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Surveillance Naar Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans in De Handel 2018

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Surveillance Naar Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans in De Handel 2018 Surveillance naar Batracho- chytrium salamandrivorans in de handel Eindrapportage 2018 Maarten Gilbert, Annemarieke Spitzen–van der Sluijs & Tariq Stark Surveillance naar Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in de handel Eindrapportage 2018 Maarten Gilbert, Annemarieke Spitzen – van der Sluijs & Tariq Stark Colofon Status uitgave: Definitief rapport Rapportnummer: 2016.035.3 Datum uitgave: Februari 2019 Titel: Surveillance naar Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in de handel Subtitel: Eindrapportage 2018 Wijze van citeren: Gilbert M. J., A. M. Spitzen–van der Sluijs & T. Stark. 2019. Surveillance naar Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in de handel. Eindrapportage 2018. Stichting RAVON, Nijmegen. Samenstellers: Maarten Gilbert, Annemarieke Spitzen – van der Sluijs, & Tariq Stark Foto’s omslag: Cynops ensicauda, Sergé Bogaerts; Cynops orientalis, Annemarieke Spitzen Projectnummer: 2016.035 Projectleider: Annemarieke Spitzen – van der Sluijs Naam en adres opdrachtgever: BuRO (NVWA) Bureau Risicobeoordeling & onderzoeksprogrammering Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit Ministerie van Economische Zaken Catharijnesingel 59, 3511 GG, Utrecht Postbus 43006, 3540 AA, Utrecht Referentie opdrachtgever: NVWA2015-162 © 2019 Stichting RAVON, Nijmegen Stichting RAVON Inhoud Samenvatting 5 1 Inleiding 7 2 Ontwikkelingen Bsal in de handel 9 2.1 Internationale organisaties en verdragen 9 2.1.1 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 9 2.1.2 Uitvoeringsbesluit EU 9 2.1.3 OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) 10 2.1.4 Bern Conventie 10 2.1.5 Internationale importeurs 10 2.2 Onderzoek 12 3 Salamanders in de handel 15 3.1 Handelaren en belangenorganisaties 15 3.1.1 OFI 16 3.1.2 Dibevo 16 3.1.3 Tuinbranche 17 3.1.4 Handelaren 17 3.1.5 Implementatie EU-besluit 18 3.2 Resultaten bemonstering handelaren 18 4 Salamanders in de hobby 19 4.1 Salamandervereniging 19 4.2 Handel via de hobby 19 4.3 Resultaten bemonstering hobbyisten 20 5 Convenant 29 6 Early Warning System 31 7 Behandelmethode Bsal 33 8 Conclusies en aanbevelingen 35 Dankwoord 37 Referentielijst 39 Bijlagen 41 B. salamandrivorans surveillance - 2018 Stichting RAVON Samenvatting De handel in amfibieën speelt een belangrijke rol in de verspreiding van Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), een chytrideschimmel die zonder symptomen aanwezig kan zijn bij Oost-Aziatische salamanders en anura (kikkers en padden), maar voor ziekte en sterfte kan zorgen bij salamandersoorten uit onder andere Europa en Noord-Amerika. Er bestaat echter geen goed beeld van het volume en de soortsamenstelling binnen de handel in salamanders en de aanwezigheid van Bsal binnen de handel en in andere gehouden collecties (particulieren, dierentuinen, etc.) in Nederland. Binnen het voorliggende onderzoek is een Early Warning System opgezet om Bsal in de salamanderhandel te kunnen detecteren. Tevens wordt het risico van de verkoop van exotische salamanders met de belangenorganisaties besproken om hierop beleid te formuleren. Binnen het Early Warning System is er contact met zowel de handelaren (groothandel en dierenspeciaalzaken) als de hobbyisten. Overleg met belangenorganisaties heeft mede geleid tot een moratorium op de handel in salamanders en het inzicht dat de handel welwillend is t.o.v. een convenant. Door middel van verschillende publicaties zijn handelaren bewust gemaakt van de risico’s van de handel in salamanders met betrekking tot Bsal. Door het moratorium, en later het tijdelijke EU- besluit dat salamanders binnen de handel in en naar de EU op Bsal getest moeten worden, worden er vrijwel geen salamanders meer verhandeld door de groothandel. Ook op sommige beurzen wordt de handel in salamanders verboden. Er worden echter via de kleinschalige handel en hobbyisten nog wel salamanders verhandeld. Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat Bsal ook bij hobbyisten in Nederland en andere Europese landen aanwezig was. Binnen dit onderzoek is Bsal niet aangetoond in de handel en de hobby. Gezien de veelal lage prevalentie van Bsal (3%) kan echter niet gesteld worden dat Bsal daadwerkelijk afwezig is. Door het EU-besluit dienen alle salamanders in de handel naar en binnen de EU een quarantaineperiode te ondergaan en getest te worden op Bsal. Mede gezien de tijdelijke aard van dit besluit en enkele andere lacunes, waardoor de import van Bsal nog altijd reëel is, zijn aanvullende afspraken over de handel in salamanders en andere mogelijke dragers van Bsal essentieel, bij voorkeur vastgelegd in een convenant. Dit ook om introductie van andere amfibieziektes in de natuur tot een uiterste minimum te beperken. Een veilige handel is uiteindelijk het beste alternatief voor een totaalverbod op de handel in salamanders en andere potentiele dragers van Bsal. Om inzicht te houden in de handel in salamanders en de aanwezigheid van Bsal verdient het aanbeveling om het Early Warning System te continueren. Tevens verdient het aanbeveling om voortgaande voorlichting te geven om de risico’s op de verspreiding van Bsal via de handel in salamanders onder de aandacht te brengen. 