic meaning of, 55–56, 62, 67–68, 75, Christian–Jewish relations and, 274–75 96–97 cosmopolitanism and, 274 Arab–Jewish conflict and, 585–87, 590–92 Die neue Zeit, 301–2 Christian, 9–10, 114–15, 196, 238–48 on Esau, 276, 277, 278 Christian–Jewish dialogue and, 588 as face of Viennese Jewry, 273–74 Christian–Jewish relations and, 57, 84–85, imperial patriotism and, 290–91 103–4, 277, 354–55, 587, 588 imperial politics and, 303–4 Church Fathers and, 79, 83–90 Jewish emancipation and, 271–77, 278 dissolution of, 23, 52–53, 584–85, 596–97, 605 on “Jewish particularism,” 274 eschatology and, 23–24, 55, 57–72, 125–26, liberal politics and, 301 146–54, 260, 261 messianism and, 273–75 as exemplum for Roman–Jewish relations, 76 as Prediger, 230–31, 273 Holocaust and, 17–18, 48–49, 584, 585–86, universalism and, 274, 275–76 592–93 Jellinek, Hermann, 272–73 Israel and, 18–19, 48–49, 584 Jelski, Julius, 412–13 Jewish emancipation and, 11, 187–235, Jeremiah, 62, 63, 74–75, 367 236–78, 375–420, 590 Jeremias, Alfred, 460–61 in Mendelssohn, 162–70 Jeremi Wisńiowiecki, Prince, 138–39 Muslim–Christian struggle and, 92 Jerome, 88–89, 95 Nazism and, 392–93, 395, 450–51 Jerusalem post-Holocaust, 49, 52–53, 588–90 Arab conquest of, 93–94 Protestantism and, 196, 238–48, 375, 388, 389, Byzantine reconquest of, 94–95 390–91, 466, 594–95 Christian reworking of Jewish concept of, 106–7 rabbinic, 9, 55–90, 92, 102, 103–4, 123–24, commemoration of destruction of, 52, 62 125–35, 162–63, 170, 185–86, 193–94, cosmopolitan, 412 229–30, 231, 250–51, 255, 261, 271–72, Crusaders’ conquest of, 106–7 377, 407–8, 423, 425, 442, 443, 454, destruction of, 8, 52, 55, 62, 63, 436 591–93, 612, 613, 614 fall to Saladin, 106–7 racialization and, 420 Lasker-Schüler on, 442–43 Reform Judaism and, 195, 229–30, 231–32, Persian conquest, 57 233–34 rebuilt, 56 Roman–Jewish relations and, 56–57 Rome and, 102, 103–4, 436, 437–38 Zionism and, 434, 435–36, 585–86, 589–90 Jeschurun, 262, 263–64 Jacob, Benno, 4–5, 387, 395, 406–7, 414–20, Jesuits, 189 590 Jesus, crucifixion of, 516, 594–95 background of, 414 Jesus Christ, 84–85, 107–8, 112–13, 239, 243, biblical exegesis and, 484 244, 390–91, 403 ethical monotheism and, 415–16 Aryanization of, 375, 379, 382–83, 390–91 Genesis commentary of, 377, 414–20, 484 in Biblia Pauperum, 110 hermeneutic project of, 416, 418–19 Christian readings into rabbinic vision of liberal Judaism and, 415–16 redemption, 127, 128 Midrash and, 377 crucifixion of, 118, 392 rabbinic Jacob and, 414–20 de-Judaization of, 248, 379, 390 rabbinic tradition and, 420 Jewishness of, 248

714 Index

Jesus Christ (cont.) in Germany, 193, 197–98, 223, 261, 283 re-Judaization of, 404–5 Haskalah and, 169–70 as second Adam, 122 Herder and, 197, 198–99, 200–202, 205, Jewish anti-Catholicism, 378–79 206–7 Jewish–Arab conﬂict, binationalist solution to, 6–7 Hirsch and, 262, 265–66, 268, 269–70 Jewish authenticity, 2–3, 5, 377, 410 image of Jacob in the age of, 230, 231, 254, Weimar generation and, 408 394, 420 Jewish–Catholic alliance, 292–96, 354, 372–73 Jacob & Esau and, 11, 187–235, 236–78, Jewish Catholic modernists, 563 375–420, 590 Jewish-Christian hybridities, 171, 183, 185–86 Jellinek and, 271–77, 278 Jewish Christians, 82–83, 519. See also Jewish education and, 228–30 conversion; conversos; Jewish converts Jewish identity and, 193 Jewish Club (in the Austrian Reichsrat), 307 Jews’ and Christians’ different expectations Jewish converts, 131, 135–36, 170, 171 for, 235 Jewish cosmopolitan mission, 403–4, 412, 413–14 Kabbalah and, 260 Jewish curia, 310 Mannheimer on, 233–35 Jewish Diaspora, 49–50, 51–52, 274, 276, 297, nation-state and, 188–89, 235 333, 595, 596, 603. See also Diaspora Neo-Orthodoxy and, 261 nationalism, Jewish Orthodox Judaism and, 195–96, 277–78 Agnon on the untenability of, 434–35 petitions to reverse, 279–80 in Austria, 224 Protestantism and, 247–48, 378, 390–91 Bialik on the untenability of, 434–35 Reform Judaism and, 253, 277–78 Buber-Rosenzweig Bible and, 410–11 Selbst-Emancipation, 308–9 cosmopolitanism of, 367, 595 Sofer and, 208, 223 as ethical mission, 224–25, 248–54, 396 Treitschke on, 380 in Germany, 223, 228–30 Zionism and, 412–13, 422 Herder and, 204–5 Jewish émigrés, 3–4, 13–14, 540, 541–42, 546, Israel and, 596–97 547, 549–50, 573, 578. See also speciﬁc Jewish difference, 406, 410, 575, 579 émigrés Jewish education, 190–91, 401–2 68ers and, 542–45, 570, 571–73, 574, 575–76, Jewish emancipation and, 228–30 578–79, 580, 581, 582–83 liberal Protestantism and, 378–84 Auerbach as a model émigré, 532–33, 536–37 Mann and, 467 Austrian culture and, 576–77 nationalism and, 378–84, 394 CCF and, 543, 548, 549, 550, 555, 581 North American, 48, 280–81, 591–92 cosmopolitanism and, 543, 581 Orthodox Jews and, 588 as “establishment culture,” 569 Popper on, 328–29 Forum and, 564–65, 566–67 racialization of, 380–81 history of, 4–5, 6–7 Reform Judaism and, 228–30 in postwar Austria, 568–69, 575 Spanish Diaspora, 118–19, 134–35 scholarship of, 373 Torberg and, 560 Jewish ethnicity, 224–25, 413 Weimar generation and, 413–14 acknowledgment of, 400 Zionism and, 51–52, 358, 434–35 Auerbach and, 509–10 Jewish emancipation, 8, 9–10, 11–12, 49, 139–40, Austrian rabbis and, 225 169, 171, 183, 185, 188–89, 190–91, consciousness of, 377, 408–9 192–93, 201, 217–18, 222, 252–53, cosmopolitanism and, 377, 401 254–55, 264–65, 277, 311, 396, 409, 412, in Germany, 225, 377, 393–94 413, 423, 425, 509, 576, 579 Jellinek on, 377 as age of exploration, 193–94 Lazarus on, 30–31, 284–85, 377, 394 antisemitism and, 34–35, 198–99, 279, 280–81, Prague Zionists and, 5, 290, 357 375–420 Stamm, 224, 273, 306, 393–94 in Austria, 224, 330, 335–36 Jewish history, 1–14, 57. See also historiography, Benno Jacob and, 414–20 Jewish Catholic Church and, 192–93, 243–44, 293 Austrian Empire and, 12, 27, 29, 282, 368, 592 debates on, 193, 197–99 Auerbach and, 538–39 Eastern European Jews and, 310–11, 422 Christian Rome and, 539 end of, 375–420, 499–500 European, 1–14, 48–54, 135–36, 538–39 in England, 193 Holocaust and, 614. See also Holocaust Esau and, 194, 276. See also Jacob & Esau Israel, State of, and, 614. See also Israel, State of typology and Roman Empire and, 539. See also Roman fragility of, 253, 276–77, 280 Empire in France, 168–69, 193, 197–98 today, 48–54

Index 715

Jewish holidays, 394. Hanukkah; Purim Jewish nationalism, 280–81, 306–7, 310, 311–12, See also ˙ Jewish identity, 2, 3, 4–6, 7, 12–13, 185, 222, 397, 313, 336–37, 355–56, 376, 396, 424, 398, 413 612. See also Diaspora nationalism, Jewish; Auerbach and, 495–96 Zionism Bauer and, 298 antisemitism and, 328 Cohn-Bendit and, 582–83 in Austria, 309–10 conversion and, 228 Birnbaum and, 310–11 German (German-Jewish), 2–3, 217–18, 277, in Central Europe, 376 319, 393, 395, 405, 408–9, 484, 582–83. in East-Central Europe, 376 See also German Jews, acculturated Ermeurung (Jewish national renewal), 412–13 German nationalism and, 394–95 imperial federalism and, 305–13 Jewish emancipation and, 193 integration and, 376 liberal Protestantism and, 398 Jacob & Esau and, 423, 425–32 Maybaum and, 398 Maybaum and, 399–400 in postwar Austria, 577–78 Popper on, 328 Prague Zionists and, 5–6, 290 in Prague, 289–90. See also Prague, Prague Weimar generation and, 411–12 Zionists Zionism and, 309–10 rabbinic Jacob and, 425 Jewish integration, 42–44, 168–70, 223, 224–25, Yiddish literature and, 425–32 230–31, 234–35, 252–53, 293, 376, Jewish national literature, 24, 422–23, 425–26. 378–79, 409, 412 See also specific literatures 68ers and European, 577 Jewish nationality. See nationality, Jewish antisemitism and, 43–44, 280–81, 375–76 Jewishness. See Jewish identity in Austria, 170, 290, 306–7, 345–46, 353, 356 Jewish particularism. See particularism, Jewish European, 16, 23–24, 33–34, 35, 36–37, 39, 42, Jewish pluralism. See pluralism, Jewish 47–49, 52, 137, 170, 191, 280–81, 332, Jewish polemics. See polemics, Jewish 395–97 Jewish Question (Judenfrage), 8, 11–12, 166, 170, in Germany, 43–44, 168–70, 223, 224–25, 187, 197, 235, 279, 297, 310, 356, 364, 230–31, 234–35, 252–53, 293, 378–79, 575, 576 409, 412 Birnbaum and, 308–9 in the imagined East, 308 Bloch and, 294 and internationalism, 48, 52, 327, 336 cosmopolitanism and, 327–29 vs. Jewish autonomy, 8, 11 Fischhof and, 306 Jewish nationalism and, 356, 376 Gunkel and, 390–91 nation-state and empire and, 8 Herder and, 198–99, 200–201, 205 of Polish-Jewish intellectuals, 422–23 Jacob & Esau typology and, 12, 170 Popper on, 327–28 Mann and, 459–60, 465, 466, 467, 468 socialism and, 336–37, 342, 345–46, 358, nation-state and, 11–12, 187, 235, 575 469 Popper and, 327–29 Jewish intelligentsia, 224–25, 288, 345–46, 422, Socialists and, 297–98, 356 541, 543–45, 551–52, 565, 569. See also Troeltsch on, 382 specific people and groups Jewish Stamm. See Jewish ethnicity 68ers and, 541, 577, 581 Jewish stereotypes. See stereotypes, Jewish; antisemitism and, 283, 348–49 antisemitism; specific figures Austrian, 279–331, 340, 341–42, 343, 364, Jewish Studies, 7, 14, 263, 278, 390–91, 403, 414. 579 See also Wissenschaft des Judentums; specific Catholic, 349 scholars CCF and, 548 Benno Jacob on, 414–15 ethnonationalism and, 318–19 Christian Hebraists as founders of, 155–56 as European, 543–44, 579, 612–13 founding of, 228 in Galicia, 285–86, 307 Hirsch’s opposition to, 263–64 Holocaust and, 579 Jellinek and, 271–77 postnational Europe and, 566–67 liberal Protestants and, 381, 390, 403 rabbis and, 41–42 Sofer and, 211 Red Vienna and, 340, 341–42, 343 Jewish typology, 82–83, 116, 127–28, 237–38, Jewish intelligentsia and, 340–43, 370 246–47, 251, 424, 590. See also Jacob & Russian, 33, 422 Esau typology; rabbinic typology socialism and, 34, 43–44, 297–98, 339–41, asymmetry with Christian typology, 89, 342–43, 369, 408, 548, 550, 568 237–38 U.S., 534–35 Auerbach and, 484, 509, 516 Jewish Law, 403–4. See also halakhah Benno Jacob and, 418–19 Jewish–Muslim relations, 22, 49–50, 92, 103–4, 612 disaffection with, 377

