DOCSLIB.ORG

Fish-Based Remedies in Spanish Ethnomedicine: a Review from a Historical Perspective José Ramón Vallejo1* and José Antonio González2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fish-Based Remedies in Spanish Ethnomedicine: a Review from a Historical Perspective José Ramón Vallejo1* and José Antonio González2 Vallejo and González Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2014, 10:37 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/10/1/37 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE REVIEW Open Access Fish-based remedies in Spanish ethnomedicine: a review from a historical perspective José Ramón Vallejo1* and José Antonio González2 Abstract Background: Fish-based therapeutics is fundamentally based on a dietary use, but these vertebrates have also been employed in the treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases, during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum and to deal with diseases of the different systems. Methods: An overview of the ethnomedical and historical Spanish literature has been carried out. Automated searches in the most important national and international databases have been performed. All related works have been thorough examined. Results: We examine the historical use of 54 medicinal fish species, 48 marine and six from inland waters. As useful, in Ancient times 39 species have been recorded (of which only 21 have been collected in subsequent periods), seven in the Middle Ages, 18 in Modern times and 17 in the contemporary period. Anguilla anguilla, Engraulis encrasicolus or Scyliorhinus canicula are species that have survived over time as an ingredient in Spanish folk remedies. Most remedies used in the last century and currently are empirical remedies based on the humorism theory and the principle of contraria contrariis curantur (74%), and the rest (26%) are magical type remedies that complete the popular therapeutic arsenal. Conclusions: In the last century we find a progressive decrease in the number of fish species used in ethnomedicine. Only seven taxa have been documented as surviving therapeutic resources since centuries ago. The existence of a dynamic Spanish ethnomedicine has also been detected which has managed to generate new therapeutic resources in recent times. It is important to validate the remedies by ethnopharmacology and evidence-based medicine. In order to recover as much data as possible, it will be necessary to draw up an inventory of ethnoichthyological uses. Keywords: Ethnozoology, Ethnomedicine, Fish, Medical history, Medical anthropology, Spain Background animal-derived products to treat illnesses and health Ethnozoology is an emerging field in many areas of the conditions [13,14]. world and it is divided, due to its multidisciplinary cha- These works on zootherapy are a very useful tool in racter [1], into branches of knowledge such as ethnoen- the exploration of pharmacologically active substances tomology, ethnoherpetology or ethnoornithology [2-4]. [15,16]. But also there are other reasons of an anthro- Fishes have a long history of interaction with humans, pological kind for carrying out these ethnozoological thus “ethnoichthyology” is acquiring an important role studies. For example, they can help us in the under- in ethnozoological research [5-7]. There are some stu- standing of the human behavior toward health care and dies that discuss the role of ichthyofauna in traditional the use-consumption of fish resources. As well, in many medicines, mainly in fishing communities [8-12], and developing countries these studies have a great value in that reveal a large number of fish species used in zoo- fish diversity conservation [17-19]. therapy, understood as the medicinal use of animals and In Spain there has not been any ethnozoology devel- opment and only very few articles have been published * Correspondence: [email protected] with an ethnobiological approach, although some an- 1Departamento de Terapéutica Médico-Quirúrgica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain thropological, folk and ethnomedicinal studies have Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2014 Vallejo and González; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Vallejo and González Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2014, 10:37 Page 2 of 31 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/10/1/37 focused on the connections between human society and vernacular nomenclature contained in the works animals [20-23]. This has affected the study of the inter- consulted. This was all corroborated with catalogues actions between humans and fish (ethnoichthyology), of names, single-access or dichotomous keys of fish and the zootherapy based on these vertebrates is a field [79-82], and ichthyological databases and species identi- of research that has not been given due attention and fication websites [83-87]. The assessments have been must therefore be constructed from a framework of an made from Spanish species, although in some cases taxa “historical ethnozoology”. Following