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Food Science 470 Wine Appreciation

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Food Science 470 Wine Appreciation Food Science 470 Wine Appreciation Christian BUTZKE Professor of Enology Department of Food Science History Geography Statistics Growing areas Grape varieties Wine styles Southern Hemisphere! World Viticulture 50º 0º 50º Topography 2500 miles 32 CA IN 42 Seasons reversed ! Harvest February - April Chile Argentina Chile Winegrowing Principles Coastal valleys => Mediterranean climate Humboldt current => Cool air, fog Along the Andes => Cool + irrigation water Deep soils => protection from drought Isolated location Furrow irrigation => Phylloxera-free x Humboldt Current A frigid stream of water from Antarctica Humboldt Current A frigid stream of water from Antarctica Brings cold air and cloudy, foggy weather to the coastal regions and into river valleys Creates fairly constant, moderate temperatures Inland, the influence is most marked at night, cooling the hot summer air Climate change, wine, and conservation Lee Hannaha et al Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2013) Climate change, wine, and conservation Lee Hannaha et al Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2013) History Chile The first vineyards were planted in 1541, after the conquest of the Inca empire by Pizarro and his Spanish conquistadores Incas had created a network of canals and furrows Created perfect winegrowing conditions Cortés had 10 vines planted for every native killed Grapes were used to make sacramental wine Beginning in 1600, the cultivation of grapevines and wine production grew rapidly, reducing the need to trade wine and spirits between Spain and America Chile A series of decrees from 1620 to 1654 prohibited new plantings and imposed taxes on existing vineyards as protectionist measures for Spanish wine exports Chile’s independence from Spain in 1818 greatly increased trade with the outside world In 1830, a Frenchman, Claude Gay, persuaded Chilean government officials to develop a state viticulture program looking for the best vines for the region Chile By the middle of the 19th century, a complete transformation of the wine industry and the beginning of modern winemaking had begun In the mid-1800’s, everything French became fashionable in Chile, especially winemaking Wealthy owners of copper or coal mines invested in vineyards and hired French enologists Chile 1850’s – 1930’s: Rapid development of vineyards and wine quality 1930’s+: Change of government attitude toward alcohol, prohibition of new plantings, limits on production, higher taxes: severe industry decline, nearly 50% of vineyards pulled during 70s and 80s 1990’s: Transition from military dictatorship to democracy: Rapid development of modern wineries funded by affluent investors 2010’s: Top 10 producers make more than 80% of wine Chile 580 miles Chile’s Appellations Data in hectares (ha). Acres = ha * 2.5 Chile The Maipo Valley is the most famous wine growing area of the Central Valley region Note the proximity to the capital Santiago ! Chile Maipo Valley Vineyards & Santiago de Chile Chile © Charmaine Grieger, Wines of Chile Chile Aquatania Estate, Maipo Valley Chile Chile Chile The Veramonte in Casablanca Valley is the largest contiguous vineyard in Chile (875 acres) Veramonte - Casablanca Valley Veramonte - Casablanca Valley Veramonte - Casablanca Valley 2010 Veramonte - Casablanca Valley 2012 Chile Chile Viña Errázuriz Estates, Aconcaqua Valley Chile Viña Errázuriz Estates, Aconcaqua Valley Chile Viña Errázuriz Estates, Aconcaqua Valley Chile Rapel Valley – moderate climate, rainfall in winter followed by a long dry season. Export-relevant sub-appellations: Colchagua Cachapoal Chile Statistics Chile Argentina 468 525 x1000 acres of vineyards 100 2,000 wine producers 166 349 million gallons of wine 16 40 million people 60 31 % of wine exported Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres REGION 2004/2000* REGION 2004/2000* 1. Spain 2,995 11. Chile 468 2. France 2,210 12. Australia 410 3. Italy 2,140 13. Greece* 323 4. Turkey 1,475 14. Ukraine* 313 5. China 1,125 15. South Africa* 293 6. USA 976 16. Bulgaria* 278 7. Iran 713 17. Germany* 263 8. Portugal 610 18. Hungary* 228 9. Romania 575 19. Yugoslawia* 205 10. Argentina 525 20. Croatia* 148 EUROPE 11,978 Includes table grapes and raisins! WORLD 19,763 Wine Production Millions of Gallons REGION 2004 2000 1990 1. France 1,210 1,519 1,733 2. Italy 1,136 1,363 1,448 3. Spain 1,067 1,102 1,020 4. USA 539 616 417 5. Argentina 349 330 370 6. China 296 N/A N/A 7. Australia 285 214 116 8. South Africa 235 182 238 9. Germany 217 259 225 10. Portugal 188 177 299 11. Chile 166 169 106 EUROPE 4,861 5,310 5,918 WORLD 6,869 7,292 7,477 Growing Regions Chile Argentina Valle del Aconcagua La Salta Valle del Casablanca Cafayate Valle del Maipo La Rioja Valle del Rapel San Juan Valle del Curicó Mendoza (75%) Valle del Maule San Rafael Valle del Itata Neuquén/Rio Negro Chile Major Grape Varieties White (31%) Red (69%) Chardonnay (7%) Cab Sauvignon (33%) Sauvignon Blanc País = Criolla = Mission Muscat of Alexandria Merlot Sémillon Carménère Syrah Carménère Chile’s special red variety Chile Grape Acreage Planted 30,000 25,000 All varieties 20,000 (/10) 15,000 Rapid Changes! 