716 Index

Jewish typology (cont.) Judah, 84, 242 of Edom, 55–57, 62, 64, 77, 78–79, 80 Judah the Patriarch, Rabbi, 78–79, 132–33 historiography’s neglect of, 21 Judaism. See also rabbinic Judaism; specific groups Mann and, 424, 465 calls for return to, 471–72 Martini’s legitimation of, 127–28 Christianity and. See Christian–Jewish Roman Empire and, 93 relations; Jacob & Esau typology Zionism and, 434, 589–90 as ethical monotheism, 403–5, 406–7, 415–16 Jewish women, 232, 261, 398–99, 413. See also Karaite critiques of, 112 specific women liberal Protestantism and, 403–5 ,woman of valor), 480 mission of, 266, 268, 304, 367, 403–4, 405) ליחתשא Zenah u-Renah, 142–44 412, 413–14, 425–26 Jews, 192, 382. See also specific groups Muslim critiques of, 112 crucifixion and, 594–95 Orthodox. See Orthodox Judaism economic usefulness to state, 205 post-Holocaust Christian recognition of as empire and, 90, 372–74, 612. See also Austria- sister religion, 612 Hungary, Jewish imperial patriotism rabbinic. See rabbinic Judaism. as European, 11, 49, 51, 134–35, 201–2, 308, Reform. See Reform Judaism 541–42, 579–83, 612–13 traditional. See traditional Jews as European colonial exemplar, 612 Ultra-Orthodox. See Ultra-Orthodox Judaism mission of, 393–94, 402 Judas Maccabeus, 64, 433 as model immigrants, 591–92 Judea, 55, 59, 60, 64, 65, 385 as nationality, 308–9, 377, 405, 420. See also Kingdom of Judah, 9 Jewish nationalism Judeo-Christian as Oriental, 308, 309–10, 357, 407, 413, 424, civilization, 48, 126, 135, 203, 484, 495, 508, 441–42, 466, 612 516–17, 521, 538–39 as “Pariah people,” 383–84, 406 Europe, 6, 12, 15, 48, 135, 438–39, 484, 612 as quintessentially modern, 373 history, 12, 15, 198, 204, 383 racialization of, 10, 260, 375, 381, 384, 420, Julian the Apostate, Emperor, 57, 94–95 444, 454 Jung, Carl, 458–59, 460–61 socialism and, 42–45, 283–84, 295–96, Jungk, Peter Stephan, 577–78 298–99, 312, 336–37, 343, 353, 373, 471, Jungk, Robert, 542, 571 549–50 Jung Wien, 350 as “state within a state,” 31, 185, 189 Justin Martyr, 84–85 Jollos, Waldemar, 423, 425–26, 449–50, Justinian, 94 486–87 Justizpalastbrand, 342 background of, 445–47 Das Vergessens Gottes, 446–47 Kabbalah, 13–14, 120, 121, 124, 125–26, 137, Die Vergeltung, 446–47 139–40, 172, 181, 260. See also specific Esau und Jakob, 425–26, 445–50 works war and, 449–50 Castilian, 118–19 World War II and, 450 Edom in, 117–26, 146–54, 172–73 Jonas, Hans, 6–7 Esau in, 123–24, 151, 153, 172–76, 180, 182, Jonas, Hermann, 230–31, 252–53, 269, 278 256–59 “The Purchased Birthright,” 251 Hasidic Kabbalah, 255–56, 258 ˙ Josefstadt Theater, 563 illiberal multiculturalism advanced by, 254–60 Joseph, 63, 102, 386, 597 Jewish emancipation’s rejection of, 260 Benno Jacob and, 417–18 Kings of Edom in, 123–24, 125–26, 137–38, in Frank, 182–83 139–40, 149–51 in Mann, 424, 457, 459–60, 461–69. See also Jacob and Esau in, 9, 124, 140, 151–53, 174, Mann, Thomas, works of 176, 255–60 in Shalev, 602–3 Jacob in, 122–23, 151–53, 173–75, 255–60 Joseph II, Emperor, 165, 166, 168–69, 170, 179, late medieval Jewish turn to, 126–27 184–85, 302–3, 564 Lurianic, 137, 147, 151–52, 154, 172, 181 Josephine centralism, 300–301 pre-Zoharic, 125 Josephus, Flavius, 101–2 Sabbatean, 171–73, 178, 180–81 Josiah, King, 384–85 Kabbalists, 13, 118–19, 120, 126. See also specific Josippian discourse, 106, 138–39 Kabbalists Josippon (Sefer Yosifon), 93, 101–2, 105–6, 134, Castillian, 119 138–39, 143, 144–45 Italian, 119 Joskowicz, Ari, 187–88 Safed, 134, 146, 154 Josselson, Michael, 550–51 Spanish, 119 Jost, Isaak Markus, 225, 228 Zohar, 117–26

Index 717

Kadimah, 280, 308–9 Kolleritsch, Alfred, 569 Kafka, Franz, 5–6, 285–86, 564–65 Kolnai, Auriel, 325 Kafri, Yedudit, “Esau,” 599 konfessionslos, 330–31, 349 Kahana, Maoz, 216–17 König, René, 555 Kakania, 368 Koniosos, 177 Kameniec Podolski, Poland, Frankist disputation Kook, Abraham Isaac, 473, 608–9 in, 177–78 Kook, Zevi Yehudah, 589–90 ˙ Kann, Robert A., 334–35 Koren, Isaac Dov, 607 Kant, Immanuel, 199, 200–201, 320–22, 364, Korsch, Karl, 573 404–5 Kosman, Admiel, “At the Jabbok Crossing,” 597 Kanter, Felix, 395, 400–401 Kracauer, Siegfried, 411–12 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 459 Kralik, Richard von, 350–51, 364–65 Kaplan, Marion, 234–35 Kraus, Karl, 342, 349, 564–65 Kara, Joseph, 129–30 Krauss, Werner, 490, 496, 521–23, 524–25, 529, Karaites, 112 536–37, 547 Kariv, Avraham, 443 Kreisky, Bruno, 314, 342, 542, 549, 550, 568–69, Karl I, Emperor of Austria, 312–13 574–75, 576–77 Karl V, Emperor, 138–39 Kreisky, Peter, 542 Karo, Joseph, 149–50 Krieger, Leonard, 51 Kasher, Aryeh, 65 Kriehuber, Josef, portrait of Hatam Sofer, 210 ˙ Kaspi, Yosef ibn, 99 Kristallnacht, 412–13 Katz, Jacob, 50, 166, 187–88, 189, 193, 209, 235, Kronawetter, Ferdinand, 317 412–13 Kulturkampf, 279–80, 281, 293, 378–79 Katz, Reuven, 473 Kultusgemeinde, 304, 355–56, 358, 372 Kautsky, Karl, 338–39 Kummune Wien, 577 Kazin, Alfred, 534 Kunert, Günther, 579–80 Kedusha (Trisagion), 119 Kunschak, Leopold, 348 Kehillah, 48, 164, 169, 187, 195–96, 215 Kuntze, Eduard W. T., 246 Keller, Fritz, 573–74 Kuranda, Camillo, 283–84 Kelsen, Hans, 4, 341–42, 349 Kuranda, Ignaz, 283, 287 Kerényi, Károly, 458–59, 460–61 Küster, S. C. G., 242–43 Kewall, Benjamin, 303 Kvitko, Leib, 429–30 “Diary of the 1848 Revolution,” 301 “Esau,” 429 Kiev group of Yiddish poets, 429–30 Kimhi, David, 100–101, 103, 127 – – ˙ Laban, 63, 144, 153, 182 83, 229, 267, 268 69, Kimhi, Joseph, (Book of the – – – – ˙ Sefer ha-Berit 385 86, 402, 464 65, 466 67, 468 69 Covenant), 113–14 Labor Zionism, 436, 584–85, 611 Kingdom of Judah, 9 Labour and Socialist International (Sozialistische Kirschweger, Ernst, 570 Arbeiter-Internationale), 338–39 Kittel, Rudolf, 391 Lamdan, Yizhak, “You,” 585 ˙ ˙ Kittim, 68–69, 93, 97–98, 100, 167–68 Landau, Ezekiel, 164–65, 184–85, 208–9, 216, Klahr, Alfred, 344–45 218–19, 222 Klemperer, Victor, 496–97, 524–25, 529 Landauer, Gustav, 408–9, 510–11 Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten (I will bear Langer, Ruth, 103 witness to the last), 496–97 language wars, 281–82 Klenau, Ingeborg von, 475, 476–77, 482 Lasker-Schüler, Else, 11, 12–13, 423, 425–26, Klenbort, Channan, 540 440–41, 442–43, 449–50 Klepper, Deeana, 128–29 Das Hebräerland, 442–43 Kley, Eduard, 231–33, 267–68 Hebrew Ballads, 440–42 Klimt, Gustav, 565 “Jacob and Esau,” 441–42 Klüger, Ruth, 577 Lasky, Melvin, 556 Knoll, August Maria, 351 Latin, Jewish knowledge of, 112 Koerber, Ernst von, 295 Latin America, crypto-Jews in, 137–38 Koestler, Arthur, 543, 582–83 Lau, Benjamin, 606, 607 Koﬂer, Leo, 571 Lazarom, Ilse, 366 Kogon, Eugen, 549 Lazarsfeld, Paul, 340, 545 Kohler, Kaufmann, 261 Lazarus, Moritz, 284–85, 301–2, 377, 393–95 Kohn, Gustav, 283–84 “What Is National?,” 393 Kohn, Hans, 289–90, 357 League of Nations, 359–60, 361, 363 Kohn, Jakob, 306 Lebanon War, First, 600 Kokoschka, Oskar, 565 Lebensfähigkeit, 340 Kolakowski, Leszek, 573 Lee, Rina, “Jacob’s Ladder,” 597

