Appendix 10A. Tables of military expenditure

PETTER STÅLENHEIM, OLAWALE ISMAIL, EVAMARIA LOOSE-WEINTRAUB, WUYI OMITOOGUN, SAM PERLO-FREEMAN and ELISABETH SKÖNS1 Sources and methods are explained in appendix 10C. Notes and explanations of the conventions used appear below table 10A.4. Data in this appendix should not be combined with those in previous SIPRI Yearbooks because of revision.2

Table 10A.1. Military expenditure by region, in constant US dollars, 1993–2002 Figures are in US $b., at constant 2000 prices and exchange rates. Figures do not always add up to totals because of the conventions of rounding.

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

World total 762 740 707 691 696 690 696 723 741 784 Geographical regions Africa 7.4 7.7 7.2 6.9 7.1 7.6 8.4 8.8 [8.9] [9.6] North Africa 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.6 . . . . Sub-Saharan Africa 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.4 5.1 5.2 . . . . Americas 385 365 347 328 328 321 322 333 338 368 North America 365 344 324 306 304 298 299 310 313 344 Central America 2.8 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.3 South America 17.6 17.4 20.0 18.3 20.9 20.1 19.6 19.5 21.5 21.1 Asia and Oceania 120 121 123 128 128 127 129 134 140 147 Central Asia . . 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 . . 0.5 ...... East Asia 99.8 101 103 107 107 105 106 111 116 [122] South Asia 12.0 12.0 12.6 12.8 13.4 13.5 14.6 15.2 16.2 17.3 Oceania 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4 Europe 196 192 178 177 177 175 177 180 181 181 Central and Eastern 25.6 25.9 20.1 18.8 19.6 16.9 17.8 18.9 20.1 21.4 Western 171 166 158 158 157 158 159 161 161 160 336 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 ongo (DRC), Eritrea, e 10A.3. When military 10A.3. When e the totals. The countries y the member countries in the hange in that country’s military 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 : Notes 10A.1 are estimates, based on data in tabl and income groups in table The world total and the totals for regions, organizations data accounting for at least 90% of the regional total. Regional totals are presented only when based on country sub-regional totals add up to regional totals. Totals for geographical regions add up to the world total and of countries for all years, while totals for organizations cover onl Totals for regions and income groups cover the same groups Middle EastOrganizations ASEANCIS CIS Asia CIS EuropeEUNATO 53.5 NATO Western EuropeOECDOPEC 54.1 159OSCE 9.5 . . 17.2Income group (GNI/capita 2000) 50.9Low (≤$755) 17.7 154Lower middle ($756–$2995) 9.9 17.4Upper-middle ($2996–$9265) 51.7 531 0.4 17.8 156High (≥$9266) 56.2 147 65.6 11.4 11.4 594 56.5 11.8 506 58.3 152 0.4 148 64.2 34.1 11.9 estimates are made, most often on the assumption that the rate of c expenditure data for a country are missing for a few years, 569 10.4 27.5 569 belongs. When no estimates can be made, countries are excluded from expenditure is the same as that for the region to which it 60.7 10.8 51.0 479 the Democratic Republic of the C 10A.1 are Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, the Republic of Congo, excluded from all totals in table 152 0.4 65.5 33.7 146 613 20.2 and ). Honduras, Iraq, Liberia, Libya, Somalia and Yugoslavia ( 11.2 544 28.9 60.0 545 11.6 51.7 463 152 64.7 30.0 18.1 146 0.5 588 29.7 511 8.4 67.3 545year given. 53.9 8.9 459 71.5 29.9 151 . . 18.0 148 561 30.7 492 73.8 9.5 543 54.3 10.0 72.9 35.1 453 20.1 152 149 544 29.9 490 . . 10.8 0.5 58.4 538 11.3 71.5 37.6 . . 462 154 27.4 149 541 11.6 . . 482 66.6 12.1 541 73.9 35.8 474 155 28.8 148 . . 536 12.7 487 76.1 13.3 . . 555 77.5 42.3 476 32.2 155 538 500 . . 79.3 48.9 557 . . . . 507 153 550 503 . . 589 . . 554 535 585 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 337 rea, exico, ngapore, of), Congo UK, Ukraine, mark, Estonia,

Seychelles, Sierra

Sri Lanka, Taiwan, nea-Bissau, Kenya, Senegal, Seychelles, ugoslav Republic of,

uinea, Guinea-Bissau, orld Bank and presented orld Bank and (World Bank: Washington, DC, Apr. 2002). (World Bank: Washington, DC, : Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Republic of), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central : Angola, Benin, Botswana, : Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, North Ko : Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, : Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama. : Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, : Canada, USA. : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, : Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. : Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines, Si Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, :

: : Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, M : Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, , Bulgaria, , Cyprus, Czech Republic, Den Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, : Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.

Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Republic Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, :

: World Development Indicators 2002 World Development Indicators South Asia Oceania Europe The country coverage of income groups is based on figures of 2000 gross national income (GNI) per capita as calculated by the W national income (GNI) per on figures of 2000 gross of income groups is based The country coverage Africa Americas North America Central America South America Asia and Oceania Central Asia East Asia North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam. Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia (Former Y Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, , Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, FYROM), Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). in its Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Gui Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, (Democratic Republic of, DRC), Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela. (Burma), Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam. Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, G of the, DRC), Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Congo (Democratic Republic Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, 338 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 , lands orway, a, Ukraine, Netherlands, Nether

d, Ireland, Italy, , Ukraine, USA, etherlands, New Zealand, Italy, Luxembourg, Greece, Hungary (1999– ), Iceland, Greece, Hungary (1999– : Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic (1995– ), Denmark, Finland, : Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic (1995– : Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, : Albania, Armenia, Austria, : Algeria, Gabon (–1995), Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, : Algeria, Gabon (–1995), Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, : Brunei, Cambodia (1999– ), Indonesia, Laos (1997– ), Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma) (1997– ), Myanmar (Burma) (1997– ), Malaysia, ), Indonesia, Laos (1997– : Brunei, Cambodia (1999– : Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic (1999– ), Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary (1999– ), Iceland, ), Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary (1999– : Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic (1999– : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan,Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, : Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, : Albania, Armenia, : Austria (1995– ), Belgium, Denmark, Finland (1995– ), France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, ), France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, ), Belgium, Denmark, Finland (1995– : Austria (1995– Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, N Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark,

: : Belgium, Czech Republic (1999– ), Denmark, France, Germany, : Belgium, Czech Republic (1999– Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel,

: : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine. : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Organization for Security and Central and Eastern Europe Central and Eastern Western Europe Middle East Nations (ASEAN) Association of South-East Asian Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) CIS Europe CIS Asia European Union (EU) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) NATO Europe Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) (OECD) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam (1995– ). Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of, FYROM), Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sloveni Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of, FYROM), Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). UK. Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Icelan Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Moldova, ), Malta, Republic of, FYROM) (1995– Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Luxembourg, Lithuania, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, UK Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro, 2000– ). Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Portugal, Spain, Sweden (1995– ), UK. Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, USA. Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland (1999– ), Norway, Poland (1999– ), Portugal, Spain, UK. United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. ), N (1994– ), Luxembourg, Mexico ), Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea (1996– France, Germany, Greece, Hungary (1996– Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, USA. Norway, Poland (1996– ), Portugal, Slovakia (2000– ), Spain, MILITARY EXPENDITURE 339 m. 29 810th./m. kwanzas 46 800 3.5 58 847 79 519 130 101 126 112 248m. francs 2 469 121 600 | 141 600 163m. francs . . 5 421 (391) 5 935 167 000 . .m. birr 288m. birr 6 496m. dalasis 3 670 6 239 . . 539 4 400 . . [819] . . 23.3 6 100 439 813 . . 22.2 16 200 . . 771 754 27.6 . . 968 . . 803 38.5 . . 634 1 512 . . 42.6 3 263 1 459 . . 43.1 . . 5 589 1 600 40.1 . . 5 075 . . . . (57.2) 3 154 . . (63.0) 3 000 . . (63.5) . . . . 5 Military expenditure by region and country, in local , 1993–2002 by region and country, Military expenditure 6 8 9 3 4 7 Figures are in local currency, current prices, and are for calendar years. Figures are in local currency, StateAfrica North Africa Algeria Libya CurrencyMoroccoTunisiaSub-Saharan Angola 1993 m. dirhams m. dinarsBeninBotswana m. dinars 1994Burkina Faso 11 071Burundi . . 1995Cameroon m. francs m. pulas 13 557 m. francsCape Verde 277Centr. Afr. Rep. 1996 12 957 m. francs . .Chad m. francs m. escudos 301 12 890Congo, Rep. of 17 139 1997 450 . .Congo (DRC) m. francs 12 476 16 800Côte d’Ivoire . . 324 1998 8 805Djibouti 220 47 621 12 666 458 18 400 francs m. . .Equatorial Guinea m. francs m. francs 52 477 10 589 1999 13 921Eritrea 19 000 387 . . . . 281Ethiopia 460 56 691 14 639 10 517 22 500 m. francsGabon 2000 . . 11 085 396Gambia 59 819 42 088 15 408 15 686 23 300 477 . . 467 . .Ghana . . 12 333 2001 46 677 69 288 . . 21 800 25 700 . . 417 4 702 352 000 10 m. francs 80 969 586 . . 26 300 26 100 2002 1 321 . . . . 12 681 4 648 89 095 28 500 424 m. cedis 26 500 382 1 721 . . 808 9 700 87 598 52 516 30 500 481 4 31 000 ...... 442 91 118 54 588 443 9 500 44 200 855 3 712 . . 26 600 101 500 . . 44 200 . . 12 900 [459] . . . . 4 019 518 . . 36 147 974 15 200 . . . . 58 823 4 013 . . 814 18 200 . . . . 1 055 . . . . 72 644 . . 19 300 . . 1 325 93 148 583 ...... 132 812 . . . . 158 060 530 . . 277 269 ...... 231 740 ...... 9 000 ...... Table 10A.2. 340 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 m. francs . .b. francsm. ouguiyas 400 72.4b. meticaism. dollars 3 640 615 84.6m. naira 3 640 399 770m. francs 116 229m. francs 3 640 762 1 061 201 3 680 6 382 202 12 900 711 1 522 33 962 3 660 7 032 5 700 267m. dinars 248 36 725 . . 3 950 14 000 704 14 800 275 40 389 286 15 350 22 600 4 090 6 786 40 809 3 527b. shillings 840 17 920b. kwachas 283 23 300 4 200 383 41 324m. dollars 5 939 4 533 25 162 27 700 1 013 44 300 69.8 4 420 320 . . 8 060 45 400 435 22.0 29 000 48 200 1 250 4 900 1 439 37 490 95.8 25 800 9 520 . . 44 400 39.0 660 1 414 63 472 28 600 1 826 16 300 50 500 118 64 908 1 718 29 900 65.8 786 . . 2 214 42 800 51 600 135 2 100 62 200 56.9 2 742 736 84 100 139 3 441 90.8 . . 880 3 710 181 114 10 068 . . 212 73.7 15 361 16 208 203 [58.0] 34 403 . . 214 . . 255 10 13 11 12 21 14 16 17 19 20 15 18 GuineaGuinea-Bissau KenyaLesothoLiberia m. francsMadagascar Malawi m. shillings m. malotiMaliMauritania 42 000 m. dollarsMauritius 6 131 44 800Mozambique m. kwachas 62.4Namibia . . 6 577Niger 37.3 b. francs m. rupeesNigeria 113 81.9 7 668Rwanda 41.3 . .Senegal 95.1 9 756 149Seychelles 190 [16.8] m. francsSierra Leone . .Somalia 10 327 22.2 48 600 107 169 213South Africa m. rupees m. leones 10 381 67 700Sudan . . . . 26.9Swaziland 135 10 503 309 m. rand . . 234 shillingsTanzania 67.1 12 347Togo 27.1 13 244 . . 156Uganda 9 700 434 m. emalangeni 233 [14 948] (80 000) 15 546Zambia 60.1 b. shillings 31.3 [15 835] 10 713Zimbabwe 100 000 9 200 . . 73.6 171 18 898 450 . . 206 . . 12 352 francs m. 55.2 900 8 32.2 17 119 85.5 21.3 192 11 942 . . 635 203 (9 315) 9 600 . . 52.4 36.0 11 143 99.7 . . 26.7 14 200 . . 916 13 000 228 11 131 . . 57.3 [41.4] 14 100 . . 108 44.0 14 300 10 716 . . 1 021 246 39.3 . . 15 400 55.5 14 000 10 678 . . 52.8 117 . . . . 41.0 . . 13 031 . . 250 59.3 (48 000) 61.2 142 (33 000) 15 303 42.0 . . . . (36 000) 59.0 278 . . 17 559 (70.0) 152 . . 64.0 (86.5) . . 151 . . 64.0 . . . . 158 ...... State Currency 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 341 m. colones . .m. gold córdobasm. balboas 224 . .m. dollars 232m. dollars 95.2 . .m. pesos 235 13 293 101 297 637m. reais 13 008 . . 288 059b. pesos 240 96.6b. pesos 12 457 [3 830] 278 856m. dollars 271 417 4 021 11 511 . . 101 245 188 276 324 575 10 831 4 361 274 278 [1 315] 438 265 118 11 716 . . 4 108 280 969 4 136 [1 745] 730 301 697 12 360 10 008 447 [2 228] 104 290 312 743 4 016 12 314 . . 800 9 994 [2 786]857 350 b. tenge 3 962 13 191 473 391m. soms 112 3 537 13 104th. Somoni 910 12 819 . . 4 143b. manats 4 356 12 743 417 . . 377 (0.3) 3 739 970 12 328 38.8 243 5 372 . . 493 501 13 988 (3.8) . . 3 726 . . 5 935 1 180 105 347 17 399 544 3 755 10.8 . . 7 228 1 070 20 970 1.5 . . 267 [713] 16.3 7 575 292 [1 150] 3 977 15.1 334 [1 207] 17.9 . . [1 308] 10 713 158 501 21.8 13 562 . . 440 18 723 515 17.2 21 496 436 . . 839 20.4 29 577 . . 582 1 173 32.3 [1 270] [850] [32.9] ...... 31 30 30 22 18 25 30 28 29 23 24 26 27 24 El SalvadorGuatemalaHonduras m. colonesMexicoNicaragua m. quetzalsPanama m. lempirasNorth America 888Canada m. new pesos 693USA . . 829South America [6 514]Argentina 806Bolivia [8 694] 849 . .Brazil 10 368 843Chile Colombia 843 14 637Ecuador m. bolivianos . . 784Guyana 18 306Paraguay 853 20 950 537Peru 801 . .Uruguay 25 825 843Venezuela m. dollars 569 b. guaranies 894 28 335Asia and Oceania . .Central Asia 873 31 298 m. pesos m. new soles b. bolivares 612Kazakhstan 914 167 562Kyrgyzstan 31 224 839 . .Tajikistan 682 . .Turkmenistan 1 225 . . [117] 759 974 955 1 546 137 . . 857 . . 808 2 083 . . 1 020 . . 212 1 128 1 816 . . 780 . . . . 864 2 228 306 ...... 2 638 792 275 753 2 847 . . . . 858 284 3 171 715 3 115 3 384 . . 976 258 926 2 734 3 398 3 272 280 . . 948 3 684 . . (262) 1 399 3 214 . . (291) 1 326 2 661 . . America Central America BelizeCosta Rica th. dollars 12 261 15 799 16 106 15 932 18 790 ...... 342 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 m. somsm. dollarsb. rielsb. yuan . . [398]b. won (991) 181 [420]b. won [73.9] (3 355) [425] 410 [87.4] (6 900) (4.7) 474 [105] 9 215 [13 700] 456 . . (4.8) [126] 10 075 555 434 . . 11 074 [131] 34 860 614 12 243 447 . . [149] . . 13 102 [520] [171] 481 13 594m. rupees 41 115 [485] . . 13 337 [190] . . b. rupees 474 [548] 14 477 [218] 1 801 2.9 15 388 455 507 [257] 1 939 15.4 16 364 2.9 400 2 064 19.4 2 242 390 3.0 35.2 2 471 3.1 38.1 2 789 37.1 3.2 3 240 3 650 42.5 4 777 40.1 6 512 56.9 54.2 50.1 35 36 34 30 33 38 32 37 Uzbekistan East Asia Brunei Cambodia China, P. R. IndonesiaJapanKorea, North Korea, South b. rupiahsLaosMalaysia b. yenMongoliaMyanmar [5 183]Philippines m. ringgits [6 215]Singapore b. kip m. tugriksTaiwan [7 158] b. kyats 4 618 m. pesosThailand [8 400]Viet Nam 4 951 m. dollars 4 673South Asia 4 147 8 336Afghanistan 5 565 b. dollars . . m. baht 12.7 4 714Bangladesh 20 002 6 766 10 349 b. dongIndia 4 010 6 121 m. afghanis 23 125Nepal 815 4 10 254 9 547 16.7 . . m. takaPakistan 4 273 288 6 091 27 493 13 945Sri Lanka 4 922 74 465 11 850 . . 22.3 3 168Oceania 30 978 5 206 5 877 16 416 296 . . 78 281 b. rupeesAustralia 14 830 4 942 29 212 m. rupeesFiji 4 730 . . 5 782 27.7 16 105 4 547 88 343 16 749New Zealand . . 4 934 31 512 277 19 021 . . 49.2 96 066 6 618 18 416 6 321 m. dollars 29.8 209 32 959 m. dollars 4 935 89 619 21 582 99 708 26 126 288 7 475 . . 5 826 36 208 53.0 98 144 23 076 37.3 . . 950 4 m. dollars 95 162 230 26 400 10 201 35 977 7 616 7 351 1 209 302 112 085 25 863 66.5 83 302 26 400 4 956 . . 43.7 10 326 41 981 123 550 260 7 466 28 436 7 432 . . 73 924 1 245 49.4 131 803 299 10 472 224 58.8 31 277 72 300 7 721 139 818 291 1 316 . . 10 608 49.3 146 931 33 366 . . [74 151] 278 265 8 108 . . 10 761 1 356 153 795 33 999 339 48.8 . . 169 950 11 298 244 325 1 344 34 000 . . 181 750 . . [11 083] 387 51.2 1 363 [11 360] . . . . 244 [12 030] . . 47.0 453 1 380 460] [12 228 . . 1 422 48.0 490 . . 1 426 49.0 . . 552 . . [1 409] 73.0 630 . . 86.0 71.0 State Currency 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 343 m. roublesm. marks 25.8m. kuna . .m. korunas 604m. kroons 3 422 1 933 . . [23 627] 7 149 24 375 2 266 174 25 070 9 282 . . 6 079 26 817 327 7 760 9 834 27 582 . . 7 000 38 740 33 570 417m. lats 115 250 7 500 37 210 . . 499 [231 000] 39 807 [234 300] 6 084m. denarsth. liri 44 615 736 . . 12.0 4 510 47 308 . . 4 336 843 19.0 . . 9 419 4 355 23.0 1 083 . . 10 533 866 1 329 21.0 10 996 . . . . 1 640 12 002 22.1 12 020 2 028 5 223 . . 24.8 11 297 4 163 11 164 33.1 4 302 11 109 42.4 12 205 3 769 12 685 54.9 4 602 15 397 91.0 6 841 45 40 42 39 43 41 44 46 BelgiumBosnia/Herz. BulgariaCroatia m. eurosCyprusCzech Rep. m. levaDenmarkEstonia Finland 3 213 m. poundsFrance m. kronerGeorgia 3 271 [7.1]Germany 90.0Greece m. euros 3 251 [19.0]Hungary m. euros 17 390 m. lariIceland 3 256 99.0 m. euros [22.8]Ireland 17 293Italy m. euros 1 552 3 267 34.5 17 468 m. forints 91.0Latvia 36 771Lithuania m. kronur 17 896 1 543 3 297 31 459 . .Luxembourg 372 37 574 m. euros 141Mac. (FYROM) 18 521 30 144445 1 3 378 2 738 (76 890) 36 349Malta m. euros m. euros m. litai 90 751 19 071 512Moldova – 185 30 159 . . 1 644463 3 3 090 36 188Netherlands 89 397 19 428 489 29 998 36 756 595 1 555 3 389 3 438 169 – 103 132 19 339 16 715 29 451 . . 92.7 m. euros m. lei 36 012 523 85.4 146 820 1 715 3 414 3 942 21 017 16 958 29 822 677 106 151 215 36 510 105 21 398 – 79.3 300 16 30 603 191 489 1 494 86.2 4 433 541 36 702 5 946 226 040 805 118 18 680 30 554 104 9.7 1 647 5 061 37 187 115 272 424 [85.3] 580 5 895 – 19 987 30 649 299 448 37 777 859 180 1 631 5 439 [69.8] 109 21 052 36.7 31 277 169 5 837 623 1 673 5 921 [53.3] 22 240 – . . 5 989 119 60.0 302 24 325 644 [37.2] 5 986 6 056 24 592 70.7 129 – [48.3] 6 117 553 677 6 154 24 065 [45.4] 80.5 132 479 6 595 734 – 57.0 139 6 482 796 835 – 63.0 6 929 179 860 892 7 286 63.6 – 192 1 004 76.8 – [71.8] Pap. New Guinea m. kinaEurope AlbaniaArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijan 67.1Belarus m. leks m. dram 84.2 b. manats m. euros 72.2 4 010 89.5 7.9 1 490 104 4 698 . . 1 541 85.6 4 719 114562 1 21 200 4 777 248 . . 21 700 1 576 4 442 305 31 445 1 600 5 067 91.7 33 707 353 1 619 5 891 35 575 85.0 1 623 716 36 6 601 376 . . 36 800 1 662 7 320 435 36 390 1 742 8 190 . . 485 1 666 539 609 344 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 m. roublesm. korunasm. euros [9 037] 8 211m. francs890] [35 m. pounds [63 220] 9 614m. hryvnias 6 340 [82 485] [105 034] 18 708 5 524 [85 574] 978 5 22 686 8.0 19 665 [165 477] [262 800] 5 723 22 490m. pounds 6 483 [339 500] 16 792b. rials [438 100] 21 439 337 5 011 6 560 14 009m. new shekels 22 330 6 142 4 782 13 532m. dinars 6 750 1 665 17 539 21 612 15 760 6 682 255 2 4 634 6 756 2 833 19 836 22 477m. riyals 19 051 7 164 4 023 326m. riyals 4 532 22 519 22 548 7 092 3 428 20 934 7 573 26 979 4 457 23 532 4 416 7 599 361 3 712m. dirhams 738 29 581 24 460 7 986 6 499 61 636 4 503 7 972 3 908 32 449 24 601 586 53 549 779 8 154 8 540 5 827 4 476 8 204 6 200 34 021 49 501 417 8 312 10 624 5 827 4 466 776 36 430 5 800 50 025 12 933 9 074 37 265 5 827 445 66 000 6 200 737 21 936 43 078 9 863 78 000 [5 827] 32 163 491 760 6 027 69 000 [10 648] . . 75 000 6 027 512 676 79 000 6 027 531 80 000 687 6 027 537 809 6 027 551 . . 933 [1 015] 58 50 48 52 47 56 57 53 49 55 59 54 51 NorwayPolandPortugalRomania m. kronerRussia Slovakia m. zlotys m. eurosSlovenia b. leiSpain 22 528SwedenSwitzerland 3 980 24 019 m. tolarsUK 1 758Ukraine 22 224 5 117Yugoslavia m. kronor [551] 1 800 22 813Middle East 6 595 [26 081] [1 553] 013 2 Bahrain 23 010 m. dinars [30 651]Egypt 8 313 [1 999] 39 004 25 087 39 664Iran 2 001 [2 697]Iraq 39 772 10 075 44 666 25 809Israel m. dinars 2 089 [7 704] . . 40 872Jordan 11 687 25 722 46 434Kuwait [11 132] 2 098 27 015 12 242 50 030 26 669Lebanon 14 648 . .Oman 94.4 39 726 2 259 m. dinars 13 239 28 976 49 958 20 310Saudi Arabia 40 801Syria 14 032 49 518 m. dinars393 2 96.3 28 747 b. poundsTurkey . . 42 541 14 264 64 533UAE 34 805 . . 2 594Yemen 103 44 542 77 778 900 2 927 . . [789] pounds m. 43 274 tr. liras . . 109 [43 948] [1 071] 979 m. rials [5 450] [1 210] 109 29 948 . . 6 441 1 102 [1 156] 77.7 37 270 111 [1 044] 8 600 971 19 752 40 500 . . 157 1 052 30 273 40 746 21 292 123 745 1 251 35 897 42 842 303 33 060 . . 121 44 964 46 064 40 574 1 327 695 612 55 104 [46 064] . . 1 383 123 [49 600] 740 53 824 1 183 [59 000] 1 222 [63 000] 58 311 125 . . 875 2 289 [72 400] [77 300] 4 168 1 138 . . . . 6 248 1 200 8 844 . . 13 908 . . State Currency 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 345 2.2 2.0 2.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 (4.5) (4.8) (4.7) 11.9. . 10.5 9.6 . .. . 8.9 ...... 923 1 123421 1 088 1 492 1 209 1 022 1 479 1 590 1 605 (1 195) 1 694 471 1 881 1 553 . . 438 2 123 241 304 [128] 118 99.4 112 205 431 685 618 418 386 5 Military expenditure by region and country, in constant US dollars, 1993–2002 in constant US dollars, by region and country, Military expenditure 6