this philosophy, from other jurisdictional waters or maritime territories this paper illustrates the use of fishes in Spanish ethno- have been considered. Those valid scientific names medicine and its historical development as a therapeutic included in the Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: resource. It provides an inventory of the species that 2013 Annual Checklist [88], are considered in the list of have been used for medicinal purposes from ancient species. The species of most historic importance have times to the present, and analyses the medical use of been established according to their inclusion in the fishes in the 20th century. remedies belonging to the 20th century and at least one Thus, our main objective is to obtain an inventory of previous era. the fish species that have been used in Spain for thera- The illnesses treated with the species mentioned are peutic purposes from antiquity to the present. From this classified using the chapters of the International Statis- we determine which medicinal species have survived to tical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Prob- recent times and what diseases or medical conditions lems 10th Revision, ICD-10 (Version: 2010) [89]. Taking they have been used for. into account the species employed in the past century, the relative importance of each group of diseases (ICi) Methods in Spanish ethnomedicine has been calculated. A calcu- Procedures lation has been made of the relationship between the The present study forms part of a project revision of the number of useful species registered for each chapter ethnozoology in Spain, for which various databases have (Ci) and the number obtained for the chapter with been examined: ISI Web of Science and Anthropology greatest species richness (Cmax); i.e. ICi =Ci/Cmax. Plus, JSTOR III - Arts and Sciences, TESEO, the infor- mation system of the databases of the Consejo Superior Data analysis de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), the bibliographic The Spanish ethnomedicine applies to medical ideas website Dialnet, Google Scholar, and the catalogue of and practices with magical, religious and natural (em- Public State Libraries (BPE). The search focused on the pirical) background [43,45,49,64,71]. In this regard, we type of documents contained in folklore, ethnographic, have classified all the documented remedies despite history of medicine and social and medical anthropology difficulties in establishing boundaries for this kind of studies. The key words used were: anthropology, history work review method since remedies based on empirical of medicine, ethnomedicine, folk medicine, folklore, knowledge are found as well as magical-religious the- zoology, ethnozoology and ethnoichthyology, and the rapies with both empirical and esoteric bases. In accord- names of the different fish groups in Spanish or English, ance with the previously mentioned, the categories for as appropriate. The search framework also made use of type of remedy are as follows: “magical remedies” and a list of zoonyms contained in Spanish dictionaries [24], “empirical remedies” (i.e., natural medicine home re- and a directory with the names of the most relevant medies for those using fish parts for therapeutic means authors of therapeutics throughout history. starting from an empirical base). The search results were catalogued and the infor- On the other hand, to evaluate the route of admi- mation was classified into ichthyologic groups and his- nistration of the remedies, we consider two categories: torical periods, according to the classical periodization “internal use” and “external use”. followed by Christoph Cellarius (1638–1707) and those All these are categories make up the variables studied recently employed by De Vos [25]. A total of 52 docu- in a test of independence once the values obtained ments have been analyzed [26-78], of which appro- in two-by-two contingency tables were included. The ximately 8% belong to Ancient history, 10% to Medieval, Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ2) was used to answer the 10% to “Modern” (6% to 15th-17th centuries and 4% question of no association between variables. This test to 18th-19th centuries, respectively), and 72% to “con- rejects the null hypothesis (of independence) for statis- temporary history”, i.e. from beginning 20th century to tic values too big to be attributed to random chance. All present (Table 1). of this allows us to answer the following
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fishing and Illegal Trade of the Angelshark DNA Barcoding
