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LA REGULATION DU PARTAGE DU POUVOIR POLITIQUE AU LIBAN LA LOGIQUE COMMUNAUTAIRE DANS LE CADRE DES ACCORDS DE TAËF Monique Castaignede

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LA REGULATION DU PARTAGE DU POUVOIR POLITIQUE AU LIBAN LA LOGIQUE COMMUNAUTAIRE DANS LE CADRE DES ACCORDS DE TAËF Monique Castaignede LA REGULATION DU PARTAGE DU POUVOIR POLITIQUE AU LIBAN LA LOGIQUE COMMUNAUTAIRE DANS LE CADRE DES ACCORDS DE TAËF Monique Castaignede To cite this version: Monique Castaignede. LA REGULATION DU PARTAGE DU POUVOIR POLITIQUE AU LIBAN LA LOGIQUE COMMUNAUTAIRE DANS LE CADRE DES ACCORDS DE TAËF. Science poli- tique. Institut d’études politiques de Bordeaux, 2014. Français. tel-00949311 HAL Id: tel-00949311 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949311 Submitted on 19 Feb 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ MONTESQUIEU BORDEAUX IV École Doctorale SP2 : Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX Laboratoire d’accueil : Les Afriques dans le monde LA REGULATION DU PARTAGE DU POUVOIR POLITIQUE AU LIBAN LA LOGIQUE COMMUNAUTAIRE DANS LE CADRE DES ACCORDS DE TAËF Thèse pour le Doctorat en Science politique Sous la direction de M. René OTAYEK présentée et soutenue publiquement le 12 février 2014 par Monique CASTAIGNEDE Composition du jury : M. Cherif FERJANI, Professeur de Science politique à l’Université Lyon 2, Groupe de Recherche et d’Etudes sur la Méditerranée et le Moyen-Orient (GREMMO) à la Maison de l’Orient méditerranéen, rapporteur M. Michel – Louis MARTIN, Professeur émérite de Science politique, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Toulouse, rapporteur M. Pierre SADRAN, Professeur émérite des Universités, Directeur honoraire de Sciences Po Bordeaux M. Pierre OTAYEK, Directeur de recherche au CNRS, Sciences Po Bordeaux, Directeur de thèse RESUME en français L’analyse socio-historique de l’émergence du pouvoir politique au Liban, son essence même et son instrumentalisation conditionnent l’exercice de la régulation démocratique des conflits dans une société plurale dont le système politique repose sur un compromis historique, celui du Pacte de 1943. Ni Orient, ni Occident, ni vainqueur, ni vaincu. Les difficultés d’élaboration d’un projet consensuel et de mise en œuvre d’une coalition gouvernementale, dans le modèle libanais de démocratie consociative ont favorisé la confrontation de la logique individuelle à la logique communautaire sans espace de subsidiarité. Cette thèse tend à démontrer que des Accords de Taëf jusqu’aux années post Doha, malgré la confirmation de l’autonomie segmentaire, le non dépassement des contradictions entre esprit de consensus et concentration du pouvoir sans réelle distribution de celui-ci a conduit à la définition d’un consensus minimal qui fragilise la stabilité du pays à travers des crises politiques successives. La démocratie consociative libanaise, forte de l’ouverture vers un espace public transcommunautaire, montrera-t-elle sa capacité à évoluer, en luttant contre le décalage existant entre les institutions du consensus représentées par ses élites politiques et la dynamique sociale ? TITRE en anglais Power Sharing in Lebanon Political Sectarianism in the Ta’if Agreement. RESUME en anglais This analysis of the socio-historical birth of political power in Lebanon, its own nature as well as its implementation, concerns the different ways of viewing democratically regulated conflicts in a multi-directionally and politically oriented plural society based on a historical agreement signed in 1943. There is a challenge to compromise East and West, a balance without obvious loser and winner. The difficult project of creating a consensus among a governmental coalition while respecting the Lebanese model of democracy required personal and group compromises without room for subsidiarity. While taking into consideration the segmentation, the need to do not overlap the contradiction of consensus and opposing ideas among politico-communitarian cleavages, this work aims at demonstrating that the accord of Taef followed by the after Doha, lead to a fragile consensus which weakens the stability of the country during the following political crisis. The Lebanese consociate system re-enforced by opening to a transcultural public space may show its capacity to evolve, mature, within the existing gap between the consensus institution proposed by the elite and the social pressure. MOTS-CLES en français Liban Accord de Taëf Communautés religieuses Communautarisme MOTS-CLES en anglais Lebanon The Ta’if Agreement Confessional communities Sectarianism Sommaire SOMMAIRE ................................................................................................................ 