2.2 Visual Acuity Chart Studies
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Intelligent Lighting Controller for Domestic and Office Environments
Intelligent Lighting Controller for Domestic and Office Environments Sajith Wijesuriya, Hiran Perera, Uditha Gayan, Rahula Attalage, and Palitha Dassanayake, University of Moratuwa ABSTRACT The use of natural light instead of artificial light to conduct activities has been shown to have positive physical and psychological effects in humans. Thus the growing trend of incorporating natural light in office spaces and households has created a need for control between the sources of natural and artificial light. Providing autonomous adequate natural light when it is present and compensating when the light level does not meet the required level, is the primary task of such controllers. Furthermore, saving energy by operating intelligently according to user presence and demand is the other aspect such controllers strive to achieve. The aim of the project is to develop a system which addresses aspects of controlling both natural and artificial light inside a room efficiently and at the same time being cost effective in installation. The project aims to develop a system which is adapted to conditions found in Sri Lanka and to research on the preference of light levels in defined groups of people (consisting of Sri Lankans). After which a mathematical model is developed to achieve the aforementioned criteria of balancing light sources to a user. Introduction In industrial environments and domestic environments proper illuminance of enclosed spaces is important for the work being carried out. For this requirement both natural and artificial light sources are used. But in most applications there is a lack of systems which monitors the presence of people inside the illuminated space and their required light level. -
Mental Strain Reflected in the Eye 109 Retina and the Visual Centers of the Brain Are As Passive As the Finger-Nail
THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE Do you read imperfectly? Can you observe then that when you look at the first word, or the first letter, of a sentence you do not see best where you are looking; that you see other words, or other letters, just as well as or better than the one you are looking at? Do you observe also that the harder you try to see the worse you see? Now close your eyes and rest them, remembering some color, like black or white, that you can remember perfectly. Keep them closed until they feel rested, or until the feeling of strain has been completely relieved. Now open them and look at the first word or letter of a sentence for a fraction of a second. If you have been able to relax, partially or completely, you will have a flash of improved or clear vision, and the area seen best will be smaller. After opening the eyes for this fraction of a second, close them again quickly, still remembering the color, and keep them closed until they again feel rested. Then again open them for a fraction of a second. Continue this alternate resting of the eyes and flashing of the letters for a time, and you may soon find that you can keep your eyes open longer than a fraction of a second without losing the improved vision. If your trouble is with distant instead of near vision, use the same method with distant letters. In this way you can demonstrate for yourself the fundamental principle of the cure of imperfect sight by treatment without glasses. -
The Distinguished Greek Born, French Ophthalmologist Photinos Panas
JBUON 2018; 23(3): 842-845 ISSN: 1107-0625, online ISSN: 2241-6293 • www.jbuon.com E-mail: [email protected] HISTORY OF ONCOLOGY The distinguished Greek born, French ophthalmologist Photinos Panas (1832-1903) and his views on ocular cancer Konstantinos Laios1, Marianna Karamanou1, Efstathia Lagiou2, Konstantinos Ioannidis3, Despoina Pavlopoulou3, Vicky Konofaou4, George Androutsos5 1History of Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; 2Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; 3Private physician, Athens, Greece; 4Neurosurgical Department, Children’s Hospital of Athens “P. & A. Kyriakou”, Athens, Greece; 5Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece Summary Photinos Panas (1832-1903) was one of the world’s most acter, their connection to the clinical work and very helpful important ophthalmologists in the second half of the 19th for the everyday clinical practice of physicians of that time. century. In his leading work entitled, Traité des maladies des yeux (Treatise of ophthalmic diseases), he made an in depth analysis of the various types of ocular cancer. His Key words: history of oncology, ocular cancer, Photinos ideas on the subject were important for their tutorial char- Panas, retinoblastoma, sarcoma Introduction At the beginning of 19th century, ophthal- need for care and intervention in ocular trauma mology was part of general medicine and it while the endemic trachoma in Egypt, known was not considered a medical priority. General also as Egyptian ophthalmia, became the most surgeons operated cataracts and treated ocular common cause of blindness along with smallpox problems. The eminent German ophthalmologist in Western Europe. Ophthalmology advanced and medical historian Julius Hirschberg (1843- rapidly and by the 1830s new hospitals were 1925) argues that ophthalmology became a dis- build and new surgical techniques were devel- tinct medical specialty thanks to two important oped [1]. -