8 9 3 4 7 Angola Figures are in US $m., at constant 2000 prices and exchange rates, and are for calendar years. 2000 prices and exchange rates, and are for calendar Figures are in US $m., at constant StateAfrica North Africa Algeria LibyaMoroccoTunisia 1993Sub-Saharan 1994BeninBotswana 1 275Burkina Faso . . 1995Burundi 264Cameroon 1 485Cape Verde 1996Central African Rep. . . 1 338Chad 161 273 36.4 . .Congo, Rep. of 1997Congo (DRC) 1 292 110Côte d’Ivoire 40.1 148 28.5 277 . .Djibouti 1998 2.5 . .Equatorial Guinea 1 238 . .Eritrea 42.0 29.1 89.8 135 319 1999Ethiopia . . 3.2 1 223 30.7Gabon 98.1 . . . .Gambia 35.0 28.3 . . 88.9 2000 124 315Ghana 1 335 . . . . 24.3 5.0 86.3 . . 40.5 32.7 90.3 2001 2.5 321 1 378 143 . . 18.1 . . 3.5 . . . . 43.7 32.3 . . 2002 99.8 1 467 . . 185 318 2.9 . . 20.4 29.4 3.5 46.9 113 82.9 36.0 ...... 182 322 . . . . 14.8 31.9 . . 49.2 82.8 3.9 123 36.7 . . [328] . . 191 12.9 . . . . 32.6 . . . . 42.3 35.5 . . 123 4.4 . . 194 18.8 . . . . 27.5 . . . . 56.1 40.6 122 . . . . 7.0 . . 21.3 224 27.5 . . 56.9 ...... 131 . . 4.9 . . 22.7 34.3 . . . . 12.5 . . 4.3 22.7 . . . . 36.3 ...... 50.8 ...... 32.0 ...... Table 10A.3. 346 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 . .36.3 2.121.5 30.5 2.259.5 20.6 28.0 1.985.3 47.4 19.4 40.673.0 1.7 23.1 52.7 18.7 51.7 59.7 2.6 49.2 56.3 50.0 17.8 60.8 . . 70.0 17.8 69.4 46.863.4 59.853.0 74.4 64.4 17.7 47.2 9.5 79.3 59.6 61.1 104 72.1 17.6 6.2 89.9 . . 63.2 76.8 113 77.3 17.7 . . . . 96.1 68.2 45.4 66.2 18.8 96.8 92.1 62.4 58.1 71.0 104 120 68.8 58.5 72.9 133 68.7 29.9 123 [18.6] . . 127 152 . . 122315 143 221 63.4 255 57.6253 216 64.0 198 76.0234 233 160 91.2 297 243 80.9 91.5 511 240 94.5 102 367 245 212 107 553 259 265 212 487 327 363 . . 355 . . 212 190 10 13 11 12 21 14 16 17 19 20 15 18 GuineaGuinea-Bissau KenyaLesothoLiberiaMadagascar MalawiMali 32.6Mauritania Mauritius 149Mozambique 15.3 33.4Namibia . .Niger 124Nigeria 18.5 17.2 . .Rwanda [35.8]Senegal . . 11.2 143Seychelles 19.7 16.8Sierra Leone . . 38.4Somalia 11.6 167South Africa . . 20.2 10.4 . .Sudan 41.1Swaziland 32.6 12.1Tanzania 159 13.8 23.5 13.8 25.3 . .Togo 2 523 17.2 38.7Uganda 43.3 11.3Zambia . . 25.2 12.1 150 17.8 23.9Zimbabwe 2 671 . . 14.7 44.9 . . 20.0 9.4 26.1 11.1 14.2 23.0 146 82.4 2 376 . . 44.4 13.5 20.4 . . (45.8) 36.4 2 065 27.6 10.7 13.8 8.6 17.0 77.4 162 50.2 . . 14.2 21.2 53.4 1 899 26.7 11.6 15.4 . . 99.5 (8.0) [195] 9.0 . . [58.1] 18.4 21.5 1 711 . . . . 25.2 . . 11.0 13.5 [202] 98.7 . . . . 52.5 9.4 20.7 1 621 21.7 . . 11.0 . . . . 98.6 . . . . 1 878 9.0 19.7 24.6 . . 10.3 (99.9) . . . . 2 087 (22.9) 9.3 24.6 (114) . . . . 10.6 2 219 (15.5) . . . . 21.9 . . . . 10.5 (17.3) 21.6 ...... State 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 347 9.5 8.9 16.3 15.4 18.7 17.4 20.9 24.6 [24.9] ...... 34.4 . . 33.4 30.5 . . 27.9 . . 26.1 . . 24.9 . . 24.5 30.8 . .. . 27.7 102 . . 34.9 90.5 . . 87.1 132 112 121 [163] . . . . 103 108 102 106348 122 319 107 320 113 283102 320 . . 32.4 354 . . [9.4] 270 10.1 . . 14.4 . . 12.8 . . 13.8 . . 11.9 11.9 . . (248) (158) 163 177 165 188 137 143 210 [202] 9 977 9 7435 320 9 1341 664 5 343 8 308 1 896 7 841 7 696 1 920 6 764 245 8 2 033 8 294 8 550 2 044 816 7 8 292 364 2 7 211 8 660 2 074 7 644 8 174 [2 148] 8 898 [2 176] [2 305] 9 957 [1 976] [2 117] [2 235] [2 324] 2 483 2 540 2 817 2 843 3 184 127 3 [4 106] 4 137 4 341 4 110 3 970 3 881 4 106 3 741 3 769 2 875 354 778 334 539 315 107 298 058 296 530 658 289 290 480 301 697 304 130 335 706