2 REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 10 I - PROBLEMATIQUE : .............................................................................................. 16 COMMENT LA LOGIQUE CONFESSIONNELLE AU LIBAN A-T-ELLE FAÇONNE UN ETAT COMMUNAUTAIRE ?.................................................................................... 16 A - Un pouvoir entravé par ses origines religieuses et confisqué par une troïka institutionnalisée dans le cadre d’une démocratie consociative ...................... 16 1 - La mutation des communautés religieuses en acteurs politiques ................ 16 2 - La pérennisation de la logique confessionnelle par le jeu du clientélisme. 20 B - Une identité libanaise écartelée entre l’Orient et l’Occident, construite à travers le prisme du confessionnalisme .......................................................... 23 1 - L’arabité et la libanité : étendue et complexité de l’identité culturelle et résistance aux processus d’acculturation .................................................. 23 2 - L’Etat introuvable – stratégies et crises identitaires .................................. 25 II - METHODOLOGIE .................................................................................................. 27 LE CADRE D’ANALYSE METHODOLOGIQUE ET COMPARATIVE DU SYSTEME POLITIQUE LIBANAIS. ........................................................................... 27 A - Les approches de la sociologie politique du Moyen-Orient ............................. 27 1 - Le prisme de la modernité et de l’Islamité ................................................ 27 2 - Le paradigme segmentaire de la spécificité arabe ..................................... 29 B - Les nouveaux axes de réflexion ....................................................................... 30 III - HYPOTHESES ET ORGANISATION DU TRAVAIL ..................................................... 31 1ERE PARTIE.............................................................................................................. 33 LES TENTATIVES DE REDISTRIBUTION DU POUVOIR D’UNE DEMOCRATIE EMPETREE. ...................................................................... 33 CHAPITRE I ............................................................................................................. 34 LES REEQUILIBRAGES DE POUVOIRS ET LE CADRE HISTORIQUE DU PARTAGE DU POUVOIR .................................................................................. 34 I - LA FORCE DU POUVOIR COMMUNAUTAIRE : LE CREUSET OTTOMAN ET L’HERITAGE DU MANDAT FRANÇAIS ..................................................................... 34 A - La montée en puissance d’une logique communautaire ................................... 34 1 - Le millet ottoman, l’origine essentialiste et l’approche de la gestion de la différence. .......................................................................... 34 2 - Le millet et l’Etat Nation : Les méandres de la construction étatique ........ 37 3 - Les déviations : les ghettos communautaires ............................................ 39 4 - L’analyse critique structurelle ................................................................. 42 CASTAIGNEDE Monique | Thèse pour le doctorat en Science politique | 2014 2 B - La question pérenne de la représentation communautaire et de sa légitimité ... 44 1 - L’instrumentalisation du rapport de force et de la légitimité féodale du Mont-Liban ............................................................................................. 44 2 - La Mutassarifia, du passage du féodalisme au confessionnalisme.............. 47 3 - Le mandat français et la mise en place d’une proportionnelle rigide .......... 48 4 - Le chemin vers la parité islamo-chrétienne des Accords de Taëf ............... 51 II - L’AUTOREGULATION PERMANENTE DU POUVOIR, LE COMPROMIS HISTORIQUE SUR LE MODELE CONSOCIATIF : LE PACTE DE 1943 ET LA LOGIQUE COMMUNAUTAIRE ASSUMEE ................................................................................ 53 A - Les règles de base de la problématique du partage du pouvoir ....................... 53 1 - Le cadre constitutionnel d’une politique d’accommodement ..................... 54 2 - Les conditions d’application de la proporz et ses perspectives évolutives ou comment associer les communautés à l’exercice du pouvoir, tout en refusant les excès du fromagisme ? ............................ 57 a. La problématique de la participation égalitaire dans une société multicommunautaire ..........................................................................
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