    Fisheries Research 206 (2018) 193–197 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fisheries Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fishres The fishing and illegal trade of the angelshark: DNA barcoding against T misleading identifications ⁎ Ingrid Vasconcellos Bunholia, Bruno Lopes da Silva Ferrettea,b, , Juliana Beltramin De Biasia,b, Carolina de Oliveira Magalhãesa,b, Matheus Marcos Rotundoc, Claudio Oliveirab, Fausto Forestib, Fernando Fernandes Mendonçaa a Laboratório de Genética Pesqueira e Conservação (GenPesC), Instituto do Mar (IMar), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, 11070-102, Brazil b Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes (LBGP), Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu (IBB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil c Acervo Zoológico da Universidade Santa Cecília (AZUSC), Universidade Santa Cecília (Unisanta), Santos, SP, 11045-907, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Handled by J Viñas Morphological identification in the field can be extremely difficult considering fragmentation of species for trade Keywords: or high similarity between congeneric species. In this context, the shark group belonging to the genus Squatina is Conservation composed of three species distributed in the southern part of the western Atlantic. These three species are Endangered species classified in the IUCN Red List as endangered, and they are currently protected under Brazilian law, which Fishing monitoring prohibits fishing and trade. Molecular genetic tools are now used for practical taxonomic identification, parti- Forensic genetics cularly in cases where morphological observation is prevented, e.g., during fish processing. Consequently, DNA fi Mislabeling identi cation barcoding was used in the present study to track potential crimes against the landing and trade of endangered species along the São Paulo coastline, in particular Squatina guggenheim (n = 75) and S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Centre
    Fisheries Centre The University of British Columbia Working Paper Series Working Paper #2015 - 80 Reconstruction of Syria’s fisheries catches from 1950-2010: Signs of overexploitation Aylin Ulman, Adib Saad, Kyrstn Zylich, Daniel Pauly and Dirk Zeller Year: 2015 Email: [email protected] This working paper is made available by the Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. Reconstruction of Syria’s fisheries catches from 1950-2010: Signs of overexploitation Aylin Ulmana, Adib Saadb, Kyrstn Zylicha, Daniel Paulya, Dirk Zellera a Sea Around Us, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada b President of Syrian National Committee for Oceanography, Tishreen University, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. BOX; 1408, Lattakia, Syria [email protected] (corresponding author); [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT Syria’s total marine fisheries catches were estimated for the 1950-2010 time period using a reconstruction approach which accounted for all fisheries removals, including unreported commercial landings, discards, and recreational and subsistence catches. All unreported estimates were added to the official data, as reported by the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Total reconstructed catch for 1950-2010 was around 170,000 t, which is 78% more than the amount reported by Syria to the FAO as their national catch. The unreported components added over 74,000 t of unreported catches, of which 38,600 t were artisanal landings, 16,000 t industrial landings, over 4,000 t recreational catches, 3,000 t subsistence catches and around 12,000 t were discards.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Angelshark, Squatina Squatina (Elasmobranchii: Squatiniformes: Squatinidae) in the Sea of Marmara
    ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 24 · 2014 · 1 Short scientifi c article UDK 597.315.6:591.9(262.53) Received: 2014-05-08 STATUS OF ANGELSHARK, SQUATINA SQUATINA (ELASMOBRANCHII: SQUATINIFORMES: SQUATINIDAE) IN THE SEA OF MARMARA Hakan KABASAKAL & Özgür KABASAKAL Ichthyological Research Society, Tantavi Mahallesi, Mentesoglu Caddesi, Idil Apt., No: 30, D: 4, Umraniye, TR-34764 Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT On 4 January 2014, a female specimen of Squatina squatina was entangled in trammel-net, at a depth of about 50 m. The specimen was 174 cm long (total length) and weighed approximately 35 kg. The recent single capture of S. squatina in the southeastern Sea of Marmara confi rms the contemporary presence of the species in this land- locked small marine region; however, the paucity of the species in the fi shing records of Marmaric fi shes since 2000, confi rms its rarity in the studied marine area. Keywords: Angelshark, Squatina squatina, Sea of Marmara, status, endangered, protection STATO DELL’ANGELO DI MARE, SQUATINA SQUATINA (ELASMOBRANCHII: SQUATINIFORMES: SQUATINIDAE), NEL MARE DI MARMARA SINTESI Il 4 gennaio 2014, una femmina di Squatina squatina è rimasta impigliata in una rete tramaglio, ad una profondità di circa 50 metri. La lunghezza totale dell’esemplare era pari a 174 cm per circa 35 kg di peso. La recente singola cattura di S. squatina nella parte sud-orientale del mare di Marmara conferma la presenza temporanea della specie in questa piccola semichiusa regione marina. Tuttavia, la scarsità di segnalazioni della specie nei registri di cattura della fauna ittica del mare di Marmara dal 2000, conferma la sua rarità nell’area marina studiata.
