Food Science 470 Wine Appreciation

Christian BUTZKE Professor of Enology Department of Food Science History Geography Statistics Growing areas Grape varieties Wine styles Southern Hemisphere! World Viticulture

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Seasons reversed ! Harvest February - April Chile Argentina Chile Winegrowing Principles

Coastal valleys => Mediterranean climate Humboldt current => Cool air, fog Along the Andes => Cool + irrigation water Deep soils => protection from drought Isolated location Furrow irrigation => Phylloxera-free x

Humboldt Current A frigid stream of water from Antarctica Humboldt Current A frigid stream of water from Antarctica

Brings cold air and cloudy, foggy weather to the coastal regions and into river valleys Creates fairly constant, moderate temperatures Inland, the influence is most marked at night, cooling the hot summer air Climate change, wine, and conservation Lee Hannaha et al Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2013) Climate change, wine, and conservation Lee Hannaha et al Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2013) History Chile

The first vineyards were planted in 1541, after the conquest of the Inca empire by Pizarro and his Spanish conquistadores Incas had created a network of canals and furrows Created perfect winegrowing conditions Cortés had 10 vines planted for every native killed

Grapes were used to make sacramental wine

Beginning in 1600, the cultivation of grapevines and wine production grew rapidly, reducing the need to trade wine and spirits between Spain and America Chile

A series of decrees from 1620 to 1654 prohibited new plantings and imposed taxes on existing vineyards as protectionist measures for Spanish wine exports

Chile’s independence from Spain in 1818 greatly increased trade with the outside world

In 1830, a Frenchman, Claude Gay, persuaded Chilean government officials to develop a state viticulture program looking for the best vines for the region Chile

By the middle of the 19th century, a complete transformation of the wine industry and the beginning of modern winemaking had begun

In the mid-1800’s, everything French became fashionable in Chile, especially winemaking

Wealthy owners of copper or coal mines invested in vineyards and hired French enologists Chile

1850’s – 1930’s: Rapid development of vineyards and wine quality 1930’s+: Change of government attitude toward alcohol, prohibition of new plantings, limits on production, higher taxes: severe industry decline, nearly 50% of vineyards pulled during 70s and 80s 1990’s: Transition from military dictatorship to democracy: Rapid development of modern wineries funded by affluent investors 2010’s: Top 10 producers make more than 80% of wine

Chile

580 miles Chile’s Appellations

Data in hectares (ha). Acres = ha * 2.5 Chile

The Maipo Valley is the most famous wine growing area of the Central Valley region

Note the proximity to the capital Santiago ! Chile

Maipo Valley Vineyards & Santiago de Chile Chile , Wines of Chile of Wines , Grieger Charmaine © Chile

Aquatania Estate, Maipo Valley Chile

Chile Chile

The Veramonte in Casablanca Valley is the largest contiguous vineyard in Chile (875 acres) Veramonte - Casablanca Valley

Veramonte - Casablanca Valley

2010 Veramonte - Casablanca Valley

2012

Chile Chile

Viña Errázuriz Estates, Aconcaqua Valley Chile

Viña Errázuriz Estates, Aconcaqua Valley

Chile

Rapel Valley – moderate climate, rainfall in winter followed by a long dry season.

Export-relevant sub-appellations:

Colchagua

Cachapoal Chile Statistics

Chile Argentina

468 525 x1000 acres of vineyards 100 2,000 wine producers 166 349 million gallons of wine 16 40 million people 60 31 % of wine exported Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres

REGION 2004/2000* REGION 2004/2000* 1. Spain 2,995 11. Chile 468 2. France 2,210 12. Australia 410 3. Italy 2,140 13. Greece* 323 4. Turkey 1,475 14. Ukraine* 313 5. China 1,125 15. South Africa* 293 6. USA 976 16. Bulgaria* 278 7. Iran 713 17. Germany* 263 8. Portugal 610 18. Hungary* 228 9. Romania 575 19. Yugoslawia* 205 10. Argentina 525 20. Croatia* 148

EUROPE 11,978 Includes table grapes and raisins! WORLD 19,763 Wine Production Millions of Gallons

REGION 2004 2000 1990 1. France 1,210 1,519 1,733 2. Italy 1,136 1,363 1,448 3. Spain 1,067 1,102 1,020 4. USA 539 616 417 5. Argentina 349 330 370 6. China 296 N/A N/A 7. Australia 285 214 116 8. South Africa 235 182 238 9. Germany 217 259 225 10. Portugal 188 177 299 11. Chile 166 169 106 EUROPE 4,861 5,310 5,918 WORLD 6,869 7,292 7,477 Growing Regions

Chile Argentina

Valle del Aconcagua La Salta Valle del Casablanca Cafayate Valle del Maipo La Rioja Valle del Rapel San Juan Valle del Curicó Mendoza (75%) Valle del Maule San Rafael Valle del Itata Neuquén/Rio Negro Chile Major Grape Varieties

White (31%) Red (69%) Chardonnay (7%) Cab Sauvignon (33%)

Sauvignon Blanc País = Criolla = Mission Muscat of Alexandria Merlot Sémillon Carménère Syrah Carménère

Chile’s special red variety Chile Grape Acreage Planted

30,000

25,000 All varieties 20,000 (/10)

15,000 Rapid Changes! 10,000 7,000 ac

5,000 Syrah 0 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 Aroma Descriptors

Argentina Chile

Argentina

Similar wine history to Chile; first vines came from there in 1556

East of the Andes across from Central Valley of Chile, only 150 miles away, but 18,000 ft mountain ranges in between.

