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Ronald Reagan E a Guerra Fria: Política Externa Reaganista E Impactos Simbólicos Sobre O Cinema De Hollywood

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Ronald Reagan E a Guerra Fria: Política Externa Reaganista E Impactos Simbólicos Sobre O Cinema De Hollywood UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS VINICIUS MARTINS DALBELO Ronald Reagan e a Guerra Fria: política externa reaganista e impactos simbólicos sobre o cinema de Hollywood São Paulo 2020 VINICIUS MARTINS DALBELO Ronald Reagan e a Guerra Fria: política externa reaganista e impactos simbólicos sobre o cinema de Hollywood Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Orientador(a): Prof(a). Dr(a). Felipe Pereira Loureiro Versão corrigida A versão original se encontra disponível na Biblioteca do Instituto de Relações Internacionais São Paulo 2020 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família, que me incentivou a buscar meus sonhos, batalhar para alcançar as minhas conquistas e sempre esteve presente nas minhas vitórias. A todos os meus amigos, que são fonte de inspiração e apoio, sempre dispostos a me escutar, tranquilizar e animar nos momentos de dúvidas e incertezas. Agradecimento especial à Fernanda Conforto de Oliveira, primeira pessoa que leu meu projeto de mestrado, forneceu as primeiras opiniões e realizou as primeiras correções. Sua ajuda e incentivo foram fundamentais. Agradecimento especial ao Michel Gomes da Rocha, meu colega de orientação e que me introduziu em literaturas necessárias. Agradecimento especial aos meus amigos Matheus e Arthur, que entenderam meu sonho e me encorajaram quando minhas certezas vacilaram. A todos os meus colegas de entrada 2018, com os quais compartilho minhas dúvidas, ansiedades e projetos. Agradecimento imenso ao meu orientador, Prof. Felipe Pereira Loureiro, meu referencial em excelência na pesquisa acadêmica, e minha inspiração em didática e sala de aula. Aos professores e funcionários do Instituto de Relações Internacionais, pela ajuda, cuidado e zelo com que conduzem suas atividades e tratam os alunos. À CAPES pelo financiamento da pesquisa. A todos que que contribuíram para que essa dissertação se concretizasse. Muito obrigado! SIGLAS ABM - Anti-ballistic Missiles CEO - Chief Executive Officer CIA - Central Intelligence Agency CIP - Comitê de Informações Públicas CNN - Cable News Network CP - Código de Produção CPAC - Conservative Political Action Conference CP - Código de Produção CPD - Committee on the Present Danger CSCE - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe DEFCON - Defense Readness Condition EUA - Estados Unidos da América FICM - Festival Internacional de Cinema de Moscou HUAC - House Un-American Activities Committee ICBM - Interncontinental Ballistic Missiles IIPA - Aliança Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual IMG - Informational Media Guaranty IMDb - Internet Movie Database MAD - Mutual Assured Destruction MPAA - Motion Pictures Association of America MPA/MPAPAI - Motion Pictures Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals MTV - Music Television NAFTA - North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement NMF - Nação Mais Favorecida NSC - National Security Council OMC - Organização Mundial do Comércio OPEP - Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo OTAN - Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte P.O.W. - Prisioner of War SAG - Screen Actors Guild SALT - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SDI - Strategic Defense Initiative SLBM - Submarine-launched ballistic missiles START - Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization URSS - União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas USIA - United Stated Information Agency USTR - United States Trade Representative WASP - White Anglo-Saxan Protestant RESUMO Em 1980, Ronald Reagan foi eleito presidente dos EUA, iniciando uma década de reestruturação econômica, investimentos militares, conservadorismo e confrontação ativa com a URSS e movimentos comunistas pelo mundo. Embora já se tenha passado 30 anos do final de sua presidência, a administração Reagan mantém-se como uma das mais importantes da história recente dos EUA, sendo frequentemente invocada por personalidades políticas. Isto ocorre em razão do grande simbolismo da figura de Reagan, identificado como “apóstolo do neoconservadorismo” e vencedor da Guerra Fria. Esta pesquisa busca compreender as relações entre o pensamento reaganista sobre a Guerra Fria entre 1981 e 1984, utilizando do método histórico e empregando uma grande diversidade de fontes primárias, entre as quais documentos norte-americanos recém liberados para o público. Para além da política externa, todavia, também se busca compreender seus impactos simbólicos