718 Index

Legenda sanctorum, 110 Jewish difference and, 378–84, 398 Lehranstalt für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, 396 Jewish emancipation and, 378, 390–91 Leibowitz, Nehamah, 414–15, 419–20, 590–91 liberal Judaism and, 378, 406–7, 408, 409 ˙ Leibowitz, Yeshayahu, 4–5 nationalism and, 378–84, 394–95 Leichter, Otto, 342 National Socialism and, 383 Lemberg, Galicia, 435–36 Old Testament and, 389, 391–92, 507 Leo XIII, Pope, 293 racialization of mainstream churches in, Léon, Moses de, 118–19 391–92 Lernet-Holenia, Alexander, 365, 551–52, liberal theology, 241, 244–45, 247–48, 408, 410, 564–66, 570 487. See also historical theology Lessing Lodge Brothers, 359–60 Lichtenstein, Aharon, 610 Lestition, Steven, 200 Lichtenstein, Moshe, 610 Levi, 402–3 Lichtfreunde (Protestant association), 244–45, Levi, Primo, 538–39 246, 247 Levin, Yehudah Leib, 588–89 Lieberman, Saul, 66–67, 87–88 Megalat Polin, 588–89 Liebes, Esther, 149–50 Levin, Yizhak Meir, 472–73 Liebes, Yehudah, 125, 126, 172 ˙ ˙ Levinas, Emmanuel, 6–7 Lipton, Sara, 108 Levinsky, Elhanan Leib, 434–35 Lithuanian Jews, 335–36 ˙ Levi-Strauss, Claude, 573 liturgy, Jewish Leviticus, 71–72, 384–85 censorship of, 139 liberalism, 6–7, 192, 303–4, 355–56, 555–56. See liturgical reform, 195–96, 215–16 also speciﬁc groups traditional, 224 Auerbach and, 523–24 Löbe, Paul, 362 Austrian. See Austria-Hungary, liberals in Lodz (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto, 538–39 Cold War, 314, 534, 549–50 logical positivist movement, 321–22 German. See German liberalism Loos, Adolf, 565 Jewish, 34, 190–95, 287, 290, 307, 362, Lothar, Ernst, 556–57, 563 378–79, 393, 399, 402–5, 415–16, Löwenthal, Richard, 542, 571 418–19. See also liberal Judaism Löwith, Karl, 2–3, 6–7, 491, 538–39, 555 pariah, 314 Lubac, Henri du, 504 racialization of, 280–81, 283–85 Lublin, Poland, 178–79 liberal Jews, 190, 192, 194, 287, 290, 307, Lucretius, 504 362, 404 Lueger, Karl, 280, 291 against Jewish nationalism, 307, 398, 412–13 Lukàcs, Georg, 485, 554 antisemitism and, 283–84, 304, 402–3 Essays on Realism, 515 in Austrian Empire, 192, 243–44, 283, 290, Theory of the Novel, 515 293, 300–301 Luria, Isaac (Yizhak ben Shlomo Ashkenazi), ˙ ˙ Catholicism and, 300–301, 378–79 139–40, 146–54 Jewish emancipation and, 190–92, 277, 399–400 biblical homilies of, 150–51 German nationalism and, 283, 300–301, 303 Mevo Shearim, 149–50 in Hungary, 285–86 Luther, Martin, 140, 141, 410–11 imperial politics and, 300–304 Bible of, 410 Jewish emancipation and, 190–92, 277, 399–400 Commentary on Genesis, 140, 141 liberal Protestants and, 378–79, 393, 403–5 Lutheran Church, 245, 391–92 nation-state and, 30, 39, 44, 190–92, 277 Lutheranism, 227–28, 246, 315–16 liberal Judaism, 301–2 Luzzato, Shlomo, 205 Benno Jacob and, 415–16 Lwów disputation, 178–79 biblical criticism and, 239–41, 263, 404–5, 414 German nationalism and, 304 Maccabees, 64, 398, 402, 412–13, 433 liberal Jewish apologetics, 403–7 Magdiel, 134, 168 liberal Protestantism and, 404, 406–7, 408, 409 Magnes, Judah Leib, 357–58 response to National Socialism, 412–13 Mahler, Gustav, 349 liberal multiculturalism, 284–85, 363–64 Mahler, Horst, 581 liberal Protestantism, 396, 403–4, 406 Mailer, Norman, 573 antisemitism and, 390–91 Maimonides, 99, 127, 165, 264 biblical criticism and, 375, 390–91 Epistle to Yemen,98–99, 100–101 Catholicism and, 378–79 Mishneh Torah, 133 claim to universalism, 381–82 Malachi, 222 cultural, 381–82, 485–95, 510 Malkhut, 121, 122, 149 Gunkel and, 389, 390–91 Mamluks, 103–4 Jacob and, 384, 392–93 Mandl, Hans, 567, 568–69

Index 719

Manger, Itzik, 423, 425–27, 430–31, 433 Marx, Karl, 3, 14, 193, 298–99, 337 ˙ Khumesh-lider, 430–31 “On the Jewish Question,” 297 Medresh Itsik, 430–32 Popper on, 323 Mankiewitz, Marie, 486, 499, 526, 532 Marxism, 296–97, 314, 571 Mann, Heinrich, 558 Marxists, 528, 529, 571. See also Austro-Marxism Mann, Thomas, 11, 12–13, 362, 424, 450, 483, Masada, 437–38, 584–85 515. See also Mann, Thomas, works of Masaryk, Thomas, 312, 325 antisemitism and, 459–60, 467 Maschke, Günther, 575–76, 581 biblical myth and, 457–58, 459–63, 465, maskilim, 163–65, 171, 185–86, 190–91, 224, 466–67, 468–69 228, 257–58, 259–60 Enlightenment and, 468 Master of Jean de Mandeville, Birth of Esau and Esau in, 464–65 Jacob, 110–12 Jacob & Esau in, 457, 464 Matejka, Viktor, 554, 562–63 Jacob in, 457, 462–66, 468 Matriarchs, 231–33, 246–47, 267–68, 270, Jewish Question and, 459–60, 465, 466, 398–99, 597, 602. See also Rachel; 467, 468 Rebecca Midrash and, 461–63, 464, 465, 467 Leah, 63, 84–85, 153, 181, 231–32, 267–68, modernity and, 459–60, 465 270, 388, 398–99, 464–65, 595–96, 601, new humanism and, 459 602, 603, 608 philosemitism of, 466, 467–68 Sarah, 84, 95–96, 398–99, 431, 601, 602 Protestantism and, 466, 467–68 Maxilimilian, Emperor of Mexico, 272–73 typology and, 424, 465, 466 Maybaum, Sigmund, 375, 394–95, 396–97, Mann, Thomas, works of 398–400, 402–3 Dr. Faustus, 468 Mazzucchetti, Lavinia, 446–47, 450 Joseph and His Brothers, 457–58, 460, McCarthyism, 550–51 461–69 Me-Am Loez, 142–45 Joseph in Egypt, 457 Medan, Yaacov, 608–10 Joseph the Provider, 457, 467–68 medieval Europe, 8, 9–10. See also speciﬁc The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg, 1924), countries 457–58 biblical exegesis, 91–92, 104, 107–12, 115, 120, The Tales of Jacob, 457 126–36 The Young Joseph, 457 Christian–Jewish relations in, 106–7, 133 Mannheim, Karl, 412–13, 492–93 Edom in, 91–136 Mannheimer, Isaac Noah, 215–16, 224–25, Jacob & Esau in, 91–92, 107–12 233–34, 273–74 typology in, 92, 93–94 “The Duties of the Aliens and the Mehetavel, 124 Tolerated,” 234 Meir of Rothenburg, 75, 105, 118, 132–33, 220, Maor, Zohar, 289–90 221, 257 “Maoz Zur,” 606 ,67–68, 71–72 ˙ Mekhilta Marburg, Germany, 406, 491, 493–94, 496, Menashe, 467–68 521–23, 532, 534–35, 539 Menasse, Robert, 566–67, 577–78 Marcion, 390, 510 Mendele Mohker Sforim (Sholem Yankev Marcuse, Herbert, 13–14, 541–42, 543, 567, 571, Abramovich), 423, 425–26 573, 582 , 427 Sefer ha-Qabz˙ anim Marek, Franz, 573 Mendelssohn, Moses, 165, 166, 195, 205–6, 212, Maria Theresa, Empress, 179, 184–85 412–13 Marissa (Maresha), 64 Biur of, 162–70, 410, 411–12 Maritain, Jacques, 549 as enlightened traditionalist, 166–67 Markus, Isaak, 169 as ﬁrst modern Jew, 166 Marr, Wilhelm, 279–80, 379–80, 391 Jacob & Esau in, 162–70 marriage, 53, 468–69 Jerusalem, 166, 168 intermarriage, 59, 64, 349, 375–76, 399–400, Sofer’s hostility toward, 212 402–3, 418–19, 464, 467, 468–69 Mendes-Flohr, Paul, 5–6, 408–9 levirate, 219–21 mendicant orders, 117–18 Martin, Terry, 299–300 Menger, Anton, Arbeitsstaat, 318 Martini, Raymond, 117–18, 127–28, 131, 132 Menger, Carl, 320–21 Pugio Fidei (Dagger of faith), 126–27, 133 Menges, Karl, 200, 201 martyrology, 149–50, 154, 253 Menze, Ernest A., 200 Christian, 509–10 Merkaz Ha-Rav Yeshivah, 473, 589–90 Edom, 149–51 Meron, Guy, 412–13 Holocaust and, 509–10 Meroz, Ronit, 147 Jewish, 516, 520–21 Merz, Carl, Der Herr Karl, 561–62

720 Index

messianism, 6, 56, 92, 94–95, 98–99, 104, 106, modernism, 208–09, 493, 512, 514, 534, 563, 112–13, 123, 125–26, 129–30, 134, 249, 565, 591–92 408–9, 472–73 Catholic Jewish, 353 Frank and, 181 German-Jewish, 440 Hirsch’s alternative, 238 Viennese, 368, 443, 445, 546, 565, 569 Holocaust and, 473, 589–90 modernity, 3, 8, 9–10, 11–12, 51–52, 163–64, in Horowitz, 154 183, 192, 352, 383–84, 446, 448–49, Jellinek and, 273–75 614–15 Jewish, 56, 92, 94–95, 125–26, 249, 408–9, Auerbach and, 512–13, 514–15, 523–24 589–90 Austria-Hungary and, 53 Mannheimer and, 273–74 Catholicism and, 293, 352 Mendelssohn, Moses, and, 167–68 Christian–Jewish relations and, 116, 293, 352 Sabbatean, 267, 278, 298, 325, 329 emancipation and, 279 messianic socialism, 408–9 Haskalah and, 169 Zionism and, 409, 436, 437–38, 589–90 Jewish Orthodoxy and, 311 Methodists, 245 Jews and, 10, 277–78, 373 Metternich, Klemens von, 188–89 Mann and, 459–60, 465 Meyer, Michael, 193–94 Musil and, 368 Michaelis, Johann David, 190, 195 nation-state and, 116, 352, 373 Middle English Genesis, 110 tradition and, 53 Midrash, 52–53, 56–57, 66, 67–68, 81, 93, 96, Moissi, Alexander, 350 112–13, 118, 125–26, 127, 237, 250–51, Molden, Fritz, 556–57 404–5 Molden family, 349 Amoraic Midrash, 67, 69–70, 71–72, 73, Mommsen, Hans, 571 74–75, 86–87, 120 Mommsen, Theodor, 284–85, 378, 381 Benno Jacob and, 377, 416, 418–20 Monists, 340–41 Celan and, 584 monotheism, 224–25, 398, 401, 403–4, 415–16 Christian appropriations of, 126–27 ethical, 192–93, 403–5, 406–7, 415–16 Christian view of, 117 Montaigne, 528 Edom in, 67–72, 73, 75, 124, 127, 150, 152 Monteﬁore, Moses, 301–2 Esau in, 67, 69–70, 79, 86, 97, 120, 121–22, Montenegro, 299 127, 133, 167, 419, 584, 599, 608 Montesquieu, 205–6 Holdheim and, 248–54 Moravia, 179, 215–16, 260, 307, 311–12, hostility toward Islam, 103 400–401 Ishmael in, 95–97 Moravian Sabbateans, 170 Jacob in, 67, 70–71, 73–74, 76–77, 86–87, Morgenstern, Daniel, 475, 476–77 119–21, 122–23, 139, 152, 237, 250, 377, Morgenstern, Matthias, 267–68 419, 463, 608 Morgenstern, Oskar, 348–49, 545 Jacob & Esau in, 9, 67, 70–71, 73, 76, 79, 120, Morgenstern, Soma (Salomo), 12, 423, 121, 139, 151–52, 166–67, 182, 207, 424, 424–25, 440 584, 608 assimilation, response to, in, 475, 479–80 Jellinek and, 274–75 background of, 475 Manger and, 431–32 Esau in, 423, 479–82 Mann and, 424, 461–63, 464, 465, 467 Holocaust and, 476–77, 482 in Reform textbooks, 229 Idyll im Exil (Idyll in exile), 476–77 Tannaitic Midrash, 69–70, 71–72, 73, 74–75 intermarriage in, 440, 475, 479–80 Midrash ha-Gadol,96–97 Jewish Orthodoxy and modernity in, 424, Midrash Tehilim,96 475–76, 478–82 , 118 nostalgia for Austria-Hungary in, 478 Milh˙ emet Miz˙ vah minim,80–81, 82–83, 103, 113–14, 264 The Son of the Lost Son, 475–76 minut, 78, 80–83, 93 Sparks in the Abyss (Funken im Abgrund), Minority Treaties, 287–88, 332, 335–36 424–25, 474–75, 478–81, 482 Miron, Dan, 436 The Testament of the Lost Son, 476–81, 482 Mises, Ludwig von, 348 The Third Pillar, 481, 482 Mises, Richard von, 497 two homelands of, 474–82 Mishnah, 67, 71–72, 133, 157, 471–72 Moscow Declaration of April 1943, 373–74 Missong, Alfred, 351–52 Moser, Moses, 226 Mistére du Viel Testament, 110 Moses, 194–95, 203, 239, 413 Mitnagdim, 254–55 Moshe ha-Darshan, Rabbi, 120–21, 127 Mitteleuropa, 337–38, 351, 563, 576 multiculturalism, 34, 285, 575, 587, 604 movement, 473 Austria and, 12, 306, 349–51, 367, 552, Mizrah˙ i Modena, Leon (Yehudah Aryeh), 156–57 564–65, 566