Vision Science Meets Visualization
Vision Science Meets Visualization Organizers: Christine Nothelfer Zoya Bylinskii Madison Elliott Cindy Xiong Danielle Albers Szafir Northwestern Massachusetts Institute University of British Northwestern University of Colorado University of Technology Columbia University Boulder Panelists: Ronald Rensink Todd Horowitz Steven Franconeri Karen Schloss Ruth Rosenholtz University of British National Cancer Northwestern University of Massachusetts Institute Columbia Institute University Wisconsin-Madison of Technology presenters each year. Recent developments in these research ABSTRACT topics (e.g., in visual attention, scene understanding, and quantity Vision science can explain what people see when looking at a perception) can inform our understanding of how people interpret visualization--what data features people attend to, what statistics visualized information. However, historically, few VIS they ascertain, and what they ultimately remember. These findings researchers have attended VSS, and few vision scientists have have significant relevance to visualization and can guide effective attended IEEE VIS. This limited overlap has stifled the exchange techniques and design practices. Intersections between of information, ideas, and questions between the two visualization and vision science have traditionally built upon communities. topics such as visual search, color perception, and pop-out. However, there is a broader space of vision science concepts that Further, while crossover between vision science and visualization could inform and explain ideas in visualization but no dedicated is not without precedent (e.g., work by Cleveland & McGill [2] venue for collaborative exchanges between the two communities. and Healey & Enns [8]), these interactions can benefit from This panel provides a space for this exchange by bringing five exposure to a broader set of vision science topics, such as object vision science experts to IEEE VIS to survey the modern vision tracking, ensemble statistics, and visual crowding. -
1 Human Color Vision
CAMC01 9/30/04 3:13 PM Page 1 1 Human Color Vision Color appearance models aim to extend basic colorimetry to the level of speci- fying the perceived color of stimuli in a wide variety of viewing conditions. To fully appreciate the formulation, implementation, and application of color appearance models, several fundamental topics in color science must first be understood. These are the topics of the first few chapters of this book. Since color appearance represents several of the dimensions of our visual experience, any system designed to predict correlates to these experiences must be based, to some degree, on the form and function of the human visual system. All of the color appearance models described in this book are derived with human visual function in mind. It becomes much simpler to understand the formulations of the various models if the basic anatomy, physiology, and performance of the visual system is understood. Thus, this book begins with a treatment of the human visual system. As necessitated by the limited scope available in a single chapter, this treatment of the visual system is an overview of the topics most important for an appreciation of color appearance modeling. The field of vision science is immense and fascinating. Readers are encouraged to explore the liter- ature and the many useful texts on human vision in order to gain further insight and details. Of particular note are the review paper on the mechan- isms of color vision by Lennie and D’Zmura (1988), the text on human color vision by Kaiser and Boynton (1996), the more general text on the founda- tions of vision by Wandell (1995), the comprehensive treatment by Palmer (1999), and edited collections on color vision by Backhaus et al. -
IN HISTORY a Compilation of Articles on Instruments, Books and Individuals That Shaped the Course of Ophthalmology
THE EYE IN HISTORY A compilation of articles on Instruments, Books and Individuals that shaped the course of Ophthalmology Mr. Richard KEELER FRCOphth (Honorary) Professor Harminder S DUA Chair and Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Nottingham MBBS, DO, DO (London), MS, MNAMS, FRCS (Edinburgh), FEBO, FRCOphth, FRCP (Honorary, Edinburgh), FCOptom. (Honorary), FRCOphth. (Honorary), MD, PhD. 4 EDITION Edited by: Laboratoires Théa 12 Rue Louis Blériot - ZI du Brézet 63017 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2 - France Tel. +33 (0)4 73 98 14 36 - Fax +33 (0)4 73 98 14 38 www.laboratoires-thea.com The content of the book presents the viewpoint of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Laboratoires Théa. Mr. Richard KEELER and Prof. Harminder S DUA have no financial interest in this book. All rights of translation, adaptation and reproduction by any means are reserved for all countries. Any reproduction, in whole or part, by any means whatsoever, of the pages published in this book, is prohibited and unlawful and constitutes forgery without the prior written consent of the publisher. The only reproductions allowed are, on the one hand, those strictly reserved for private use and not intended for collective use and, on the other hand, short analyses and quotations justified by the scientific or informational nature of the work into which they are incorporated. (Law of 11 March 1957, art. 40 and 41, and Penal Code art. 425) 5 6 PREFACE For seven years (2007-2014) Dr. Arun D Singh and I served as editors-in-chief of the British Journal of Ophthalmology (BJO), published by the BMJ publishing group. -