31

30 30 22 18 25 30 28 29 23 24 26 27 24 El SalvadorGuatemalaHondurasMexicoNicaragua Panama 149North America 155Canada USA . . 126 [2 386]South America 162Argentina Bolivia [2 978] 117Brazil . .Chile 2 630 157Colombia Ecuador 106 2 763Guyana . . 131Paraguay 140Peru 103 2 865Uruguay 123Venezuela . . 2 828 137Asia and Oceania 99.0Central Asia 128Kazakhstan 5.2 99.6 2 991 . .Kyrgyzstan 134 102 [2 588]Tajikistan 313 125Turkmenistan . . 2 997 . . 6.2 1 884 . . 133 95.9 462 3 113 158 1 823 . . 5.9 . . 160 105 2 956 . . 283 1 317 185 5.3 . . 195 . . . . 271 2 159 . . 113 . . 146 1 510 . . 102 267 . . 1 583 . . 128 1 046 94.9 260 1 394 1 041 . . 137 80.5 . . 270 1 828 1 010 155 80.2 226 1 409 . . 1 056 (70.2) 259 903 . . (70.0) 746 . . . . America Central America BelizeCosta Rica 6.9 8.6 8.5 7.9 9.3 ...... 348 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 . .66.6 (92.8) 145 (77.7) (104) 160 [121] 138 . . 138 184 129 . . 12240.5 137 40.2 118 39.8 105 . . 39.6 98.9 41.9 43.0 46.3 51.3 65.4 86.5 361 419 706 659 585 613 553 739 617 524 [334] [344] [329] 360 414 458 [375] [281] [291] . . (2 157) (2 215) ...... 1 343 1 343 1 379 1 434 1 467 10 988 11 310 11 897 12 539 12 842 12 398 12 061 12 801 13 079 13 533 [14 200] [13 500] [13 900] [15 300] [15 500] [17 800] [20 700] [23 000] [26 300] [31 100] 35 36 34 30