Index 721

in Central Europe, 289–90, 547, 552, 565, ethnicization and racialization of, 30, 225, 566, 581 285, 392 and, 236–37, 254–60 German, 32, 284, 379–83, 404, 405, 513 H˙ asidism Herder and, 199–200, 208 Herder and, 200, 202, 204, 206 illiberal, 34, 199, 208, 236–37, 254–60, 351, Jewish, 36–37, 289, 309, 310, 422–23, 425–26 366, 602 Jews and, 4, 16, 32, 39, 42, 184–85, 190–91, imperial, 254, 290 290, 304, 309, 358, 383, 390–91, 405, Lazarus and, 105, 283–84, 393 545, 579 Roth and, 366 Lazarus on, 30, 283–84, 393–94 Sacks and, 604 Protestant, 381–83, 395, 404 Sofer and, 208, 222, 254 uniformity of, 15, 32, 284, 381, 390 multiethnicity, 48, 575 nationalism, 31, 42–43, 187–88, 191, 192, 245, in Central Europe, 564, 565 323–24, 325, 327–28, 343–44, 361, in empires, 10, 29, 33, 291, 295, 304 401–2, 471, 611. See also Diaspora in nation-states, 36, 225, 335, 393, 405, 575 nationalism, Jewish; ethnonationalism; multilingualism, 294–95 German nationalism; Jewish nationalism; multinationalism, 347–48, 564–66. See also Zionism multiculturalism; pluralism antisemitism and, 43, 189, 192–93, 508–9 Austrian, 38, 284, 292, 297, 305–6, 309–10, Austrian, 344, 581. See also nationality 366, 372, 405, 562, 566 Austrian socialism and, 44–45, 296–300, 314, imperial, 8, 11, 15, 36, 39, 290, 297, 366–67, 319, 330, 337–40, 372–73 372, 562 Austro-German, 192, 562 socialist federalism and, 296–300, 308–9, cosmopolitanism and, 11, 14, 33, 42–44, 46, 310, 338 52, 317–18, 320, 323–27, 350–51, 401–5 Munich, Germany, 392 Czech, 285, 312, 314 Munich Agreement, 557–58 German. See German nationalism Münz, Moses, 215–16 Herder and, 198–201, 203–8 Murer, Franz, 561 Hungarian, 285–86, 334, 370 Musil, Robert, 368–69, 564–65 imperialism and/vs., 281, 299, 305–6, 307–8, The Man Without Qualities, 317, 368 324, 326, 327, 338, 345, 346, 372 Muslim–Christian struggle. See Jewish. See Jewish nationalism; Zionism Christian–Muslim relations liberal Protestantism and. See national culture, Muslims, 49, 92, 134–35, 235, 295–96, 579, Protestant 612–13 Pan-German, 192–93, 278, 280, 337–38, Mussolini, Benito, 363–64 345–46, 581 Myers, Michael, 409 Polish, 41, 285, 294–95, 469–70 myth Popper on, 320, 323–28 biblical, 458–63, 465 racialization of, 225, 280–81, 380–81 ethnic, 421–82. See also antisemitism; Jewish self-determination and. See nation-state stereotypes Turkish, 497–98 Greek, 517–18 “tribal nationalism,” 323–25, 327. See also Mann and, 457–58, 459–63, 465, 466–67, ethno-nationalism 468–69 “Nationalities Congress,” 310 racial, 424, 450–56, 468 nationality. See also speciﬁc nationalities in Weimar culture, 458–59 Austrian, 290, 294, 301, 334, 343–45, 352, 363, 552, 565–66 Nabonidus, King, 60 Austro-Marxist theory of, 296–98 Nagan, Yaakov, 607–9 Jewish, 11, 31, 204, 208, 224–25, 287, 306–9, Nahmanides (Ramban, Moses ben Nahman 310, 351–52, 408–9, 413, 421, 422 ˙ ˙ Girondi), 9, 99, 100–101, 103, 104–5, Nationalität, 325 118, 120, 125–26, 168, 222 nonterritorial conceptions of, 44–45, 287–88, Napoleon, 116, 364 306, 307, 310, 357–58 Napoleonic Code, 326 traditional and Orthodox Judaism and, 34, 208, Napoleonic Wars, 185–86, 188–89, 254, 307, 470, 473, 587, 589, 608, 190–91 610, 612 Nathan of Gaza, 173 nationalization, 310, 373–74, 498, 530 nation, empire and, 10–12, 16, 28–32, 39–40, in Austria-Hungary, 36, 38, 254, 282, 287, 191–93, 281–82, 300–303, 331, 364, 612 289–90, 291–92, 306, 310 national culture, 361–62, 381–82, 383, 544. See Austrian Jews and, 287, 289–90, 295, 306 also nationalism and nation-state of Central Europe, 289–91, 332–33, 338 Austrian, 294, 303, 580 internationalization and, 42, 52 Christian-inﬂected, 16, 33, 190, 191, 379–89 Jewish emancipation and, 188–89, 237

722 Index

nationalization (cont.) Nenning, Günther, 551–52, 568–70, 572–73, Jewish Orthodoxy and, 208, 237, 469 580, 582 in Russia, 33, 236, 422 Nero, Emperor, 133 nationalizing state. See nation-state. Neruda, Pablo, 554 national religion (Volksreligion) vs. world religion Nestroy, Johann, 564–65 (Weltreligion), 398 Netherlands, 188–89, 192 National Socialism, 184, 332, 333, 335–36, 337, Neue Freie Presse, 301, 341–42 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 349, 352, 353, Neues Forum, 544, 545, 546, 568–69, 570, 358, 360, 362–63, 365, 370–71, 373–74, 572–75, 577–78, 580 375–76, 377, 379–80, 391–93, 395, 1968 and, 567–80 412–13, 450–51, 471–72, 498–99, Jewish intelligentsia and, 567–80 542–43, 548, 555, 561–62, 563, Neumark, Fritz, 497 564–65, 575 Neurath, Otto, 321–22, 334, 339–40, 371 antisemitism and, 450–51, 455, 456, 471, Neusner, Jacob, 66–67, 80 494–96, 509 New Left, 545, 570, 571–73, 574–75, 580, 581 Austria and, 347, 353–55, 552, 576–77 new social movements, 574–75, 580–81 Baeck and, 405–6 New Testament. See also speciﬁc books Christianity and, 351–52, 354–55, 391–93, Auerbach and, 505, 507, 511, 518, 519 503–4 Gunkel and, 390 Jacob & Esau and, 413, 420, 424–25, 439, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and, 20–21, 85, 450–51, 453–54, 457, 466–69, 472, 474, 109–13, 142, 238–39, 241, 243, 277–78, 480–81, 500–501 391, 507–8. See also typology Mann and, 457–58, 465, 466–68, 483 New York intellectuals, 534, 547–48, 549–50 Nazi stereotypes, 450–51, 454–56 Nicholas of Lyra, 128–30, 131, 132, 134, 140 Orthodox Jews and, 471–73 Postilla, 129, 141 race and, 352–54, 392–93, 424, 450, Postillae, 126–27, 129, 132, 140 453–54, 495 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 363–64, 458–59 Reform Jews and, 395, 405–7, 412–13 Nikolsburg, Moravia, 262 nation-state, 51–52, 169–70, 185, 188–89, Nisanbaum, Yizhak, 473 ˙ ˙ 190–91, 208, 252–53, 255, 268–69, 308, Nissen, Rudolf, 497 373–74. See also nationalism; national Nissimi, Hilda, 373, 597, 607 culture Nizzahon Vetus, 116 antisemitism and, 30–32, 34–35, 189–90, Noahide commandments, 218–19, 274–75 ˙ 284–85, 333–34, 346–47, 352, 358, 373, Normalschule, 211–12, 216–17 381–82, 393–94, 422, 424, 469, 575, North German Evangelical Union, 245 579, 591 Norton, Robert, 200 Austrian socialists and, 314, 337, 338, 344–46 Nossig, Alfred, 308 Catholics and, 191–92, 193, 245, 305, 348–49, Numbers, 61, 66, 167–68, 221, 242, 271, 384–85, 351, 354–55, 360, 362–63, 372–73, 392 397, 398–400 Christian–Jewish relations and, 116–17, 137, Nuqvah, 124, 148, 151 183, 235, 293 Nuremberg Laws, 354, 363–64, 496, 533 Herder and, 201–2, 207 Israel and, 612 Obadiah, 62, 98, 99, 107–8, 112–13, 116, 128, Jewish emancipation and, 8, 10, 16, 30, 31–32, 130, 221, 242 35–36, 39, 40, 42, 46–47, 49, 187–89, 198, Oberschlick, Gerhard, 582 235, 252, 270, 336, 352, 354, 373, 376, Odysseus, 240–41, 389 575, 579, 608 Ofner, Julius, 287, 317, 341 Jewish intelligentsia and, 17, 39, 40, 42, Olah, 472–73 46–47, 579 Open Society, 12–13, 314–29, 371–72 Lazarus on, 30, 285, 393–95 Oppenheimer, Robert, 532 liberal Jews and, 30, 39, 284, 379, 393, Oppenheimer, Yohai, “With the Cheated ˙ 405 One,” 599 liberal Protestants, 378, 381 Oral Law (Torah), 117, 118, 261, 263–64, 408, Popper on, 325 471–72 self-determination, 281, 285–86, 325, 337–38, Orientalism 361, 401–2 in German scholarship, 385, 413 traditional Jews and, 34, 208, 215, 223, 336 Lasker-Schüler and, 440–41, 442–43 Zionism and, 36–37, 287, 307, 308, 336, Mann and, 441, 459, 461, 466 355–56, 612 in Zionist imagination, 308, 309–11, 357, NATO, 547–48 407, 413 Nazis/Nazism. See National Socialism Origen, 86, 87–89, 505–6 Nelson, Leonard, 321–22 Homilies on Genesis,85–86

Index 723

Orth, Ernst, 237–38, 246–48, 384 Pan-Germans, 287, 293, 309–10, 336–37, Orthodox Judaism, 169, 193, 195, 197, 209, 346, 372 236–37, 254, 262, 270–71, 287, 409, 422, Panofsky, Erwin, 532 469–70. See also traditional Jews; Ultra- Pan-Semitism, 308, 357–58 Orthodox Judaism papacy, 105–6, 128–29, 607 Arab–Jewish conflict and, 590–92, 603–4, 1855 Concordat with Austria, 191 606–9 Austrian Empire and, 192 Austrian imperial patriotism and, 16, 44, 192, Innocent III, 105 282, 302, 313, 612 John XXIII, 499 boundaries against Sabbateanism, 171 Leo XIII, 293 Christian–Jewish relations and, 208, 215, Paul VI, 574, 588 217–18, 221–22, 259, 268–69, 603–4, 606 Sylvester I, 128 Holocaust and, 469–74, 588–89 “Pariah People,” 383–84, 406 Jacob & Esau and, 16, 195–96, 217–18, particularism, Jewish, 380, 381–82, 390, 398, 221–22, 254, 255–60, 264–71, 277, 406, 507 469–70, 472–73, 603–4, 605, 606 fi , 147, 148, 149–50, 151 parz˙ u m Jewish emancipation and, 196, 208–9, 215, Pascal, Blaise, 504, 525, 531–32, 537 223, 254–55, 259–62, 264, 266, 268–70, Passion (of Christ) 278, 402, 422, 469, 471, 473 Auerbach on, 491, 501–2, 518–19, as modern, 209 525 in Morgenstern, 475–82 of St. Matthew, by Bach, 538–39 Neo-Orthodoxy, 223, 238, 239, 260, 261, Passion of St. Matthew (Bach), 538–39 263–64, 271, 408 Pasternak, Boris, 553 non-Orthodox Jews and, 469–70 Patriarchs, 70, 71–72, 84, 140, 240–41, 243, 244, Reform Judaism and, 195–96, 208–9, 214–17, 274–75, 387, 410, 424, 587 222–23, 230, 236–38, 249–50, 251, 254, Benno Jacob and, 416–17 258–61, 263, 470, 472 in biblical criticism, 240–41 Sofer and, 195–96, 208–23 Christian typology of, 384 use of term, 236, 264 in Elbaum’s My Life with the Patriarchs, 598 vs. traditional Judaism, 208 Goethe on, 197 and the United States, 470, 605 Gunkel on, 387, 389 Vatican II and, 588, 607 in Hebrew literature, 598 in Vienna, Austria, 224, 273 in Herder, 203–4 Zionism and, 422, 473, 589, 606, 608, 610 Hirsch and, 265–66 Österreicher, Fr. Johannes, 354–55 in Jesuit catechism, 242–43 Österreichische Aktion, 351–52 Jewish typology of, 20–21 Österreichisch-Israelitische Union, 304 in Kabbalah, 121–22, 150, 153 Ostjuden, 308–9, 382. See also Eastern European in Manger, 430–31 Jews in Mann, 424, 457–58, 460, 464 Otto I, Emperor, 101 in Shalev’s Esau, 602 Ottoman Empire, 10, 92, 134, 146, 312, 564 Zionists and, 433 Ovid, 504 patristic typology, 79, 107–8, 505–6 Oz, Amos, 611 Paul, the Apostle, 83–90, 237–38, 354, 391, 505, 506, 518 Paalzow, Ludwig, 197–98 Pauline millenarianism, 6–7 Palacký, František, 291 Paul of Burgos, Archbishop, 131, 132, 133, Pale of Settlement, 30, 236–37, 280 136 Palestine, 95, 197–98, 200–201, 280, 287–88, Abravanel’s response to, 133–34 307, 308–9, 310–11, 328, 356, 357–58, “Additions” (Additiones) to the Postillae, 132 369–70 Paulus, Heinrich, 190, 277 British Mandate over, 611 Pauluswerk, 354–55 Persian (Sassanid) conquest of, 94–95 Paul VI, Pope, 574, 588 post-1967 occupation, 596–97 pedagogy pre-World War II Zionist federalist visions for, anti-Judaism and Christian, 594–95 287–88 Jacob in Christian, 242–43 Palestinians, 603, 607. See also Israeli–Palestinian Jewish Reform, 228, 229–30 conflict typology and Christian, 237–38 Pan-Asianism, 308, 357–58 Pelinka, Anton, 575 Paneuropa, 333–34, 347, 353, 358–64, 367 Peñaforte, Raymond de, 117–18, 127 – Penet, Yehezqel, 282–83 Pan-Germanism, 278, 337 38, 344, 345, 346, ˙ 350–51, 357–58, 362–63, 581 “Eulogy on the Austrian Emperor Franz,” Pan-German Party, 280 282