Visus Und Vision 150 Jahre DOG
DOG Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft Die wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft der Augenärzte Visus und Vision 150 Jahre DOG Visus und Vision Festschrift zum 150-jährigen Bestehen der 150 Jahre DOG Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft Impressum Herausgeber: DOG Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft Geschäftsstelle Platenstr. 1 80336 München 2007 im Biermann Verlag GmbH, 50997 Köln. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. All rights reserved. Kein Teil dieses Buches darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form (Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder andere Verfahren) reproduziert oder unter Verwen- dung von mechanischen bzw. elektronischen Datenverarbeitungsmaschinen gespeichert, systematisch ausgewertet oder verbreitet werden. Grafische Umsetzung: Ursula Klein Lektorat: Britta Achenbach Druck: MediaCologne, Hürth Layoutkonzept: design alliance Büro Roman Lorenz München Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 11 Vorwort Prof. Duncker S. 17 Die Geschichte der DOG bis 1933 S. 35 Die DOG im „Dritten Reich“ (1933-1945) S. 67 Die Entwicklung der Augenheilkunde in der ehemaligen DDR und die Beziehungen der Gesellschaft der Augenärzte der DDR zur DOG (1945-1990) S. 89 Die Geschichte der DOG in Westdeutschland von 1945 bis 1990 S. 245 Die Entwicklung der DOG in den Neuen Bundesländern von 1990 bis 1995 S. 257 Wachstum und Wandel – Zu den strukturellen Veränderungen der DOG von 1989 bis heute S. 265 Zur Zukunft der DOG S. 275 Der internationale Charakter der DOG aus historischer Sicht S. 293 Gedenken an Albrecht von Graefe – Die Graefe- Sammlung der DOG am Berliner Medizinhisto- rischen Museum S. 311 Die Nachfahren der von Graefe- und Graefe-Familien Anhänge: S. 355 Liste der Präsidenten und Tagungsthemen S. 359 Liste der Ehrenmitglieder S. 365 Supplement 2013: S. 367 Vollständiges Namensverzeichnis S. 379 Umfangreiches Sachverzeichnis Gernot I. -
Color Vision and Night Vision Chapter Dingcai Cao 10
Retinal Diagnostics Section 2 For additional online content visit http://www.expertconsult.com Color Vision and Night Vision Chapter Dingcai Cao 10 OVERVIEW ROD AND CONE FUNCTIONS Day vision and night vision are two separate modes of visual Differences in the anatomy and physiology (see Chapters 4, perception and the visual system shifts from one mode to the Autofluorescence imaging, and 9, Diagnostic ophthalmic ultra- other based on ambient light levels. Each mode is primarily sound) of the rod and cone systems underlie different visual mediated by one of two photoreceptor classes in the retina, i.e., functions and modes of visual perception. The rod photorecep- cones and rods. In day vision, visual perception is primarily tors are responsible for our exquisite sensitivity to light, operat- cone-mediated and perceptions are chromatic. In other words, ing over a 108 (100 millionfold) range of illumination from near color vision is present in the light levels of daytime. In night total darkness to daylight. Cones operate over a 1011 range of vision, visual perception is rod-mediated and perceptions are illumination, from moonlit night light levels to light levels that principally achromatic. Under dim illuminations, there is no are so high they bleach virtually all photopigments in the cones. obvious color vision and visual perceptions are graded varia- Together the rods and cones function over a 1014 range of illu- tions of light and dark. Historically, color vision has been studied mination. Depending on the relative activity of rods and cones, as the salient feature of day vision and there has been emphasis a light level can be characterized as photopic (cones alone on analysis of cone activities in color vision. -
Vision Science and Adaptive Optics, the State of the Field
Vision Research 132 (2017) 3–33 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Vision science and adaptive optics, the state of the field ⇑ Susana Marcos a, John S. Werner b, Stephen A. Burns c, , William H. Merigan d, Pablo Artal e, David A. Atchison f, Karen M. Hampson g, Richard Legras h, Linda Lundstrom i, Geungyoung Yoon d, Joseph Carroll j, Stacey S. Choi k, Nathan Doble k, Adam M. Dubis l, Alfredo Dubra m, Ann Elsner c, Ravi Jonnal b, Donald T. Miller c, Michel Paques n, Hannah E. Smithson o, Laura K. Young o, Yuhua Zhang p, Melanie Campbell q, Jennifer Hunter d, Andrew Metha r, Grazyna Palczewska s, Jesse Schallek d, Lawrence C. Sincich p a Instituto de Optica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain b University of California, Davis, USA c Indiana University, Bloomington, USA d University of Rochester, New York, USA e Universidad de Murcia, Spain f Queensland University of Technology, Australia g University of Bradford University, UK h Université de Paris Sud, France i KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Stockholm, Sweden j Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA k The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA l University College London, London, UK m Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA n Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris o University of Oxford, UK p University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA q University of Waterloo, Canada r University of Melbourne, Australia s Polgenix, Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA article info abstract Article history: Adaptive optics is a relatively new field, yet it is spreading rapidly and allows new questions to be asked Received 20 September 2016 about how the visual system is organized. -
