Quand Le Street Art Met Le Droit Au Pied Du Mur

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Quand Le Street Art Met Le Droit Au Pied Du Mur Quand le Street art met le droit au pied du mur Mémoire Maxence Perrot Maîtrise en droit - avec mémoire Maître en droit (LL. M.) Québec, Canada © Maxence Perrot, 2021 Quand le Street art met le droit au pied du mur Mémoire Maîtrise en droit - avec mémoire Maxence Perrot Université Laval Québec, Canada Maîtrise en droit Sous la direction de : Georges Azzaria, directeur de recherche Résumé Si le « Street art » constitue aujourd’hui un élément indissociable du paysage urbain, et si sa reconnaissance du point de vue artistique ne fait aucun doute, son appréhension et son traitement par le droit demeure problématique et soulève de nombreux questionnements. Dès lors que cette forme d’expression répond aux critères du droit d’auteur, l’œuvre est protégée et bénéficie des mêmes droits et prérogatives que d’autres œuvres plus classiques dirons-nous, telles que des peintures de Maîtres, des œuvres littéraires des plus belles plumes de ce monde… Toutefois, lorsque leur créateur décide de mettre en scène son art sans considération pour le propriétaire du support sur lequel il s’inscrit, cette protection même si légitime est remise en cause. Le droit pénal ou encore le droit des biens par exemple se hissent face au droit d’auteur, et des compromis doivent être trouvés pour apaiser les tensions découlant d’une telle pratique. Propriétaire ou auteur, doit-on forcément n’en favoriser qu’un ? ii Abstract Although « Street art » is today an inseparable part of the urban landscape, and its artistic recognition is beyond doubt, its apprehension and treatment by law remains problematic and raises many questions. As long as this form of expression meets the criteria of copyright, the work is protected and enjoys the same rights and prerogatives as other more classical works, we shall say, such as paintings of Masters, literary works of the most beautiful feathers of this world... However, when their creator decides to stage his art without consideration for the owner of the medium on which he fits, this protection even if legitimate is called into question. Criminal law and property law, for example, rise up to copyright, and compromises must be found to ease tensions arising from such a practice. Owner or author, do we necessarily have to favour only one? iii Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières .................................................................................................................................. iv Remerciements ........................................................................................................................................ viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre 1 Le « Street art » : une forme d’expression artistique répondant aux critères du droit d’auteur ................................................................................................................... 17 I. Tags, Graffitis, Street art : une nécessaire distinction terminologique ..... 18 A. La naissance du « Street art » : de Pompéi à aujourd’hui ....................... 18 B. Le « Street art » : une indispensable clarification d’une appellation « fourre-tout » ................................................................................................................................ 24 II. Le maintien d’une protection par le droit d’auteur pour les œuvres de « Street art » illégales .................................................................................................................... 28 A. La notion d’œuvre au sens du droit d’auteur ................................................... 28 B. Le critère d’originalité : vers une exclusion presque systématique du Tag du régime de protection du droit d’auteur ............................................................ 31 C. Les conséquences juridiques dans le choix du support de fixation ..... 35 III. Les bénéfices découlant de l’assujettissement des œuvres de « Street art » au régime du droit d’auteur ............................................................................................. 40 A. Les prérogatives dévolues aux street artistes ................................................. 40 B. Les problématiques liées à la détermination de la titularité des droits en présence du « Street art » illégal .................................................................................. 45 C. L’illégalité du « Street art » : une potentielle entrave à l’exercice du droit d’auteur ................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapitre 2 La pratique : l’exercice d’une telle protection limitée par d’autres branches du droit ................................................................................................................................... 55 I. Vandalisme et « Street art » : du règlement municipal au droit pénal ..... 56 A. Les règlements municipaux ........................................................................................ 56 B. Le Code criminel ............................................................................................................... 65 II. La ferme opposition du droit des biens : la propriété privée ...................... 71 A. L’appréciation des attributs reliés au droit de propriété : outil essentiel à la compréhension du conflit avec le droit d’auteur ........................... 71 iv B. La propriété matérielle de l’œuvre : droit du propriétaire ou droit d’auteur ? ........................................................................................................................................... 77 C. Le législateur pour trancher la question.............................................................. 83 Chapitre 3 : Les biens communs et la protection du patrimoine culturel : vers l’utilisation de régimes sui generis encadrant efficacement le « Street art » ..... 86 I. Le régime des biens communs : l’exemple italien d’une gérance ni privée, ni publique............................................................................................................................. 88 A. Les contours du régime des biens communs ................................................... 89 B. Les biens communs à l’italienne, une solution d’application incertaine en droit Québécois ........................................................................................................................ 92 II. La transposition d’un modèle préexistant : le régime du patrimoine culturel ..................................................................................................................................................... 97 A. L’évolution du régime : un champ d’application en perpétuel accroissement .................................................................................................................................. 98 B. La transposition du régime du patrimoine culturel aux œuvres de « Street art » ................................................................................................................................. 103 C. Un régime rétribuant les concessions faites par les propriétaires ..... 116 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 120 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................................... 124 v À Suzanne. vi « Il y a deux choses dans un édifice : son usage et sa beauté. Son usage appartient au propriétaire, sa beauté à tout le monde, à vous, à moi, à nous tous. Donc, le détruire, c’est dépasser son droit ». Victor Hugo, 1832. vii Remerciements Je remercie mon directeur de mémoire, Monsieur le Professeur Georges Azzaria, d’avoir accepté de me superviser durant ces deux dernières années et d’avoir pris le temps de répondre tant à mes questions, qu’à mes inquiétudes, et ce, à chacune de mes nombreuses sollicitations. Je remercie également ma conjointe, pour tous les précieux conseils dont elle m’a fait part tout au long de ce travail. Et enfin, je remercie mes parents pour leur soutien indéfectible malgré la distance. viii Introduction « Ce qu’on englobe aujourd’hui sous le nom approximatif de street art est devenu un phénomène quasi universel. Car ce qui était initialement interprété comme du « graffiti » vandale ou rebelle – une pratique d’écriture ou de gravure située dans des rues désaffectées de villes à l'abandon, sur des murs décrépis – , ce qui était initialement des interventions de rue militantes – des mots d’esprit et des affiches insolentes – s'est affirmé en tous lieux et tous milieux »1. Par ces propos, Christophe Genin illustre à merveille les difficultés entourant le courant artistique qu’est le « Street art ». Une complexité qui découle de sa nature composite, car regroupant sous une même appellation une multitude de genre et styles, soulevant par la même occasion des problématiques sur le plan légal, le droit ne parvenant que difficilement à appréhender une telle notion Nombreux considèrent que le «
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