    [Show full text]
  • Angelshark (Squatina Squatina)
    12th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP12) to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) Angelshark (Squatina squatina) Proposed action: Inclusion on CMS Appendices I and II Proponent: Monaco Overview Shark species around the world face a wide variety of threats, including being caught as bycatch. The overexploitation of the Angelshark, Squatina squatina for its meat, skin, and liver has made studying the species very difficult. The species’ seasonal north-south and onshore-offshore migrations are poorly documented largely because of the species’ scarcity. The available data shows the population decrease has caused some local or regional extinctions over most of its range, resulting in Squatina squatina being listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The decrease is largely due to targeted fisheries and, more recently, being caught incidentally as bycatch. The species is only adequately protected in some parts of its range and enforcement is lacking, which is why it is necessary to list the species on Appendices I and II. 12th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP12) to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) Biology and Distribution range is subject to intense demersal fisheries. This species is highly vulnerable from birth onwards to bycatch in the Squatina squatina is nocturnal, swimming at night and benthic trawls, set nets and bottom longlines which usually lying buried in sediment by day with only its eyes operate through most of its range and habitat. and dorsal fins protruding. It is an ambush predator that feeds primarily on bony fishes, cephalopods, skates, Uses crustaceans and mollusks. The species is a high level trophic predator.
    [Show full text]
  • Artisanal Fisheries in the SE Brazilian Coast: Using Fisher Information Towards Local Management
    Artisanal fisheries in the SE Brazilian coast: using fisher information towards local management A. Begossi Nepam Unicamp, CP 6166, Campinas, S.P. 13081-970, Brazil Abstract Coastal artisanal fisheries in SE Brazil are located close to huge urban centers, such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo cities. Many of these fisheries are also adjacent to Atlantic Forest remnants. The growth of tourism, and associated recreational fishing, along with pollution in the coastal waters, increased the chances of impact on species and on artisanal fishing. Some fish species are located close to shore, such as species of Serranidae (groupers, such as Epinephelus and Mycteroperca) and seem vulnerable to the impact from fishing and from pollution. Other species, such as from the family Centropomidae (snooks, Centropomus spp.) are found in estuarine environments, and are also a target of recreational fishers, being subject to pollution coming from coastal rivers. In order to have more information on fishing for species of Serranidae and Centropomidae, I marked the fishing spots used by artisanal fisheries in different communities found in the SE Brazilian coast. The spots were marked using GPS Garmin III and V and Magellan. Maps of the fishing spots used to catch Serranidae and Centropomidae were drawn (103 fishing spots for groupers and 36 for snooks). Such maps are based on local fisher information, and they show the area used to fish the Serranidae and Centropomidae. Such data are important to designate areas for artisanal fisheries, and to evaluate the pressure on species of Serranidae and Centropomidae. Keywords: Centropomus, Epinephelus, grouper, Mycteroperca, fishing, Brazil, snook.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Angel Shark Conservation Strategy
    © Carlos Suarez, Oceanos de Fuego Oceanos © Carlos Suarez, Squatina squatina Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Angel Shark Conservation Strategy Angelshark Sawback Angelshark Smoothback Angelshark Squatina squatina Squatina aculeata Squatina oculata Species background About this Strategy Angel sharks* rank as the second most threatened This Angel Shark Conservation Strategy provides a family of elasmobranch (sharks, skates and rays) after framework for improved protection of the three Critically sawfishes1. Characteristics linking the two families Endangered species present in the Eastern Atlantic and include their body shape and preferred habitat, as both Mediterranean. The Strategy aims to: improve the overall are large, flat-bodied coastal species. profile of angel sharks; increase the number of sightings reported; generate a better understanding of current The family Squatinidae contains at least 23 species, half distribution; contribute