sobre a produção cultural da época, tendo o cinema hollywoodiano como objeto de análise. Uma filmografia de oito produções da época foi selecionada e analisada, usando métodos de análise de narrativa e análise de conteúdo, ambos emprestados da disciplina de estudos midiáticos. Concluiu-se que duas ideias fundamentais assentaram o reaganismo no período: o anticomunismo e a nocividade da política de détente. Ambas impactaram a produção cultural, servindo como inspiração, contexto ou realismo cinematográfico para os filmes analisados. Palavras chaves: Ronald Reagan; Política Externa; Guerra Fria; EUA; URSS; Hollywood. ABSTRACT In 1980, Ronald Reagan was elected president of the United States, initiating a decade of economic restructuring, military build-up, conservatism and active confrontation with the USSR and communist movements around the world. Although 30 years have passed since his presidency end, Reagan remains one of the most critical character in recent US history and is often invoked by political figures. His continuous importance is explained by the great symbolism gathered upon his legacy, being identified as “apostle of neoconservatism” and winner of the Cold War. This research aims to understand the relation between the Cold War Reaganist thinking between 1981 and 1984, using the historical method and a great diversity of primary sources, among them, recently declassified documents released to the public. In addition to foreign policy, it also seeks to understand its symbolic impacts on the cultural output of the time, with Hollywood cinema as the object of analysis. A filmography of eight productions was selected and analyzed, using the methods of narrative analysis and content analysis, both borrowed from the discipline of media studies. It was concluded that two fundamental ideas based Reaganism in the period: anti-communism and the harmfulness of the policy of detente. Both impacted cultural production, serving as inspiration, context or cinematic realism for the films analyzed. Key words: Ronald Reagan; Foreign Policy; Cold War; USA; USSR; Hollywood. LISTA DE GRÁFICOS E TABELAS Gráfico 1: Gastos Militares Norte-Americanos entre 1960-1990 em Bilhões de USD e em % de PIB (valores nominais) ................................................................................................................ 55 Gráfico 2: Comparação entre as variáveis polviews (visão política) e partyid (filiação partidária) nos EUA ..................................................................................................................................... 122 Gráfico 3: Análise temporal da variável “russia” ...................................................................... 125 Tabela 1: Receitas em Hollywood durante os anos 1980 .......................................................... 115 Tabela 2: Relação entre produção fílmica e agentes públicos na filmografia selecionada ........ 143 Tabela 3: Relação entre Hollywood e entidades públicas na filmografia selecionada .............. 145 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................ 11 A POLÍTICA EXTERNA DE RONALD REAGAN: ANTICOMUNISMO E O FIM DA DÉTENTE 1981-1984 ................................................................................................................... 22 Introdução .................................................................................................................................. 22 1.1. Paradigmas Interpretativos da Política Externa Reaganista ............................................... 24 1.2. O Anticomunismo............................................................................................................... 31 1.2.1. O Anticomunismo de Reagan: Origens, Influências e Significados ............................... 31 1.2.2. Anticomunismo e suas Implicações na Relação Bilateral 1981-1982 ............................. 40 1.3. A Détente e sua Nocividade ao Poder Norte-Americano ................................................... 44 1.3.1. O que foi a Détente? ........................................................................................................ 44 1.3.2. Reagan versus a Détente .................................................................................................. 52 Conclusões do Capítulo ............................................................................................................. 61 NARRATIVAS REAGANISTAS EM HOLLYWOOD NA 2ª GUERRA FRIA ........................ 64 Introdução .................................................................................................................................. 64 2.1. O Anticomunismo em Red Dawn (1984) e White Nights (1985) ...................................... 67 2.1.1. Red
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