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Roman Catholic Church Plate in the Maryland Area 1634-1800

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Roman Catholic Church Plate in the Maryland Area 1634-1800 ~ -¥ 'St" Roman Catholic church plate in the Maryland area 1634-1800 Part 1 JOH N PEARCE N the 'Feast of the Annunciation, 25th March, 1634, 200 The Jesuits were sent to London in chains in 1644, but one was OEnglish families made land in Lord Baltimore's colony of allowed to return in 1648. Roman Catholics were disfranchised v1aryland. They were mostly Roman Catholic families, and their in 1654 when Baltimore's government was overthrown, but irst corporate act, once landed, was the celebration of the Mass religious liberty was restored with the government in 1658. ¥ith their priest, Father Andrew White, S.]., officiating. Balti­ After fifteen years the restrictions on Catholics returned, and nore's intention that his colony should tolerate all Christians, grew stricter, with anti-Catholic Test Acts for officeholders in ncluding the Roman Catholics whose religion was illegal in 1673 and 1678; the anti-Catholic Toleration Act ofWilliam and :ngland, led to the Act for Church Liberties of 1640, and the Mary, 1689; an act disbarring Catholic lawyers in 1692; the zllnous Act of Toleration of 1649. Act Against Irish Papists, 1694; Mass forbidden except in £'unilies But this freedom was short-lived, and irregular while it lasted. on their own grounds, and the Catholic church in St. Mary's City 1. Silver chalice and paten (English, second half sixteenth century) and altar stone, used in the early eighteenth century on the Lancaster planta­ tion, Rock Point, Charles County, Maryland. The mouldings on the base, and the bands on the paten, are gilt. The interior of the cup is gilt (as are the interiors of all the chalices iIIustrated, except as noted). The marks in one of the joints of the chalice stern (see detail) have been deliberately disfigured and partiaIly erased, and are no longer legible. The chalice bowl form has been slightly changed in later repairs. As with the case of many of these recusant chalices, it has two joints to aIlow taking apart into three pieces, a feature which Mr. Charles Oman regards as introduced only in examples like this, Elizabethan in date but foIl owing earlier sixteenth century style except for the double jointing. Fr. Edward Carley has suggested thatsmaIl size and increased demountability were to facilitate easy hiding. Chalice height si inches. Archives, Georgetown University (gift of Charles Calvert Lancaster and Malinda Jenkins Lancaster), Wash­ ington, D.C. AIl photographs by Joseph Bowen, Smithsonian Institution, except as noted. '"' -----:-:--'q .' I"~ ~ QID. 1 1 . 1 ., . " 2. Secular cup of silver, taken over for use as a chalice, used in the early mission of St. Francis Xavier at Newtown, St. Mary's County, Maryland, probably as early as the 1650S and '60s. The cup has London marks for 1640-41 and maker's mark lG with a mullet below. The same maker is recorded by Jackson and Oman for communion cups for the established church. Chalice height 4 ~ inches. The unmarked paten is presumably a Maryland addition. Archives, Georgetown University. (the colonial capital) closed, in 1704; Irish Catholics double Barnum, S.J., Archivist at Georgetown University, Washington, taxed, and forbidden to appear in certain parts of towns, in D .e. in the 1890S and again in the 1920S had a great interest in 1717. the history of the early years of Maryland Catholicism, and In 1752 Charles Carroll went to France to make an appeal for began to solicit the transfer of such items for the care of the the emigration of Maryland's Catholics to the Arkansas River in Archives at the University. The collection he formed, augm.ented Louisiane, but this was rej ected. In the same year a prohibition of by a later successor as Archivist, the late Fr. William e. Repetti, Catholic emigration to M aryland was enacted, and in 1756 taxes S.]., is the bulk of the present group. on Catholic lands were doubled. The philosophy of the Revolu­ About half the chnrch plate we know from this period was ti on brought emancipation in 1774, and in 1789 the Catholics made in England, including a rather earlier chalice (No. I, of established an episcopal see. Elizabethan date) used in the Lancaster family chapel. The other There were thus no parish churches (and of course no cathe­ English pieces (Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 9) are generally contemporary drals) in the usual sense from the 1670S to the 177os; and as the with, or a decade or two earlier than, their traditional earliest religious leadership of a fairl y large territory fell on a handful dates of use in Maryland. Whether there was any direct trade of men (probably only a total of seventy Jes uits between 1700 