to IUCN Red List re-assessments of which are listed as threatened (Critically Endangered, and identify new collaboration opportunities to increase Endangered or Vulnerable) on the IUCN Red List of conservation action. Threatened SpeciesTM. Most of the remaining species are either Data Deficient or Not Evaluated. The slow Some of the key threats to these species are outlined growth and demersal nature of angel sharks leaves within this Strategy. Three priority goals and associated them especially vulnerable to inshore fishing activities. headline objectives have been identified as crucial to Consequently, many species in this family have suffered achieving the vision that: Angel sharks in the Eastern steep population declines and now face a significant risk Atlantic and Mediterranean are restored to robust of extinction. populations and safeguarded throughout their range. Once found throughout the temperate waters of the The recommended next steps outlined in this document Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas, angel act as guidelines for targeted conservation actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishers' Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) in the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil and Portugal): the Case Study of the Brazilian Sardine and the European Pilchard
    Fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) in the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil and Portugal): The case study of the Brazilian sardine and the European pilchard Doctoral thesis in Biosciences, scientific area of Marine Ecology, supervised by Professor Miguel Ângelo do Carmo Pardal and Professor Ulisses Miranda Azeiteiro, presented to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, ramo de especialização em Ecologia Marinha, orientada pelo Professor Doutor Miguel Ângelo do Carmo Pardal e pelo Professor Doutor Ulisses Miranda Azeiteiro, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Heitor de Oliveira Braga Department of Life Sciences | University of Coimbra Coimbra | 2017 Funding: The present work was supported by the CAPES Foundation – Ministry of Education of Brazil for financial support (BEX: 8926/13-1) and the Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal. REPÚBLICA FEDERATIVA DO BRASIL “O passado também se inventa. O nosso e o dos outros. É uma das funções do presente, que não se vive à espera que o futuro nos caia dos céus, conquistado e imaginado por outros” Eduardo Lourenço Thesis Outline The thesis is structured in seven chapters: the first corresponds to the general introduction that presents the topic to be discussed in the later sections (adapted from a published book chapter), and the objectives of the thesis; four chapters with correlated themes (published or submitted for publication in scientific journals in the fields of biological sciences, marine ecology, and human ecology); a general discussion of all the findings (chapter 6) of the developed chapters; and a final chapter with the conclusion of the present investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Angel Sharks: Regional Action Plan Collaborators
    Mediterranean Angel Sharks: Regional Action Plan COLLABORATORS FUNDERS & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the Shark Conservation Fund and the Disney Conservation Fund. Preliminary scoping work was supported by Fondation Ensemble. The expert workshop which initiated the development of this Mediterranean Angel Sharks: Regional Action Plan was generously hosted by the National Institute of Sciences and Technologies of the Sea (INSTM). We’d especially like to thank Professor Mohamed Nejmeddine Bradai, Hechmi Missaoui, Samira Enajjar, and Bechir Saidi for their assistance. We are extremely grateful to the participants who contributed to the workshop, as well as those Citation: Gordon, C.A., Hood, A.R., Al Mabruk, S. A. A., Barker, individuals who completed the online questionnaire J., Bartolí, A., Ben Abdelhamid, S., Bradai, M.N., Dulvy, N.K., and provided additional knowledge of angel sharks Fortibuoni, T., Giovos, I., Jimenez Alvarado, D., Meyers, E.K.M., in the Mediterranean. Thanks are also extended Morey, G., Niedermuller, S., Pauly, A., Serena, F. and Vacchi, M. 2019. Mediterranean Angel Sharks: Regional Action Plan. The to to Riley Pollom (IUCN SSG) for creation of the Shark Trust, United Kingdom. 36 pp. distribution maps, those who have provided photographs for use in this document and to those Written and compiled by: Cat Gordon and Ali Hood who have helped review the content. In particular, with guidance from Martin Clark thank you to Martin Clark for facilitating the workshop Contact: [email protected] and assisting with the delivery of this document. 2 ANGEL SHARK CONSERVATION NETWORK (ASCN) The ASCN represents a community working to better protect angel sharks.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Cultures of Fishing Communities