724 Index

Pentateuch, 118–19, 143, 240–41, 242, 384–85, as Edom, 138, 179–80, 184 461. See also Torah; Hebrew Bible/Old First Partition of, 179, 184 Testament; speciﬁc books; Biur; Buber- Galician Jewish socialists and, 297–98, 306–7 Rosenzweig Bible Hasidic Judaism in, 236, 254–55 ˙ Penuel, 385–86, 387 pogroms in, 137–38 Peretz, Y. L. (Isaac Leib), 425–27, 428–29, Polish Socialist Party, 34, 307 431–32 Romantic nationalism in, 422–23 “Esau’s Hands,” 429 Polanyi, Karl, 334, 370–71, 373–74 Pericles, 327 The Great Transformation, 370–71 Perlmuter, Moshe Arie, 175 polemics, Jewish, 116 Perpetua, St., 520, 529, 537 anti-Christian, 112–16, 122, 123, 131, Persia, 64 155–57, 158 Persian Empire, 398, 412 Poles, 137, 281, 296, 306–7, 380, 421 Persian Judea, 59 Polish Club, 294–95, 307 Persian–Roman wars, 67–68 Polish-Jewish literature, 422–23 Persians, 57 Polish-Jewish writers, 423. See also speciﬁc Persian (Sassanid) conquest of Palestine, 94–95 authors and works post-1967 occupation, 596–97 Polish Jews, 34, 44, 137–38, 184, 306–7, 335–36, pre-World War II Zionist federalist visions for, 422–23, 469. See also Poland 287–88 Frankism and, 177–79 personal national autonomy, 296, 297, 300, 612 Galician Jewish socialists, 297–98 , 112–13, 129–30 Hasidic, 254–55, 470 peshat ˙ Peter the Venerable, 113–14 Polish-Jewish intellectuals, 40–41, 285–86, Peyre, Henri, 533 306–7, 422–23 Pharaoh, 19–20, 73–74, 467 Polish-Jewish literature, 422, 432 Pharisees, 240, 390–91, 404–5 Polish-Jewish writers, 423, 428 Philippson, Ludwig, 193, 224–25, 239, 252, Pollak, Oscar, 550 264–65, 267 Pollegar, Isaac, 131–32 Philo, 505–6 Popper, Jenny, 315–16 philosemitism, in United States, 613 Popper, Karl, 4, 12–13, 50, 53, 199–200, 288–89, Picasso, Pablo, 362 334, 342, 343–44, 349, 370, 373–74, Pietas Austriaca, 292–93 509–10, 531, 553 Pinhas, 271, 399–400, 402–3 1994 Prague speech, 325 ˙ Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer,96–98 on Athens, 324 Plato, 323, 491 Auerbach and, 510–11 Plessner, Salomon, 230–31, 232 Aufklärung and, 319–20 pluralism, 53, 190–91, 193, 235, 269, 274, as Austrian national philosopher, 314–15 284–85, 333, 334, 352, 394, 405, 611 Autobiography, 320, 328 Auerbach and, 527–28 biography of, 289, 314–15, 320–21, Austrian Jews and, 285–86, 300–301, 372–74 322–23, 324 Catholics and, 192, 372–73 as Cold War liberal, 314–15, 320 Cohen and, 405 cosmopolitanism and, 314–29, 371–72, 484 imperial, 10, 11, 285–86, 288, 294–95, on empire and imperialism, 289, 314, 324, 325, 300–301, 308, 326–27, 337, 360, 363–64, 326–27 365, 366, 372–74, 563 family of, 315–16, 317–18 Jewish, 13–14 on fascism, 323, 326–27, 328–29 Popper on, 326–27 on Hegel, 323, 324, 325 Sacks and, 604–5 on the Jewish Question, 319, 327–29 Podolia, 171, 177 Logik der Forschung, 321–22 pogroms, 104, 135–36, 427–28, 436 on Marx and Marxism, 314, 323 of 1096, 135–36 on nation-state and nationalism, 323–24, of 1391, 99 325, 326 of 1648–49, 137–38 The Open Society, 320–21, 323, 324, 327 in Galicia, 313 Open Society and, 40–41, 314–29, 371–72, in Lemberg, 435–36 484, 529 in Poland, 137–38 on Plato, 323 in Russia, 279, 280 socialism and, 314–16, 320–21, 323 in Ukraine, 313, 422, 430 “Toward a Philosophy of the Homeland Poland, 138–39, 236–37, 299, 334, 351, 547–48, (Heimat) Idea,” 320 593. See also Polish Jews Vienna Circle and, 321–22 antisemitism in, 421 Viennese progressivism and, 315–20, 325, 327 early modern Jewry in, 184 on Zionism, 319–20, 328, 329

Index 725

Popper, Simon, 315–16, 317–18 rabbinic Jacob, 73–79, 194–95, 395–96, Popper-Lynkeus, Josef, Nährarmee (nutrition 404–6, 407, 608–9. See also Jacob; Jacob & army), 318 Esau Popular Front, 540 Benno Jacob and, 414–20 postcolonial studies, 535–36 Bialik and, 434–35 postmodernity, 53, 54, 209, 614 disappearance of (in Hermann Cohen), 403 postnationalism, 32, 39, 47, 289, 305–6, 360, Jewish emancipation and, 414–20 364, 373, 565, 566–67, 611 Jewish nationalism and, 425 Europe and, 40, 45, 47, 360, 565, 611 Nazism and, 439 historiography and, 11, 37–40, 325–26 Shalev and, 602–3 socialist federalism as, 288–89, 298–300 Zionism and, 434–36 postwar Jewish Golden Age, 611–15 rabbinic Judaism, 57, 257, 274–75, 382–83, 392, post-Zionists, 48–49, 599 407, 422, 614 Prague, Bohemian Crownlands, 216–17, 224, European historiography and, 7–8, 54 287–88 formation contemporaneous with Christianity, Prague Jewish intellectuals, 366–67 79, 80–81, 82–83, 90 Prague Spring, 574 rabbinic culture, 4–5, 7, 164–65, 208–9, 224 Prague Zionists, 5–7, 285–86, 289–90, 311, rabbinic literature, 14, 50–51, 55–90, 95–96, 117, 357–58, 590 126–27, 263 Prinz, Joachim, 375, 395, 413–14 Christian appropriations of, 126–30, 140 Wir Juden (We Jews), 413 early modern censorship of, 158 Progressivism. See Viennese Progressivism European historiography and, 49 Prophets. See Hebrew Prophets historicized by Christian Hebraists, 155 Prossnitz, Judah Leib, 172 increasing access to with expansion of print Protestantism, 155, 237–38. See also liberal culture, 155 Protestantism medieval Christian–Jewish polemics and, anti-Judaism and, 248 117–18 Catholicism and, 192–93, 243–44, 378–79 rabbinic discourse, 7, 52–53, 80–81, 106 conversion to, 168, 227, 284, 349 rabbinic exegesis, 21, 52–53, 70, 140. See also cultural, 378, 381–83, 485–95, 510 rabbinic typology early modern tolerance of Jews and, 155–58 rabbinic topoi, 8, 80–81, 87 Jacob & Esau and, 140, 238, 240–42, 246–47, rabbinic tradition, 404–5 384, 393, 594 Benno Jacob and, 420 Jewish difference and, 378–84, 398 Orthodox Judaism and, 249 Jewish emancipation and, 247–48, 378, 390–91 Reform Judaism and, 249 Judaism and, 378, 403–5, 406–7, 408, 409. See Weimar generation and, 411–12 also Reform Judaism rabbinic typology, 590. See also Jewish typology; liberal, 237–48, 378–84, 394–95, 396 Jacob & Esau Mann and, 466, 467–68 Benno Jacob and, 418–19 nationalism and, 378–84, 394–95 disaffection with, in Weimar, 377 Nazism and, 383, 391–92, 503–4 Mann and, 465 Old Testament and, 248, 389, 391–92, resurgence of, in Hirsch and Jellinek, 277–78 507 Shalev and, 602–3 Protestant–Jewish dialogue, 594–95 silencing of (in Holdheim), 251 Reform Judaism and, 195, 230–31, 232, 237, Zionism and, 434, 589–90 239, 246–47, 252–53, 409 Rabi Binyamin, 357–58, 368–69, 592 Prussia, 169–70, 188–89, 197–98, 213–14, Rabinovich, Solomon. See Sholem Aleichem 292–93, 303, 562 Rabinovici, Doron, 577–78 Prussian Historical School, 192 race. See also ethno-nationalism; racial Psalms, 55–56, 262, 390 antisemitism Purim, 394, 398, 400, 401, 412 National Socialism and, 345, 380, 392–93, Purimspiel, 454, 456 424, 450 racialization, 9–10, 19, 92, 225, 260, 280–81, Qaniuk, Yoram, 611 284, 375, 377, 378–84, 392–95, 420, 444, Qariv, Avraham, 427 450–51, 454, 484, 494–95 qelipot, 147–48 racial myths, 424, 450–56, 468 Qidush Ha-Shem, 472–73 Rachel, 63, 84–85, 153, 267–68 qinot, 104 in Amichai, 597 Qolon, Yosef, 220 Benno Jacob and, 417–18 Qualtinger, Helmut, 573 Gunkel on, 388 Der Herr Karl, 561–62 Jacob and, 597