33 38

32 37 Uzbekistan East Asia Brunei Cambodia China, P. R. IndonesiaJapanKorea, North Korea, South LaosMalaysia [1 659]MongoliaMyanmar [1 833] 43 753PhilippinesSingapore [1 929] 43 958Taiwan 1 631Thailand [2 096] 44 398Viet Nam . . 8 177 30.4South Asia 1 768 747 1 950293 45 Afghanistan 2 550Bangladesh 8 690 26.4 10 664 1 879India . . 1 535 45 510 2 538 797 2 636Nepal 9 239Pakistan 10 535 343 45 394 1 807 23.8 1 263Sri Lanka 2 540 3 157 . . . .Oceania 877 9 866 453 45 479 9 525Australia 1 698 468 1 656 19.8Fiji 2 709 3 459 45 793 8 137New Zealand 8 204 9 606 907 . . 1 248 508 43.4 2 993 1 748 2 784 18.1 3 882 46 259 . . 6 752 8 109 9 973 1 689 2 917 808 6 970 36.7 531 46 727 2 736 4 396 . . 18.7 . . 631 6 696 8 340 9 723 . . 1 533 2 965 6 925 2 417 794 24.1 4 478 545 27.7 19.1 8 565 9 031 8 578 635 . . 1 908 2 961 6 706 2 109 . . 4 331 35.6 778 600 9 307 27.5 7 815 24.3 . . 1 895 647 6 624 2 837 . . 1 843 4 434 35.2 9 387 . . 819 7 796 618 26.6 22.7 2 833 6 696 651 1 773 4 679 . . 10 482 . . 38.2 7 295 767 2 858 6 977 27.1 23.0 624 [1 806] . . 10 900 638 . . [6 741] 2 867 . . 11 837 868 24.1 640 639 [6 615] . . 3 071 12 882 23.2 [6 709] 644 . . 648 3 176 . . [6 761] 23.3 622 . . 650 34.3 . . 635 . . 38.8 [612] 31.2 State 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 349 –––––––––– . . . .30.8 . . 39.2 . . 38.8 37.8 . .47.1 50.4 54.9 . .26.4 53.4 53.2 . . 28.3 66.4 41.3 28.4 391 78.3 40.1 30.3 . . 91.4 43.0 29.4 109 . . 56.0 27.0 69.9 26.1 88.3 25.4 144 27.1 27.6 ...... 80.1 63.1 64.9 57.6 69.8 235 104 253 254 101 77.5 127 119 119 131 [164] [116] 1 122 1 130 1 412 1 132 980 987 774 545 500 494 [1 019] 956 901 886 839 923 1 002 1 031 1 104 1 151 40 45 42

