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11 Ways to Protect Your Power Path White Paper 11 Ways to Protect Your Power Path Design Tips and Tradeoffs Using TI’s Power Switches TI.com I 2019 Table of Contents Introduction: Basics of Power Switches . 3 Chapter 6: Overvoltage Protection . 37 Chapter 1: Inrush Current Control . 14 Chapter 7: Thermal Shutdown . 40 Chapter 2: Adjustable Current Limit . 18 Chapter 8: Current Monitoring . 42 Chapter 3: Short-Circuit Protection . 23 Chapter 9: Power-Good Signal . 48 Chapter 4: Reverse Current Blocking . 28 Chapter 10: Safely Driving an Inductive Load . 52 Chapter 5: Reverse Polarity Protection . 32 Chapter 11: Automotive Load Dump . 58 11 Ways to Protect Your Power Path 2 Texas Instruments Introduction: Basics of Power Switches Application Report help reduce system maintenance costs and maximize equipment uptime. SLVA927A–November 2017–Revised April 2019 Authors: Arthur Huang, Emily Roth Ideal diode, ORing controllers provide protection against reverse-polarity conditions by monitoring an external Abstract FET, significantly reducing power loss, and blocking A Power Switch provides an electrical connection from reverse current. Whenever a transient event occurs, a voltage source or ground to a load. It saves power the controller monitors and adjusts the external FET to across multiple voltage rails and protects subsystems prevent damage to upstream components. from damage. It also provides enhanced component Smart high-side switches are for off-board load protection, inrush current protection, and minimizes protection. They provide additional diagnostic telemetry printed-circuit board (PCB) size. that monitors the output load current and detects short- There are several power switch topologies with circuit and open-load events. Smart high-side switches different functions that address different applications. have adjustable current limits, allowing more reliable Load Switches establish the power switch foundation integration into applications with either large inrush by providing safe and reliable distribution of power. current startup profiles or low peak currents. Adding a Applications typically using load switches include power smart high-side switch to a design leads to a smarter distribution, power sequencing, inrush current control, and more robust solution for driving capacitive, inductive, and reduced current leakage. Integrated Power MUX and LED loads. devices are similar to load switches but allow for multiple Low-side switches connect the load to ground instead input sources. This set of electronic switches is used of providing a connection between a power supply and to select and transition between two or more input the load. By including an integrated flyback diode, low- power paths to a single output while also providing input side switches help eliminate inductive load transients power protection. by dissipating current in a circular loop. This allows eFuses and Hot Swap controllers provide additional input them to drive inductive loads such as solenoids, relays, power path protection functions such as current sense and motors. monitoring, current limiting, undervoltage and overvoltage This application report highlights the different topologies protection, and thermal shutdown. This makes these within the power switch portfolio, and provides devices ideal for hot-plug and transient events that would suggestions in choosing the correct solution for a faster otherwise damage system components. These benefits design time. 11 Ways to Protect Your Power Path 3 Texas Instruments Introduction: Basics of Power Switches www.ti.com Table 1. Power Switch Topology Table OUTPUT POWER POWER DISTRIBUTION INPUT POWER PROTECTION www.ti.com PROTECTION Load SwitchTable Power 1. MUXPower SwitcheFuse TopologyHot Swap Table Ideal Diode Smart High- Low-Side (2 input, 1 (Internal FET) (External FET) ORing Side Switch Switch output) Controller OUTPUT POWER POWER DISTRIBUTION INPUT POWER PROTECTION Voltage Range 0Vto18V 2.8Vto22V 2.7Vto60V ±80V ±75V 6Vto40VPROTECTION 0Vto100V Max Operating Current Load15 Switch A Power4.5 AMUX eFuse15 A HotN/A Swap IdealN/A Diode Smart12 AHigh- Low-Side1A (2 input, 1 (Internal FET) (External FET) ORing Side Switch Switch Functions output) Controller InrushVoltage Current Range Control 0Vto18V✓ 2.8Vto22V✓ 2.7Vto60V✓ ±80V✓ ±75V 6Vto40V✓ 0Vto100V AdjustableMax Operating Current Current Limit 15 A 4.5✓ A 15✓ A N/A✓ N/A 12✓ A 1A ReverseFunctions Current Blocking ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ CurrentInrush Sense Current Monitoring Control ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ AdjustableShort-Circuit Current Protection Limit ✓(1) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ReverseOvervoltage Current Protection Blocking ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ReverseCurrent PolaritySense Monitoring Protection ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Short-CircuitPower Good Protection Signal ✓✓(1) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ InductiveOvervoltage Load CompatibilityProtection ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ReverseLoad-Dump Polarity Compatibility Protection ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ PowerThermal Good Shutdown Signal ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Inductive Load Compatibility ✓ ✓ (1) Self protected load switch Load-Dump Compatibility ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Thermal Shutdown ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Input Protection (1) Self protected load switch Power Distribution Ideal Diode Hot Swap Controller Input Protection Power Distribution Load Switch Load Ideal Diode Hot Swap Controller DC/DC Load Hot Swap Ideal Diode Controller Load Switch Load eFeFuseuse DC/DC Load Switch Load Hot Swap Load Ideal Diode Controller eFeFuseuse Output Power Power Load Switch ProtectionLoad Mux VDS Clamp High Side Switch Output Power Load Power Power Distribution Protection Mux VDS Clamp Figure 1. Power SwitchHigh Side Use Switch Cases Load Power Distribution FigureFigure 1 . Typical 1. Power Power Switch Switch Use Use Cases Cases 11 Ways2 to ProtectBasics Your of Power Power Switches Path 4 SLVA927A–November 2017–RevisedTexas April Instruments 2019 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2017–2019, Texas Instruments Incorporated 2 Basics of Power Switches SLVA927A–November 2017–Revised April 2019 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2017–2019, Texas Instruments Incorporated Introduction: Basics of Power Switches www.ti.com Load Switches 1 Load Switches VIN VOUT ON Control Logic QOD CT GND Copyright © 2017, Texas Instruments Incorporated Figure 2. Load Switch Block Diagram Integrated load switches are electronic switches that turn power rails on and off. When the internal FET turns on, current flows from the input to output and passes power to the downstream circuitry. When the device is enabled, the rise time of the output voltage (VOUT) can be controlled by adjusting the capacitance on an external pin (CT pin). When the device is disabled, the fall time of VOUT is controlled through the quick output discharge (QOD). QOD pulls the output to ground whenever the device is turned off, preventing the output from floating or entering an undetermined state. Some common functions of load switches include power savings, power sequencing, and inrush current control. Power savings is important in applications looking to minimize current dissipation and maximize power efficiency. By disconnecting the supply from a load or subsystem, the switch minimizes power drawn from inactive loads. Power sequencing is important in applications where individual voltage rails need to be turned on and off in a specific order. By configuring the CT and QOD pins, the ramp-up and power-down timing can be adjusted. Inrush current control protects systems that contain large bulk capacitors near the load. When power is initially applied to the system, charging these capacitors can result in a large inrush current that exceeds the nominal load current. If left unaddressed, this can cause voltage rails to fall out of regulation due to the drop, resulting in the system entering an undesired state. Load switches can mitigate the inrush current by using the CT pin to manage the rise time of the power rail. This leads to a linear output slew rate with no voltage dips or external regulators required. Table 2. Load Switch Examples(1) VOLTAGE MAX DESCRIPTION DEVICES TYPICAL R PACKAGE RANGE CURRENT on TPS22918 1 V to 5.5 V 2A 52 mΩ SOT Adjustable rise time, adjustable QOD TPS22810 2.7Vto18V 2A 79 mΩ SOT TPS22915 1.05 V to 5.5 V 2 A 37 mΩ CSP Space-constrained applications TPS22916 1 V to 5.5 V 2A 60 mΩ CSP Self protected with controlled rise time TPS22919 1.6 V to 5.5 V 1.5 A 90 mΩ SOT Lowest ON-resistance, Power Good indication TPS22990 1Vto5.5V 10A 3.9 mΩ SON Fast turn-on time (≤ 65 µs), Power Good indication, TPS22971 0.65 V to 3.6 V 3 A 6.7 mΩ DSBGA QOD, Thermal shutdown (1) For more information about load switches, visit TI.com/LoadSwitches. 11 WaysSLVA927A–November to Protect Your Power 2017–Revised Path April 2019 5 Basics of Power SwitchesTexas Instruments3 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2017–2019, Texas Instruments Incorporated Introduction: Basics of Power Switches Power Multiplexing www.ti.com 2 Power Multiplexing BFET1 HFET1 IN1 SS Temp SNS CSS Control Logic + Gate Drivers OUT Protecion Temp IN2 SNS BFET2 HFET2 Figure 3. Power MUX Block Diagram Integrated Power MUX devices allow a system to transition between different power sources seamlessly. If the main power supply fails, power multiplexing allows the system to switch to a backup power supply, such as a battery, to preserve operating conditions. Power multiplexing can also provide switching between two different voltage levels for subsystems that operate at two different voltages. In this scenario, to prevent reverse current flow from VOUT into one of the VIN channels, reverse current protection (RCP) blocks current from flowing back through the body diode. Power multiplexing also contains
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