5 B. salamandrivorans surveillance - 2018 6 Stichting RAVON 1 Inleiding Via de handel in amfibieën worden er ongemerkt ook amfibieziektes verspreid. Een van deze pathogenen is Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), een chytrideschimmel die oorspronkelijk afkomstig is uit Oost-Azië en salamanders en anura (kikker en padden) infecteert. Terwijl Aziatische salamanders en anura veelal resistent of tolerant zijn voor Bsal en deze schimmel ongemerkt bij zich kunnen dragen, is een groot deel van de Europese en Nederlandse salamandersoorten gevoelig voor Bsal en kan eraan sterven. Als gevolg van Bsal is de vuursalamanderpopulatie in Nederland met 99,9% afgenomen. Eenmaal in het ecosysteem is Bsal niet te bestrijden. Vanwege de grote potentiële gevolgen van Bsal op naïeve salamanderpopulaties is het zaak om verdere introducties van Bsal te voorkomen. Er bestaat echter geen goed beeld van de handel in salamanders aangaande volume en diversiteit van soorten, en de aanwezigheid van Bsal binnen de handel in Nederland. Op 14 januari 2016 is opdracht verleend door de Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit voor surveillance naar Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in de handel. Onderdelen van deze opdracht zijn de verkenning van de mogelijkheden van een Early Warning en surveillance systeem. Daarnaast worden de risico’s van de handel van exotische salamanders in kaart gebracht en bezien of er tot een gemeenschappelijk risicobeeld en bewustwording van de risico's met de sector gekomen kan worden. Een vervolgstap zou dan kunnen leiden naar vrijwillige afspraken (wellicht in convenant verband) om deze risico's voor de handel tot een minimum te beperken. Dit laatste zal in samenspraak met Ministerie van LNV (voorheen Ministerie van EZ) moeten gebeuren. Samengevat omvat dit onderzoek: - Het onderhouden van de contacten met de handelaren die reeds dieren verzamelen. - Het verkrijgen van meer participanten onder de handelaren om dode dieren te verzamelen. - Het verkrijgen van zicht op de handel via tuincentra. - Het frequent ophalen en laten analyseren van de dode dieren op aanwezigheid van Bsal. - Het samen met de handelaren en de belangenorganisatie ‘tuinbranche Nederland’ werken aan een ‘Early Warning System’. - Het bespreken van het risico van de verkoop van exotische salamanders met de belangenorganisaties en hierop beleid formuleren. Dit rapport geeft een overzicht van de behaalde resultaten en bevat aanbevelingen met betrekking tot de handel in salamanders en Bsal in Nederland. Tevens worden de internationale ontwikkelingen die relevant zijn voor Bsal in de handel beschreven. 7 B. salamandrivorans surveillance - 2018 8 Stichting RAVON 2 Ontwikkelingen Bsal in de handel 2.1 Internationale organisaties en verdragen 2.1.1 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Begin 2017 heeft de EFSA in opdracht van de Europese Commissie een wetenschappelijk rapport geschreven over Bsal (EFSA et al., 2017). Zij concludeerden dat Bsal een bedreiging is voor de vuursalamander (Salamandra salamandra) en dat de haalbaarheid van een verbod op het verplaatsen van verhandelde salamanders op het niveau van orde is effectiever is dan een verbod op soortniveau. Tegelijkertijd raadden ze enkele alternatieve methodes aan voor een zo veilig mogelijke handel in salamanders, zoals het houden van dieren in quarantaine, het verplichten van het testen van salamanders voordat ze verplaatst worden, het beperken van het verplaatsen van salamanders, het (op)volgen van alle verhandelde soorten, het implementeren van hygiënemaatregelen voorafgaand en tijdens transport, en het vergroten van de publieke bewustzijn (EFSA et al., 2017). Een actief verbod op het verhandelen van salamanders zou pas op zijn vroegst effectief kunnen zijn in 2021, en de EFSA heeft geadviseerd om vanaf 1/1/2018 maatregelen te nemen (EFSA et al., 2018). In het 2018 rapport van de EFSA wordt aanbevolen om in de hele EU een geharmoniseerd detectiesysteem voor Bsal te introduceren; verbetering van het verkrijgen van data aangaande salamanderaantallen en verspreiding; versterking van passieve surveillance activiteiten; vergroting van publieke en professionele awareness; verplaatsingen van gevangen salamanders onder beding van de Bsal gezondheidsstatus. 2.1.2 Uitvoeringsbesluit EU Op 28 februari 2018 is het “Uitvoeringsbesluit (EU) 2018/320, betreffende bepaalde maatregelen ter bescherming van de diergezondheid voor de handel binnen de Unie in salamanders en het binnenbrengen in de Unie van salamanders in verband met de schimmel Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans”
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