New Zealand Soil Bureau bibliographic report 3~ I NE Jacquet Soil Bureau, Lower Hutt NZ Soil Bureau Bibliographic Report 33 KZ Soil Bureau Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Lower Hutt, New Zealand 1987 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .. 5 NEW ZEALAND BIBLIOGRAPHY DISCUSSION 8 CONCLUSION 35 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 36 NEW ZEALAND AND OVERSEAS BIBLIOGRAPHY 40 AUTHOR INDEX 46 Figures Locations of large dams in the North Island of New Zealand (compiled from data supplied from the Ministry of Works and Development) 6 2 U-log T curves for New Plymouth Hospital soil (after Birrell 1951) 9 3 Effect of re-working on moisture - density curves for Atiamuri soils (after Birrell 1951) 9 4 Compaction curves for Mamaku soils (after Birrell 1951) 9 5 Pressure - void ratio curves for consolidation tests on volcanic clays (after Gradwell and Birrell 1954) . 10 6 Soils of possible engineering importance on North Island flat and rolling country (reprinted from Birrell 1956) 11 7 Location of Taupo ash showers (after Packard 1957) 12 8 Thixotropic strength regain of New Plymouth clays (after Robinson 1962) 15 9 Relation of compaction to strength of New Plymouth ash (after Robinson 1962) 15 10 Void ratio - log pressure curves for volcanic ash from Turangi Village (after Bullen 1965) 16 11 Proctor compaction curve on pumice sand (after Bullen 1965) 16 12 Compaction tests on brown ash material. Drying-back method (after Bullen 1966) 17 13 Compaction tests on grey ash material. Drying-back method (after Bullen 1966) 17 14 Effect of drying and re-wetting before compaction on yellow-brown loams (after Northey 1966) 18 15 Compaction test results for two pumice materials (after Bullen 1967) 19 16 Surface pattern of soil-forming volcanic ash, North Island, New Zealand (after Gibbs 1968) 20 17 Consolidation test results on volcanic ash (after Wesley 1968) 21 18 Differential thermal analysis spectra of allophanes (after Wells and Furkert 1972) 21 Bibliographic Reference: 19 Effect of water content and lime content on unconfined compression strength (after Northey and Schafer 1974) 23 JACQUET, D. 1987: Bibliography on the physical and engineering properties of volcanic soils in New Zealand NZ Soil Bureau Bibliographic Report 33 47 p. 20 Effect of water content and lime content on dry density (after Northey and Schafer 1974) 23 21 pF curves of soil from Taupo (after Muller and Schelhaas 1976) 24 ISSN 0110-165X 22 pF curves of soil from Tirau (after Muller and Schelhaas 1976) 24 23 pF curves of soil from Japan (after Muller and Schelhaas 1976) 24 24 Volcaniclastic deposits of Taranaki. Terrestrial extent of lahars and tephras Editing: Peter Russell (after Fullarton 1978) 25 Typing: Tessa Roach Draughting: Carolyn Powell 25 Extent of pyroclastic deposits of Taranaki (after Fullarton 1978) 25 26 Strength - air voids compaction method for volcap.ic soils in New Zealand (after Pickens 1978) 26 27 Comparative compaction zones as measured by strength-and-air-void method and by standard method (after Pickens 1978) 26 28 Particle-size distribution of soils from Ruahihi. Effect of air drying (after Parton 1980) 28 29 Effect of air drying on compaction curves of a soil from Ruahihi (after Parton 1980) 28 30 Pavement-design chart for subgrade (after Scott and Schoustra 1968) 29 31 Development of permeability related to consolidation pressure of brown ash materials (after White 1982) 30 32 Effect of air-drying on Atterberg limits of various allophane soils (after Allbrook 1983) 31 33 Clay - liquid limit correlations for non-allophanic and allophanic soils (after Allbrook 1983) 31 5 34 Plasticity chart for various allophanic soils (after Allbrook 1983) 31 35 Clay content - plasticity index correlations for allophane clay and other clay minerals (after Allbrook INTRODUCTION 1983) . 32 36 Ruahihi canal washout area. Lateral and vertical variation of the exposure (after Prebble 1983) 33 37 Shearing behaviour of aluminium-rich allophane at different rates of shear (after Wells and Northey 1984) .. 34 38 Thixotropic regain of strength of previously sheared proto-imogolite allophane _after resting (after The North Island of New Zealand is blanketed by think this may be due to a thixotropic effect where Wells and Northey 1984) 34 many volcanic deposits which constitute important the material recovers its original undisturbed strength engineering materials, having thicknesses of more after enough resting time at the same water content 39 Shearing behaviour of aqueous allophane suspensions after different treatments (after Wells and than several metres in many places. (Warkentin and Maeda 1980, Komamura and Tak­ Theng 1984) 34 Some volcanic materials are found in the South enaka 1983). Others think this is partly due to a loss 40 Relationship between