726 Index

Rachel (cont.) redemption, 127, 135–36, 167–68, 174–75, 473, in Jollos, 447, 448 589–90 in Manger, 432 Christian, 128 in Mann, 464–65, 468 in Frank, 178, 180–81, 182 Maybaum on, 398–99 historical vs. cosmic, 125–26, 139–40, 147 Rachel-Eve, in Frank, 181–83 in Horowitz, 154 Reem Hacohen and, 608 Jewish messianic, 55, 95, 147, 311, 410, 472–73 in Reform exegesis, 231–32 role of kabbalistic Edom in, 126, 137, 147, 151 in Shalev, 602–3 Red Letters, 185 as Shekhinah, 121–22, 151, 152 Redlich, Joseph, 286, 334–35, 348–49 Shlonsky and, 435 Red Vienna, 335–46, 347, 371, 372, 567–68 in Tamuz, 595–96 Jewish intelligentsia and, 340–43, 370 in Zohar, 121–22 Reformation, 134, 137, 191, 351 racial antisemitism, 9–10, 279–81, 283–84, 285, Reform exegesis (Jewish), 231–32, 233–34. See 351–52, 375, 379–80, 397, 424. See also also speciﬁc Reform rabbis and exegetes antisemitism Reformgemeinde, 236, 248, 412 in Central Europe, 279 Reform Judaism, 169, 193, 194–95, 197, 208, liberal Jews and, 304 213–14, 223, 224, 228, 237, 238–39, Maybaum and, 398 248–54, 260, 264–65, 396, 409 racial imperialism, 345, 346, 372 biblical criticism and, 238–39, 263, 404, 414 Radak (David Kimhi), 112–13, 127 Catholic Church and, 243–44, 392 ˙ Radler-Feldman, Yehoshua, 357–58 Edom eschatology and, 194, 238, 253 Rashbam (Shmuel ben Meir), 112–13, 129–30, Esau and, 195, 224–25, 229–30, 231–32, 166–67 233–34, 276–77 Rashi, 104, 107–8, 112–14, 120, 127, 128, German national conventions, 236 129–30, 167, 168, 220–21 Jacob & Esau and, 195, 224–25, 229–30, Rath, Meshulam, 472–73 231–32, 233–34 Rathenau, Walther, 467–68 Jacob and, 195, 224–25, 228, 229–30, 231–32, Rawidowicz, Simon, 586–87 233–34, 246–47, 267–68, 394, 396–97 Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, 156–57 Jewish emancipation and, 223, 224, 253, Rebecca, 8–10, 57–59, 122, 140–42, 144, 277–78 166–67, 181, 230, 265, 266, 267–68 liberal Protestantism and, 239, 244, 246–47, in Beer-Hofmann, 443, 444–45 252–53, 284, 378–79, 393, 403–5 Benno Jacob and, 417 Orthodox Judaism vs., 249, 250, 251, 263–64. in Bible Moralisée, 108 See also Sofer, opposition to Reform in Hirsch, 265, 266, 267–68 Judaism in Israeli literature, 599–600 pedagogy and, 228–30 in Manger, 431 Sofer’s opposition to, 212–18, 222, 223 in Mann, 464 Weimar generation and, 412 Maybaum on, 398–99 Reichenbach, Hans, 497 in medieval church dramas, 110–12 Reich-Ranicki, Marcel, 579–80 Rebecca’s maid, in Lasker-Schuler,̈ 441–42 Reichsrat, 281–82, 283–84, 285–86, 307, 311–12 in Reform exegesis, 231–32 Reidemeister, Kurt, 523 Rechtstaat, 292–93, 295 Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 239, 240–41 reconciliation of Jacob & Esau, 217, 264–65, 277, Reinhardt, Max, 350, 563 425–26, 607, 608–9 Rembrandt (Harmensz. van Rijn), in Beer-Hofmann, 443 The Reconciliation of Jacob and Esau, 160 Benno Jacob and, 419–20 remigrés, 542–43, 545, 547, 549, 550, 555, Eibeschütz’s intimation of, 174 556–57, 562, 569, 580–81 German-Jewish literature and, 425–26 Renan, Ernest, 276–77, 284–85, 394 Herder and, 207 Renner, Karl, 287–88, 289, 296–97, 298–300, Hirsch and, 268–69, 590 306, 337, 338, 343, 357–58 Jewish national literature and, 425–26 renovatio,93 in Jollos, 448–49 Republic of Scholars (Gelehrterrepublik), 334, 371 Jonas on, 252–53 Restoration, 188–89, 191, 208, 213, 214–15, in Lasker-Schüler, 449–50 223, 239 Leibowitz and, 590 Reuben, 84 in Manger, 430–31 Reuchlin, Johannes, 13–14, 155 Sacks and, 604 Reuter, Ernst, 497 as signiﬁer for emancipation, 207, 238, 252–53, revelation, 117, 385–86, 392, 425–26, 465, 506 419–20, 423 in Beer-Hofmann, 444 reconquista,93–94, 98–99, 100–101, 104 in Frankism, 177–79, 180–82

Index 727

Holdheim on, 249 Roth, Joseph, 364–66, 368–70, 372–73, 481, 531, Neo-Orthodoxy and, 263–64 564–65, 566–67 Sofer on, 208–10 Job, 365–66 Weimar intellectuals and, 377, 408, 409, 410 The Radetsky March, 366 Revolutionary Socialists of Austria, 342 The Wandering Jews, 365–66 Rickert, Heinrich, 381 Rothacker, Erich, 490 Riesser, Gabriel, 190–91, 277, 412, 421 Rothfels, Hans, 555 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 564–65 Rougement, Denis de, 549 Ritschl, Albrecht, 241 Rozenblit, Marsha, 285 ritual murder, 280–81, 375–76, 381 Rubens, Peter Paul, The Reconciliation of Jacob and Rockefeller Foundation, 348–49 Esau, 159, 160 Rohan, Karl Anton, 362–63 Rudolph, Crown Prince, “The Austro-Hungarian Röhling, August, 277, 293–94 Monarchy in Words and Images,” 292 Der Talmudjude, 293–94 Rühm, Gerhard, 553 Roland, Ida (Klausner), 361 Rumania, 279 Rolland, Romain, L’Europe, 367 Rumanians, 306–7 Roma, 235, 579, 612–13 Russian Empire, 10, 184, 194, 236–37, 279, Roma Diaspora, 333 306–7, 337, 422. See also Soviet Union Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church, 1917 Revolution in, 279 Roman disintegration after World War I, 312 Roman Empire, 8, 9–10, 55–90, 97–98, 99, 100, Hasidic Judaism in, 254–55 ˙ 102, 169–70, 324, 519, 530–31. See also pogroms in, 279, 280 Holy Roman Empire Revolution of 1905 in, 310–11 Babylon as emblem for, 68–69 Russian populism, 422–23 as Christian, 8, 30, 56, 79, 83, 90, 92, 104. See in World War I, 299 also Holy Roman Empire Russian Jews, 282–83. See also Soviet Union, Christianization of, 77, 78–83, 89, 90, Soviet Jewry 100–101, 128 Russian Jewish writers, 423 Eastern (Byzantium), 92, 93, 103, 137 Russian Poland. See Congress Poland Edom and, 56–57, 66–70, 71–72, 77, 78–79, Russo, Berukhiah (Osman Baba), 177, 178–79, 80, 83, 86, 93–94, 99, 100, 112–13, 127, 181, 182–83 134, 612 Rüstow, Alexander, 497, 508 Esau and, 15, 70–76, 78–83, 102, 612 as Fourth Empire, 69–70, 71–72 Saadiah Gaon. See Ben Yosef, Saadiah (Gaon) Greenberg and, 437–39 Saar, Ferdinand von, 364–65 “Idumaean origins” of, 99–100, 102, 116, Sabbateanism, 137, 139–40, 170, 171–72, 130–31, 168 178–81, 183, 217–18, 264. See also Jewish European History and, 15, 25, 55, 79, Eibeschütz, Jonathan; Frank, Jacob 92–93, 106, 135, 282, 539, 612 bans of excommunication against, 171, 177–78 Jewish typology and, 66–68, 73, 78–79, 83, 93. Dönmeh, 171, 177 See also Jacob & Esau typology Edom typology and, 170–83 Josipponian, 101–2, 106 Eibeschütz and, 170–77. See also Eibeschütz, medieval revaluation of, 105–6 Jonathan pagan vs. Christian, 57 Emden–Eibeschütz amulet controversy, the rabbis and, 56–57, 71–76, 78, 92, 103 171–72, 176 Roman–Jewish relations, 9, 56–57, 69, 75, 76, Enlightenment and, 139, 170, 175, 183 77, 78–83, 103 Frank and, 177–83, See Frank, Jacob Roman–Jewish wars, 73–74 Haskalah and, 171 Vandals’ sack of, 92, 103–4 hybridity and syncretism of, 22, 137, 139, 170, Romi, 602, 603 171, 178–79, 183, 185–86 Romulus, 102 Jacob & Esau and, 139, 174–75, 178–83 Roncalli, Angelo, 499 Kabbalah and, 171–73. See also Eibeschütz, Röpke, Wilhelm, 497 Jonathan; Frank, Jacob Rose, Paul, 201–2 Sabbatean Jewish communities, 171–72, Rosenberg, Alfred, 450–51 177–79 Rosenzweig, Franz, 5, 6–7, 311, 377, 395, 408–9, Sabbatean theosophy, 176 410, 419–20 Scholem and, 171 House of Jewish Learning (Freie Jüdische Shabbetai Zevi, 137, 139–40, 145, 154, 171, ˙ Lehrhaus) in Frankfurt, 412 173–75, 176–77, 181 on revelation, 377, 408, 409, Sofer and, 212, 213 410 Sachs, Hans The Star of Redemption, 408 “Comedy: Jacob and His Brother Esau,” 141

728 Index

Sachs, Hans (cont.) Schönberg, Arnold, 565 “The Devil Tries Marriage,” 141 Schönerer, Georg von, 280, 345 Sacks, Jonathan, 604–5, 607 Schönere Zukunft, 351–52, 365 Sadducees, 81 Schönfeld, Johann Heinrich, 161 Safed, 146 Battle Image, 161–62 Safed Kabbalah, 118–19, 146–47, 154 Reconciliation of Jacob with Esau, 161–62 Said, Edward, 535–36 Schorsch, Ismar, 238–39 translation of “Philology and Weltliteratur,” 535 Schorske, Carl, 565 The World, the Text, and the Critic, 535 Fin-de-siècle Vienna, 368 Said, Maire, 535 Schremer, Adiel, 80–81 translation of “Philology and Weltliteratur,” 535 Schreyvogl, Friedrich, 364–65 Salomon, Gotthold, 231–32, 267–68 Schröckh, Johann Matthias, 243 Salten, Felix, 341–42, 356 Schuschnigg, Kurt, 342, 353, 360 Salzburg Festival, 350–51, 354, 563 Schwartz, Delmore, 534 Samael (Satan), 121–22, 153, 174, 444 Schwartz, Seth, 90 Samaritans, 81, 94 Schwarzfuchs, Simon, 114 Samet, Moshe, 164 Second International, 338–39 Sanhedrin (Napoleon’s), 116 Second Temple, 55–56, 59, 89, 384–85 Santa Maria Maggiora, 110–12 destruction of, 55, 56, 65, 68–69, 105–6, Saperstein, Marc, 184–85 135–36, 150, 614 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 573 Second Temple Judaism, 403, 413–14, 500 Sassanid Empire, 81, 90. See also Persia time period, 55, 59, 89, 101, 214, 240, 384–85, Schäfer, Peter, 80 396–97 Schäfer, Wilhelm, 424, 450 secularism, 295–96, 404, 492–93, 534 Jakob und Esau, 451–53, 454 secularization, 20, 33, 92, 163, 243, 278, 433 Schalit, Isidore, 306, 317 Auerbach’s view of, 487, 489, 491, 503–4, 506, Schalk, Fritz, 495 510, 512–13, 514–15, 519–20 Schaukal, Richard von, 364–65 secularized Christian culture, 486, 534, 536 Schechter, Ronald, 187–88 secularized Protestantism, 378, 466 Scheler, Max, The Human Place in the Cosmos, Sefat Emet. See Alter, Yehudah Leib 460–61 Sefer ha-Bahir, 121 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, Sefer ha-Berit, 218–19 493–94 Sefer ha-Yashar, 101–2, 142–43, 168 Schiele, Egon, 565 Sefer ha-Zohar. See Zohar Schiff, Jenny, 315. See also Popper, Jenny Sefer Yezhira, 121 ˙ Schiff, Max, 315 Sefer Yosef ha-Meqane, 114–15, 135–36 Schiff, Walter, 342 seﬁrot, 121 Schiller, Friedrich, 199 Segal, Allan, 80 “Ode to Joy,” 590 Segev, Tom, 611 Schindel, Robert, 577–78 Seghers, Anna, 554 Schindler, Oskar, 400–401 Seipel, Ignaz, 292–93, 346, 347, 362–63 Schlamm, William S., 557–58, 559 Seir, 71–72, 122, 185–86, 418–19 Schlegel, Friedrich, 292–93 Mount Seir, 59, 61, 97–98 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 241, 408 Selbst-Emancipation, 308–9. See also Jewish Schlesinger, Richard, 360 emancipation Schlick, Moritz, 321–22 Seleucid Empire, 64 Schloss Elmau, conference at, 1–2, 3 self-determination, 281, 285–86, 325, 337–38, Schmitt, Carl, 6–7 361, 401–2. See also nation-state Schnitzler, Arthur, 341, 564–65 Senir, Leah Schober, Johann, 362 “At the Jabbok Crossing,” 597 Schocken, 227 “When Rebecca Died,” 599–600 Schoenberg, Arnold, 356 Sephardic Jews, 92, 93–94, 98–99, 100–101, Schoeps, Hans Joachim, 6–7 133–34, 225–26, 380 Scholder, Klaus, 202–3 conversion among, 131–32 Scholem, Gershom, 2–3, 5–6, 14, 253–54, 406–7, Diaspora, 135, 143–44, 146 442–43, 538 Edom typology and, 97–101, 113, 131, Haskalah, 172 132–34 “Reﬂections on Modern Jewish Studies,” expulsion from Spain, 55, 100–101, 118–19, 253, 395 133–35, 139, 215, 253, 614 Sabbatean movements and, 172 messianic vision of, 104 postwar German reception of, 13–14 in Ottoman Empire, 134 Reuchlin lectures, 13–14 persecution of, 126