Major wine region – Mendoza (75% of total)

Largest production in South America, lower recognized quality, but rapidly improving

Consumption down from 26(!) to 8.9 gal/capita 1970 2003 Argentina Winegrowing Principles

East of Andes => relatively cool, little rain, but plenty irrigation water dry weather = no mildew High altitude => intensive sun exposure, 1,000 – 6,000 ft but cool Argentina Argentina Mendoza Argentina Major Grape Varieties

White (23%) Red/Pink (77%) Pedro Giménez Cereza italiana Torrontés (5%) Criolla = País = Mission Muscat of Alexandria Malbec (12%) Trebbiano Bonarda Chardonnay Cabernet Sauvignon Mendoza

Bodega Catena Zapata

Mendoza

Finca Decero

Malbec

Argentina’s (finest) red variety Malbec + Aroma Descriptors 1,900 miles to Equator

South Africa

First vineyards near Capetown in 1655 First wine made in 1659: Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch East India Company’s commander at Cape of Good Hope Half-way point between East Indies (spice trade) and Europe Believed grapes (and wine) could protect against scurvy (Vitamin C) Vine cuttings were probably Muscat of Alexandria (Hanepoot) and Chenin Blanc (Steen) South Africa

Climate almost perfect: Dry, warm summers; mild, wet winters Nearly disease free Dutch were gardeners, not viticulturists => Early reports of wine quality were negative to hostile – “harsh, useful only to irritate the bowels” 1679, Governor van der Stel began re-organization of entire colony, including grape industry Identified new territory, better for farming, named it Stellenbosch South Africa

Van der Stel established a model farm, Constantia French Huguenots fleeing France in 1680-1690 came to the Cape, many accomplished winemakers Exported sweet Constantia wine was very popular and expensive in Europe (17/1800’s) Overcropping, phylloxera, racist government, kept wine industry from developing and competing 1973 Wine of Origin (WO) legislation established 1994 Apartheid (and boycott) ended South Africa Languages & Life

Life expectancy: 51.1 years (2000)

Latitude Comparison

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42 Winegrape Vineyards by 2050

Climate change, wine, and conservation Lee Hannaha et al Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2013) South Africa Winegrowing Principles

Between two oceans => relatively cool climate Along major rivers => relatively cool climate, irrigation water High mountain ranges => protection from heat Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres

EUROPE 11,978 Includes table grapes and raisins! WORLD 19,763 Wine Production Millions of Gallons

REGION 2004 2000 1990 1. France 1,210 1,519 1,733 2. Italy 1,136 1,363 1,448 3. Spain 1,067 1,102 1,020 4. USA 539 616 417 5. Argentina 349 330 370 6. China 296 N/A N/A 7. Australia 285 214 116 8. South Africa 235 182 238 9. Germany 217 259 225 10. Portugal 188 177 299 11. Chile N/A 169 106 EUROPE 4,861 5,310 5,918 WORLD 6,869 7,292 7,477 Major Grape Varieties

White (55%) Red (45%) Chenin Blanc (19%) Cab Sauvignon (11%) Colombard Syrah Sauvignon Blanc Pinotage Chardonnay Merlot Muscat of Alexandria Cinsault Pinotage (Pinot Noir x Cinsault) South Africa’s unique red variety Major Grape Varieties

Synonyms

Steen (old) Chenin Blanc Hanepoot Muscat of Alexandria White French Palomino Hermitage Cinsault Pinotage Pinot Noir x Cinsault

South Africa Statistics

5 major growing areas 293,000 acres of vineyards 4,400 grape growers 390 wine producers, 67 Co-operatives 235 million gallons of wine, 33% exported 2.5 gal/capita wine consumption Coastal Region Breede River Valley Boberg Olifants River Little Karoo Olifants River Regions Districts Coastal Region 80,000 Worchester Paarl Breede River Valley 73,000 Swartland Stellenbosch Boberg 44,000 Robertson Lutzville Valley Olifants River 23,000 Tulbagh Tygerberg Little Karoo 7,000 Overberg Calitzdorp Others 63,000 Douglas TOTAL 293,000 Swellendam Cape Point Regions Districts Wards Famous Wine of Origin (WO) Coastal Region Districts/Wards

Explorers (1658) describe herds of zebras, rhinoceri, hippopotami

Groot Constantia Estate Founded in 1685 Groot Constantia Estate Founded in 1685 Stellenbosch/Paarl Cape Dutch Architecture

Pinot Noir attack!

Springbok Ostrich Kudu

Robben Island

Stellenbosch University of Stellenbosch www.sun.ac.za KWV Worcester Brandy Cellar South African Brandy Van Ryn’s Distillery & Brandy Cellar

www.vanryn.co.za South African Brandies

Elroy Goliath