Genetic Research on Commercially Exploited Fish Species in Nordic Countries
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Genetic research on commercially exploited fish species in Nordic countries Jens Olsson, Teija Aho, Ann-Britt Florin, Anssi Vainikka, Dorte Bekkevold, Johan Dannewitz, Kjetil Hindar, Marja-Liisa Kol- jonen, Linda Laikre, Eyðfinn Magnussen, and Snæbjörn Pálsson. TemaNord 2007:542 Genetic research on commercially exploited fish species in Nordic countries TemaNord 2007:542 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2007 ISBN 978-92-893-1508-1 This publication can be ordered on www.norden.org/order. Other Nordic publications are available at www.norden.org/publications Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Council Store Strandstræde 18 Store Strandstræde 18 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1255 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 Phone (+45) 3396 0400 Fax (+45) 3396 0202 Fax (+45) 3311 1870 www.norden.org Nordic cooperation Nordic cooperation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and three autonomous areas: the Faroe Islands, Green- land, and Åland. Nordic cooperation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic cooperation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Content Preface................................................................................................................................ 7 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. The role of genetics in fisheries management: current and future perspectives............ 11 1. 1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 11 1. 2 Objectives............................................................................................................ 13 2. Review of current knowledge and future perspectives ................................................. 15 2. 1 Identification of population structure .................................................................. 15 How can genetic information be used in management? .................................. 16 Empirical examples......................................................................................... 17 Summary of what we know............................................................................. 18 What information is needed in the future? ...................................................... 19 2. 2 Stocking .............................................................................................................. 20 How can genetic information be used in management? .................................. 22 Empirical examples......................................................................................... 22 Summary of what we know............................................................................. 23 What information is needed in the future? ...................................................... 24 2. 3 Cage-escapes from aquaculture........................................................................... 25 How can genetic information be used in management? .................................. 27 Empirical examples......................................................................................... 28 Summary of what we know............................................................................. 28 What information is needed in the future? ...................................................... 29 2. 4 Fisheries-induced evolution................................................................................. 30 How can genetic information be used in management? .................................. 31 Empirical examples......................................................................................... 31 Summary of what we know............................................................................. 32 What information is needed in the future? ...................................................... 33 2. 5 Effects of environmental change ......................................................................... 34 How can genetic information be used in management? .................................. 37 Empirical examples......................................................................................... 38 Summary of what we know............................................................................. 39 What information is needed in the future? ...................................................... 41 3. Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 43 3. 1 General recommendations................................................................................... 43 3. 2 Country-wise recommendations.......................................................................... 45 4. References .................................................................................................................... 47 Sammanfattning................................................................................................................ 55 Appendix 1 ....................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix 2. .................................................................................................................... 118 Appendix 3. .................................................................................................................... 121 Appendix 4 ..................................................................................................................... 123 Appendix 5 ..................................................................................................................... 125 Appendix 6 ..................................................................................................................... 126 Appendix 7 ..................................................................................................................... 128 Appendix 8 ..................................................................................................................... 132 Preface This document was produced during a three-day workshop with repre- sentatives from all Nordic countries held at the Institue of Coastal Re- search, Swedish Board of Fisheries, Öregrund, Sweden, the 25–27th Sep- tember 2006. The intention of the workshop was to summarize the cur- rent genetic research on commercially exploited fish species in the Nor- dic countries, and also to highlight how modern genetic techniques can be used to facilitate management of aquatic resources. The need for this was identified in an expert-seminar at Hólar College on Iceland in 2004 (“Ge- netic Diversity in Commercially Exploited Fish Species”) where selected expert scientists discussed the current knowledge regarding the effects of commercial fishing activities on the genetic diversity of wild, marine fish species in Nordic waters. The documentation from the meeting is comprised by a report, “The role of genetics in fisheries management: current and future perspec- tives”. In this report five different subjects where genetic information is crucial for effective management are discussed, • Identification of population structure, • Stocking, • Escapes from Aquaculture, • Fisheries-induced evolution, and • Effects of environmental change. The aim of this report is, however, not to discuss the use of genetics in aquaculture for human consumption. This document also includes lists of the existing competence in popu- lation genetic methods in the Nordic countries and where it is located (Appendix 1 and 2), the status of knowledge on genetic structures in a number of commercially important species occurring in Nordic waters (Appendix 3), national stocking statistics (Appendix 4), statistics of cage- escapes (Appendix 5), list of threatened and declining fish species in the Baltic Sea (Appendix 6), a list of existing genetic research networks in the Nordic countries (Appendix 7), and a more extensive reference list over the genetic research on fish and shellfish conducted in the Nordic countries (Appendix 8). The outline for a “Nordic network for genetic research on fish” was also discussed, but no further or more detailed conclusions were reached. The workshop was led by Dr. Teija Aho and Dr. Ann-Britt Florin, and was documented by Dr. Jens Olsson. Summary During the last decades the human impact on wild populations of fish has increased drastically worldwide as a result of extensive aquaculture, ex- ploitation for consumption and human-induced environmental change. Such activities likely affect the genetic diversity and structure of targeted species, and maintenance of genetic diversity has in turn been accepted as an internationally and common long-term goal in management of wild populations. Knowledge of neutral and adaptive genetic diversity is crucial since it provides information on the extent of local adaptations, the genetic popu- lation structure and the evolutionary potential of a species and/or popula- tion. The genetic architecture of a species also provides the basis for un- derstanding and predicting responses to changes at higher system levels, and the