Index 729

preference for Christian over Muslim rule, Smalley, Beryl, 112 99, 103 socialism, 45, 471, 515, 522–23, 548. See also September 11, 2001, 606 Austrian socialism Serbia, 279, 299 social democracy, 45, 295, 310, 338–40, 353, sermo humilis, 501–2, 519–21, 528, 531 549–50 sermons. See also derashah; speciﬁc preachers Socialist International, 562–63 Christian origin of Jewish, 230–31 socialist internationalism. See internationalism, Jacob & Esau in Protestant, 246–48 socialist Jacob & Esau in Reform, 194, 224, 230–35, Society of Ethical Culture, 398 249–51, 274–76, 375 Sofer, Moses (Hatam), 50, 185–86, 195–96, 197, ˙ Reform sermon culture, 195, 224, 230–31, 233, 224, 254, 255, 258, 259–60, 270–71, 278, 264, 271–72, 274, 394, 396 282–83, 400–401, 588–89, 604 Sofer’s, 211–12, 215 biography of, 209, 211 Ultra-Orthodox Holocaust, 471 Christian–Jewish coexistence and, 208, Serpent, 122 217–19, 222 Settlers, 609–10 founding of Orthodox Judaism by, 208–23 Shabbat Zakhor, 607 Hamburg Temple controversy and, 214 Shabbetai Zevi, 137, 139–40, 145, 154, 171, imperial allegiances of, 208, 213, 214–16, 223 ˙ 173–75, 176–77, 181 as innovator, 211–12, 216–17, 223 Shaham, Nathan, 611 Jacob & Esau’s brotherhood and, 217–18, 219, ˙ Shaked, Malka, 598–99 220–21, 222 Shakespeare, William, 141, 454 Jewish emancipation and, 208, 223 Shakh, Eliezer, 16–17, 589, 590–91 opposition to Haskalah and Reform Judaism, Shalev, Meir 208, 212–18, 222, 223 Arab–Jewish conﬂict and, 603 Sabbatean movements and, 212, 213 Esau, 600–601, 602–4 Solomon, 86, 274–75 Shalom, Joseph, 131–32 Soloveitchik, Yosef Dov, 588, 590–91, 607 Shanes, Joshua, 307 Sołtyk, Kajetan, 177–78 Shatzmiller, Joseph, 105 Sonderweg, 514–15, 555 Shedel, James, 292–93 Sorkin, David, 164, 188–89, 234–35 Shekhem, 233–34, 402–3, 464, 468–69, 608 Sorrels, Katherine, 308, 317–18 Shekhinah, 121, 122, 148, 150, 172–75, 176, 256 Soviet Union, 333, 339–40, 344, 449–50, 547, Sheneur Zalman of Liadi, Tanya, 256 548, 549, 581 shevirat ha-kelim, 147–48 Soviet Jewry, 509 Shinan, Avigdor, 80–81 Soviet Revolution, 337, 346, 469–70 Shlonsky, Avraham, “Jacob at the Wellhead,” 435 Sozialpolitische Partei, 316 Shneerson, Menahem Mendel, 605, 606 , 316–17 ˙ Sozialpolitiker Sholem Aleichem, 423, 425–28, 431–32 Sozialreformer, 283–84, 287 , 428 , 341–42 H˙ aye Adam Soziologische Gesellschaft Tevye the Milkman, 427–28 Spain, 93–94, 97–98, 133, 134–35 shtetls, 366, 427, 566–67 Al-Andalus, 93–94, 97–98, 99 Shteynberg, Yakov, 435 converts in medieval, 131 “Jacob,” 435 expulsion of Jews from, 55, 100–101, 118–19, Shumsky, Dimitry, 289–90 133–35, 139, 215, 253, 614 , 123–24 expulsion of Muslims from, 134–35 Sifra de-Z˙ eniuta Sifre,69–70, 71–72, 74–75 Spann, Othmar, 348–49, 351–52 Silber, Marcos, 287–88, 335–36 Spätaufklärung, 316–17 Silber, Michael, 215–16 Specter, Matthew, 542 Silone, Ignazio, 553 Spender, Stephen, 553 Simon, 402–3 Spengler, Oswald, The Decline of the West, 488 Sissi, 563 Sperber, Manès, 356, 357, 542, 543, 553, , 121–22, 125, 149–51, 174 578–80, 582–83 sitra ah˙ ra Sittlichkeit, 190–91, 194–95 Spiel, Hilde, 542, 571–72 Sivan, Aryeh, “At the Well,” 597 Spinoza, Baruch, 205–6, 382–83 Skalnik, Kurt, 570 Spitzer, Leo, 491, 495, 497–98, 526, 538–39 Slavs, 281–82, 296–97, 299–300, 304, 305–6, Spitzer, Salomon, 224 564 “Spring of Nations,” 188 Slezkine, Yuri, 52 Stadttempel, 215–16, 224, 230–31, 273 Slovakian Jews, 421 Stahl, Friedrich Julius, 254, 277 Slovaks, 296 Stalin, Josef, 543 Sluga, Glenda, 43 Stamm, Jewish. See Jewish ethnicity, Stamm

730 Index

Ständestaat, 342, 344, 346, 347–49, 350, 353, Tertullian, 85, 133, 505–6, 510 354, 355–56, 360, 362, 364, 372, 373, teshuvat ha-minim, 113–14 553, 556–57, 563 Teufel, Fritz, 575–76 Stein, Leopold, 253 Theodosius, 77, 92 Steiner, George, 591–92 Thirty Years’ War, 158–62 Steinhardt, Jakob, Jacob and Esau, 585–86 Thorn, Fritz, 559 Stendhal, The Red and the Black, 511–12, 513 Thun, Franz Anton von, Count, 300–301 stereotypes, Jewish, 381–82, 400, 424, 450, Tiferet, 121–22, 173 454–56, 594. See also antisemitism; specific Tiktin, Solomon, 236 figures Timna, 52–53, 76 Stifter, Adalbert, 564–65 tiqun, 121, 123–24, 125–26, 139–40, 147–48, Stoecker, Adolf, 279–80, 379–80, 391 150, 154, 173–74, 608 Stourzh, Gerald, 553 Tiszaeszlár ritual murder trial, 280, 293–94 Stow, Kenneth, 187–88 Titus, Emperor, 105–6, 138–39 Strauss, Leo, 5, 6–7 Toledot Yeshu, 81, 113–14 Streseman, Gustav, 362 tolerance, 234, 303, 382, 398, 554, 580. See also Stricker, Robert, 355–56 Edict of Tolerance; Toleranzpatent Stürgkh, Karl von, 312–13 Christian, of Jews, 90, 117, 139, 156, supersessionism, 204–5, 240, 382–83, 392, 409, 192–93, 205 508, 509, 594–95. See also Toleranzpatent, 165, 166, 170 Christian–Jewish relations Torah, 71–72, 257–58, 261, 263–64, 416, 471. supranationalism, 6–7, 290–92, 318, 336–37, See also Hebrew Bible; Oral Law; 344–45, 361, 366, 563 Pentateuch; specific books Swarsensky, Manfred, 412–13 Oral, 117–18, 133, 261, 263–64, 408, 471–72 Sylvester I, Pope, 128 , 261 Torah im Derekh Erez˙ syncretism. See hybridity Torberg, Friedrich, 357, 531, 542, 550–52, 553, 554, 556–57, 569, 578–80 Taaffe, Graf, 287, 294–95, 300–301 Austrian literature and, 557–67 al-Tabar¯,ı Abū Jaʿfar Muhammad ibn Jar¯r,ı 102 biography of, 557–58, 559–61, 569–70 ˙ ˙ Tagebuch, 554, 573, 580–81 Central Europe and, 557–67 Tal, Uriel, 403 Die Tante Jolesch, 578 Talmud, 56, 57, 69–70, 404–5 Die zweite Begegnung, 559 attacks on, 104, 117–18, 132–33, 136, 156, Forum and, 557, 561–62, 569–70, 580 177–78, 293–94 Holocaust and, 560–61 Christian knowledge of, 117–18, 127 Jewishness and, 558–59, 560–61 Cohen on, 404–5 Süsskind von Trimberg, 578 Haskalah reform and, 164–65 Zionism and, 557, 560–61 Jellinek and, 274–75 Torberg, Ilse, 559 Martini’s use of, 117–18, 127–28 Tosafists, 91 Palestinian, 67–68, 69–70, 86–87, 90 Tosefta,71–72 Paris Trial of, 118, 136 totalitarianism, 323, 449–50, 529, 543, 549, 582 Paul, Archbishop of Burgos on, 132–33 Touitou, Elazar, 114 Wagenseil and, 157–58 traditional Jews, 192–93, 236–37, 255, 288, 301, Tammuz, 465 313, 336–37, 378–79, 424–25, 478, 612. Tamuz, Benjamin, Jacob, 595–97, 598, 600 See also Orthodox Judaism; Ultra- Tandler, Julius, 336–37 Orthodox Judaism ,96 in Austria, 224, 282, 288, 294, 336, 400 Tanh˙ uma Tannaim Europeanness and, 4–6, 7, 11, 12–13, 14, Ishmael in, 95–96 50–51, 54, 538–39 Tannaitic literature, 66–68, 71–72, 404–5. See in Galicia, 236–37, 285–86, 290, 294, 306 also Midrash, Tannaitic Midrash socialism and, 295–96, 312, 330–31, 422 Targumim,69–70, 71–72 Weimar generation and, 408, 412 Palestinian, 71–72 Zionism and, 44, 236–37, 311, 422, 433–35, Pseudo-Jonathan Targum, 128 469, 473, 599 Taubes, Jacob, 6–7 Trakl, Georg, 564–65 Taylor, A. J. P., 286 Transjordan, 60 Taylor, Charles, 201, 604 Traum und Wirklichkeit, 565 Teichthal, Yissakhar Shlomo, 473 Treaty of St. Germain, 332, 340 , 473 Treaty of Versailles, 325, 332, 346, 362–63, Em ha-Banim Semeh˙ a Teller, Wilhelm, 168–69, 185 370–71 Temple Mount, 57, 94–95 Trebitsch, Josef, 359–60 Ten Martyrs (Aseret Haruge Malkhut), 149–50 Treitschke, Heinrich von, 279–80, 379–81, 393