    When Fish is Water: Food Security and Fish in a Coastal Community in The Dominican Republic Item Type Report Authors Stoffle, Richard, W. Publisher Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Download date 08/10/2021 00:41:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292622 Understanding the cultures of fishing communities A key to fisheries management and food security Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Cover photo: Small -scale fishing community, West Indies, by J.R. McGoodwin FAO Understanding the cultures of FISHERIES TECHNICAL fishing communities PAPER A key to fisheries management 401 and food security by James R. McGoodwin Professor Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Boulder, USA Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2001 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92 -5- 104606 -9 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non -commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing and Multimedia Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e -mail to copyright @fao.org © FAO 2001 111 PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT The Fishery Policy and Planning Division of the FAO Fisheries Department regularly publishes technical documentation relevant for fisheries policy planning and management.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Identification Tools for Biodiversity and Fisheries Assessments
    FAO ISSN 2070-7010 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 585 Fish identification tools for biodiversity and fisheries assessments Review and guidance for decision-makers Cover illustration: Mosaic by Johanne Fischer FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL Fish identification tools for PAPER biodiversity and fisheries 585 assessments Review and guidance for decision-makers Edited by Johanne Fischer Senior Fishery Resources Officer Marine and Inland Fishery Resources Branch FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2013 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107771-9 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-107772-6 (PDF) © FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • Intrinsic Vulnerability in the Global Fish Catch
    The following appendix accompanies the article Intrinsic vulnerability in the global fish catch William W. L. Cheung1,*, Reg Watson1, Telmo Morato1,2, Tony J. Pitcher1, Daniel Pauly1 1Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory (AERL), 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada 2Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal *Email: [email protected] Marine Ecology Progress Series 333:1–12 (2007) Appendix 1. Intrinsic vulnerability index of fish taxa represented in the global catch, based on the Sea Around Us database (www.seaaroundus.org) Taxonomic Intrinsic level Taxon Common name vulnerability Family Pristidae Sawfishes 88 Squatinidae Angel sharks 80 Anarhichadidae Wolffishes 78 Carcharhinidae Requiem sharks 77 Sphyrnidae Hammerhead, bonnethead, scoophead shark 77 Macrouridae Grenadiers or rattails 75 Rajidae Skates 72 Alepocephalidae Slickheads 71 Lophiidae Goosefishes 70 Torpedinidae Electric rays 68 Belonidae Needlefishes 67 Emmelichthyidae Rovers 66 Nototheniidae Cod icefishes 65 Ophidiidae Cusk-eels 65 Trachichthyidae Slimeheads 64 Channichthyidae Crocodile icefishes 63 Myliobatidae Eagle and manta rays 63 Squalidae Dogfish sharks 62 Congridae Conger and garden eels 60 Serranidae Sea basses: groupers and fairy basslets 60 Exocoetidae Flyingfishes 59 Malacanthidae Tilefishes 58 Scorpaenidae Scorpionfishes or rockfishes 58 Polynemidae Threadfins 56 Triakidae Houndsharks 56 Istiophoridae Billfishes 55 Petromyzontidae
    [Show full text]
  • On the Road 7
    On the Road : Studies in Honour of Lars Larsson Jennbert, Kristina; Hårdh, Birgitta; Olausson, Deborah 2007 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Jennbert, K., Hårdh, B., & Olausson, D. (Eds.) (2007). On the Road : Studies in Honour of Lars Larsson. (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 4°; Vol. 26). Almqvist & Wiksell International. Total number of authors: 3 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Acta Archaeologica Lundensia in 4o,No.26 ON THE ROAD STUDIES IN HONOUR OF LARS LARSSON Edited by Birgitta Hårdh • Kristina Jennbert • Deborah Olausson Almqvist
    [Show full text]