39 43 41 44 46 BelgiumBosnia and Herzegovina BulgariaCroatia CyprusCzech Rep. 3 339DenmarkEstonia Finland [365] 320 3 FranceGeorgia [500] 180Germany 3 253 2 512GreeceHungary 3 190 [370]Iceland 189 1 576 2 449Ireland 37 246Italy 32 403 3 152 253 1 550 2 423Latvia . . 37 438 169Lithuania 3 861 30 214 3 151Luxembourg (837) 2 431 1 438 35 584 235Macedonia (FYROM) . . 29 717 254Malta 3 927 34 729 3 190 1 626 536Moldova 831 2 462 29 146 19 010 273Netherlands 4 011 34 856 322 3 191 96.2 74.5 2 489 1 520 . .540 18 28 081 560 638 33 922 4 251 309 3 048 106 288 28 174 1 654 16 933 2 474 40.2 6 393 34 209 565 597 60.0 13.6 4 530 18 665 28 744 3 020 319 1 424 2 393 104 178 6 165814 33 41.8 4 937 [55.4] 28 150 19 572 595 718 8.8 1 517 2 541 33 708 353 5 990 107 190 20 218 49.2 27 555 [43.8] 5 169 33 590 631 647 1 466 2 526 12.9 6 024 356 21 010 27 740 [28.1] 5 455 80.8 115 284 1 476 637 22 411 5 962 745 12.5 [18.8] 141 5 336 124 22 042 . . 5 941 13.2 [23.4] 658 801 5 264 121 21 061 126 6 230 [20.7] 676 8.8 885 199 5 972 128 734 925 6.7 107 6 212 161 749 6 204 5.1 247 169 5.6 [4.9] Papua New GuineaEurope AlbaniaArmenia 51.3AustriaAzerbaijanBelarus 62.5 67.0 45.7 34.0 1 549 183 64.1 58.9 . . 1 556 112 59.7 62.4 1 542 57.6 63.5 . . 1 529 53.7 49.7 65.1 1 530 37.5 38.3 63.2 1 536 72.9 35.4 30.7 62.4 1 531 78.2 41.0 . . 1 531 65.4 99.0 45.9 1 564 68.1 . . 108 49.4 468 1 66.1 119 52.5 65.4 131 350 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 330 341251 603 1 074 599 1 113 482 1 051559 377 1 096 597 1 074 329 947 921 342 633 1 140 386 655 952 410 701 968 727 749 744 748 7 2863 486 6 561 3 581 6 798 3 080 6 6412 5776 164 2 916 6 701 2 5937 234 8 364 2 811 587 6 2 401 7 283 6 192 746 2 1 864 6 759 2 368 7 514 7 003 2 656 1 975 7 001 2 388 8 0891 960 7 841 2 666 1 992 7 089 340 2 8 137 1 853 276 8 2 625 1 889 7 079 2 314 8 466 1 775 8 391 2 602 1 946 2 459 [1 724] 8 438 12 432 1 746 2 614 1 732 16 380 8 935 1 767 [2 748] 1 699 9 029 . . 2 103 1 663 9 845 2 450 1 641 [2 684] 1 627 . . 41 626 40 268 37 119 37 719 35 401 35 605 35 17117 102 35 677 14 775 36 414 13 024 13 003 36 035 17 145 20 335 18 276 20 027 21 188 21 566 [16 400] [15 800] [10 000] [9 100] [9 700] [7 100] [8 300] [9 300] [10 200] [11 400] 58 50 48 52 47 56 57 53 49 55 59 54 51 NorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaRussia Slovakia Slovenia 2 978Spain 2 846 2 017Sweden 3 131Switzerland [949]UK 2 746 1 968Ukraine 131] [1 2 828Yugoslavia [243] 2 763 2 113Middle East [1 100] 2 867 4 565Bahrain [238] 2 907 [1 069]Egypt 2 038Iran 2 819 555 4 Iraq [1 199] . . 274 3 061Israel 2 082 3 005Jordan [1 089] 4 564Kuwait 3 179 2 035 259 281Lebanon 3 021 3 001. . Oman 983 3 103Saudi Arabia 2 141 262Syria 268 2 922 4 392Turkey 936 . . . . 3 046 2 204UAE 3 379 2 941 4 515Yemen [766] 272 266 3 061 985 2 291 3 585 . . 3 159 4 689 . . [963] 289 249 052 3 3 549 2 503 7 618 3 932 980 4 861 [590] [983] . . 283 3 830 222 493 7 462 3 344 4 610 [863] 537 3 854 7 652 2 548 290 265 . . [4 582] 518 [723] 504 3 582 8 567 2 375 324 299 394 . . 697 697 3 8 926 2 454 710 322 379 4 007 827 9 352 . . 2 853 583 [4 085] 10 326 329 440 3 647 880 . . [4 419] 601 9 994 816 3 335 399 921 [5 233] 9 161 . . [5 450] 400 775 10 092 . . [448] [427] . . . . State 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 351 ...... 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.4 . . 4.4 3.1 2.6 3.1 2.9 3.11.5 3.6 1.3 4.0 1.2 3.8 1.2 3.50.7 . . 0.6 . . 0.8 . . 1.0 . . 1.9 . . 0.9 . . 0.8 (1.1) (1.0) [2.9] 2.4 2.0 1.9 3.4 6.7 10.8 9.8 6.2 12.5 19.8 17.6 19.5 (22.3) 11.421.4 21.6 13.0 4.9 19.9 3.1 22.8 13.5 29.0 27.5 . . . . 5 Military expenditure by region and country, as percentage of gross domestic product, 1993–2001 as percentage of gross by region and country, Military expenditure 10 6 8 9 3 4 7 StateAfrica North Africa Algeria LibyaMoroccoTunisiaSub-Saharan Angola Benin 1993BotswanaBurkina FasoBurundi 1994CameroonCape Verde 4.4 1995 . .Central African Rep. 1.9Chad 1996Congo, Rep. of 4.9Congo (DRC) . . 2.1 1.9 4.5Côte d’Ivoire 1997 . .Djibouti 4.6Equatorial Guinea 3.7 1.3 . . 1.7 1.9 1998 3.9Eritrea 0.8Ethiopia . . 4.0Gabon 1999 . . 3.9 1.2 1.6 2.0Gambia 3.5 . . 0.8Ghana 2.7 3.9 . . 1.4 2000Guinea . . 4.2 1.2 . . 1.5Guinea-Bissau 1.9 2.9 1.3 . .Kenya 5.6 2001 1.9 3.7 1.1 . . 2.0 5.8 1.1 1.6 1.8 3.1 . . 0.9 . . 5.4 1.4 4.0 . . 2.1 . . 6.4 1.2 1.6 . . 1.7 3.9 0.8 . . 5.1 1.5 . . 0.7 4.1 0.9 1.4 6.6 . . . . 1.3 1.7 1.7 3.7 0.9 . . . . 4.2 1.1 1.8 0.7 4.1 . . 0.9 1.4 6.3 [1.6] 1.3 1.7 3.7 . . . . 0.9 . . 4.5 0.9 1.6 . . 0.8 . . . . 6.0 . . 1.4 1.6 3.5 1.3 ...... 4.4 1.3 1.6 0.6 . . 8.1 1.4 . . . . 0.8 . . . . 1.5 1.8 0.7 ...... 1.2 . . 1.5 . . 1.7 0.8 0.3 . . . . 1.5 . . 1.5 0.8 ...... 1.4 1.0 . . (1.5) 1.6 0.6 . . 1.7 [1.8] Table 10A.4. Table 10A.4. 352 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 1.13.2 0.95.02.5 2.9 0.90.7 5.74.6 1.8 2.7 1.22.2 0.6 2.5 3.4 1.9 2.5 1.5 2.0 0.7 2.22.8 4.4 1.9 2.3 1.3 1.8 0.5 2.1 2.5 5.3 2.3 2.2 1.21.7 1.61.5 0.6 2.23.4 1.7 4.1 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.9 1.6 1.7 0.9 2.4 3.3 0.9 4.4 3.20.0 2.0 . . . . 1.5 2.2 1.4 2.4 3.6 1.0 4.6 3.4 0.0 2.0 1.6 . . 1.4 0.8 2.3 3.2 2.2 3.8 2.8 0.0 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.1 3.4 2.6 3.9 0.0 2.3 1.5 1.9 2.7 3.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 4.8 . . 0.0 2.2 [0.6] 4.9 0.0 2.1 . . 3.2 0.0 0.0 13 11 12 22 21 14 16 17 19 20 15 18 LesothoLiberiaMadagascar MalawiMaliMauritania MauritiusMozambique Namibia Niger 2.3Nigeria 23.3Rwanda Senegal 2.8 1.3 31.2SeychellesSierra Leone [2.4] 0.3Somalia 2.8 1.5South Africa . .Sudan 2.3 0.3Swaziland 2.6 0.8Tanzania . .Togo . . 2.3Uganda 0.3 2.8 3.0 2.9 0.8Zambia 1.2Zimbabwe 2.1 . . 2.5 0.3Americas 2.4 . . 2.9 3.2 1.0Central America 1.1Belize 2.2 2.1 2.6 . .Costa Rica 0.2 2.3 1.2 2.9 3.1 0.8El Salvador . . 1.0Guatemala 2.0 2.0 2.2 4.0 0.2 . . 2.0 1.2 2.0 3.1 0.8 . . 1.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.6 0.2 2.0 (1.1) . . 1.5 0.9 . . 1.1 . . [2.5] 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.5 2.9 0.2 1.7 . . 1.4 0.8 1.1 . . 1.2 2.0 . . 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.2 . . 1.8 1.3 . . 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.4 . . 1.3 1.0 1.7 (1.3) . . (3.6) 1.0 . . 1.9 1.3 1.5 0.9 (1.3) . . 1.8 . . 0.8 . . 1.6 1.5 1.6 0.9 . . . . 0.7 . . 1.5 0.8 ...... 0.7 . . 0.8 . . 0.7 . . 0.7 . . 0.8 0.8 1.0 . . State 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 353 . .. . 1.8 (1.5) 2.3 (1.1) (1.2) 2.0 [1.4] 4.0 . . 3.1 1.7 3.4 . . [3.8] 1.1 . . 2.11.31.8 1.94.5 1.3 1.7 1.7 4.1 1.21.33.2 1.5 1.5 3.8 1.23.1 1.2 3.4 1.4 1.3 3.5 1.4 2.7 1.5 3.1 1.2 1.2 3.3 1.1 2.6 1.3 2.9 1.3 1.1 3.1 1.20.7 2.2 1.53.9 2.8 1.3 1.3 3.0 . . 0.9 2.5 1.4 1.7 3.2 1.2 1.1 3.13.3 1.7 2.8 1.3 . . [1.1] 2.9 1.2 3.1 6.7 1.5 2.1 1.3 1.3 [2.8] 6.3 1.6 1.5 1.7 [2.9] . . 5.3 1.5 1.3 . . 4.9 1.7 1.4 4.5 1.8 1.2 3.9 [1.7] 1.2 3.5 3.0 [1.6] 1.6[3.0] 1.7 [2.6] 1.5 [2.6] [2.8] 1.4(1.0) 2.9 1.3 (0.9) 3.1 1.5 1.1[6.0] 3.5[2.1] 1.3 1.1 [6.3] [1.9] 3.4 [5.7] 1.4 1.1 [1.8] 3.8 6.4 1.3 [1.8] 7.3 0.9 [1.7] 8.7 [1.9] 0.8 [6.8] [2.1] 1.0 [6.1] [2.1] [2.3] . . 31 34 30 30 30 33 18 25 30 28 29 23 24 32 26 27 24 Panama North America Canada USA South America Argentina BoliviaBrazil Chile Colombia Ecuador GuyanaParaguayPeruUruguayVenezuela 2.2Asia and Oceania Central Asia Kazakhstan 2.1Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan 1.0 1.4Turkmenistan 1.9Uzbekistan 1.6East Asia [2.1] 1.0 . .Brunei . . 1.8Cambodia 1.6China, P. R. 2.4 0.9Indonesia . . . . 2.1Japan 1.5 1.5 0.8 . . 2.4 . . 1.0 1.4 . . 1.8 . . 1.3 1.7 1.3 [1.6] . . 1.5 2.0 1.2 [1.6] 0.9 1.4 1.2 . . 1.6 2.0 1.1 [1.6] 1.0 1.5 1.3 [1.6] 1.9 . . 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 (0.9) 2.0 . . 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 HondurasMexicoNicaragua . . [0.5] . . [0.6] 0.6 . . 0.6 . . 0.6 . . 0.5 . . 0.6 . . 0.5 . . 0.5 . . 354 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 ...... 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.90.9 3.13.1 0.9 2.8 3.4 0.8 2.8 5.3 0.8 2.8 5.0 0.82.6 4.2 0.8 3.4 4.2 0.9 1.6 3.6 0.9 1.2 4.5 1.1 1.7 3.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 [1.4] 35 36 38 39 37 Korea, North Korea, South LaosMalaysiaMongoliaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeTaiwanThailandViet NamSouth Asia Afghanistan 2.9 2.5 . .Bangladesh 3.5India 1.4Nepal 2.8 4.3 2.4Pakistan . . 3.5Sri Lanka 1.4 4.9Oceania 2.3 2.8 2.3 4.0Australia 1.7 . .Fiji 3.7 . . 1.4 4.6New Zealand 1.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 4.4Papua New Guinea 1.8 2.9 3.5Europe 1.4 4.0 . .Albania 1.2 2.4 2.1 2.1 4.5Armenia 5.7 1.8 . . 2.4Austria 2.7 1.2 3.8Azerbaijan 1.3 2.3 2.1 . . 1.4 1.6 2.3 4.7Belarus 5.3 2.0 1.5 . .Belgium 1.6 2.3 1.2 3.6 1.3 2.2 2.1 1.6 2.1 1.9 . . 2.2 5.4 5.3 2.1 1.5 2.2 . . 2.0 1.1 3.3 3.2 1.3 2.1 2.1 1.2 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.3 5.4 . . 5.1 2.5 1.5 2.0 5.0 2.3 1.0 . . 1.1 2.8 2.5 1.3 2.2 1.8 1.5 2.2 1.7 2.1 4.7 4.9 2.3 . . 1.4 . . 1.7 2.1 4.6 0.9 . . 1.0 2.5 . . 2.1 1.3 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 5.0 4.8 4.1 1.4 1.7 . . 2.3 0.9 2.6 1.7 1.4 2.3 1.4 . . 1.5 2.0 . . 4.6 3.3 1.3 1.6 2.2 . . 0.9 1.3 1.3 2.3 [1.8] 1.5 . . 1.0 4.4 3.9 1.3 1.6 2.2 0.9 . . [1.7] 1.1 2.5 1.4 0.8 4.5 3.5 1.3 1.5 2.3 0.9 [1.7] 1.2 2.1 . . 3.6 1.2 1.5 2.6 0.8 1.2 2.2 3.6 1.4 2.6 0.8 1.2 3.1 1.4 2.6 0.8 1.3 State 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 MILITARY EXPENDITURE 355 ...... 3.0 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.1 7.0 ...... 9.5 . . 8.2 8.20.8 9.4 1.1 7.2 1.0––––––––– 5.7 1.00.8 5.5 1.1 0.91.0 4.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.9 1.4 0.7 1.0 2.6 1.62.1 0.7 1.01.7 1.7 2.1 0.71.6 0.9 1.5 3.4 0.9 1.6 0.8 1.5 3.2 1.0 1.4 0.8 1.4 2.4 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.4 1.9 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 [2.3] 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.0[5.3] 2.1 [5.9] [4.1] [3.8] [4.2] [3.1] [3.5] [3.6] [3.8] 40 45 50 42 48 43 41 47 44 46 49 CyprusCzech Rep. DenmarkEstonia FinlandFranceGeorgiaGermanyGreeceHungary 2.7Iceland 1.9IrelandItaly 2.7Latvia 1.9Lithuania 1.8 3.3Luxembourg . . 2.3 1.9Macedonia (FYROM) 1.8Malta 1.7 4.4 (2.2) 3.3MoldovaNetherlands 3.4 1.7 . . 1.5Norway 1.7 1.1 2.1 4.4Poland 3.1Portugal 4.2 1.7 2.1 0.8 0.7 . . 1.7Romania 1.7 1.1 1.6 4.3Russia 3.0Slovakia 3.6 1.6 2.0 0.8Slovenia 0.5 2.3 1.5 1.7 1.0 1.5Spain 2.2 0.5 4.5 2.9Sweden 2.1 1.6 1.8 [1.9]Switzerland 0.8 0.5 1.5 2.7 1.6 1.0 1.7 2.0 0.8 4.6 2.8 2.6 2.6 [1.4] 2.2 1.5 [2.7] 1.9 0.8 0.5 1.2 2.8 1.5 0.9 1.5 1.9 0.9 4.8 2.7 2.3 [1.0] 2.5 [3.1] 3.1 1.6 [1.8] 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 2.4 1.6 0.8 1.7 1.9 0.9 4.8 [0.6] 2.6 [2.8] 2.1 2.7 [1.7] 2.6 1.5 2.0 0.8 1.3 1.2 2.2 [0.7] 0.8 1.7 [2.5] 1.8 0.9 4.9 2.5 2.1 1.8 2.5 2.4 1.5 2.0 0.7 1.1 2.1 [3.0] 0.7 1.8 1.7 0.6 4.6 2.1 1.7 2.4 2.3 2.1 0.7 [3.0] 1.8 2.3 0.7 1.8 0.5 2.1 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.7 2.0 0.8 1.8 2.2 1.6 0.4 2.0 1.5 2.2 2.1 2.5 1.8 1.6 0.4 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.1 2.5 1.8 1.9 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.4 2.1 2.0 Bosnia and Herzegovina BulgariaCroatia [2.4] [3.6] [2.6] 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 356 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 Wang (Chinese