and with England for such vessels is not yet known, but it is probable 1777) who often carried their vestments and mass equipment that most of thes.e were brought as family items. w ith them, it is to be expected that only a small amount of Study is only beginning of the range of eC1uipment of the equipment, and that mainly from private chapels, will have public chapels of the fmt years, the priva te chapels, and religious survived. As the records which tend to support and preserve the equipment for use in private houses which did not afford a natural traditionalism of a parish are not present in many of separate chapel room. Fr. Edward Carley, the leading current these situations, the tendency for such pieces to lose their identity, historian of this period, notes, 'Some homes had a se parate room and/ or di sa ppear, has been high. Fortunately, Fr. Francis A. cdled a "Chapel Room"; others used the parlour or dining zSS <,~i'~~i:~ ;,:~ ;:$f:~ -.3:7?"\ " ' r : 3. Pewter chalice and paten, probably Maryland area, second half seventeenth century, with unidentified maker's mark RI, no gilding. Chalice height s! inches. Although the minimum Catholic requirement for chalice matorials was for a silver cup with the interior gilt, other materials were permitted when circumstances prevented the use of silver. This would suppOrt the long traditional association of these pewter pieces with the early missionaries in Maryland, in the second half of the seventeenth century. (See She", ClIllD/ic Ch"rch i" Colollial Times, P.36.) Archives, Georgetown University . ..,: ~ .,- , . 4. Silver chalice and paten, English, c. 1650-70. The chalice is ornamented with cast angels and the en­ graved symbol of the Society of Jesus. Its early history is not known. The interior of the paten is gilt, the chalice height si! inches. Otllan notes this as 'a very common type [of which] I ha v e listed examples with the marks of four different goldsmiths'. Archives. Gcorgcto,vn University_ 5. Silver chalice, c. 1670, one of the forms used by English Roman Catholics during the period ofrecusancy. Maker's mark TP in a shield (like that on an apostle spoon listed by Jackson for 1639-40; previously unknown to Mr. Oman as a maker who worked for the recusants). The Rev. Edward B. Carley has reconstructed its probable history as descended from Col. Peter Sayer (died in Maryland, November, 1697; son of the immigrant William Sayer) through his widow to her niece Mrs. Richard Bennett Ill; from her via her husband to his nephew Charles Philemon Blake of Blakeford, in 1749. Fr. Carley has traced it then (together with its present paten, of c. 1760) to use in St. Joseph's Mission near Cordova, Talbot County, Maryland, from about 1800 to 1890, then with Monsignor Edward Mickle to St. Charles Church, Cape Charles, Virginia, where it was discovered a few years ago. Height 5 -& inches. St. Peter's Cathedral, Wilmington, Del. room, or hallway for Mass. Peter Sayer (see No. 5) had a Chapel had been illegal in England since the twelfth century; and Room, Blakeford had a Chapel Room, Sportsman's Hall although Charles Oman records funerary chalices (for priests' (Blakes) had one. In "Bowlingly" at Queenstown, Mass was burials) of pewter as late as the fourteenth century, probably no offered in the upstairs hall, at Trumpington, Rock Hall, Kent priest in England, even a recusant, would have had a pewter Co., the parlour was used. At Thomas Willcox's house, Concord, chalice in the seventeenth century, like that seen in No. J; also Pennsylvania (see No. 7) the dining room was always used.' the maker of the latter, R I, though using a typically seventeenth­ The silver ostensoria in Nos. 9 & 10, of which the first is known century mark, and well within the period of full British docu­ to have been in private ownership and the second probably also mentation, is not recorded in Cotterell. The strong possibility was, suggest that some of these private pieces and chapels may thus exists that this chalice and paten are by a mid-seventeenth­ have been much richer than we have previously thought. century Maryland pewterer, as yet unidentified. At the other end of the scale, the pewter chalice and paten The provincial workmanship and the inscription of the (No. 3) suggest that some chapels or priests may have been ostensorium seen in No. 10 (c. 1700) suggest it was probably furnished very plainly. As pewter is soft and wears quickly, and, made in Maryland. It is difficult to imagine that the inscription being officially disapproved for chalices, would have been in the base, by an obviously experienced hand, was engraved replaced with silver as soon as possible, there may have been a anywhere other than Maryland. Mr. Oman regards the ciboriu111 larger number of pewter pieces than these two remaining pieces in No.
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