initial shear stress and resting time for allophane suspension (after Wells Island as well, but they are not substantial enough to of water and consolidation (Mochinaga 1941). and Theng 1984) 35 be of any relevance for engineering purposes. These To cope with the first problem of sensitivity on soils will not therefore be considered in this works sites, the material is usually dried out to enable bibliography. access onto the site and for compaction to take place. Tables Volcanic materials have been spread over the This is usually a good solution but, unfortunately, 1 Index tests (after Birrell 1951) 8 country forming various parent materials such as during the process of drying, the material drastically 2 Effect of previous air-drying on liquid-limit values (after Gradwell and Birrell 1954) 10 andesitic, rhyolitic or basaltic tephras. The ash changes its morphology, as well as its engineering material, which is the finer-grained ( < 2 mm) frac­ characteristics. The main features of these changes 3 Shear-strength data for hydrothermally altered clays (after Gradwell and Birrell 1954) 10 tion of volcanic deposits, is the major constituent of are a large shrinkage and formation of aggregates 4 Consolidation test results (after Gradwell and Birrell 1954) 11 volcanic soils. These ashes cover large regions of the which leaves a gritty, sandy material. This last prop­ 5 Action af additives on C.B.R. bearing values of New Plymouth soil (after Robinson 1962) 15 North Island, totalling 54 000 square kilometres in erty, which causes irreversible changes of the material 6 Initial properties and preconsolidation pressures for two samples from Turangi Village resevoir area. They are distinguished by the volcanoes from on drying, also concerns engineers and contractors. which they erupted. It becomes obvious that the usual physical and (after Bullen 1965) . 16 During the last 20 years, New Zealand has been mechanical tests performed in the laboratory have 7 Effect of drying on Atterberg limit values (after Northey 1966) 18 the scene of economic and industrial development, little or no significance for the behaviour of the soil 8 Comparison of volcaniclastic and sedimentological size limits (after Fullarton 1978) 25 located mainly in the North Island. In the vicinity of in situ. Furthermore, the engineering characteristics the volcanic centres of Mt Egmont and the Taupo­ vary with the amount of drying, and are irreversible 9 Comparative determinations of liquid limits (after Allbrook 1980) . 27 Rotorua region, large industrial activities are still being despite rewetting the material. 10 Comparative determinations of plastic limits (after Allbrook 1980) 27 developed. In Taranaki, the recent developments The variety of the volcanic ash deposits and the 11 Atterberg limit values (after Parton and Olsen 1980) 28 associated with Kapuni and Maui gas have required amount of weathering through the centuries also add 12 Pressure-meter tests relating shear strength to depth (after Murray-North Partners 1985) 35 considerable building construction and earthworks problems of heterogeneity in soil layers on the land­ activity. Large storage depots for LPG distribution scape around the various volcanoes, even within short have been installed at Oaonui and Port Taranaki. The distances (Prebble 1983). Different natures of vol­ big synthetic gasoline plant at Motonui has recently canic ashes exhibit different engineering properties, been completed giving rise to increased urbanisation because of the sensitivity and changes due to drying. around New Plymouth. Substantial developments in It is difficult to give a generalised description of the the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Taupo regions have engineering characteristics of a given material within seen the construction of numerous dams and power a large area unless many tests are caried out during stations throughout the years (Fig. 1). One can see major earthworks. the great importance of volcanic ashes to soil engi­ New Zealand is not the only country with a vol­ neering and hence, to building construction. canic history and similar engineering problems have Although soil foundations and structures using been encountered in Japan, The Philippines, Indo­ volcanic soils might have performed satisfactorily over nesia, Hawaii and Chile. Japanese scientists have made the years, many engineering problems remain a large contribution by studying their volcanic ash unsolved, due to the nature of these materials which materials, such as the 'Kanto' volcanic ash (Koma­ behave differently from sedimentary or-residual soils. mura and Takenaka 1983), pedologically known as Two major properties may be responsible for the unu .. 'Andosols' (Muller 1969, Uehara 1982). It has been. sual behaviour of these volcanic ashes, namely, sen_­