dies, University of y and Development, Army Conversion and ity of National and World 3.50.5 3.3 2.83.5 3.02.3 3.19.4 3.38.3 2.9 3.2 3.5 8.8 3.1 8.2 2.7 2.5 3.7 8.3 3.0 12.3 2.6 2.74.5 3.6 8.6 2.9 8.4 2.5 3.0 4.3 3.0 8.4 2.7 8.6 2.5 3.3 4.0 3.6 8.4 2.5 8.7 2.5 3.0 [3.6] 2.7 8.4 2.5 8.9 3.9 3.3 8.2 2.6 9.0 4.8 3.5 7.7 8.6 3.1 2.5 2.5 15.413.9 15.7 11.9 14.6 10.3 12.5 8.5 12.5 10.7 12.5 14.3 11.4 11.4 10.6 10.6 12.2 11.3 58 : 52 56 57 53 : 55 59 54 51 Contributions of military expenditure data, estimates and advice are gratefully acknowledged from Valentyn Badrak (Center for Contributions of military expenditure data, estimates 1 UK Ukraine YugoslaviaMiddle East BahrainEgypt Iran IraqIsrael Jordan Kuwait . .LebanonOman Saudi Arabia 5.0 . .SyriaTurkeyUAE 4.6Yemen . . . .Conventions 12.4 4.7 [6.0]( ) Uncertain figure. . .[ ] SIPRI estimate. . . 13.3| Change of multiple of currency. [7.0] 4.7Notes [4.8] 7.2 13.9 3.9 [6.7] . . Addis Ababa), Julian Cooper (Centre for Russian and East European Stu Disarmament Studies, Kiev), Mesfin Binega (African Union, 4.6 Relations and Security Studies, Tbilisi), Dimitar Dimitrov (Univers Birmingham), David Darchiashvili (Center for Civil–Military 8.7 4.4 10.4 England, Bristol), Tamara Patria (Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democrac Economy, Sofia), Paul Dunne (University of the West of 7.4 [5.7] 4.1 Scheetz (Buenos Aires), Ron Smith (Birkbeck College, London), Shaoguang Tbilisi), Reuven Pedatzur (Tel Aviv University), Thomas . . 4.8 10.4 4.5 [4.6] 8.2 7.1 3.9 4.9 . . 7.3 4.3 5.9 9.1 5.9 4.1 4.0 6.4 . . 5.0 4.9 8.3 5.7 4.1 4.1 6.5 5.4 . . 8.0 5.8 4.4 6.7 5.5 11.3 [5.6] . . 5.4 5.6 [5.5] . . 5.0 [5.4] [6.2] 4.9 [6.1] State 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Zagreb). University of Hong Kong) and Ozren Zunec (University of MILITARY EXPENDITURE 357 unified army

23%. The action, l defence budget.

or-imposed 2% of volumes. Revision Angolan economy.

’s Resistance Army

for 1999 refer to the

s can also originate in a are available in local on of N$78.5 million. n 2000/01. According to Alternative estimates put l changes in the currency. te. currency during the period. n of 104 million ND for the Figures for Rwanda in 1997 do not include a demobilization allowance of 1.0 billion francs. The figure for 1998 is the officia Figures for Rwanda in 1997 Figures for Uganda are for current expenditure only. Uganda increased its budgeted military expenditure in 2002 beyond the don Figures for Uganda are for current expenditure only. Uganda Figures for Mozambique include expenditure for the demobilization of government and RENAMO soldiers and the formation of a new Figures for Mozambique include expenditure for the demobilization of government An armed conflict broke out in Guinea-Bissau in 1998, which led to a substantial increase in defence expenditure, especially i An armed conflict broke out Figures for Madagascar include expenditure for the gendarmerie and the national police. Figures for Madagascar include expenditure for the gendarmerie Figures for Mauritania are for operating expenditures only. expenditure. Figures During the period 1990/91–1992/93 military construction accounted for more than half of Namibian military the use by the military of a favourable specific dollar exchange ra Figures for Nigeria before 1999 are understated because of forces, which in 1998 amounted to 21 100 million francs. Figures for Senegal do not include expenditure for paramilitary have been converted to the most recent currency. This state has changed currency during the period. All figures and shares of GDP, because of very rapid inflation and severa Figures for Zambia are uncertain, especially in constant dollars The figures for Algeria are budget figures for recurrent expenditure only. The figures for Algeria are budget to the impact of war on the the context of highly uncertain economic statistics owing The figures for Angola should be seen in Republic are for current expenditure only. The figures for the Central African Formerly Zaire. for demobilization. from Ethiopia in May 1993. Figures for 1995 include expenditure Eritrea became independent original defence budget. includes an allocation of 1 billion birr in addition to the The figure for Ethiopia in 1999 current expenditures only. Figures for the Gambia are for Military expenditure data from different volumes of the SIPRI Yearbook should not be combined because of data revision between because of data revision Yearbook should not be combined volumes of the SIPRI expenditure data from different Military 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 from 1994 onwards. Figures are for defence and security. by the need to buy more equipment for the army to fight the rebel Lord according to the Ugandan Defence Minister, was motivated (LRA) that is terrorizing the northern region of the country. According to the IMF, there are additional sources of funding for military activities, both within budget and extra-budgetary. According to the IMF, there are additional sources of funding Rwanda’s military expenditure at twice the official figure. the IMF, the increase was financed by a credit from the banking system, as well as by promissory notes. This state has changed the IMF, the increase was financed by a credit from the banking All figures have been converted to the most recent currency. Figures are for Defence, Public Order and Security. Figures are for Defence, Public can be significant: e.g., when a better time series becomes available, the entire SIPRI series is revised accordingly. When dat a better time series becomes available, the entire SIPRI can be significant: e.g., when data. Revisions in constant dollar serie US$ or as a share of GDP, this is due to lack of economic currency but not in constant that are used for these calculations. statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) significant revisions in the economic budget of the Ministry of Defence only. In addition, the 1999 budget of the Ministry of Finance includes a contingency provisio budget of the Ministry of Defence only. In addition, the 1999 the Congo (DRC). The figure for 2002 includes a supplementary allocati Namibian military presence in the Democratic Republic of not involved in poverty reduction programmes by between 13% and GDP by cutting development expenditure of other line ministries 358 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2002 rmy of the ntrols in the two (Oxford University a Srpska. The local the air and maritime