Index 731

“tribal nationalism,” 323–28. See also Popper on, 324, 326 ethno-nationalism Sofer and, 219 Trieste, Italy, 187–88, 215–16 Unsdorfer, Shlomo Zalman, 472 Trinity, 403 usury, 115, 158, 205–6 Troeltsch, Ernst, 378, 382–83, 390, 406, 486–88 Trotsky, Leon, 295–96 “Va-avo ha-Yom el ha-Ayin”, 172, 174–77 Trumat ha-Deshen, 220–21 Van Rahden, Till, 234–35 Traum und Wirklichkeit, 565 Vaterland, 303–4 Tübingen School, 241 Vaterländische Front, 346 Turks, 134 Vatican II, 49, 354–55, 587, 588, 607 typology, 9–10, 12, 50–51, 107–8, 125–26, 519. Va-yiqra Rabbah,86–87 See also Christian typology; Edom–Rome Verdeutschung, 410 typology; Jacob & Esau typology; Jewish Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus, 376 typology; patristic typology; rabbinic Verfassungspartei, 304, 305 typology Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 541–42 Tzara, Tristan, 446 Verösterreicherung der Welt, 566–67 Verus Israel,84–85, 107–8, 375 Übermensch, 363–64 Verwaltung, 291–92, 313, 334–35 Ukraine, 137–38, 254–55, 313, 422, 430 Vialon, Martin, 536 Ukrainians, 296, 306–7 Vichy France, 379–80 Ultra-Orthodox Judaism, 222, 237, 254–55, 258, Vico, Giambattista, 485–95, 535 277, 285–86, 308–9, 311, 409, 473, Auerbach and, 488–90 588–89. See also traditional Jews pluralism and, 488 Amaleq and, 422, 424–25 Scienza Nuova, 488–89 Arab-Israeli conflict and, 590–91 universalism and, 488 declaring Jews a nation, 237, 285–86 world of nations and, 510 Holocaust and, 424–25, 471–73, 588–90 Victor, Jan, 160 in Hungary, 237, 254, 260, 285, 471–73 Victorines, 112–13, 117, 128–29 Israel and, 16–17, 589–90 Vienna, Austria, 216–17, 224, 273–74, 550, non-Orthodox Jews and, 222, 237, 470 565–66, 573–74, 576, 592. See also Red United States and, 470, 473, 589 Vienna Zionism and, 473, 588–89 1848 liberal revolution in, 283 Unger, Joachim Jacob, 282–83, 301–303, 400–401 1968 in, 571, 573 Union of Free Religious Congregations (Bund conversion rates in, 315–16, 349 freier religiöser Gemeinden), 245, 381 émigrés in postwar, 551, 561, 578 United States, 521–32, 548 expulsion of Jews from, 53 antisemitism and, 467–68, 591–92, 613 fin-de-siècle progressives in. See Viennese Cold War culture and, 543, 549–50, 556 progressivism culturally derided by Europeans, 556 Forum and postwar, 551, 567–68 émigrés in, 322, 477, 483, 526, 532–33, Galician Jewish refugees in, 312–13, 336, 564 558–59, 578. See also specific figures imperial legacy and, 564–68, 576 Jewish immigration to, 280, 469–70, 548 interwar Vienna. See Red Vienna Jews as model immigrants and, 591–92 inventing fin-de-siècle, 564–66. See also as model for democratic national culture, modernism, Viennese 294–95, 467–68, 556 Jewish Socialist alliance in, 284, 336–37 philosemitism in, 605, 613 Jews in, 224, 273, 283–84, 294, 300, 304, as treifidike, 469–70 312–13, 315–16, 336–37, 341, 355–56, Ultra-Orthodox Jews and, 469–70, 589, 401, 578. See also Red Vienna, Jewish 605 intelligentsia universal history, 69, 510, 519 Vienna rite (Reform liturgy), 215–16, 224, universalism, 161, 222, 246–47, 262, 382–83, 401–2 401, 403 Wiedergeburt einer Weltstadt: Wien, Auerbach and Christian, 494 1945–1965, 568 Christian, 176, 183, 240, 388, 494 Wien: Vorstadt Europas, 568 Enlightenment, 165, 169–70, 201, 244–45, Zionism in, 308–10, 356, 357 260, 300 Vienna Circle, 321–22, 371 Freemasons and, 360 Vienna Democratic Party, 317 of Hebrew Prophets, 382–83, 406 Vienna rite (Reform liturgy). See Vienna, Vienna Herder and, 207 rite Hirsch and, 264–65 Viennese cosmopolitanism. See cosmopolitanism, Jellinek and, 274–76 Viennese

732 Index

Viennese progressivism, 287, 288, 315–20 Werfel, Franz, 342, 354, 356, 364–65, 366–67, denial of Jews as nationality, 318–19 368–70, 372–73, 501, 531, 557, 558, 563, Popper and, 316–18, 319–20, 325, 327 564–65 vigilantism, 399–400, 402–3 “An Essay on the Meaning of Imperial Virgil, 504 Austria,” 354 Visotzky, Burton, 80–81 Twilight of a World, 365–66 Vital, Hayim, 152 Werthheimer, Joseph Ritter von, 300–301 ˙ Voegelin, Erich, 555 Wessely, Naphtali Herz, “Words of Peace and Vogelsang, Karl von, 303–4, 351–52 Wisdom,” 164 Volk, 191 Westphalia, 169–70, 212 Völkerbund. See League of Nations Whitﬁeld, Stephen, Voices of Jacob, Hands of Esau, Volkov, Shulamit, 284–85 591–92 Volksbildung, 340–41 “whore of Babylon,” 68–69 Volksmonarchie, 351–52 Wieland, Christoph Martin, 199 Volksstamm, 325. See also ethnicity Wiener, Max, 409 Volozhin Yeshivah, 26, 422, 433–34 Wiener, Oswald, 553 Vossler, Karl, 491, 502, 528 Wiener Aktion, 577 Wiener and Vorauer Genesis, 110 Wagenseil, Johann Christoph, 157–58 Wiener Gruppe, 553, 569 Tela ignea Satanae (The ﬁery darts of Satan), 157 Wiener Tagebuch, 573 Wagner, Otto, 338 Wiese, Christian, 403 Waldheim, Kurt, 577–78 Willemsens, Abraham, 160 Waldheim Affair, 577–78 Williams, Roger, 141 Walter, Bruno, 349, 354, 558 Wilson, Woodrow, 312, 325 Wandering Jew. See Ahasuerus (wandering Jew) Winter, Karl Ernst, 351–52 Warburg, Max, 362 Wissenschaft des Judentums,5–6, 155–56, 238–39, Wasserman, Elhaan, 470, 471 249, 253–54, 261, 263–64, 278, 407, 409, ˙ Weber, Max, 378, 382, 383–84, 406, 445, 412–13, 414–15. See also Jewish Studies 459–60, 486–87, 512–13, 515, 614–15 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractatus Logico- circle of, 485 Philosophicus, 321–22 “Science as a Vocation,” 383, 614 Wittlin, Józef, 334 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 567 Wolfson, Elliot, 122–24 Weigall, Arthur, Akhnaton, Pharoah of Egypt, World War I, 10, 11, 286, 287–88, 300, 335–36, 460–61 346, 405–6 Weigl, Hans, 569 Central Powers in, 299 Weimar culture, 451, 485–95, 528, 531, 571, disintegration of Austria-Hungary after, 311–12 578 German-Jewish literature and, 449–50 antisemitism in, 379–80, 382 Jewish literature and, 425–26 Jewish intellectuals. See Weimar generation World War II, 314, 323, 332, 365–66, 483, myth in, 424, 457–59, 462 562–63, 575 Weimar generation, 5–7, 377, 394–95, 406–7, Auerbach and, 510, 516 412, 413–14 German-Jewish literature and, 449–50 Benno Jacob and, 414, 416, 420 Wotruba, Fritz, 565 Hebrew Bible and, 409, 410, 411–12 history and, 410–12, 414, 419–20, 424 Yahuda, Abraham Shalom, The Language of the Jewish identity and, 408, 411–12, 413–14 Pentateuch, 460–61 Mann and, 424 Yale University, 532 rabbinic tradition and, 411–12, 413–14 Yannai, 94 Weimar Jewish renaissance, 411 Yavan, 68–69, 93, 102 Zionism and, 407 Yefet (Japheth), 68–69 Weimar Republic, Constitution, of, 421 Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim, 105–6 Weinberg, Jehiel Jacob, 4–5, 471 , ,6–7, 170, 223, 236–37, 248, ˙ yeshivah yeshivot Weinzierl, Erika, 570 254–55, 262, 272, 278, 294, 473, Weissberg, Liliane, 201–2 590, 607 welfare state, 338, 549, 552 German, 50, 223, 261 Wellek, René, 533 Hirsch on limits of education in, 261–62, 265 Wellhausen, Julius, 384–85, 389, 406–7, 409, Hungarian, 211, 216–17 416 Lithuanian, 33–34, 236 Weltreich, 281 Sofer’s Pressburg (Bratislava), 211, 216–17, Weltsch, Felix, 289–90, 471–72 357 Volozhin, 25, 422, 433–34 Weltstadt, 568–69 West Bank, 607–8, 609–10

Index 733

Yesod, 120–21 Jewish emancipation and, 280, 308–9, , 137–39 412–13, 422 Yeven Mez˙ ulah Yevsektsiya,36–37, 469–70 liberal Jews vs., 304, 355, 396, 400, 412–13 Yiddish, 307, 308–9, 310–11, 336 messianism and, 311, 436, 437–38, 473–74, Yiddish Language Conference, 308–9 589–90 Yiddish literature, 10, 422–23. See also speciﬁc nation-state and, 11, 287–88, 306, 308–9, 335, authors and works 357, 612 Esau in, 423, 425–32 Nazi racialization and, 454 expressionism in, 429–30, 435 “New Jew,”“New Man,” 439, 585–86, German culture and, 422–23 599 Jacob & Esau in, 24, 425–32 Popper and, 319–20, 328, 329 between nationalism and internationalism, religious, 473, 589–91, 606–10 425–32 socialists and, 285–86, 307, 310–11, 355–56, Yishuv, 369–70, 438–39, 611 422, 469–70 Yizhak ben Shlomo Ashkenazi. Luria, Isaac Ultra-Orthodox Jews and, 469–70, 473, ˙ ˙ See Yosef, Yizhaq, 590–91 588–89 ˙ ˙ Yosef ha-Meqane, 114 Viennese, 308–9, 356, 357 Yuval, Israel, 80, 87 Weimar generation and, 407 World Zionist Congress, 356, 454 , 254–55 Zionist literature, 423 ˙Zadiq Zadoq Hacohen of Lublin, 256 critical of rabbinic Jacob, 423, 425, 433, ˙ Jacob & Esau and, 256, 257–59 434–36, 589–90, 609–10 Zohar and, 258 Esau in, 435–40, 590–91, 598–604, 606–10 Zammito, John H., 200 expressionism in, 425–26, 435–36 Zamosc, David, Nahar me-Eden, 230 imperial nostalgia in, 11, 335, 357, 368–70 Zechariah, 127–28 Jacob & Esau in, 425–26, 433–40, 585–86, Zeir Anpin, 124, 148, 151–52, 181 589–90, 597, 602–3 Zelofhad, 398–99 Jacob in, 433, 434–35, 584, 596–97, 600, ˙ ˙ Zenah u-Renah (Tsenerene), 142–45, 426 607–10 ˙ Zepho, 102, 131 Zivilisation, vs. Kultur, 310–11 – (journal), 289–90 Zilk, Helmut, 567 68, 576 ˙Ziyon Zimmern, Alfred, 324 Zohar, 117–26, 139–40, 144–45, 146–47, 149–50, , 147–48 152, 155, 174, 176–77, 181 ˙zimz˙ um Zionism, 6–7, 11, 12–13, 236–37, 280, 285–86, Christianity and, 124 287–88, 304, 306, 307, 308–9, 334, composition of, 126 336–37, 341–42, 375, 394, 398, 405, 409, Divinity’s three countenances in, 124 413–14, 422–23, 454, 469–70, 541, 575, Edom and, 125–26 584–86, 588–89, 596, 599, 603, 611 as highly allegorized Midrash on the 68ers and, 577 Pentateuch, 118–19 antisemitic stereotyping and, 439, 599 Jacob & Esau and, 119–20, 125 antisemitism and, 280, 309–10, 422 reﬂecting anxiety about Jewry’s future, 126 assimilation and, 36, 308–9, 402, 412–14, as representing shift from historical to 479–80 cosmogonic messianism, 125–26 – Zadoq Hacohen of Lublin and, 258 in Austria, 306, 310, 355 58 ˙ Birnbaum and, 310 Zola, Émile, 513 Diaspora and, 51–52, 358, 434–35 Zollverein, 363 Zoref, Heschel, 179–80 Diaspora nationalism and, 307, 356 ˙ in Galicia, 481 Zoroastrian dualism, 81 Greenberg and, 436, 437–38 Zunz, Leopold, 225, 228, 230–31 Holocaust and, 473, 585–86, 589–90 Zweig, Stefan, 341, 354, 364–65, 367, 368–70, imperial federalism and, 11, 287–88, 306, 446–47, 475–76, 564–65 308–9, 335, 357 The World of Yesterday, 335–36, 365–66 Jacob & Esau. See Zionist literature Zwittau, Moravia, 400–401