10,000 7,000 ac 5,000 Syrah 0 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 Aroma Descriptors Argentina Chile Argentina Similar wine history to Chile; first vines came from there in 1556 East of the Andes across from Central Valley of Chile, only 150 miles away, but 18,000 ft mountain ranges in between. Major wine region – Mendoza (75% of total) Largest production in South America, lower recognized quality, but rapidly improving Consumption down from 26(!) to 8.9 gal/capita 1970 2003 Argentina Winegrowing Principles East of Andes => relatively cool, little rain, but plenty irrigation water dry weather = no mildew High altitude => intensive sun exposure, 1,000 – 6,000 ft but cool Argentina Argentina Mendoza Argentina Major Grape Varieties White (23%) Red/Pink (77%) Pedro Giménez Cereza italiana Torrontés (5%) Criolla = País = Mission Muscat of Alexandria Malbec (12%) Trebbiano Bonarda Chardonnay Cabernet Sauvignon Mendoza Bodega Catena Zapata Mendoza Finca Decero Malbec Argentina’s (finest) red variety Malbec + Aroma Descriptors 1,900 miles to Equator South Africa First vineyards near Capetown in 1655 First wine made in 1659: Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch East India Company’s commander at Cape of Good Hope Half-way point between East Indies (spice trade) and Europe Believed grapes (and wine) could protect against scurvy (Vitamin C) Vine cuttings were probably Muscat of Alexandria (Hanepoot) and Chenin Blanc (Steen) South Africa Climate almost perfect: Dry, warm summers; mild, wet winters Nearly disease free Dutch were gardeners, not viticulturists => Early reports of wine quality were negative to hostile – “harsh, useful only to irritate the bowels” 1679, Governor van der Stel began re-organization of entire colony, including grape industry Identified new territory, better for farming, named it Stellenbosch South Africa Van der Stel established a model farm, Constantia French Huguenots fleeing France in 1680-1690 came to the Cape, many accomplished winemakers Exported sweet Constantia wine was very popular and expensive in Europe (17/1800’s) Overcropping, phylloxera, racist government, kept wine industry from developing and competing 1973 Wine of Origin (WO) legislation established 1994 Apartheid (and boycott) ended South Africa Languages & Life Life expectancy: 51.1 years (2000) Latitude Comparison 32 CA IN 42 Winegrape Vineyards by 2050 Climate change, wine, and conservation Lee Hannaha et al Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2013) South Africa Winegrowing Principles 35 Between two oceans => relatively cool climate Along major rivers => relatively cool climate, irrigation water High mountain ranges => protection from heat Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres REGION 2004/2000* REGION 2004/2000* 1. Spain 2,995 11. Chile 468 2. France 2,210 12. Australia 410 3. Italy 2,140 13. Greece* 323 4. Turkey 1,475 14. Ukraine* 313 5. China 1,125 15. South Africa* 293 6. USA 976 16. Bulgaria* 278 7. Iran 713 17. Germany* 263 8. Portugal 610 18. Hungary* 228 9. Romania 575 19. Yugoslawia* 205 10. Argentina 525 20. Croatia* 148 EUROPE 11,978 Includes table grapes and raisins! WORLD 19,763 Wine Production Millions of Gallons REGION 2004 2000 1990 1. France 1,210 1,519 1,733 2. Italy 1,136 1,363 1,448 3. Spain 1,067 1,102 1,020 4. USA 539 616 417 5. Argentina 349 330 370 6. China 296 N/A N/A 7. Australia 285 214 116 8. South Africa 235 182 238 9. Germany 217 259 225 10. Portugal 188 177 299 11. Chile N/A 169 106 EUROPE 4,861 5,310 5,918 WORLD 6,869 7,292 7,477 Major Grape Varieties White (55%) Red (45%) Chenin Blanc (19%) Cab Sauvignon (11%) Colombard Syrah Sauvignon Blanc Pinotage Chardonnay Merlot Muscat of Alexandria Cinsault Pinotage (Pinot Noir x Cinsault) South Africa’s unique red variety Major Grape Varieties Synonyms Steen (old) Chenin Blanc Hanepoot Muscat of Alexandria White French Palomino Hermitage Cinsault Pinotage Pinot Noir x Cinsault South Africa Statistics 5 major growing areas 293,000 acres of vineyards 4,400 grape growers 390 wine producers, 67 Co-operatives 235 million gallons of wine, 33% exported 2.5 gal/capita wine consumption Coastal Region Breede River Valley Boberg Olifants River Little Karoo Olifants River Regions Districts Coastal Region 80,000 Worchester Paarl Breede River Valley 73,000 Swartland Stellenbosch Boberg 44,000 Robertson Lutzville Valley Olifants River 23,000 Tulbagh Tygerberg Little Karoo 7,000 Overberg Calitzdorp Others 63,000 Douglas TOTAL 293,000 Swellendam Cape Point Regions Districts Wards Famous Wine of Origin (WO) Coastal Region Districts/Wards Explorers (1658) describe herds of zebras, rhinoceri, hippopotami Groot Constantia Estate Founded in 1685 Groot Constantia Estate Founded in 1685 Stellenbosch/Paarl Cape Dutch Architecture Pinot Noir attack! Springbok Ostrich Kudu Robben Island Stellenbosch University of Stellenbosch www.sun.ac.za KWV Worcester Brandy Cellar South African Brandy Van Ryn’s Distillery & Brandy Cellar www.vanryn.co.za South African Brandies Elroy Goliath.
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