from the state-owned ted to the most recent lic accounts. Up to and expenditure and on the

ure is therefore not fully t by the Organization for 1989–98, see Shaoguang ss than 0.05% of GDP. price figures for each year ally been significantly below . SIPRI Yearbook 2002 SIPRI Yearbook 1999: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security SIPRI Yearbook 1999: Armaments, Disarmament and International , PPP rates were used for converting local currency figures to constant dollars. , PPP rates were used for converting local currency figures SIPRI Yearbook 2002 For this country PPP rates were used for conversion to constant dollars up to and including the For this country PPP rates were used for conversion to constant Figures for Bosnia and Herzegovina include expenditure for both the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the A Figures for Bosnia and Herzegovina include expenditure for both the Army of the Federation Figures for Chile are based on estimates by the IMF of military expenditures including military pensions and direct transfers the IMF of military expenditures including military pensions Figures for Chile are based on estimates by Figures for Argentina are uncertain because of very rapid inflation and a change in the currency. All figures have been conver are uncertain because of very rapid inflation and Figures for Argentina Figures for Sri Lanka are for current expenditure only. A special allocation in 2000 of Rs 28 billion for war-related expendit Figures for Sri Lanka are for current expenditure only. The Panamanian defence forces were disbanded in 1990 and replaced by the national guard, consisting of the national police and in 1990 and replaced by the national guard, consisting The Panamanian defence forces were disbanded The figure for Brazil for the most recent year is the official budget figure. In the past, actual military expenditure has usu official budget figure. In the past, actual military expenditure The figure for Brazil for the most recent year is the Costa Rica has no armed forces. Expenditure for the paramilitary forces, border guard, and maritime and air surveillance is le Expenditure for the paramilitary forces, border guard, Costa Rica has no armed forces. than for calendar year. Figures are for fiscal year rather a war tax decree of 12 Aug. 2002. includes a special allocation of 579 billion pesos from The figure for Colombia in 2002 on 13 Mar. 2000, at a rate of 1 dollar to 25 000 sucres. Current Ecuador changed its currency from the sucre to the US dollar owing to classification changes in the Turkmenistan system of pub The coverage of the series for Turkmenistan varies over time Armed Forces. Figures for Brunei are current expenditure on the Royal Brunei the regular police force. Figures for Cambodia are for defence and security, including On the estimates in local currency and share of GDP for the period Figures for China are estimated total military expenditure. Dollar figures for North Korea are in current US dollars. arms imports or paramilitary forces. The figures for South Korea do not include military pensions, forces, which in FY 1998/99 amounted to 3315 million taka. Figures for Nepal do not include expenditures on paramilitary and on paramilitary forces. Figures for Belarus exclude expenditure on military pensions The figure for Zimbabwe in 1999 includes a supplementary allocation of 1800 million ZD. a supplementary allocation of Zimbabwe in 1999 includes The figure for 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 21 services. currency. Country Report No. 00/104, Aug. 2000, p. 151. del Cobre (CODELCO) for military purchases. IMF Staff copper company Corporacion exchange rate for that year. represent the dollar value of military expenditure at the market including the reflected in the official figure. assumption of a gradual decrease in the commercial earnings of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). assumption of a gradual decrease in the commercial earnings Wang, ‘The military expenditure of China, 1989–98’, for the years 1999–2002 are based on the percentage change in official military 334–49. The estimates Press: Oxford, 1999), pp. (RS). The former is divided into 2 components, Bosniac and Croat. The figure for 2000 is the result of an audi Republika Srpska (RS). The former is divided into 2 components, expenditure in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republik Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) of military = 1 . The OSCE found extremely lax financial co set at 1 KM currency since Jan. 1998 is the convertible mark (KM), budget. MILITARY EXPENDITURE 359 oslav Republic d to 400 million diture from ‘cash r 1994/95. of the USSR and the rtedly approximately 700 million) in 1998,

2002. r fiscal year rather than for of Bosnia and Herzegovina at of Bosnia and

(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998), (Oxford University Press: Oxford,

, PPP rates were used for Russia for converting local currency figures to constant , PPP rates were used for Russia for converting local currency SIPRI Yearbook 2002 allocations for military pensions paid by Russia, which averaged 27 million lats per year over the 3 years paid by Russia, which averaged 27 allocations for military pensions

a) SIPRI Yearbook 1998: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security SIPRI Yearbook 1998: Armaments, ) expenditure on paramilitary forces, which amounted to 98.5 million lats in 1999. ) expenditure on paramilitary b SIPRI military expenditure database.

: The Republic of Macedonia declared its independence from the former Yugoslavia in Nov. 1992 and was admitted as the Former Yug declared its independence from the former Yugoslavia in The Republic of Macedonia Figures for Latvia do not include: ( Figures for Latvia do not include: Figures for Slovakia do not include expenditure on pensions or paramilitary forces. Expenditure on paramilitary forces amounte Figures for Slovakia do not include expenditure on pensions or paramilitary For sources and methods of the military expenditure figures for the USSR and Russia, see Cooper, J., ‘The military expenditure figures for the USSR and Russia, see Cooper, J., ‘The For sources and methods of the military expenditure Figures for Ukraine are for the adopted budget for ‘National Defence’ and some other defence items. Actual expenditure is repo Figures for Ukraine are for the adopted budget for ‘National Defence’ and some other defence items. Actual

The series for the UK has a break between 2000 and 2001 because in 2001 the UK changed its accounting system for defence expen The series for the UK has Figures for Spain do not include a major part of government military R&D expenditure of approximately 111.7 billion pesetas ($ Figures for Spain do not include a major Figures for Croatia exclude military pensions of 448 million kuna for 2000, 428 million kuna for 2001 and 433 million kuna for pensions of 448 million kuna for 2000, 428 million Figures for Croatia exclude military do not include military pensions up to 1999. Figures for the Czech Republic expenditures for paramilitary forces. Figures for Estonia do not include on military pensions. Figures for Malta exclude expenditure pensions. Figures for Switzerland do not include expenditure on military $1.3 billion annually. Figures for Egypt include military aid from USA of approximately safety. Figures for Iran include expenditures for public order and US$2 billion annually. Figures for Israel include military aid from USA of approximately Figures for Jordan are expenditure for defence and security. and national security. Figures for Oman are for recurrent expenditure on defence Figures for Saudi Arabia are for defence and security. of each of the 7 emirates that form the United Arab Emirates. Figures for the UAE exclude the local military expenditure 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 dollars. of Macedonia (FYROM) to the United Nations in Apr. 1993. of Macedonia (FYROM) to the korunas in 1998 and 458 million in 1999. ($900 million) in 2000, financed by the Ministry of Industry. 163.1 billion pesetas ($1000m) in 1999 and 159.4 billion pesetas Source 1996–98; or ( Russian Federation, 1987–97’, Russian Federation, 1987–97’, the 243–59. Up to and including appendix 6D, pp. entities, so that published budget figures are effectively meaningless. It estimated the military expenditure of the Federation estimated the military expenditure effectively meaningless. It published budget figures are entities, so that 10.5% of GDP, or KM700 million, and that of the Republika Srpska at 6.5% of GDP or KM166 million. and that of the Republika Srpska at 6.5% of GDP or 10.5% of GDP, or KM700 million, 80% of budgeted for 2002, approximately 90% for the years 2000–2001, 95–99% for 1996–99 and approximately 80–90% of budgeted fo 80% of budgeted for 2002, approximately 90% for the years basis’ to ‘resource basis’. It is not clear what impact this change had on the trend in UK military expenditure. Figures are fo basis’ to ‘resource basis’. It is not clear what impact this calendar year.