Visual Psychophysics Has Been Around Even Longer Than the Word Psychophysics
City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Solomon, J. A. (2013). Visual Psychophysics. In: Dunn, S. (Ed.), Oxford Bibliographies in Psychology. New York: OUP. This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/5032/ Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199828340-0128 Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Visual Psychophysics Joshua A. Solomon 1 Introduction Paradigms for attacking the problem of how vision works continue to develop and mutate, and the boundary between them can be indistinct. Nonetheless, this bibliography represents an attempt to delineate one such paradigm: Visual Psychophysics. Unlike, for example, anatomical paradigms, the psychophysical paradigm requires a complete organism. Most of the studies discussed below involve human beings, but psychophysics can be used to study the vision of other organisms too. At minimum, the organism must be told or taught how to respond to some sort of stimulus. -
Peripheral Vision and Pattern Recognition: a Review
Journal of Vision (2011) 11(5):13, 1–82 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/5/13 1 Peripheral vision and pattern recognition: A review Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians- Hans Strasburger Universität, München, Germany Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians- Ingo Rentschler Universität, München, Germany Department of Psychology, School of Life & Health Martin Jüttner Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK We summarize the various strands of research on peripheral vision and relate them to theories of form perception. After a historical overview, we describe quantifications of the cortical magnification hypothesis, including an extension of Schwartz’s cortical mapping function. The merits of this concept are considered across a wide range of psychophysical tasks, followed by a discussion of its limitations and the need for non-spatial scaling. We also review the eccentricity dependence of other low-level functions including reaction time, temporal resolution, and spatial summation, as well as perimetric methods. A central topic is then the recognition of characters in peripheral vision, both at low and high levels of contrast, and the impact of surrounding contours known as crowding. We demonstrate how Bouma’s law, specifying the critical distance for the onset of crowding, can be stated in terms of the retinocortical mapping. The recognition of more complex stimuli, like textures, faces, and scenes, reveals a substantial impact of mid-level vision and cognitive factors. We further consider eccentricity- dependent limitations of learning, both at the level of perceptual learning and pattern category learning. Generic limitations of extrafoveal vision are observed for the latter in categorization tasks involving multiple stimulus classes. -
Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum Vitae Bruno A. Olshausen Born September 28, 1962, Sunset Beach, California. Address: 2403 McGee Avenue [email protected] Berkeley, California 94703 http://redwood.berkeley.edu/bruno (530) 518-0859 (cell) (510) 642-7250 (office) Degrees Ph.D. 1994 Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology. M.S. 1987 Electrical Engineering, Stanford University. B.S. 1986 Electrical Engineering, Stanford University. Positions 2010{ Professor, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley. 2005{ Director, Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley. 2005{2010 Associate Professor, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and School of Op- tometry, University of California, Berkeley. 2003{2005 Associate Professor, Section of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, Uni- versity of California, Davis. 2002{2005 Senior Research Scientist, Redwood Neuroscience Institute, Menlo Park, California. 2001{2003 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis. 1996{2001 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis. 1996 Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Biological and Computational Learning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1994{1996 Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Psychology, Cornell University. 1987{1989 Research Associate, Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science, NASA Ames Research Center. Awards and honors 2007{ Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Learning in Brains and Machines program. 2008{2009 Fellow, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin Patents 2008 Rozell CJ, Olshausen BA, Baraniuk RG, Johnson DH, Ortman RL, \Ana- log System For Computing Sparse Codes," U.S. Patent Application No: 12/035,424 Grants Active 2019{2021 Bruno A. Olshausen, P.I., Pentti Kanerva, Co-P.I., \Computing in Holo- graphic Representation," Air Force Office of Scientific Research, $412,000 (total) 2017{2020 Friedrich Sommer, P.I., Bruno A.